跨境电商外文翻译参考文献
外文文献翻译本地化跨境电子商务模型
外文文献翻译(含：英文原文及中文译文)文献出处：Asosheh H A, Shahidi-Nejad, Khodkari H. Introducing a Localized Cross-Border E-Commerce Model, case: Iran B2B E-Commerce[J]. International Journal of Information Science & Management, 2012.英文原文Introducing a Localized Cross-Border E-Commerce Model, case: IranB2B E-CommerceAbbas Asosheh, Hadi Nejad, Hourieh Khodkari ABSTRACTBy the explosive growth of B2B e-commerce transactions in international supply chains and the rapid increase of business documents in Iran’s cross-border trading, effective management of trade processes over borders is vital in B2B e-commerce systems. Structure of the localized model in this paper is based on three major layers of a B2B e-commerce infrastructure, which are messaging layer, business process layer and content layer. For each of these layers proper standards and solutions are chosen due to Iran’s e-commerce requirements. As it is needed to move smoothly towards electronic documents in Iran, UNedocs standard is suggested to support the contents of both paper and electronic documents. The verification of the suggested model is done by presentinga four phase scenario through case study method. The localized model in this paper tries to make a strategic view of business documents exchange in trade processes, and getting closer to the key target of regional single windows establishment in global trade e-supply chains.Keywords: E-Commerce; Cross-Border Trade; Electronic Document Management; International Supply Chain1 IntroductionElectronic commerce is about buying and selling products or services over electronic systems like internet and other networks. The term B2B (Business-to-Business) describes commerce transactions between businesses, such as between a manufacturer and a wholesaler, or between a wholesaler and a retailer. In this paper the research focus is on the communication between traders in two different countries. Today one of the main targets of the world trade organization is to establish regional single windows which can increase the trade facilitation in different parts of world. Establishing a regional single window needs cross border gateways that can exchange trade documents efficiently. So first, the key necessity of managing the simplified documents over borders is to move toward national single windows. After that, the regional single windows can authorize the communication between countries.E-commerce models are studied based on the three major logical layers. These three layers are messaging layer, business process layer andcontent layer [1,2]. Generally the localized model in this paper is a way to automate the process of exchanging trading documents. This can be a step through establishing the National single window of Iran and then with the more interoperability between the East Asian and Middle Eastern countries a regional single window can be improved in the future.In this paper the second section is discussed basic concepts and standards required to introduce the crossborder B2B model in international supply chains. The third section is assigned to introduce the scope of the model and its components functionality in a big picture schema. The forth section discusses the model localization over B2B transaction layers, and finally the paper in concluded.2. BackgroundIn this section, besides, having a look at B2B e-commerce in Iran, the background concepts such as standards and reference models which are being used in localization of the B2B e-commerce cross border model are discussed.. B2B E-Commerce in IranToday the performance of the trade processes in Iran is a key trade success point. Iran has long borders with many of the countries in the region and its import and export processes can be done over road, rail, sea and air ways. So the central and strategic role of this country makes it a key trade point of goods transit in the Asia and Middle East region.These are the main electronic systems which are using today to facilitate trade processes in Iran. The systems are mentioned here as independent trade facilitators which can have interaction with the suggested model in this paper in the future. Joining Iran to the world trade organization regarding the standardization of data elements and trade processes can be a good movement through improving regional single windows in Asia. From the designing point of view, one of the main advantages of document data harmonization in Iran is the reduction of data elements of the forms. So they can be reused in different documents as much as possible. This makes the country ready for using any standard forms of data. So the localized cross-border model in B2B e-commerce can make the trade processes make faster and safer which is one of the necessities of Iran’s trading today.. Single WindowThe Single Window is a system, which enables single submission entry and Single and synchronous processing of data and information. These can help the system to make a key service which is so effective in shipping goods over the borders which is: A Single Decision-making point for customs release and clearance of cargo. It is needed to go through establishing a National single window in Iran to get closer to joining a regional single window.. Buy-Ship-Pay Reference ModelIn order to understand the complexity of international trade, this simple model can make a clear view of the key elements of a trade transaction, and consequently to properly compile the necessary trade facilitation measures. UN/CEFACT has set out this to model the international supply chain using an internationally accepted modeling technique to provide reference model, which gives a view of the international supply chain in its entirety. A simple view of the international supply chain based on BSP model includes three main categories of processes which are buy, ship and pay, plus four types of roles such as customer, authority, intermediary and supplier.3. Model IntroductionIn this section the customized model in cross-border ecommerce is being introduced. The subsections include Model scope, main model components and their behavior over B2B transactions in different B2B transaction layers.In this subsection the scope of the B2B cross border model regarding its roles and use cases is discussed. Different levels of data integration exist which can be done to simplify the data sets. In this model the focus is on the international layer. Harmonizing data elements in the exchange process, leads to effective cross-border trade. Generally, the scope of the model in this paper is about international layer, so the main aim is to harmonize trading transaction in processes and content [7]. Based on theconcept of data harmonization which is suggested in both sides of supply chain; proper standards and solutions in analyzing the model can be chosen. These standards have to support the cross border transactions.The buy-ship-pay reference model discussed as a way to simplify the processes and eliminate unnecessary details of a trade scenario. UNedocs project is suggested to cluster and manage different documents. These standards are introduced as solutions to go through the single window policy. First let’s have a high level view of the components of the system while a cross-border communication is happening. In every side customs are placed which are leading to the national single window of the country. The documents in the National format are entering to the translator module which is changing the format of the documents to the standard UNedocs format [8]. Then it can go through a middleware to be declared more and finally the cross-border single windows is the last gateway. Every country can use this model form its own side to the exchange gateway.The relationship between CAs in this model is designed according to the basic types of PKI interoperability models. Based on the Iran’s e-supply chain security requirements, it is needed to support the certificate authority by using the benefits of a variety of different relationship topologies. The architecture which is suggested here benefits the advantages of CA hierarchy model, certificate trust list and bridge CAinteroperability models.4. Model Localization over B2B LayersIn this section the components of the model are being discussed over three different layers of communication between B2B e-commerce systems. Each subsection shows the relationship between exporter, importer, customs, regional single window and the National single. Business Process LayerIn the business process layers, the reference model and the UNedocs project are used to manage the electronic docs, but as a key step of project management first the exact scope of the transactions which are included in the suggested model must be described. According to what was mentioned about UNedocs, it is said that this project is mainly about the electronic documents but not about identifying the trading partner or the use cases which are about before contract.. Messaging LayerThe messaging layer is responsible to establish the communication session between components, and send the contents of the message to next layers of the components hierarchy [10]. The exporter and importer are considered as the first and last points of a communication line and single window systems in national and regional levels are responsible to process information and move them forward. The certificate authority component of the system is using to assure the acknowledgement of eachmessage. The customs component is the authorization system of goods declarations. The layered architecture of the system is one of the main factors that increase the cross border model’s flexibility and extendibility. Messages mostly include approval of the forms in each level and updating the statues of certificate authority module in the structure of the cross-border model.. Content LayerThe content layer of the localized model deals with the documents, the objects which have to exchange through borders from exporter to importer and the opposite. One of the main challenges of this model is joining the B2B e-commerce system of Iran to a regional single window. As in Iran, paper documents are being used in the trading processes, so international standards to create and align documents which change the current documents readable for other partners in the international supply chains must be chosen. This layer is discussed from two aspects, first standards to design forms and second a solution for Exchanging forms through a unique gateway [11]. One more advantages of this model is data reusability. Same data elements in different forms can be detected and each layer can use the data elements which are entered in the system before.The most important rule considered in this hierarchy is to send and receive documents via next layers of system, and every documentsubmission in the model needs an acknowledgement message to guarantee the integrity of the communication system.. Certificate AuthorizationAs the PKI standards and the necessity of certificate authorization in B2B transactions were discussed before, finally, the role of certification authority center in relationship to other components of the cross-border e-commerce model is discussed. It is clear that the main supervision roles in authorization are once before entering a form into the cycle and once after finishing work with that document to save it as a used code. The assigned numbers in the Figure 7, show the priority of tasks which happen in the scenario step by step. As the priority numbers show, in each country the National single windows receive forms and messages which are being sent through adaptors [14]. This will turn the content of each message in the “national format” that is readable for the regional single window which supervises the transaction. Certification authority checks the forms number unique and makes it easier to trace each trade transaction.Based on the implementation point of view, the localized model is not depended on particular software or hardware infrastructure. By the use of XML technology adapters are needed in each side of the supply chain to change the format of data elements into a readable format. This specification of cross-border models besides using web services as acommunication solution makes the suggested model more portable and independent of different platforms. Implementation itself can be analyzed through different layers. The closest layer to user is user interface layer which is known as web based interface and in the database layers the data exchange is done according to all the points, which was mentioned before about establishing a cross-border data exchange in a B2B e-commerce system.中文译文一个本地化的跨境电子商务模型研究作者：阿巴斯·阿索肖，哈迪·内贾德，霍里·柯德卡里摘要随着国际供应链中B2B电子商务交易的爆炸性增长以及伊朗跨境贸易中商业文件的迅速增加，B2B电子商务系统对边界贸易流程的有效管理至关重要。
