跨境电商外文文献综述
《跨境电子商务物流发展探析国内外文献综述3000字》

跨境电子商务物流发展研究国内外文献综述1.国外研究现状在国外,针对跨境电子商务物流发展,很多学者从一些现状入手,分析了当前部分企业的成功经验。
这些,不仅对于国外的跨境电商企业拥有积极意义,也可以充分为我国企业借鉴。
Hamoene(2012)认为,从全球范围来看,跨境电商企业物流发展最为发达的是美国,全球排名最靠前的四大快递巨头FEDEX、UPS、DHL、TNT,都为跨境电商企业提供服务,让其产品可以顺利达到用户手中。
其中FEDEX、UPS更是在全球范围内,凭借其独特的网络优势让跨境电商企业的便捷优势最大程度得到发挥。
Oledae(2013)同时认为,美国的跨境电商企业除了拥有良好的经济环境,有数量巨大的速递物流企业为其提供服务之外,其更是因为有先进的电子商务行业发展经验之外,同美国的速递物流企业在长期的发展中形成了彼此相互合作的独特的发展策略,从而让跨境电商企业逐步打造了自身的物流管理竞争优势。
Caline(2013)认为,成功的跨境电商企业巨头均在全球建设有完整的国际物流服务网络,基本覆盖世界200个国家和地区。
同时,这类企业的物流网络运转效率高效,其在全球配送时限基本控制在三至四个工作日,即使是相对比较偏远的地区,跨境电商企业的物流也能确保尽量在一周之内送达客户所购买的商品。
跨境电商企业正是因为拥有如此高效的全球物流网络,才获得了高速的发展。
同时,跨境电商企业的物流网络构建之所以如此成功,还得益于跨境电商企业对全球各地经济、文化的良好吸收和掌握。
同时,大多数跨境电商企业拥有快递集散网络也是让跨境电商企业可以控制自身的物流成本,同时提升了物流管理效率。
JameKarlan(2013)认为,国外跨境电商企业之所以在物流管理方面竞争优势明显,主要是因为其可以通过不断完善起来先进技术、管理理念、管理工具来强化自身的物流管理体系。
同时,这些跨境电商企业还因为拥有一批高素质的员工队伍,使自己的物流系统高效运转,在保证了成本可控的同时,单位跨境电商企业物流成本逐步下降。
跨境电商文献综述

跨境电商文献综述作者:高晗来源:《大经贸》2018年第02期在跨境电子商务概念方面的研究,有关学者认为跨境电子商务是指不同国家、不同关境、不同区域的交易主体,通过电商的网络平台实现交易、完成跨国结算,并使用跨国境物流运送商品、完成整个交易流程的一种国际贸易活动。
武裙(2009)认为跨境电子商务的主要特点是能够使国际贸易的流程更加完善,比如使国际贸易中的商品信息传递更加快速便捷、贸易的谈判磋商更加顺利、贸易合同的签巧更加规范统一、外贸单证的处理程序更加简单快捷、贸易合同的履行更加正规合法等。
他认为榜境电子商务的这些特点能够促进众多的中国中小企业更加公平的参与到国际贸易中。
李子和杨坚争(2014)主要研究了跨境电子商务与进出口贸易之间的相关关系。
他们的研究结果表明跨境电子商务能够与进出口贸易形成长期的均衡关系,跨境电子商务的发展能够促进进出口贸易的增加,而且两者之间存在明显的正相关关系。
针对跨境电商的相关研究,国外的学者和机构主要的研究焦点集中在跨境电商的发展现状、跨境电商对传统国际贸易的影响、跨境电商物流配送方式等方面。
Wang Ying,Sang Dayong(2005)提出了发展跨境电子商务第三方跨境物流的观念。
Blum(2006)、Hortaçsu (2009)、Lendle(2012)认为跨境电商能够拉近消费者距离,利于缩短交易主体的地理空间距离。
也有从影响跨境电子商务效率的要素角度加以研究的Nuray Terzia(2011)认为跨境电子商务产业的快速发展不仅可以提升本国的贸易量,从长远来看,也将有利于促进世界上经济欠发达地区的经济发展。
Abbas Asosheh,Hadi Shahidi-Nejad,Hourieh Khodkari(2012)认为要使跨境电子商务运作的更加本土化,就必须化零为整,整合国际贸易供应链上的各种资源,为海外客户提供更好地跨境物流服务,同时可以借鉴国内B2B电子商务运作的经验。
【《跨境电商的物流监管问题研究的国内外文献综述》3700字】

跨境电商的物流监管问题研究的国内外文献综述目录跨境电商的物流监管问题研究的国内外文献综述 (1)(一)国外相关研究的文献综述 (1)(二)国内相关研究的文献综述 (1)1.跨境电商研究 (1)2.跨境电商物流研究 (2)3.跨境电商物流海关监管研究 (3)(三)对已有文献综述的简单评述 (3)参考文献 (4)2015,36(1). (5)(一)国外相关研究的文献综述Nuray Terzia(2011)的研究成果显示,电子商务发展势必会提升该国的国际贸易量,并且互联网的发展会使这个趋势越来越大,那么对于发展中国家来说,是一个非常好的机遇,而我国正是世界上最大的发展中国家,应该要抓住机遇。
Haul Lee,Seungjin Whang(2001)认为末端配送是电商配送中最重要的环节,物流配送则是贯穿于整个跨境电商交易的神经网络末梢,贯穿于整个交易的过程。
Markku 和Moiris(2005)则对我国跨境物流电商及其相关物流服务模式的发展趋势分析进行了深入研究。
Martens 和Turlea(2012)则在对我国消费者实际消费行为数据分析进行深入统计分析的理论基础之上,从多个不同方面,包括交易成本,支付,物流等角度来进一步充分说明我国跨境商品电商快速发展的根本原因,并且他们也认为我们国家相关政府部门尤其应该一定要积极地研究完善我国跨境商品电商的相关法律法规,特别是国家海关总署作为我国跨境商品电商的唯一监管监督机关,在跨境基础配套设施体系建设以及通关等各个方面更重要,要不断加大政策投入,提高跨境通关管理效率,促进我国跨境商品电商的健康发展。
(二)国内相关研究的文献综述1.跨境电商研究国内相关学者在深入研究我国跨境企业电商同时更加强调跨境电商电子物流的技术重要性,对我国跨境企业电商物流问题有很多相关的课题研究,海关系统对我国跨境企业电商电子物流更加高度关注,国内的相关学者对此问题有很多相关的课题研究。
王刊良(2002)在《电子商务模式分析与方法创新》在关于电商的发展的模式,提出了不同的建议,并且结合网络经济电商的概念和分类的基础之上,创造性的分析出静态和动态两种模式相关的概念。
《跨境电子商务对产业转型升级的影响研究国内外文献综述》3800字

跨境电子商务对产业转型升级的影响研究国内外文献综述目录跨境电子商务对产业转型升级的影响研究国内外文献综述 (1)1国内研究现状 (1)a.跨境电子商务背景下转型升级文献综述 (1)b.产业转型文献综述 (2)c.数字贸易背景下产业转型升级文献综述 (2)2国外研究现状 (3)a.跨境电子商务背景下转型升级文献综述 (3)b.数字贸易背景下文献综述 (3)3文献述评 (4)参考文献 (4)1国内研究现状a.跨境电子商务背景下转型升级文献综述吴远仁(2019)着重分析了跨境电子商务促进泉州外贸企业转型升级的机理,运用迈克尔·波特的竞争优势理论,结合泉州外贸的特点,对泉州外贸企业借助跨境电商实现转型升级提出,采用差异化和集中化竞争策略、完善公共服务体系和电商人才培养机制等,促进外贸企业转型升级相应的策略建议[1]。
李海群,冯梦瑶,秦道均(2019)针对全球跨境电子商务平台的发展,让中小型外贸企业不再对进出口贸易望而却步的现象,得出跨境电子商务为中小型企业带来了历史性的机遇,推动了传统外贸企业的结构优化[2]。
李典徽, 王静, 张言(2017)针对河北省外贸企业跨境电子商务应用现状数据的展示分析,分析河北省外贸企业发展跨境电子商务过程中面临的问题,探索与构建利用跨境电子商务实现外贸转型升级的模式,并在此基础上提出完善河北省跨境电子商务相关政策措施,从而促进河北省跨境电子商务快速健康发展[3]。
吴铭英(2018)通过调查分析广西区内中小型外贸企业跨境电商发展现状的基础上,指出其存在转型方向、贸易方式、消费者需求把握等方面问题,并且为了促进区内中小型外贸企业跨境电商的发展,给出了积极的发展转型策略[4]。
郑玉婷,张梅菊(2019)针对电子商务成为拉动经济增长和推动区域产业结构转型升级的重要动力进行分析。
以宿州市砀山县为例,探讨砀山电子商务的发展,指出产业结构存在的问题,进而研究和分析砀山县电子商务发展对产业结构升级的助力作用[5]。
跨境经济合作文献综述

(一)沿边跨境经济合作的理论基础研究20世界八九十年代兴起的新经济地理学为跨境经济合作区的建立提供了理论基础,这其中以Krugman为代表。
在新经济地理学有两个结论对于边境区位的研究有着重要的作用“.1、贸易自由化和经济一体化降低了国际贸易成本并减弱了边界对劳动力、资本等生产要素自由流动的影响,在国际水平上改变了向心力和离心力的平衡,从而改变国家间的人口、经济活动的分布。
2、开放边界条件下的贸易自由化,使公司国际市场的供应和销售更为重要,这将影响国家水平上的向心力和离心力的平衡,进而改变国家内部人口、经济活动的分布。
Mcca llum(1995)首次提出“边境效应”(border effect)的说法,主要是用来分析说明边界对贸易的影响程度。
利用引力模型分析1985-1990年间加拿大国内贸易与美加跨境贸易量,发现具有较强的贸易屏蔽作用。
B. Martin RVanders Velde(1998)提出由于边界具有多面性,因此边界所产生的效应也是不尽相同的,他认为边界的类型及边界区域的划分是由经济、文化及区域特色决定的,他还细致地分析了边境地区劳动力市场的状况。
Livas(1996)和Fujita(1999)认为在封闭的边界经济体中,经济活动的区位指向是内向的,而在开放边界的经济体中,区位指向是外向的1。
”Hanson(1996)认为从新经济地理学可以推导出贸易自由化和经济一体化对边境地区是有利的,因为贸易自由化和经济一体化有将边境区从国内的边缘区转变成大尺度区域共同市场的中心区的倾向,称为“中心边境区”(entral Border Region)转化2。
Minghi(1983)发现根据新经济地理学理论可以推导出贸易自由化和经济一体化有助于跨境地区的经济发展的结论。
李铁立(2005)认为传统区位理论、增长极理论和新经济地理理论是研究跨边界经济合作的理论前提。
姜永铭(2009)认为区域空间相互作用理论、区域空间结构理论和跨国区域治理理论,是跨境经济合作的三种基础理论。
跨境电商平台历史发展的文献综述

跨境电商平台历史发展的文献综述摘要:跨境B2C模式作为跨境电商的一种新兴模式,以其低成本的优势吸引了诸多企业争相探索,发展形势良好。
通过文献检索发现国内目前相关理论研究多集中在发展现状、平台和物流方面。
关键词:跨境B2C;“四维驱动”;“客转化率”研究背景及意义在全球经济增速放缓的大背景下,跨境电商却逆势而上,成为当今时代的一大热点话题。
1999年,UNCTAD(联合国贸易和发展会议)就曾强调电子商务有成为全球经济引擎的潜力。
近年来,中国采取“综试区+试点城市”齐头并进的政策,加码催生了跨境电商行业大发展。
根据UNCTAD《2015 Information Economy Report》,电子商务在过去10年间获得了快速的发展并且今后也将持续增长。
2016年《电子商务“十三五”发展规划》提出“促进跨境电子商务发展,增强国际合作”,我国电子商务获得了长足的发展。
商务部海关统计数据显示中国出口跨境电子商务市场交易规模:2012年约为1.86万亿元,2013年突破了2.7万亿元,2014年更是约为3.57万亿元,2015年跨境电商进出口交易额达到了4.5万亿元,同比增长了26.05%,2016增至5.5万亿元,同比增幅达到33%和25%,17年增至6.3万亿元。
跨境电商发展主要包括B2B和B2C模式。
从国内市场看,B2B跨境电商订量级大、且稳定,可以有效解决商业效率问题,在未来很长一段时间,B2B模式在整个跨境电商行业将占据主导地位但会逐渐下降。
而B2C模式由于小批量、多批次、周期短的外贸订单的存在,使得市场份额逐年上涨。
在跨境电商发展形势大好的条件下,诸多传统外贸企业以及进入跨境电商行业的新秀都想在该领域分一杯羹。
与逐渐成熟的跨境B2B模式相比,B2C模式运营公司则迫不及待的需要去分析运营模式的发展问题,以以便进一步促进企业发展。
研究方法在本次调研中,小组主要应用了以下研究方法,如表 0-1所示表 0-1 研究方法总结表理论综述客户转化率概述客户转化率是网络营销中最主要的效果评估。
《中小企业跨境电商发展探析国内外文献综述2100字》

中小企业跨境电商发展研究国内外文献综述目录中小企业跨境电商发展研究国内外文献综述 (1)一、国外文献综述 (1)二、国内研究文献综述 (1)一、国外文献综述Epstein (2005)在前人理论基础上,成功概括出影响企业电子商务发展的四个影响因素:企业领导、电商战略、企业结构以及电商系统,并且他把电子商务系统形象的比喻成一个程序流程,从数据输入到处理,从结果输出到显示,生动的阐明了电子商务成功的机制,继而归纳出电子商务的成功影响因素。
Pather(2006)对一家处于南非的从事外贸电商的中型企业进行研究,以其多年来经营经历当做案例来分析,构建出电子商务市场的四个虚拟维度:信息、营销、交流以及交易,确定了考核企业成功开展电子商务的初级指标体系。
Li(2006)以中美企业为研究对象,从理论上分析了中美企业电子商务的关键成功因素,结果表明两国企业都认为信息化技术、企业战略规划、物流体系、营销手段和优质服务是最重要的几个影响因素,并且指出美国企业与中国企业重视方面的差异,美国企业比较看重企业领导支持和客户反馈而中国企业并不看重这些。
Abodlmotalleb Rezaei(2007)运用多元回归分析方法对伊朗132个中小企业做了实证分析,研究结果表明信息部门结构、管理者的支持、管理方式、科技知识、共同目标、资源配置和基础设施是电子商务系统成功实施的七个影响因素。
Sherah Kurnia等(2009]以马来西亚100多家中小企业作为研究对象,通过设计调查问卷和因子分析的方式对采集数据进行处理,得出组织准备、行业基础、国家支持和环境压力是最影响电子商务成功的关键因素。
二、国内研究文献综述李静(2011)认为我国在信息化基础设施方面还存在很多不足,与欧美发达国家相比还有不小差距。
她指出当前我国互联网技术还比较落后,宽带费用较高,网速较慢,这些问题都阻碍了电子商务在对外贸易中重要性的进一步提高。
张杨、王栋(2012主要研究我国跨境电商在信息安全方面的问题,他们认为这些风险的根源是我国落后的信息基础建设,信息安全维护的不足使得信用和交易风险被放大。
电子商务与国际贸易发展文献综述及外文文献资料

本份文档包含:关于该选题的外文文献、文献综述一、外文文献文献信息标题: E-Commerce in India作者: Saini, Babita期刊: The International Journal of Business & Management卷: 2;;期: 2;页: 1-5;年份: 2014E-Commerce in IndiaAbstractE-commerce stands for electronic commerce and pertains to trading in goods and services through the electronic medium. B2B, B2C, C2C and similar opportunity help consumer preferences and consumer markets developing electronic- infrastructure for challenges of the future. E-commerce has revolutionized business, changing the shape of competition with internet (The NET) ,the computer communication network creating a e-commerce market place for consumers and business . Electronic commerce or business is more than just another way to sustain or enhance existing business practices. Rather, e-commerce is a paradigm shift. It is a "disruptive" innovation that is radically changing the traditional way of doing business. Ecommerce is showing tremendous business growth in our country. Increasing internet users have added to its growth. The present study has been undertaken to describe the present status and facilitators of E-Commerce in India . And to analyze the present trends of E-Commerce in India and examine the barriers of E-Commerce in India. This paper examines different opportunities of e-commerce viz., E-business, E-learning, It raises key challenges that are being faced by consumers relating to e-commerce .Now-a-days, the practice of E-Commerce has been dramatically changed, particularly in last five years . Therefore, E-Commerce form of marketing is a process or a modern technique used by business firms, companies, and industries for doing their business work through the e-net system.Keywords: Electronic Commerce, E-net, E-business1. IntroductionE-Commerce stands for electronic commerce. It means dealing in goods and services through the electronic media and internet. On the internet, it relates to a website of the vendor, who sells products or services directly to the customer from the portal using a digital shopping cart or digital shopping basket system and allows payment through credit card, debit card or EFT (Electronic fund transfer) payments. E-commerce or E-business involves carrying on a business with the help of the internet and by using the information technology