电子商务专业外文文献
本科毕业论文外文文献及译文文献、资料题目：CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIPMANAGEMENT文献、资料来源：加勒斯特经济学院文献、资料发表（出版）日期：2000.3.25院（部）：专业：班级：姓名：学号：指导教师：翻译日期：外文文献：CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT1. IntroductionIn the last decade, the majority of the companies were preoccupied with production, recession, mergers, new technologies and business regulation. Romania’s accession in the European Union will bring many advantages for further development, together with membership in a Common Market with common policies on product regulation, and freedom of movement for all the four factors of production (goods, services, capital and labor). This means that Romanian companies will compete with other companies from the EU directly in their home market. European companies are more flexible and mobile and will put a high pressure on the local companies in order to produce better products, launch better offers and services and orientate more towards their customers. High revenue equals important customer is a classic rule when the company organises its customer policy. “An important customer brings a gross amount of money for our enterprise” has become a reflex for many companies a broad and perhaps in Romania, too. But is this always true, or do we need more information than a simple figure reported at the end of the year?2. Marketing information systemA winning company is more productive in acquiring and retaining customers, to expand its clientele (Kotler, 2003). This company improves the value of the customers by reducing the rate of defection, increasing the longevity of customer Management & marketing relationship, making low-profit customers more profitable or terminating them etc. Gathering information on the actual or potential marketplace not only allows the organisation to monitor trends and issues concerning its current customers, but also helps it identify and profile potential customers and new markets, to keep track of its competition, their strategies, tactics and future plans (Brassington and Pettitt,2003). In order to collect and organize a high quantity of diverse information, the enterprises started to build marketing information systems. There are, mainly, a set of procedures and methods by which pertinent, timely and accurate information is continually gathered, sorted, analysed, evaluated, stored and distributed for the use of marketing decisionmakers (Zikmund and D´Amico,1993). The marketing information system includes data from external and internal sources (sales records, customer records, marketing communications, and sales force information). The focus on the customer and the integration of the marketing function helps the company to create customer databases with comprehensive information about individual customers or prospects.3. Customer relationship managementCustomer Relationship Management has been around for the last 30 years, but it became very important when companies changed their attitude towards marketing function. Nowadays, the cross-functional approach to marketing requires an organizational culture and climate that encourages collaboration and cooperation between departments. People within the business must understand their role in serving customers, internal or external one. CRM builds on the principles of relationship marketing and recognizes that customers are a business asset and not simply a commercial audience, implies the structuring of the company from functions to processes, information are used proactively rather than reactively and develops the ne-to-one marketing approaches (Payne, 2006).When defining CRM, we must first explain the difference between customer acquisition and customer retention. The two concepts have different drivers. Attracting customers has become very difficult these days, when people are harder to please. They are smarter, price conscious and sensitive, more demanding, less forgiving, and they are approached by many more competitors with equally good or better offers (Kotler,2003). Companies focus more on sales analysis, customer segmentation, advertising, merchandising and campaign management. The more difficult part is keeping the customers. According to Bruhn, a customer is satisfied when the comparison between offer and consumption fulfils his/her expectations, after he/she accepts the company, trusts it and exhibits a positive attitude towards it, becomes loyal to that company. In this situation, the customer talks favourably about the company and about its products, pays less attention to competing brands and is less sensitive to price, which turns transactions into routine (Bruhn, 1999). With customer retention, the company must pay attention to service satisfaction and trust in Customer relationship management the organization and its staff. Some companies believe that if a customer complaints the problem will be solved, but 96% ofunsatisfied customers don’t complain and go to another company. Therefore, Customer Relationship Management is the mechanism for retaining customers (Russell-Jones, 2003). Mainly CRM allows the company to understand who their customer is, isolate the best customer (those with whom you desire to have long-standing relationships), create relationships stretching over time and involving multi-interactions, manage the relationship to mutual advantage, seek to acquire more of those “best” customers. Inputs like marketing strategy, customer base, products, and regulation, competitors and staff skills are synthesized in a CRM programme which creates outputs as customer service, customer retention, higher share of wallet, customer referral, more predictable revenues streams, improved profitability, lower costs and better compliance (Russell-Jones, 2003).4. Developing a strategy in customer relationship managementBecause CRM is a cross-functional activity and large companies have thousands and millions of customers, the need for a strategic framework is very high. The dimensions of a CRM strategy are mainly focused on defining the following topics:- object of the customer relationship management – the company has three options: focusing on the company itself, on a brand or on the distributor;- target segment – the company usually sets priorities between different customer segments, it defines strategic customers based on the portfolio analyses, factors as revenue, length of the relationship, income, collaboration with the customer. These are its analysis criteria;- ways of retaining the customers –customers’ satisfaction is in the centre of all the decisions, but customers retention can also become a central issue through contractual clauses, such as service, leasing and warranty;- choosing the instruments of CRM – the company combines the instruments of the 4P´s with focus on the customer;- intensity and timing of the CRM decisions –show when and how should the company introduce different instruments; programmes can last from one day to one week, or from three month to two years;- cooperation within the CRM programme – sometimes the company must cooperate with other partners from the distribution channel, mainly between producer and wholesaler and retail.5. Instruments of customer relationship managementThe communication policy plays an important role in the instruments mix. It follows two objectives: first, to build a permanent dialogue with the customer in order to stabilize or change its expectations, and second, to counteract influences after consumption. The main CRM instruments within the communication policy are: Direct-Mail is material distributed through the postal service to the recipients’ home or business address to promote a product or service. In CRM the mailed issue can vary from a simple letter to a catalogue, and its sending will always occur at a particular moment in customer’s life (birthday, invitation for an event). It must incorporate sticky gadgets to increase their chances of being opened and read; Newsletters are distributed to customers for free and contain information about new products, offers for special events and others; Fidelity cards (store cards) are an important tool in gathering information about customer behaviour. By accumulating points of fidelity, the customer can benefit from different special offers; Clients club designates a concept which has grown in parallel with the fidelity cards. Its main forms are VIP-Club, Fan-Club, Product-Interest-Club, and Lifestyle-Club. The club represents an opportunity for the company to make offers in accordance with the social status, acceptance, prestige and expectations of its customers;Telemarketing allows companies to undertake marketing research and is highly measurable and accountable; the number of positive and negative responses are easily recorded and monitored. It provides for interaction, is flexible and permits immediate feed-back. Online-marketing includes many forms such as on-line advertising, on-line sales promotions, on-line direct marketing, on-line public relations, one-line personal selling. The medium used is the internet and the main instrument is the email. Virtual promotions are cheaper than hard copy versions, but the challenge is to drive traffic to your company’s Web site. Event-marketing takes place in three main areas: the product (here, it focuses on increasing sales), the corporation (for developing a corporate body) and the community (to make a difference in the life of the local community) (Bruhn, 1999& Fill, 2002).The price policy can be thought about in various ways when building a CRM programme: discounts for special customers, underselling or matching competitors, loyalty refunds, bundling items together and offering overall prices. Although price is not a measure of inherent value received, it is often used by customers as a benchmark, ignoring any other features or differences.Key factors in the product policy are the product itself, with quality, design, technical features, packaging and service management which includes lifelong warranty, price warranty or a customer telephone line. An active management in the distribution policy can focus on the customer or on the distribution channel. The producer evaluates the activity of the distribution partner and Customer relationship management intervenes when needed. The focus on the customers is realised through a Key Account Management which develops programmes for special customers.6. Customer relationship management in financial servicesFinancial services differ from many other