like Electronic Data Interchange (EDI). More simply put, E-Commerce is the movement of business onto the World Wide Web. E-Commerce has almost overnight become the dominant online activity. There is no single definition of E- Commerce, it means only commercial activity which is performed or linked to or supported by Electronic Communication. The effects of e-commerce are already appearing in all areas of business, from customer service to new product design.2. What Is E-Commerce?Electronic commerce or e-commerce refers to a wide range of online business activities for products and services. It also pertains to "any form of business transaction in which the parties interact electronically rather by physical exchanges or direct physical contact. E-commerce is usually associated with buying and selling over the Internet, or conducting any transaction involving the transfer of ownership or rights to use goods or services through a computer-mediated network.3. The objectives of the StudyThe objectives of the present study are:* To describe the present status and facilitators of E-Commerce in India;* To analyse the present trends of E-Commerce in India;* To examine the barriers of E-Commerce in India.4. Reasons Behind the Growth of E -Commerce* Busy LifestyleThe lifestyle of people is so busy that they are unable to go to the crowded markets every time for shopping. The customers prefer to shop in a relaxed environment at their own convenience.* High Disposable IncomeWith growing job opportunities the income sources have also increased. Because of high spending power, customers are willingly able to pay for the products online.* Awareness of ProductsPeople are much more aware nowadays regarding thep roducts available in the markets. They are quite aware about new products, product features, availability, price etc. through the help of media like television, radio, newspaper etc. Because of these reasons they feel confident while shopping online.* Rising Computer Educational LevelDue to the efforts of Government and Private Educational Institutions in India, computer education is getting new horizons. People are much more aware regarding the tools and techniques of computers. Not only students of urban areas, students of rural areas, housewives and business persons are also attracted towards the advance technologies of computer like e - commerce and e- business. With the development of educational standards there is automatically a great demand to buy and use new products.* Increased Usage of Internet -Withmore than 100 million Internet users, the country is beginning to achieve a critical mass of users who are familiar with we services. In addition, over the past few years, relatively sophisticated online travel laments ("OTAs"), such as Make My Trip - which started turning these initial Webusers into Web consumers - have dominated Indian e-commerce. Saves Money -One another reason for adapting e- Commerce and online shopping technology is that the unwanted expenditure of petrol, parking and toll etc. is considerably reduced.* Easy to Find the Review of Products -It is quite easy to find the review of products by the help of online shopping. E-commerce has made it simpler to get information regarding the product and the customers can purchase the products after getting reviews and feedback of the product.5. Importance and Uses of E. Commerce* Exploitation of New BusinessBroadly speaking, electronic commerce emphasizes the generation and exploitation of new .business opportunities and to use popular phrases: "generate business value" or "do more with less".* Enabling the CustomersElectronic Commerce is enabling the customer to have an increasing say in what products are made, how products are made and how services are delivered (movement from a slow order fulfillment process with little understanding of what is taking place inside the firm, to a faster and rt1ore open process with customers having greater control.* Improvement of Business TransactionElectronic Commerce endeavors to improve the execution of business transaction over various networks.* Effective PerformanceIt leads to more effective performance i.e. better quality, greater customer satisfaction and better corporate decision making.* Greater Economic EfficiencyWe may achieve greater economic efficiency (lower cost) and more rapid exchange (high speed, accelerated, or real-time interaction) with the help of electronic commerce.* Execution of InformationIt enables the execution of information-laden transactions between two ore more parties using inter connected networks. These networks can be a combination of "plain old telephone system' (POTS), Cable TV, leased lines and wireless. Information based transactions are creating new ways of doing business and even new types of business.* Incorporating TransactionElectronic Commerce also incol 1'orates transaction management, which organizes, routes, processes and tracks transactions. It also includes consumers making electronic payments and funds transfers* Increasing of RevenueThe firm uses technology to either lower operating costs or increase revenue. Electronic Commerce has the Potential to increase revenue by creating new markets for old products, creating new information-based products, and establishing new service delivery channels to better serve and interact with customers. The transaction management aspect of electronic commerce can also enable firms to reduce operating costs by enabling better coordination in the sales, production and distribution processes and to consolidate operations arid reduce overhead.* Reduction of Friction, ElectronicCommerce research and its associated implementations is to reduce the "friction" in online transactions frictions is often described in economics as a transaction cost. It can arise from inefficient market structures and inefficient combinations of the technological activities required to make a transaction. Ultimately, the reduction of friction in online commerce will enable smoother transaction between buyers, intermediaries and sellers.* Facilitating of Network FormElectronic Commerce is also impacting business .to business interactions. It facilitates the network form of organization where small, flexible firms rely on another partner, companies for component supplies and product distribution to meet changing customer demand more effectively. Hence, an end to end relationship management solution is a desirable goal that is needed to manage the chain of networks linking customers, workers, suppliers, distributors and even competitors. The management of "online transactions" in the supply chain assumes a central roll.* Facilitating for Organizational ModelIt is facilitating an organizational model that is fundamentally different from the past. It is a control organization to the information based organization. The emerging forms of techno-organizational structure involve changes in managerial responsibilities, communication and information flows and work group structures .6. Opportunities for E-CommerceYoung Jun Choi1, Chung Suk Suh(2005) reported that the development of the internetin the 20th century led to the birth of an electronic marketplace or it is called e-marketplace, which is now a kernel of electronic commerce (e-commerce). An e- marketplace provides a virtual space where sellers and buyers trade with each other as in the traditional marketplace. Various kinds of economic transactions and buying and selling of goods and services, as well as exchanges of information, take place in e- marketplaces. E-marketplaces have become an alternative place for trading. Finally, an e-marketplace can serve as an information agent that provides buyers and sellers with information on products and other participants in the market. These features have been reshaping the economy by affecting the behavior of buyers and sellers. E-businesses E-business affects the whole business and the value chains in which it operates. It enables a much more integrated level of collaboration between the different components of a value chain than ever before. Adopting e-Business also allows companies to reduce costs and improve customer response time. Organizations that transform their business practices stand to benefit immensely from innumerable new possibilities brought about by technology (/sectors/task-forces/e-business/e-business.htm). E-commerce as anything that involves an online transaction. This can range from