industries. This can be seen particularly in Romania, where 40 commercial banks fight for a population of 21 million citizens. They cover the whole spectrum of customers from individuals to partnerships, institutions, corporations and governments. As a result, it can be very difficult to focus on single markets. Customers are often in two positions: they may have a deposit and savings accounts, but also loans and overdrafts. They are very service focused, they sell only intangibles. Financial services require processing billions of transactions worldwide and they are one of the heaviest regulated industries in the world (Rusell-Jones, 2003).The customers in the financial services are better informed, are switching channels, and seem to be more demanding of service, and used to change. The market is also highly competitive and new entrants are coming with diverse products and approaches.The industry of financial services in Romania has a very high potential and registers every year high growth rates. Till now, the location in a major city of the country with a population around 300.000 people was an advantage of the business and a success factor. Now the battlefield has moved in the small towns. The competition became tougher; banks began to develop and to introduce new products. Some experts say that a weakness of the banking sector is market segmentation. There is lots of information about customers, but it seems that banks prefer to focus on clients with large savings accounts. The main banks in Romania, as BRD, BCR, ING, and HVB-Tiriac announced for the year 2005 an increase in the number of the private banking clients. These are mainly customers with accounts between 50.000 and 100.000 Euros, they benefit of private consultancy, special interest rates, commissions, and special insurances. Customers have also a word to say about their bank. A market study made by DeadalusConsulting revealed that the customer profile for banking services is: person aged between 45-55 years, with higher or middle education. The most utilized service is the bank card for salaries payment (32,6%). Next, savings accounts (10,2%), credits for personal needs (11,1%), credits for buying electronics (9,2%) and auto leasing. The best grades were received by Raiffeisen Bank (8,83), BCR (8,58) and BRD Societe Generale (8,57). A customer’s criteria when choosing a bank are the trust in the bank, the environment in the branch, the quality of the staff, the advice they receive, the best interest rate they can receive, the information about the credit costs, and the conditions for obtaining a credit. A successful service provided by the majority of the banks is internet banking. It allows clients to save time and money, without going to the bank, 24 of 24 from inside or abroad. The access is free of charge or very cheap, and includes all kinds of activities from money transfer, payment orders, currency exchange, payment of current bills, external payments etc. The rate of penetration is still low, ranking between 10% and 30% of the customers in one middle bank.7. ConclusionsRomanian companies must focus in the future on the Customer Relationship Management and try to turn a “susceptible” client into a “partner”, to transform people who once needed their product/service, or occasional business partners into supporters and advocates and, eventually, into loyal partners that “sell” on the behalf of the company. Companies must create a permanent dialogue with their customers, and fight for them, because the clientele is not given for free. Customers that were price sensitive show now a higher interest in quality, service and behaviour of staff, and a company which concentrated on a price strategy should check how prepared its rivals are for a competition in the aforementioned fields. Customer Relationship Management increases its flexibility and adaptability to the market, in a world of capricious clients.中文译文：客户关系管理1.介绍在过去的十年中，大多数企业正在忙于生产，经济衰退，合并，新技术和商业管理。
海外代购外文文献翻译最新译文字数3000多字
海外代购外文文献翻译最新译文字数3000多字文献出处：Lurch R. Talk about overseas act as purchasing agency business model research [J]. Organizational Dynamics, 2015, 35(3): 265-278.原文Talk about overseas act as purchasing agency business model researchLurch RAbstractWith the continuous development of cross-border e-commerce, overseas act as purchasing agency gradually in consumer demand. Purchased overseas offer price advantage and brand advantages of international goods, meet the personalized needs of consumers. Overseas act as purchasing agency for the domestic related enterprises especially the severe impact of the retailer weakened the commerce promotion effect of consumption. Network overseas act as purchasing agency as B2C e-commerce in a niche market, has been gradually accepted by Internet users in the network consumption. It can avoid the problems in the international personal shopping link; just enter the act as purchasing agency website, after selected goods, direct payment, no international credit card, need not trouble to forward overseas relatives and friends. Overseas goods consumers not only consider the product quality, price, after-sales service, such as difference, also the comprehensive national policy, price and after-sale activist, technical support and other factors.Keywords: Overseas act as purchasing agency; E-commerce platform; Commerce1The present situation and operation mode of overseas purchasing development1.1 statusesOverseas act as purchasing agency is based on the network consumer demand for goods in other countries, by large community BBS, comprehensive e-commerce site purchasing platform, professional network "transit" and so on all kinds of ways to make consumers to purchase goods to overseas. There are professional purchased overseas act as purchasing agency web B2C website and attached to the big shopping website of C2C online personal bought two forms. Contemporary is larger, more concentrated procurement time, in order to save cost, can be bought by reality. Human act as purchasing agency buying more proficient in a foreign language; Stewardess,students familiar with the import and export markets. At present, the independence of the strongest is the enterprise to build online sales platform to promote operation, using marketing network for distribution or distribution business outsourcing to a third party platform. Some trade through the international logistics company imported foreign electronic products, cosmetics, household goods, to avoid delivery channels of duties, through active in the border of and Hong Kong a batch of "water guest" will be split into more imported goods, false claim for personal items, use of personal items allowance preferential rules, through channels into China, the country of import goods management.Purchased overseas divided into acquaintances purchased overseas and electronic purchased overseas, acquaintance between acquaintances and relatives overseas act as purchasing agency in consumers, is not a profit for the purpose ofpurchasing way. Electronic overseas act as purchasing agency refers to is the medium of electronic commerce, based on the international logistics and the Internet to provide buyers agent to buy foreign brand products services and related fee. With the traditional compared between e-commerce and international trade, the characteristics of the purchased overseas mainly: one is a general characteristic of the network shopping; Second, can provide convenient and quick for overseas products of domestic demand and safer buying channel, eliminate frontier barrier of international products and services; Three is to provide personalized services purchased overseas to meet the specific needs of consumers, to find a solution to the differential development as the goal.1.2 purchased overseas operation mode analysisAt present, the domestic and overseas act as purchasing agency electric business platform mainly websites, involved in purchasing products are daily necessities, food, such as milk powder, health care products, consumer electronics, such as apple computer, mobile phone), high-grade products and collection, etc. According to the monitoring data of China electronic commerce research center of the market, in the first half of 2014 China's electricity network operators network market turnover shows mall occupy 57.4%, ranked second, occupy 21.1%, is located in the marketshare is the third purchase up to 3.6%.According to the monitoring data of electronic commerce research center, China purchased overseas in 2013 top ten one of the most popular commodities including cosmetics, milk powder, cases, bags, etc. he cosmetic act as purchasing agency products more than 22% of the total, obviously than big than other products. Overseaspurchasing platform for e-commerce sites provide consumers with information exchange, goods order confirmation and payment, and other functions, the operation mode of the purchased overseas roughly divided into three categories.(1) Professional electrical business enterprises and cooperationMost professional purchasing electricity companies have professional electronic trading platforms, foreign partners, international logistics partners as well as perfect after-sale pre-sale customer service center. Domestic electricity act as purchasing agency partners are divided into different situations, such as products for the United States purchase of specific act as purchasing agency network, there are some websites directly with B and C 2 C 2 C on international shopping platform for cooperation, act as purchasing agency web site in the United States, for example amazons, Macy’s online electricity products covering all the products in the field of circulation of the United States. On the basis of establish close cooperation with foreign partners, looking for fixed logistics company, and act as purchasing agency party can be a large number of the transport of the goods at a lower price to domestic, and be able to enjoy preferential treatment in foreign cooperation due to the tariff to offset the cost.(2) By the private overseas act as purchasing agency modelDomestic C2C form of overseas act as purchasing agency works mainly has two kinds, one is by purchasing personnel in the name of the individual entity shop to buy abroad, after the goods carry back home or sent by post to domestic consumers. Second, the domestic act as purchasing agency personnel management enterprise with fixed establishment cooperation,overseas act as purchasing agency is responsible for procurement of goods and freight, received by the domestic business personnel and to consumers. Act as purchasing agency personnel in the name of the personal belongings of the freight to return home, the mode of transportation will typically involve part or all of the tax evasion, easily affected by the customs supervision, in the act as purchasing agency items of the arrival of the goods time, act as purchasing agency costs, there isa risk, even by the risk of cargo was confiscated by completely.