ordering online, through online delivery of paid content, to financial transactions such as movement of money between bank accounts. One area where there are some positive indications of e-commerce is financial services. Online stock trading saw sustained growth throughout the period of broadband diffusion. E-shopping is available to all these who use a computer. Over the past year , ebay India, Indiatimes have seen a rapid growth in categories such as mobile handsets, jewellery, fashion apparel, books, gift items and other items.7. Challenges for E CommerceInternet based e-commerce has besides, great advantages, posed many threats because of its being what is popularly called faceless and borderless. Some examples of ethical issues that have emerged as a result of electronic commerce. All of the following examples are both ethical issues and issues that are uniquely related to electronic commerce. Ethical issues: Jackie Gilbert Bette Ann Stead (2001),reported thefollowing ethical issues related to e-commerce.* PrivacyPrivacy has been and continues to be a significant issue of concern for both current and prospective electronic commerce customers. With regard to web interactions and e- commerce the following dimensions are most salient: (1) Privacy consists of not being interfered with, having the power to exclude; individual Privacy is a moral right.(2) Privacy is "a desirable condition with respect to possession of information by other persons about him/herself on the observation/perceiving of him/herself by other persons"* Security ConcernsIn addition to privacy concerns, other ethical issues are involved with electronic commerce. The Internet offers unprecedented ease of access to a vast array of goods and services. The rapidly expanding arena of "click and mortar" and the largely unregulated cyberspace medium have however prompted concerns about both privacy and data security.* Other Ethical IssuesManufacturers Competing with Intermediaries Online "Disintermediation," a means eliminating the intermediary such as retailers, wholesalers, outside sales reps by setting up a Website to sell directly to customers. Disintermediations include (1) music being downloaded directly from producers (2) authors distributing their work from their own Web sites or through writer co-operatives.8. Advantages of E-CommerceE-commerce provides multiple benefits to the consumers in form of availability of goods at lower cost, wider choice and saves time. People can buy goods with a click of mouseButton without moving out of their house or office. Similarly online services such as banking, ticketing (including airlines, bus, railways), bill payments, hotel booking etc. have beenof tremendous benefit for the customers. The Indian e-commerce portals also provide goods and services in a variety of categories like apparel and accessories for men andwomen, health and beauty products, books and magazines, computer and peripherals, vehicles, software, consumer electronics, household appliances, jewelry, audio and videos, entertainment, goods, gift articles, real estate and services.9. Facilitators of E-Commerce in India9.1. Information DirectoriesPortals like / and / maintain directories giving trade details on almost any topic, whether it is from apparel to toys, from gems to heavy machinery, or form food to employment. The products and services are listed with appropriate sub-headings to make it easy for a serious information-seeker to find what he wants. Some other similar sites are /, / and /. Allied services provided by them are message boards, chat rooms, forums, etc.9.2. Banks* Net banking/phone banking: This is an online banking facility available for savings account holders as well as current account holders. Some of the special Net banking services are: Demat accounts for sale/purchase of stocks and shares, Foreign Exchange services, Direct/Instant payment of bills on the account-holder's behalf, Financial Planning etc.