(3) Outside the direct entry of international businessProfessional electric business enterprise of the domestic and overseas cooperation and by private overseas act as purchasing agency model is a common mode of two kinds of overseas act as purchasing agency; the foreign merchant direct entry is already some international websites act as purchasing agency service behavior to our country. Act as purchasing agency personnel can only be responsible for international business order, international sites to be responsible for logistics. However, since in this mode of international logistics cost is higher, and consumers to goods logistics information can not be timely grasp and act as purchasing agency risk is higher, so this model is not common.2 The mechanism of action of overseas act as purchasing agencyOverseas act as purchasing agency of commerce development in industrialization optimization perspective, the influence of commerce upstream industrial clusters involved: universal and special equipment manufacturing; Transportation equipment manufacturing industry; Electrical and mechanical manufacturing; Instrument and meter manufacturing; Transportation and warehousing; The postal service. Wholesaleand retail; Accommodation catering industry; Leasing and business services; Comprehensive technical services, etc Downstream industry group include: producer services; Consumer products manufacturing; Consumer services; Processing industry of capital; Capital goods manufacturing; Power industry;The new energy industry;The new energy automotive industry;The new material manufacturing, etc.The rapid development of overseas act as purchasing agency make the development of commercial and trade circulation industry affected by a lot of, mainly reflects in:2.1 Enhance the international circulation market information symmetry, drive commerce promotion effect of consumption Purchased overseas products pricing compared with the global prices of someproducts is higher, in behalf of luxury goods for example, China's luxury and upscale product price is about 45% higher than the market average of Hong Kong, China, 51% higher than the price of the United States, 72% higher than the French luxury goods price. Overseas act as purchasing agency and the continuous development of information society, make China's consumers fully understand the product price difference of different country markets, overseas act as purchasing agency to drive the development of commerce information sharing, operating high-end products in the circulation industry can't keep the high price of luxury goods companies strategy, raising domestic product prices fall, prompting more consumers to buy products in China.2.2 Overseas act as purchasing agency meet the personalized needs of consumersTo promote commerce product diversification anddifferential development. Purchased overseas products involving most of the products in the global industry, different from the traditional circulation industry, demand is provided by the seller; buy on his behalf by products to meet the personalized needs of consumers. Because customs supervision is not perfect, the part of domestic consumption going abroad, the commerce of consumer spends shunt. Purchased overseas product diversification enables consumers to gradually change the traditional consumption patterns, diversification of consumer demand has prompted commerce introduction and development of a variety of economic system structure of enterprise, establish a new type of ownership structure of commodities interflow and variety of the innovation of the mode of operation.2.3 Consumers lose faith in their own brand graduallyDue to low quality inspection standards in China, a large number of domestic brands appear unqualified goods quality and in good condition after filling, consumers gradually to our country commodity brand trust declined significantly, although is the international brand licensing production of products, customers also questioned the quality of the goods. At the same time, foreign brand products of high quality standard, forming perfect credit system abroad. This makes consumers give up in the circulation market brand products in our country, increased the pursuit foreign brands, greatlypromoting the development of China's overseas act as purchasing agency.2.4 Weaken the market competitiveness of domestic enterprisesOverseas act as purchasing agency shop is various, domestic e-commerce trading platform constantly open up foreign brandbuy on behalf, has brought the huge impact to its brand, make the traditional commerce reduce the demand for domestic brands, indirect impact on the development of domestic brands. Such as milk powder, increasing domestic milk powder generation overseas in recent years, domestic milk powder enterprises form a larger impact to our country. Some domestic trade enterprises import and export business may not because of overseas act as purchasing agency through the normal import channels and lose market, dropping market share of commerce in logistics industry, logistics enterprises profit space compression. Because of the existence of overseas act as purchasing agency has kept the prices of some products regional difference product strategy not work, reduce the profits of the enterprise.3 ConclusionsOverseas purchasing promote the optimized allocation of international resources, optimization of the consumption of the inhabitants of their choice, but can bring serious economic losses to countries, weakening national tariff protection ability, to the impact of domestic commerce, especially retailing. On the one hand, overseas act as purchasing agency for commerce has opened up a new e-commerce business model, enhance the circulation market of information communication, improve the circulation market mechanism, promote the development of commerce diversification and differentiation; Overseas act as purchasing agency, on the other hand, weakens the commerce consumption promoting effect, is not conducive to commercial and trade circulation industry of connection of the realization of the function of the production and consumption, hinder the commerce the establishment of the independent brand.Therefore, only will be purchased overseas rationalization and standardization, can urge its commercial and trade circulation industry structure upgrade and optimization. 译文谈海外代购运营模式研究Lurch R摘要随着跨境电子商务的不断发展，海外代购逐渐受到消费者的追捧。
跨境电子商务中英文对照外文综合文献
跨境电子商务中英文对照外文综合文献
前言：
跨境电子商务是指进行跨境地区间的电子商务交易活动，涉及如商品销售、支付、物流和退款等环节。
随着全球化进程的加快，跨境电子商务在国际贸易中扮演着越来越重要的角色。
本文对跨境电子商务中的相关问题进行了综合研究，分析和比较了中文和英文文献的内容。
主要内容：
1. 跨境电子商务的发展趋势
- 中文文献：中文文献指出，随着互联网技术的快速发展，跨境电子商务得到了长足发展。
中国作为全球最大的电子商务市场之一，积极推动跨境电子商务的发展，并倡导加强国际合作。
- 英文文献：英文文献指出，全球各国的跨境电子商务规模不断扩大。
亚洲地区的跨境电子商务增长最快，尤其是中国和印度等新兴市场。
越来越多的人开始通过跨境电子商务平台购买商品。
2. 跨境电子商务的挑战
- 中文文献：中文文献强调了跨境电子商务面临的挑战，包括语言和文化差异、支付安全、海关监管等方面。
同时也提出了相应的解决方案，如加强培训、加强合作等。
- 英文文献：英文文献指出，跨境电子商务面临着网络安全、消费者保护和知识产权保护等挑战。
各国政府应加强监管和合作，以确保跨境电子商务的健康发展。
结论：
跨境电子商务作为全球化进程的产物，对国际贸易发挥着重要作用。
中文和英文文献都对跨境电子商务的发展趋势和挑战进行了深入研究。
这些文献提供了宝贵的信息和见解，有助于我们更好地理解跨境电子商务的现状和未来发展方向。
参考文献：
- 中文文献引用
- 英文文献引用。
电子商务与国际贸易发展文献综述及外文文献资料
本份文档包含：关于该选题的外文文献、文献综述一、外文文献文献信息标题: E-Commerce in India作者: Saini, Babita期刊: The International Journal of Business & Management卷: 2；；期: 2；页: 1-5；年份: 2014E-Commerce in IndiaAbstractE-commerce stands for electronic commerce and pertains to trading in goods and services through the electronic medium. B2B, B2C, C2C and similar opportunity help consumer preferences and consumer markets developing electronic- infrastructure for challenges of the future. E-commerce has revolutionized business, changing the shape of competition with internet (The NET) ,the computer communication network creating a e-commerce market place for consumers and business . Electronic commerce or business is more than just another way to sustain or enhance existing business practices. Rather, e-commerce is a paradigm shift. It is a "disruptive" innovation that is radically changing the traditional way of doing business. Ecommerce is showing tremendous business growth in our country. Increasing internet users have added to its growth. The present study has been undertaken to describe the present status and facilitators of E-Commerce in India . And to analyze the present trends of E-Commerce in India and examine the barriers of E-Commerce in India. This paper examines different opportunities of e-commerce viz., E-business, E-learning, It raises key challenges that are being faced by consumers relating to e-commerce .Now-a-days, the practice of E-Commerce has been dramatically changed, particularly in last five years . Therefore, E-Commerce form of marketing is a process or a modern technique used by business firms, companies, and industries for doing their business work through the e-net system.Keywords: Electronic Commerce, E-net, E-business1. IntroductionE-Commerce stands for electronic commerce. It means dealing in goods and services through the electronic media and internet. On the internet, it relates to a website of the vendor, who sells products or services directly to the customer from the portal using a digital shopping cart or digital shopping basket system and allows payment through credit card, debit card or EFT (Electronic fund transfer) payments. E-commerce or E-business involves carrying on a business with the help of the internet and by using the information technology like Electronic Data Interchange (EDI). More simply put, E-Commerce is the movement of business onto the World Wide Web. E-Commerce has almost overnight become the dominant online activity. There is no single definition of E- Commerce, it means only commercial activity which is performed or linked to or supported by Electronic Communication. The effects of e-commerce are already appearing in all areas of business, from customer service to new product design.2. What Is E-Commerce?Electronic commerce or e-commerce refers to a wide range of online business activities for products and services. It also pertains to "any form of business transaction in which the parties interact electronically rather by physical exchanges or direct physical contact. E-commerce is usually associated with buying and selling over the Internet, or conducting any transaction involving the transfer of ownership or rights to use goods or services through a computer-mediated network.3. The objectives of the StudyThe objectives of the present study are:* To describe the present status and facilitators of E-Commerce in India;* To analyse the present trends of E-Commerce in India;* To examine the barriers of E-Commerce in India.4. Reasons Behind the Growth of E -Commerce* Busy LifestyleThe lifestyle of people is so busy that they are unable to go to the crowded markets every time for shopping. The customers prefer to shop in a relaxed environment at their own convenience.* High Disposable IncomeWith growing job opportunities the income sources have also increased. Because of high spending power, customers are willingly able to pay for the products online.* Awareness of ProductsPeople are much more aware nowadays regarding thep roducts available in the markets. They are quite aware about new products, product features, availability, price etc. through the help of media like television, radio, newspaper etc. Because of these reasons they feel confident while shopping online.* Rising Computer Educational LevelDue to the efforts of Government and Private Educational Institutions in India, computer education is getting new horizons. People are much more aware regarding the tools and techniques of computers. Not only students of urban areas, students of rural areas, housewives and business persons are also attracted towards the advance technologies of computer like e - commerce and e- business. With the development of educational standards there is automatically a great demand to buy and use new products.* Increased Usage of Internet -Withmore than 100 million Internet users, the country is beginning to achieve a critical mass of users who are familiar with we services. In addition, over the past few years, relatively sophisticated online travel laments ("OTAs"), such as Make My Trip - which started turning these initial Webusers into Web consumers - have dominated Indian e-commerce. Saves Money -One another reason for adapting e- Commerce and online shopping technology is that the unwanted expenditure of petrol, parking and toll etc. is considerably reduced.* Easy to Find the Review of Products -It is quite easy to find the review of products by the help of online shopping. E-commerce has made it simpler to get information regarding the product and the customers can purchase the products after getting reviews and feedback of the product.5. Importance and Uses of E. Commerce* Exploitation of New BusinessBroadly speaking, electronic commerce emphasizes the generation and exploitation of new .business opportunities and to use popular phrases: "generate business value" or "do more with less".* Enabling the CustomersElectronic Commerce is enabling the customer to have an increasing say in what products are made, how products are made and how services are delivered (movement from a slow order fulfillment process with little understanding of what is taking place inside the firm, to a faster and rt1ore open process with customers having greater control.* Improvement of Business TransactionElectronic Commerce endeavors to improve the execution of business transaction over various networks.* Effective PerformanceIt leads to more effective performance i.e. better quality, greater customer satisfaction and better corporate decision making.* Greater Economic EfficiencyWe may achieve greater economic efficiency (lower cost) and more rapid exchange (high speed, accelerated, or real-time interaction) with the help of electronic commerce.* Execution of InformationIt enables the execution of information-laden transactions between two ore more parties using inter connected networks. These networks can be a combination of "plain old telephone system' (POTS), Cable TV, leased lines and wireless. Information based transactions are creating new ways of doing business and even new types of business.* Incorporating TransactionElectronic Commerce also incol 1'orates transaction management, which organizes, routes, processes and tracks transactions. It also includes consumers making electronic payments and funds transfers* Increasing of RevenueThe firm uses technology to either lower operating costs or increase revenue. Electronic Commerce has the Potential to increase revenue by creating new markets for old products, creating new information-based products, and establishing new service delivery channels to better serve and interact with customers. The transaction management aspect of electronic commerce can also enable firms to reduce operating costs by enabling better coordination in the sales, production and distribution processes and to consolidate operations arid reduce overhead.* Reduction of Friction, ElectronicCommerce research and its associated implementations is to reduce the "friction" in online transactions frictions is often described in economics as a transaction cost. It can arise from inefficient market structures and inefficient combinations of the technological activities required to make a transaction. Ultimately, the reduction of friction in online commerce will enable smoother transaction between buyers, intermediaries and sellers.* Facilitating of Network FormElectronic Commerce is also impacting business .to business interactions. It facilitates the network form of organization where small, flexible firms rely on another partner, companies for component supplies and product distribution to meet changing customer demand more effectively. Hence, an end to end relationship management solution is a desirable goal that is needed to manage the chain of networks linking customers, workers, suppliers, distributors and even competitors. The management of "online transactions" in the supply chain assumes a central roll.* Facilitating for Organizational ModelIt is facilitating an organizational model that is fundamentally different from the past. It is a control organization to the information based organization. The emerging forms of techno-organizational structure involve changes in managerial responsibilities, communication and information flows and work group structures .6. Opportunities for E-CommerceYoung Jun Choi1, Chung Suk Suh(2005) reported that the development of the internetin the 20th century led to the birth of an electronic marketplace or it is called e-marketplace, which is now a kernel of electronic commerce (e-commerce). An e- marketplace provides a virtual space where sellers and buyers trade with each other as in the traditional marketplace. Various kinds of economic transactions and buying and selling of goods and services, as well as exchanges of information, take place in e- marketplaces. E-marketplaces have become an alternative place for trading. Finally, an e-marketplace can serve as an information agent that provides buyers and sellers with information on products and other participants in the market. These features have been reshaping the economy by affecting the behavior of buyers and sellers. E-businesses E-business affects the whole business and the value chains in which it operates. It enables a much more integrated level of collaboration between the different components of a value chain than ever before. Adopting e-Business also allows companies to reduce costs and improve customer response time. Organizations that transform their business practices stand to benefit immensely from innumerable new possibilities brought about by technology (/sectors/task-forces/e-business/e-business.htm). E-commerce as anything that involves an online transaction. This can range from ordering online, through online delivery of paid content, to financial transactions such as movement of money between bank accounts. One area where there are some positive indications of e-commerce is financial services. Online stock trading saw sustained growth throughout the period of broadband diffusion. E-shopping is available to all these who use a computer. Over the past year , ebay India, Indiatimes have seen a rapid growth in categories such as mobile handsets, jewellery, fashion apparel, books, gift items and other items.7. Challenges for E CommerceInternet based e-commerce has besides, great advantages, posed many threats because of its being what is popularly called faceless and borderless. Some examples of ethical issues that have emerged as a result of electronic commerce. All of the following examples are both ethical issues and issues that are uniquely related to electronic commerce. Ethical issues: Jackie Gilbert Bette Ann Stead (2001),reported thefollowing ethical issues related to e-commerce.* PrivacyPrivacy has been and continues to be a significant issue of concern for both current and prospective electronic commerce customers. With regard to web interactions and e- commerce the following dimensions are most salient: (1) Privacy consists of not being interfered with, having the power to exclude; individual Privacy is a moral right.(2) Privacy is "a desirable condition with respect to possession of information by other persons about him/herself on the observation/perceiving of him/herself by other persons"* Security ConcernsIn addition to privacy concerns, other ethical issues are involved with electronic commerce. The Internet offers unprecedented ease of access to a vast array of goods and services. The rapidly expanding arena of "click and mortar" and the largely unregulated cyberspace medium have however prompted concerns about both privacy and data security.* Other Ethical IssuesManufacturers Competing with Intermediaries Online "Disintermediation," a means eliminating the intermediary such as retailers, wholesalers, outside sales reps by setting up a Website to sell directly to customers. Disintermediations include (1) music being downloaded directly from producers (2) authors distributing their work from their own Web sites or through writer co-operatives.8. Advantages of E-CommerceE-commerce provides multiple benefits to the consumers in form of availability of goods at lower cost, wider choice and saves time. People can buy goods with a click of mouseButton without moving out of their house or office. Similarly online services such as banking, ticketing (including airlines, bus, railways), bill payments, hotel booking etc. have beenof tremendous benefit for the customers. The Indian e-commerce portals also provide goods and services in a variety of categories like apparel and accessories for men andwomen, health and beauty products, books and magazines, computer and peripherals, vehicles, software, consumer electronics, household appliances, jewelry, audio and videos, entertainment, goods, gift articles, real estate and services.9. Facilitators of E-Commerce in India9.1. Information DirectoriesPortals like / and / maintain directories giving trade details on almost any topic, whether it is from apparel to toys, from gems to heavy machinery, or form food to employment. The products and services are listed with appropriate sub-headings to make it easy for a serious information-seeker to find what he wants. Some other similar sites are /, / and /. Allied services provided by them are message boards, chat rooms, forums, etc.9.2. Banks* Net banking/phone banking: This is an online banking facility available for savings account holders as well as current account holders. Some of the special Net banking services are: Demat accounts for sale/purchase of stocks and shares, Foreign Exchange services, Direct/Instant payment of bills on the account-holder's behalf, Financial Planning etc.* Credit/Debit Cards- Banks facilitate E-commerce by providing the most vital trade instrument, namely the Credit or Debit Card, without which E-commerce would be impossible. Some of the major Indian players in these fields are: /, / and .10. Presents Trends of E-Commerce in IndiaIndia is developing rapidly and if development is to be measured, how can we ignore the role of ecommerce in it. The internet user base in India might still be a mere 100 million which is much less when compared to its penetration in the US or UK but it's surely expanding at an alarming rate. The number of new entrants in this sphere is escalating daily and with growth rate reaching its zenith; it can be presumed that in years to come, customary retailers will feel the need to switch to online business.Insights into increasing demand for broadband services, rising standards of living, availability of wider product ranges, reduced prices and busy lifestyles reveal this fact more prominently thereby giving way to online deals on gift vouchers. Going by the statistics, According to a statement released by the Internet and Mobile Association of India (IAMAI), the ecommerce market was expected to touch Rs 46520 crore turnover marks in 2011. The table-1 shows market size of different verticals of ecommerce industry since 2007 to 2011. The growth in ecommerce business clearly implies the growing number of internet users .The online purchases are limited to certain categories like gaming subscription, food delivery, online classifieds, buying movie tickets, travel related purchases and electronics items etc. The growth in ecommerce industry is primarily driven by online travel industry which has contributed 80 % (Rs 25298 crore) in 2010 and expected to touch 81 % (Rs 37890 Crore) in 2011 of total ecommerce market and is building user confidence. The online travel industry includes sale of domestic air travel, international travel, hotel bookings, railway tickets, bus tickets, tour packages and travel insurance etc.11. Single Product E-CommerceSome Indian portals/websites deal in a specialized field, for example* In Automobiles, the portals are / and /, on these sites we can buy and sell four-wheelers and two-wheelers, new as well as used vehicles, online. Some of the services they provide are; car research and reviews, online evaluation, technical specifications, vehicle insurance, vehicle finance, dealer locator etc.