* Credit/Debit Cards- Banks facilitate E-commerce by providing the most vital trade instrument, namely the Credit or Debit Card, without which E-commerce would be impossible. Some of the major Indian players in these fields are: /, / and .10. Presents Trends of E-Commerce in IndiaIndia is developing rapidly and if development is to be measured, how can we ignore the role of ecommerce in it. The internet user base in India might still be a mere 100 million which is much less when compared to its penetration in the US or UK but it's surely expanding at an alarming rate. The number of new entrants in this sphere is escalating daily and with growth rate reaching its zenith; it can be presumed that in years to come, customary retailers will feel the need to switch to online business.Insights into increasing demand for broadband services, rising standards of living, availability of wider product ranges, reduced prices and busy lifestyles reveal this fact more prominently thereby giving way to online deals on gift vouchers. Going by the statistics, According to a statement released by the Internet and Mobile Association of India (IAMAI), the ecommerce market was expected to touch Rs 46520 crore turnover marks in 2011. The table-1 shows market size of different verticals of ecommerce industry since 2007 to 2011. The growth in ecommerce business clearly implies the growing number of internet users .The online purchases are limited to certain categories like gaming subscription, food delivery, online classifieds, buying movie tickets, travel related purchases and electronics items etc. The growth in ecommerce industry is primarily driven by online travel industry which has contributed 80 % (Rs 25298 crore) in 2010 and expected to touch 81 % (Rs 37890 Crore) in 2011 of total ecommerce market and is building user confidence. The online travel industry includes sale of domestic air travel, international travel, hotel bookings, railway tickets, bus tickets, tour packages and travel insurance etc.11. Single Product E-CommerceSome Indian portals/websites deal in a specialized field, for example* In Automobiles, the portals are / and /, on these sites we can buy and sell four-wheelers and two-wheelers, new as well as used vehicles, online. Some of the services they provide are; car research and reviews, online evaluation, technical specifications, vehicle insurance, vehicle finance, dealer locator etc.* In Stock and Shares Markets some of the sites are /, /. Some of the services offered to registered members are; Online buying/dealing of stocks and shares, market analysis and research, company information, comparison of companies, research on equity and mutual funds, tracking market trends etc.* In Real Estate, the portals like / facilitate online dealing in real estate. They offer either outright purchase or lease of a property through their portal. They provide information on new properties as well as for resale.One can deal directly with developers/builders or through consultant/brokers. Some of the allied services are housing finance, insurance companies, architects &interior designers, property management consultant services etc.* In Travel and Tourism industry, India has a rich history and heritage and e-commerce is instrumental, to a large extent, in selling India as a product, encouraging Indians as well as foreigners to see its multifaceted culture and beauty. A major Government of India portal, / has a vast variety of information for a potential tourist. The tourist destination sites are categorized according to themes like: eco-themes pertains to jungles, flora and fauna, beaches of India, architectural attractions, forts and places, hill resorts, adventure-trekking, mountain climbing etc. Allied services offered are passport and visa, travel &accommodation information, weather information, festival &fair dates, shopping, tour operators and more. There are also sites that highlight the tourist destinations of a specific region in India, like /, which covers North East India.* In Gift Items: In the bygone days, one had to plan what to gift a loved one, trudge across to your favorite shop, and browse for hours before purchasing a gift. Today there are specific Indian websites making the act of gifting quick and easy to suit ones lifestyle. One such site is httpV/www.indiangiftsportal.conV. The gifts are categorized as collectibles like paintings and sculptures, toys &games, chocolates, flowers, wood-craft &metal craft, luxury items like leather goods, perfumes, jewelry boxes, etc.