* In Stock and Shares Markets some of the sites are /, /. Some of the services offered to registered members are; Online buying/dealing of stocks and shares, market analysis and research, company information, comparison of companies, research on equity and mutual funds, tracking market trends etc.* In Real Estate, the portals like / facilitate online dealing in real estate. They offer either outright purchase or lease of a property through their portal. They provide information on new properties as well as for resale.One can deal directly with developers/builders or through consultant/brokers. Some of the allied services are housing finance, insurance companies, architects &interior designers, property management consultant services etc.* In Travel and Tourism industry, India has a rich history and heritage and e-commerce is instrumental, to a large extent, in selling India as a product, encouraging Indians as well as foreigners to see its multifaceted culture and beauty. A major Government of India portal, / has a vast variety of information for a potential tourist. The tourist destination sites are categorized according to themes like: eco-themes pertains to jungles, flora and fauna, beaches of India, architectural attractions, forts and places, hill resorts, adventure-trekking, mountain climbing etc. Allied services offered are passport and visa, travel &accommodation information, weather information, festival &fair dates, shopping, tour operators and more. There are also sites that highlight the tourist destinations of a specific region in India, like /, which covers North East India.* In Gift Items: In the bygone days, one had to plan what to gift a loved one, trudge across to your favorite shop, and browse for hours before purchasing a gift. Today there are specific Indian websites making the act of gifting quick and easy to suit ones lifestyle. One such site is httpV/www.indiangiftsportal.conV. The gifts are categorized as collectibles like paintings and sculptures, toys &games, chocolates, flowers, wood-craft &metal craft, luxury items like leather goods, perfumes, jewelry boxes, etc.* Hobbies: The most popular hobbies from time immemorial are reading, music and films. On the India website / one can buy more than 300000 titles of books, cassettes, VCDs and DVDs. The books cover a wide range of topics like business, art, cookery, engineering, children's stories, health, medicine etc. As for music and videos, they are available in English as well as in Indian languages to cater to the varied tastes and the topics range from devotional songs, old-time favorites and retro and jazz to the latest pop, rap etc.* Matrimony: It is said that marriage is made in heaven, but in the world ofe-commerce they are made on marriage portals like / and /. One can search for a suitable match on the websites by region of residence (India or abroad), religion or caste. Once registered with them, they have e-mail facility and chat rooms too, so that the couple gets to know more about each other before making the biggest decision of their lives. Allied services for registered are astrological services, information on customs and rituals, legal issues, health and beauty etc.* In the field of employment two major portals like and are instrumental in providing job seekers with suitable employment at the click of a mouse. They have directories categorized under headings employers and job-seekers. The service for job seekers is free and for employment they charge a nominal fee. Jobs are available online in fields, ranging from secretarial to software development, and from real estate to education.12. Present Scenario and Statistics of EcommerceIt has been estimated that the worldwide E-Commerce market will exceed $46 billion in consumer transactions by the year 2001 (courtesy IDC) and 15% of all WWW users have used it to purchase a product or service online (courtesy CommerceNet/Nielsen Media). The Figure below illustrates the statistics of some of these market predictions. * In 2011 E-Retailing industry was Rs crore 3600.* The number of transaction presently in India is 10 million, which is expected to increase by 38 million by 2015.* Currently the Estimated number of internet user in India is 376 million by 2015.* In 2011 Ecommerce Ventures Raised Around -1622.6 crore of private* Retailer giant Macy's and some other began shipping to India.* In 2012 Amazon entered into India with .* In 2011 growth in online sale of Tesco recorded was 15.2%.* Retail in India is tiny in comparison to $550 billion market which is unorganized.* 12 of ACCEL's 38 investments are e-commerce.* No. of employee in FLIPKART is 3500, this number is 800 at Share of E-commerce industry wise* Travel- 51%* E-Retailing-40%* Cothiers-09%13. ConclusionE-commerce creates new opportunities for business; it also creates new opportunities for education and academics. It appears that there is tremendous potential for providing e-business education. Initially, new Internet users would be reluctant to conduct any kind of business online, citing security reasons as their main concern. In order to increase consumer adoption of e-services, the sources of consumer confusion, apprehension and risk need to be identified, understood and alleviated. E-commerce provides tremendous opportunities in different areas but it requires careful application for consumer protection issues. Growth of e- commerce would also depend to a great extent on effective IT security systems for which necessary technological and legal provisions need to be put in place and strengthened constantly. E-Commerce is the future of shopping. With the deployment of 3 G and 4G wireless communication technologies, the internet economy will continue to grow robustly. In the next 3 to 5 years, India will have 30 to 70 million internet users which will equal, if not surpass, many of the developed countries.二、文献综述电子商务与国际贸易发展文献综述摘要本文对电子商务、贸易中介与国际贸易三者间的相互关系进行了梳理，所涉及的文献研究表明，电子商务时代，贸易中介在国际贸易中扮演的角色逐渐发生变化，中介的商品转卖和信息匹配功能优势逐渐丧失，而规模经济、范围经济、降低产品不确定性、资源整合等功能日益突出。
电子商务简介外文翻译文献
电子商务简介外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文：Electronic commerceElectronic commerce, or the electronics trade, or the electronic business is regarded as a new kind of rising business model which will bring about profound influence on social economy. And it can be said as the important function in the social development of the world-wide locations. It represents the current of the world trade in late of 21 centuries.1). What is the electronic commerce?Electronic commerce point is through the teleportation method to carry on the business data's exchange with the numerical form and on-line business ually, electronic commerce can be divided into dichotomouslayers:The first is a low level electronic commerce, namely electronic business intelligence report, the electronic bargain and electronics contract.The second one is a high electronic commerce, including all kinds of business activities which ask for helping Internet's be engaged ins, from searching the customer, the business negotiation, order, on-line payment,the electronics invoice, going to the electronics to pay customs duties, the electronics pay tax, all of these are engaged in the Internet.The electronic commerce means that all trades with the realization electronical.It has the following characteristics:①Fair freedom, the ②is efficiently, globalization of ③ , the conjecture of ④ turn, interaction of ⑤ , ⑥independence, ⑦ humanization service.Making use of the electronic commerce, customer and provider can contact in the global scope mutually closely and conveniently. As a result the customers can find out their satisfy demanding ideals to provide the goods to the company from each corner in the world. The electronic commerce will change the environment that the business enterprise competes mutually, lower under the residing in the market structure of tradition is high not of cost. trade the cost low and easy to entered person's market and governments to encourage to use Internet( tax-free) to activate the electronic commerce, push its start 伊to start to develop then and quickly. Predict according to the expert, to 2000, the whole world electronic commerce will attain the scale of USD 300,000,000,000.But it has already exceeded this scale. For insuring the safety of the electronic commerce, should build up theelectronics certificate center. The numerical ID card uses to the definite evidence body.The numerical ID card issues to entrust to the third square, namely an authorization machineThe organ carry out, it includes the holder to identify the information( name, address, the contact method, the ID card serial number), both parties pooling key of secret , term of validity, password and the authorization organizations to identify information etc..Make use of the numerical ID card, trade the both parties and can insure to identify another one square's body, and definite evidence another the information that a square send out has not yet to change. 2). the influence that the electronic commerce may produce Compared with the traditional business, the electronic commerce has the following advantage:* Overlay the scope wide:A network system that combines Internet, intranet( the area net of the bureau of the business enterprise inner part) and extranet( the business enterprise exterior network)s make buyer, selling party, manufactory and it cooperate colleague can in the world of scope contact and deliver the business intelligence report and documents expediently mutually.* The function is well-found: In the electronic commerce, different from the customer of different layer can carry out bargain target of different category, for example, release the business intelligence report, on-line negotiation, the electronics payment and build up virtual market and on-line bank etc.s.* Usage the convenience is vivid: According to Internet, the electronic commerce is free from the restrict that the specialized data exchanges theagreement.Can use personal calculator of any type, at in the world any location, carry on the bargain expediently on the calculator screen.* The cost is low:Make use of the electronic commerce, the expenditure that can cut down to used for expenses and international trips that employs the employee, the maintenance warehouse and shop front and mail consumedly. The expenses that uses Internet is very low.The electronic commerce will bring about important influence on social economy:* The electronic commerce will change the people the behavior method that adopt habitually in the business activity. Pass the network, the people can enter the virtual store of person, browsing every where, choose their interested in thing, and enjoy various on-line service. On the other hand, company's house can pass the network and the consumer contacts, deciding to purchase the product( category and quantity) to combine the close book.The government organ can carry on the electronics invitation to bid and government purchases through a network.* The core of the electronic commerce is a person.It is a social system.The on-line store changed the people's daily life method, full body now the consumer is in independent power in the bargain.* The electronic commerce change business enterprise produces the way of the product.Pass the network, the manufactory direct understanding market need, and arrange the production according to the demand of the consumer.* The electronic commerce raised the trade efficiency biggest, can remove in the center link;The biggest limit lowers the sale cost.Produce the arrangement can carry out" the small batch quantity adds the species diverse", but" zero stocks"s become realistic.* The electronic commerce calls the bank service reform.Be like the on-line bank, on-line cash card and credit card, on-line close book, electronics invoice, the electronics" cash"s- hour of the consumer purchase any further need not actual cash- these new the concept will become realistic.* The electronic commerce will change the government behavior.So-called" on-line government", an on-line administration management organization is exertive the important function of the social outlet, keep order and fair, fish for and smash on-line cheat.3). the present condition of the flourishing and national electronic commerce90's in 20 centuries middle, Internet experiences the development of explode the type, the tiny machine enters ten thousand of person's thousand, the calculator network has already become people's daily life in the necessary part.People the in hopes of calculator network brings more advantages and convenience.The electronic commerce emerge with the tide of the times.At flourishing nation, actual applied policy of the government well timed establishment push electronic commerce, occupy the predominant position in newly a competition of scope of world.The electronic commerce of the United States controls the trade ofworld.Currently, there are 60,000,000 customers of Internet in the United States.98% buys the manager above on-line look for the target.According to the estimate of, to 2002, of the American business enterprise pass the value that the electronic commerce completes the trading post to involve and will have 6.1% an of GDP 《wealth 》the covariance enunciation of the magazine,500 strong companies in world all open the on-line business of exhibition.The IBM accepts the person's 25%( about USD 20,000,000,000) to have something to do with electronic commerce.Had the electronic commerce luckily, make the IBM save the expenditure of USD 250,000,000 in 1999.4). the development of the Chinese electronic commerceThe development of the Chinese government and civil electronic commerce begins from 1993.Today, the electronic commerce has already been apply in foreign trade, maritime customs, finance and business realm.Peking and Shanghai has already built up the native electronic commerce frame.Some electronic commerce Web addresses have already openned to the on-line shopping and on-line close book.Though do all these effort, China open the company of the exhibition electronic commerce to suffer the loss in one business of C( the B department points the business, C the department points the consumer) of one to of its Bosomed Chinese experts love this shopping habit that attributes to the Chinese- Chinese consumer the amateur that the shopping sees as a kind of interesting; They enjoy to pass to enjoy and compare the merchandise and haggle to the expensive fun; But all these will start disappear from the on-line shopping.Other experts can't practice the business this phenomenon attributes to the society in the widespread and existent doubt attitude 11 banks with each other because of frightened its rival pulls to walk customer; The bank has to pull to the walk customer; The cash card can't make widely available because the bank does not believe the common people; But the common people do not like the on-line shopping etc. Because of the belief of the on-line store.Why?The reason lies in on-line and society in many affairs that are all deceitful, for example the deceitful customer quantity, deceitful interview flowing the covariance, counterfeits the merchandise, forges the diploma, forges the resume, deceitful investment, deceitful rank, appears on market the business enterprise deceitful accept person etc..Thus a comprehensive environment will not change in very long time recently.In such environment, it can't be engaged in any business activity.So many operators of IT's electronic commerce of our nations lost the confidence.5). the electronic commerce outlookThough the development is quick and seems to have the bright future. The electronic commerce faces a series of actual problems, for example, involving safety, technique, expenses, law system, revenue from tax system, idea, privacy protection, infrastructure etc. problems.However, the electronic commerce has the main current of the new business enterprise of century, and will develop quickly in several years of after time.Some company estimates, until to 2003, the electronic commerce between the developed countries of business enterprises which will have 9% of the business total amount(13, USD 0)above.But in all aspects the online consumes of the electronic commerce ,untilto 2002, the sales amount will attain USD 76,300,000,000.But positive such as the expert's estimate, the electronic commerce of China will catch up within 10 years in the developed countries.They put forward spending 3 to 5 years to draw up developing the electronic commerce. That of plan, policy and regulation, construct huge and solid true at of electronic commerce system, will encourage the specialized talented person, excellent turn the electronic commerce system of some professions and region; Then with 5 to 7 years ,international electronic commerce’s, making our electronic commerce system become the importance of the international electronic commerce to constitute the part; Making widely available the electronic commerce application, we promote the electronic commerce of the our country to the higher level in the aspects of the study, develops and apply, attains average level of the flourishing nation.电子商务电子商务，或者电子贸易，或者电子商业作为一种新兴的商业模式，将对社会经济产生深远的影响，并且在世界各地的社会发展中发挥重要作用。
电子商务外文文献
电子商务外文文献Title: E-commerce: A Review of the Literature and Perspectives for Future ResearchE-commerce, or electronic commerce, has become a fundamental aspect of business and economic activity in the globalized digital age. The交易研究领域的一个重要组成部分。
在这个日益数字化的时代，电子商务已经成为全球商业和经济活动的一个重要组成部分。
本文旨在回顾和分析电子商务领域的研究现状，探讨未来可能的研究方向和挑战。
The literature on e-commerce has been extensive, covering a range of topics from online retailing to global supply chain management. The Journal of Electronic Commerce in Organizations (JECO) and Journal of Electronic Commerce Research (JECR) are two of the leading journals in the field, publishing high-quality research on various aspects ofe-commerce. Additionally, several books and conference proceedings provide valuable insights into the development and evolution of e-commerce.E-commerce research has examined the impact of technology on business processes, explored innovative business models, andanalyzed the role of e-commerce in global trade and development. The literature has addressed a range of important issues, including security and privacy, electronic payment systems, and the impact of social media on e-commerce.Despite the significant progress made in e-commerce research, several areas for future exploration remn. These include the development of new e-commerce technologies, such as blockchn and artificial intelligence, and their potential impact on global trade and supply chns. Additionally, research on the role of e-commerce in sustnable development, particularly in terms of environmental sustnability and social inclusivity, represents an important area for future investigation.In conclusion, e-commerce has become a fundamental aspect of business and economic activity in the digital age. The literature on e-commerce has provided valuable insights into its development and evolution, but there remn several areas for future exploration. Future research should address these unexplored areas and contribute to the development ofe-commerce as a transformative force in global trade and development.商学院电子商务外文文献Title: E-commerce in Business Schools: A Critical Analysis of Curriculum, Teaching Methods, and Future TrendsThe rise of e-commerce in recent years has revolutionized business education, with business schools across the globe scrambling to keep up with the latest trends and prepare students for the digital economy. This article delves into the world of e-commerce education in business schools, exploring curriculum, teaching methods, and predicting future trends. E-commerce has become an integral part of modern business, and business schools are responding to this trend by incorporating e-commerce courses into their curriculum. The primary objective of these courses is to provide students with a comprehensive understanding of the e-commerce industry, including the latest trends, tools, and techniques. In addition to fundamental topics such as online marketing and web design, today's e-commerce courses also cover more specialized topics such as cloud computing, big data analysis, and social media marketing.Business schools are adopting a variety of teaching methods to impart knowledge on e-commerce, ranging from traditional classroom lectures to more innovative hands-onbs and simulations. These experiential learning opportunities allow students to gain practical experience in real-world settings, providing them with a deeper understanding of the dynamics and challenges of the e-commerce industry.With the continuous evolution of the internet and e-commerce landscape, it is essential to track and predict future trends in this field. Business schools are playing a crucial role in this regard by staying abreast of industry developments and incorporating relevant content into their courses. The trend towards more personalized and interactive learning experiences is likely to continue, with business schools tloring their teaching methods to suit the needs of individual students. Additionally, the integration of technology into every aspect of business will continue to drive changes in e-commerce education, with an increasing focus on areas such as cybersecurity and artificial intelligence.In conclusion, business schools have responded to the rise of e-commerce with a comprehensive approach that includes updating curriculum, adopting innovative teaching methods, and predicting future trends. However, there are still challengesahead, such as keeping up with the rapidly changing landscape and providing all students with equal opportunities to access e-commerce education. By continuing to adapt and innovate, business schools can help shape a brighter future fore-commerce and prepare students to thrive in the digital economy.电子商务外文翻译文献电子商务的发展及其影响：外文翻译文献随着全球互联网的迅速普及，电子商务在全球范围内得到了前所未有的发展。
电子商务简介外文翻译文献