* Hobbies: The most popular hobbies from time immemorial are reading, music and films. On the India website / one can buy more than 300000 titles of books, cassettes, VCDs and DVDs. The books cover a wide range of topics like business, art, cookery, engineering, children's stories, health, medicine etc. As for music and videos, they are available in English as well as in Indian languages to cater to the varied tastes and the topics range from devotional songs, old-time favorites and retro and jazz to the latest pop, rap etc.* Matrimony: It is said that marriage is made in heaven, but in the world ofe-commerce they are made on marriage portals like / and /. One can search for a suitable match on the websites by region of residence (India or abroad), religion or caste. Once registered with them, they have e-mail facility and chat rooms too, so that the couple gets to know more about each other before making the biggest decision of their lives. Allied services for registered are astrological services, information on customs and rituals, legal issues, health and beauty etc.* In the field of employment two major portals like and are instrumental in providing job seekers with suitable employment at the click of a mouse. They have directories categorized under headings employers and job-seekers. The service for job seekers is free and for employment they charge a nominal fee. Jobs are available online in fields, ranging from secretarial to software development, and from real estate to education.12. Present Scenario and Statistics of EcommerceIt has been estimated that the worldwide E-Commerce market will exceed $46 billion in consumer transactions by the year 2001 (courtesy IDC) and 15% of all WWW users have used it to purchase a product or service online (courtesy CommerceNet/Nielsen Media). The Figure below illustrates the statistics of some of these market predictions. * In 2011 E-Retailing industry was Rs crore 3600.* The number of transaction presently in India is 10 million, which is expected to increase by 38 million by 2015.* Currently the Estimated number of internet user in India is 376 million by 2015.* In 2011 Ecommerce Ventures Raised Around -1622.6 crore of private* Retailer giant Macy's and some other began shipping to India.* In 2012 Amazon entered into India with .* In 2011 growth in online sale of Tesco recorded was 15.2%.* Retail in India is tiny in comparison to $550 billion market which is unorganized.* 12 of ACCEL's 38 investments are e-commerce.* No. of employee in FLIPKART is 3500, this number is 800 at Share of E-commerce industry wise* Travel- 51%* E-Retailing-40%* Cothiers-09%13. ConclusionE-commerce creates new opportunities for business; it also creates new opportunities for education and academics. It appears that there is tremendous potential for providing e-business education. Initially, new Internet users would be reluctant to conduct any kind of business online, citing security reasons as their main concern. In order to increase consumer adoption of e-services, the sources of consumer confusion, apprehension and risk need to be identified, understood and alleviated. E-commerce provides tremendous opportunities in different areas but it requires careful application for consumer protection issues. Growth of e- commerce would also depend to a great extent on effective IT security systems for which necessary technological and legal provisions need to be put in place and strengthened constantly. E-Commerce is the future of shopping. With the deployment of 3 G and 4G wireless communication technologies, the internet economy will continue to grow robustly. In the next 3 to 5 years, India will have 30 to 70 million internet users which will equal, if not surpass, many of the developed countries.二、文献综述电子商务与国际贸易发展文献综述摘要本文对电子商务、贸易中介与国际贸易三者间的相互关系进行了梳理,所涉及的文献研究表明,电子商务时代,贸易中介在国际贸易中扮演的角色逐渐发生变化,中介的商品转卖和信息匹配功能优势逐渐丧失,而规模经济、范围经济、降低产品不确定性、资源整合等功能日益突出。
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跨境电商外文文献综述跨境电商外文文献综述跨境电商外文文献综述(文档含英文原文和中文翻译) 译文: 本地化跨境电子商务的模型摘要通过对国际供应链的B2B电子商务交易量的快速增长和伊朗快速增加的跨境交易业务,跨境电商过程的有效管理对B2B电子商务系统十分重要。
对局部模型的结构是基于B2B电子商务的基础设施三大层,消息层、业务流程层和内容层。
于伊朗的电子商务的要求,每一层的需要适当的标准和合适的方案的选择。
当电子文件需要移动顺利向伊朗,建议文件的标准为文件内容支持纸质和电子文件阅读。
验证提出的模型是通过案例研究方法呈现一到四阶段的情景。
试图通过交换商业文件在贸易过程中这一局部模型,实现在全球电子贸易供应链更接近区域单一窗口建设的关键目标。
关键词:电子商务;跨境贸易;电子文档管理;国际供应链跨境电商外文文献综述 1.简介电子商务是关于在互联网或其他网络电子系统购买和销售产品或服务。
术语B2B,描述了企业间的电子商务交易,如制造商和批发商,或批发商和零售商之间。
的研究目标是上两个不同国家贸易商之间的通信。
今天的世界贸易组织的主要目标之一是建立区域单一窗口,可以提高世界各地的贸易便利化。
建立区域单一窗口需要跨境海关,可以有效地交换贸易文件。
因此,首先,简化跨境贸易文件的关键在于朝着国家单一窗口移动。
然后,区域单一窗口可以授权国家之间的通信。
电子商务模型是基于三个主要逻辑层的研究。
这三个层消息传输层,业务处理层和内容层。
的局部模型是一种能够自动交换读取文件的过程。
通过与东亚和中东国家的建立区域单一窗口可以在将来得到改善的更多的互操作性,从而建立伊朗国家单一窗口在的第二部分讨论引进国际供应链中的跨境B2B模式所需的基本概念和标准。
第三部分介绍在大的模型中引入的组件功能和范围。
第四部分讨论了B2B交易层模型的定位,最后结束。
2.背景在本节中,除了了解B2B电子商务在伊朗的情况,还有参考模型的背景等概念以及讨论B2B电子商务跨境模式的本土化。
B2B电子商务在伊朗如今伊朗在贸易进程的变现是一个关键的贸易成功点。
伊朗和许多其他国家接壤,它的进口和出口过程可以通过公路,铁路,海上和空中的方式来完成。
因此,这个国家的中部和战略作用,使得它在亚洲和中东地区货物运输的主要贸易点。
今天,在伊朗海关几乎所有的贸易过程通过纸质表格完成,商务部提供的电子服务仅限于谁该国境内交易的商人。
今天,伊朗海关几乎所有的贸易流程都是通过纸质表格来完成的,商务部给出的电子服务只限于该国的商人。
介绍了模型试图简化在伊朗交易的跨境电子商务供应链交换电子文件的过程。
这里提到的一些系统,商务部在伊朗的电子服务被提及:进口订单管理系统。
贸易统计制度。
伊朗法典伊朗。
这些电子系统的主要使用,以促进在伊朗贸易过程。
这里提到的系统作为独立的贸易者可与建议模型在未来的作用。
在亚洲的区域性单跨境电商外文文献综述窗口中,加入伊朗到世界贸易组织关于数据元素的标准化和贸易流程的标准化,是一个很好的趋势。
从设计的角度来看,伊朗文件数据统一化的主要优势之一是减少数据元素的形式。
因此,他们可以尽可能地在不同的文件中重复使用。
这使得该国准备使用任何标准形式的数据。
所以本地化的跨国模式B2B电子商务可以使交易过程快速、安全,如今已是伊朗贸易的必需品。
单一窗口单一窗口是一个系统,使单入口单和提交数据和信息的同步处理。
这些可以帮助系统做为运输货物有效的关键服务版本的边界是:一个决策的通关和货物通关点。
要通过建立一个全国性的单一窗口在伊朗,以接近加入一个区域性的单一窗口。
海运买卖收费参考模型为了了解国际贸易的复杂性,这个简单的模型可以清楚地了解一个贸易交易的关键要素,从而正确地编制必要的贸易促进措施。
UN/CEFACT制定了这个使用国际公认的建模技术提供参考模型的国际供应链模型,并提出了完整的国际供应链。
基于BSP模型的国际供应链的简单视图包括购买过程的三个主要类别,船和付出,再加上四种类型的角色,如顾客、权威、中介和供应商。
正如上面所讨论的,建议的措施,分为四类,涉及到在这个模型中的过程。
购买涉及商品的订购相关的所有商业活动;船覆盖所有涉及的商品实体的转移活动,包括官方控制;要覆盖所有涉及的货物支付活动。
在对跨境供应链中的角色和流程进行分类的分类之后,需要有一个更紧密的观点,在不同的类型,这些类别可以支持。
不同的程序和BSP模型的作用可以通过用例图来显示角色和过程之间的关系。
某些过程与识别的业务伙伴或协议的建立,这是被分离的范围的跨境模式。
3.模型介绍在这一节中,引入了跨境电子商务的定制模式。
该部分包括模型的范围,主要的模型组件和它们的行为在不同的B2B 交易层B2B交易。
模型范围本款的B2B跨境模型范围对于其角色和用例分析。
不同级别的数据集成存在,可以做,以简化数据集。
在这个模型中,重点是在国际层面上。
在交流过程跨境电商外文文献综述中协调数据元素,导致有效的跨境贸易。
一般而言,模型的适用范围是国际层,主要目标是协调交易过程和内容的交易过程和内容。
基于供应链的两个方面的数据协调的概念,在分析模型的适当的标准和解决方案,可以选择。
这些标准必须支持跨境交易。
模型组件讨论海运收费的方法以简化过程和消除不必要的贸易场景的细节。
文件的项目建议集群和管理不同的文件。
这些标准作为解决方案,通过单一窗口政策。
首先让我们对系统的组成部分有一个高层次的看法,而一个跨国界的交流正在发生。
在每一个国家的海关都被放置在国家的单一窗口的国家。
在全国格式文件进入翻译模块,改变文件格式的标准文件格式。
然后,它可以通过一个中间制品,以宣布更多,最后的跨境单窗口是最后的网关。
每个国家都可以使用这种模式形成自己的一面到交换门户。
在型号证书身份验证在此模型中的CA 之间的关系是根据基本类型的PKI互通性模型设计的。
根据伊朗的电子供应链的安全要求,则需要通过使用各种不同的关系的拓扑的好处,以支持认证机构。
这是在这里提出的架构的优势CA层次模型,证书信任列表和桥梁CA互联互通机型的优点。
这种拓扑结构的好处是:它会公布全国CA的信任列表。
这些国家的CA可以检索列表自己,可以自添加,从列表中减去CA和根据自己的国家偏好它发布到他们的政府的用户。
它也可以发布CA的信任列表中的特定部门,例如,CA的列表派驻提供健康证明。
它将与每个国家的CA交叉认证,并提供给其他CA该证书就可以自己进行交叉认证。
它将提供给批准的消息和或MS 同时通过跨界车型的传输层认证机构中心。
因为它是上面提到的,在此拓扑CA 的层次结构和模块化的好处是改善了层本地模型化本节中的模型的部件被过度B2B电子商务系统之间的通信的三个不同的层进行讨论。
每个小节显示了在贸易交易双方出口商,进口商,海关,区域单一窗口和国家单一窗口之间的关系。
业务流程层跨境电商外文文献综述在业务流程层,参考模型和文件的项目是用来管理电子文档,但作为项目管理的第一个包含在模型交易的确切范围必须被描述的关键一步。
根据所提到的文件,它是说,这个项目主要是关于电子文件,但不确定的贸易伙伴或是用例之前的合同。
虽然角色和过程之间的关系进行了讨论,模型的范围可以更精确地描述在业务流程层。
所考虑的过程的范围可以在文中看到。
消息层消息层负责建立组件之间的通信会话,并将消息发送到组件层次结构的下一层10。
出口商和进口商被视为在国家和地区的通信线路和单窗口系统的第一个和最后一个点,负责处理信息和移动他们的病房。
系统的证书颁发机构的组件是确保每个消息的确认。
海关部分是货物申报的授权系统。
系统的分层体系结构的主要因素之一,提高跨境模型的灵活性和可扩展性。
信息主要包括批准的形式在每一级和更新的雕像的证书管理模块的结构中的跨边界模型。
内容层局部模型的内容层涉及的文件,通过边界交换的对象,从出口到进口商和相反的。
此模型的一个主要挑战是,加入伊朗区域单一窗口的B2B电子商务系统。
在伊朗,文件的文件正在使用中的交易过程中,所以国际标准,以创建和调整文件,改变目前的文件,在国际供应链的其他合作伙伴的可读性,必须选择。
这一层从2个方面进行了论述,一是设计形式的一个标准,二是通过一个独特的网关交换形式的11个解决方案。
这种模式的一个优点是数据的可重用性。
以不同的形式,同样的数据可以被检测和每层可以使用,进入系统前的数据元素。
在这个层次中考虑的最重要的规则是通过系统的下一个层来发送和接收文件,并且模型中的每一个文档都需要一个确认消息来保证通信系统的完整性。
证书授权作为PKI标准和B2B交易证书授权的必要性进行了讨论,最后,权威认证中心相关的跨境电子商务模式的其他组件的作用进行了讨论。
很显然,在授权的主要监督作用是一次进入一个周期,并在完成工作后,与该文件整理工作,以节省它作为一个使用代码。
图7中所示的分配数,显示在场景中一步一步发生的任务的优先级。
为重点的数字显示,在每个国家的国家单一窗口领取表格,这是通过跨境电商外文文献综述适配器发送的消息。
这将把“国家格式”中的每一个信息的内容转为一个可以读取的区域单窗口,它对交易进行监督。
认证机构检查的形式号是唯一的,使得它更容易跟踪每笔交易。
基于实施的角度来看,局部模型是不依赖于特定的软件或硬件基础设施。
通过使用XML技术在供应链的每一方都需要改变数据元素的格式为一个可读的格式。
这种规范的跨境模式,除了使用网络服务的通信解决方案,使建议的模型更轻便,独立于不同的平台。
实现本身可以通过不同的层次分析。
用户层是最接近用户界面层,称为基于Web的界面和数据库层的数据交换是根据所有的点,这是之前提到的关于B2B电子商务系统建立跨境数据交换。
5.样品过程分析在这一节中,所建议的模型的验证是根据四个阶段的情况。
在这种情况下,双方之间的贸易点的边界,和各模型组件的作用进行了讨论。
这四个阶段是:,1阶段:出口商签署系统和应用程序重新绳。
2阶段:出口国与出口国之间的互动关系。
3阶段:出口国与进口国的单一窗口之间的相互作用。
4阶段:进口和进口单窗口之间的相互作用。
现在,上述阶段通过下列各节讨论。
在每一小节中,根据信息和内容层的架构,讨论了跨边界模型中的每个组件的功能。
第1阶段:出口商登录系统和应用程序记录在这个阶段中,出口商和认证中心是该方案的主要参与者。
重要的目标是在国家单一窗口系统中记录一个成功的标志。
因此,出口商可以通过下一步的未来阶段。
模型的组件之间的详细的相互作用,包括发送应用程序的形式签署和接收的钙批准。
出口商发送他重新寻求开始一个交易到国家的单窗口。
为了记录这个信号在处理过程中,国家的单窗口要求的认证组件,并在接收该交易的批准消息是可以接受的,作为一个有效的出口过程。
应该考虑的是,在每一个步骤中,演员之间的沟通,如出口,进口商和认证的单窗口组件所做的。