电子商务简介外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文：Electronic commerceElectronic commerce, or the electronics trade, or the electronic business is regarded as a new kind of rising business model which will bring about profound influence on social economy. And it can be said as the important function in the social development of the world-wide locations. It represents the current of the world trade in late of 21 centuries.1). What is the electronic commerce?Electronic commerce point is through the teleportation method to carry on the business data's exchange with the numerical form and on-line business ually, electronic commerce can be divided into dichotomouslayers:The first is a low level electronic commerce, namely electronic business intelligence report, the electronic bargain and electronics contract.The second one is a high electronic commerce, including all kinds of business activities which ask for helping Internet's be engaged ins, from searching the customer, the business negotiation, order, on-line payment,the electronics invoice, going to the electronics to pay customs duties, the electronics pay tax, all of these are engaged in the Internet.The electronic commerce means that all trades with the realization electronical.It has the following characteristics:①Fair freedom, the ②is efficiently, globalization of ③ , the conjecture of ④ turn, interaction of ⑤ , ⑥independence, ⑦ humanization service.Making use of the electronic commerce, customer and provider can contact in the global scope mutually closely and conveniently. As a result the customers can find out their satisfy demanding ideals to provide the goods to the company from each corner in the world. The electronic commerce will change the environment that the business enterprise competes mutually, lower under the residing in the market structure of tradition is high not of cost. trade the cost low and easy to entered person's market and governments to encourage to use Internet( tax-free) to activate the electronic commerce, push its start 伊to start to develop then and quickly. Predict according to the expert, to 2000, the whole world electronic commerce will attain the scale of USD 300,000,000,000.But it has already exceeded this scale. For insuring the safety of the electronic commerce, should build up theelectronics certificate center. The numerical ID card uses to the definite evidence body.The numerical ID card issues to entrust to the third square, namely an authorization machineThe organ carry out, it includes the holder to identify the information( name, address, the contact method, the ID card serial number), both parties pooling key of secret , term of validity, password and the authorization organizations to identify information etc..Make use of the numerical ID card, trade the both parties and can insure to identify another one square's body, and definite evidence another the information that a square send out has not yet to change. 2). the influence that the electronic commerce may produce Compared with the traditional business, the electronic commerce has the following advantage:* Overlay the scope wide:A network system that combines Internet, intranet( the area net of the bureau of the business enterprise inner part) and extranet( the business enterprise exterior network)s make buyer, selling party, manufactory and it cooperate colleague can in the world of scope contact and deliver the business intelligence report and documents expediently mutually.* The function is well-found: In the electronic commerce, different from the customer of different layer can carry out bargain target of different category, for example, release the business intelligence report, on-line negotiation, the electronics payment and build up virtual market and on-line bank etc.s.* Usage the convenience is vivid: According to Internet, the electronic commerce is free from the restrict that the specialized data exchanges theagreement.Can use personal calculator of any type, at in the world any location, carry on the bargain expediently on the calculator screen.* The cost is low:Make use of the electronic commerce, the expenditure that can cut down to used for expenses and international trips that employs the employee, the maintenance warehouse and shop front and mail consumedly. The expenses that uses Internet is very low.The electronic commerce will bring about important influence on social economy:* The electronic commerce will change the people the behavior method that adopt habitually in the business activity. Pass the network, the people can enter the virtual store of person, browsing every where, choose their interested in thing, and enjoy various on-line service. On the other hand, company's house can pass the network and the consumer contacts, deciding to purchase the product( category and quantity) to combine the close book.The government organ can carry on the electronics invitation to bid and government purchases through a network.* The core of the electronic commerce is a person.It is a social system.The on-line store changed the people's daily life method, full body now the consumer is in independent power in the bargain.* The electronic commerce change business enterprise produces the way of the product.Pass the network, the manufactory direct understanding market need, and arrange the production according to the demand of the consumer.* The electronic commerce raised the trade efficiency biggest, can remove in the center link;The biggest limit lowers the sale cost.Produce the arrangement can carry out" the small batch quantity adds the species diverse", but" zero stocks"s become realistic.* The electronic commerce calls the bank service reform.Be like the on-line bank, on-line cash card and credit card, on-line close book, electronics invoice, the electronics" cash"s- hour of the consumer purchase any further need not actual cash- these new the concept will become realistic.* The electronic commerce will change the government behavior.So-called" on-line government", an on-line administration management organization is exertive the important function of the social outlet, keep order and fair, fish for and smash on-line cheat.3). the present condition of the flourishing and national electronic commerce90's in 20 centuries middle, Internet experiences the development of explode the type, the tiny machine enters ten thousand of person's thousand, the calculator network has already become people's daily life in the necessary part.People the in hopes of calculator network brings more advantages and convenience.The electronic commerce emerge with the tide of the times.At flourishing nation, actual applied policy of the government well timed establishment push electronic commerce, occupy the predominant position in newly a competition of scope of world.The electronic commerce of the United States controls the trade ofworld.Currently, there are 60,000,000 customers of Internet in the United States.98% buys the manager above on-line look for the target.According to the estimate of, to 2002, of the American business enterprise pass the value that the electronic commerce completes the trading post to involve and will have 6.1% an of GDP 《wealth 》the covariance enunciation of the magazine,500 strong companies in world all open the on-line business of exhibition.The IBM accepts the person's 25%( about USD 20,000,000,000) to have something to do with electronic commerce.Had the electronic commerce luckily, make the IBM save the expenditure of USD 250,000,000 in 1999.4). the development of the Chinese electronic commerceThe development of the Chinese government and civil electronic commerce begins from 1993.Today, the electronic commerce has already been apply in foreign trade, maritime customs, finance and business realm.Peking and Shanghai has already built up the native electronic commerce frame.Some electronic commerce Web addresses have already openned to the on-line shopping and on-line close book.Though do all these effort, China open the company of the exhibition electronic commerce to suffer the loss in one business of C( the B department points the business, C the department points the consumer) of one to of its Bosomed Chinese experts love this shopping habit that attributes to the Chinese- Chinese consumer the amateur that the shopping sees as a kind of interesting; They enjoy to pass to enjoy and compare the merchandise and haggle to the expensive fun; But all these will start disappear from the on-line shopping.Other experts can't practice the business this phenomenon attributes to the society in the widespread and existent doubt attitude 11 banks with each other because of frightened its rival pulls to walk customer; The bank has to pull to the walk customer; The cash card can't make widely available because the bank does not believe the common people; But the common people do not like the on-line shopping etc. Because of the belief of the on-line store.Why?The reason lies in on-line and society in many affairs that are all deceitful, for example the deceitful customer quantity, deceitful interview flowing the covariance, counterfeits the merchandise, forges the diploma, forges the resume, deceitful investment, deceitful rank, appears on market the business enterprise deceitful accept person etc..Thus a comprehensive environment will not change in very long time recently.In such environment, it can't be engaged in any business activity.So many operators of IT's electronic commerce of our nations lost the confidence.5). the electronic commerce outlookThough the development is quick and seems to have the bright future. The electronic commerce faces a series of actual problems, for example, involving safety, technique, expenses, law system, revenue from tax system, idea, privacy protection, infrastructure etc. problems.However, the electronic commerce has the main current of the new business enterprise of century, and will develop quickly in several years of after time.Some company estimates, until to 2003, the electronic commerce between the developed countries of business enterprises which will have 9% of the business total amount(13, USD 0)above.But in all aspects the online consumes of the electronic commerce ,untilto 2002, the sales amount will attain USD 76,300,000,000.But positive such as the expert's estimate, the electronic commerce of China will catch up within 10 years in the developed countries.They put forward spending 3 to 5 years to draw up developing the electronic commerce. That of plan, policy and regulation, construct huge and solid true at of electronic commerce system, will encourage the specialized talented person, excellent turn the electronic commerce system of some professions and region; Then with 5 to 7 years ,international electronic commerce’s, making our electronic commerce system become the importance of the international electronic commerce to constitute the part; Making widely available the electronic commerce application, we promote the electronic commerce of the our country to the higher level in the aspects of the study, develops and apply, attains average level of the flourishing nation.电子商务电子商务，或者电子贸易，或者电子商业作为一种新兴的商业模式，将对社会经济产生深远的影响，并且在世界各地的社会发展中发挥重要作用。
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跨境电商外文翻译参考文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译 )译文：跨境电子商务在欧盟的发展动力和壁垒摘要互联网的兴起，往往是与“距离的消亡”或至少减少相关的地理距离在供应信息相关。
我们研究距离事宜仍在实物商品的网上交易是否。
我们使用的数据从一个网络消费者调查小组对网上跨境货物贸易中的一个语言支离破碎的欧盟市场。
分析结果表明，相比线下交易在同一商品的距离相关的交易成本大大降低。
然而，语言相关的交易成本的增加。
此外，网上交易介绍新能源贸易成本如包裹递送和在线支付系统。
在平衡，没有迹象显示在线贸易不偏向于国内市场的产品比线下交易支持。
我们提供给政策制定者推动欧盟数字单一市场的跨境电子商务的选项。
在高效灵活的跨境支付系统的使用增加1 %可以增加多达7 %的跨境电子商务。
我们还表明，在线交易给英语语言输出国家的比较优势。
关键词电子商务 / 引力方程 /欧盟1. 介绍本文实证研究的在线电子商务跨境贸易模式的影响。
互联网的兴起，更一般地，数字通信技术，具有 LED 许多观察家宣布，距离“死”（Cairncross，1997）。
在这方面，它不在乎信息所在的位置因为它只是一个鼠标点击和信息成本不再是物理距离有关。
在传统的线下实物商品贸易，证据却指向距离成本增加（disdier和头，2008）。
贸易相结合的基础上的信息和物理的货物运输。
问题是是否将贸易从线下到线上平台是一个足够大的凹痕在信息成本改变贸易总成本因此货物贸易模式。
Blum 和 Goldfarb（2006）表明，即使是纯粹的信息产品，距离仍然起着重要的作用。
他们认为这是文化上的差异，随着物理距离的增加。
除了信息成本的影响，可能会有副作用，对贸易模式的影响。
网上贸易开辟了一个潜在的更大的地理汇水面积，为供应商和消费者，在产品品种和价格竞争的增加。
这两个因素都将有利于相对脱离的离线和在线贸易对。
然而，出现在网络上，可以减缓甚至逆转这一趋势可能新的信息交易成本的来源。
新的信息成本可能是由于语言，文化和制度的差异和贸易成本，电子商务基础设施业务有关的。
我们做一个独特的网上消费者调查获得的商品跨境电子商务数据集。
（公民咨询，2011）根据欧洲委员会（2012），欧盟电子商务指令通过十年后，电子商务仍小于 4%的总的欧洲跨境贸易电子商务认为这远远低于其潜力。
该委员会是欧洲数字议程的目的是让所有的欧洲公民 50%在网上买，20%至 2015 从事网上跨境交易。
问题是，在电子商务跨境交易的电位高于脱机交易。
我们调查了三个潜在的在线交易成本变化的来源，相比线下交易。
首先，从普通的线下贸易网络的转变使网上交易可以降低交易成本的重要性与地理距离相关。
虽然距离可能不再重要的信息和纯粹的数字产品和服务（B l um 和Goldfarb，2006），商品仍然需要身体运，有时跨不同的监管制度之间的边界，达到买方。
因此，仅占总交易成本的一部分是从模拟到数字信息技术转变的影响。
其次，我们探讨的文化和制度因素的作用，如语言和法律机构的质量，作为网上贸易模式的决定因素。
距离相关的交易成本的减少，其他来源的成本的相对重要性可能增加。
第三，实物商品在线交易平台需要特定的基础设施，如灵活的在线支付系统和高效的快递系统。
我们衡量自己的贡献来解释网络贸易模式。
最后，我们将所有这些来源的在线贸易成本，看看正、负贡献的净影响，如家庭的偏见或“国内市场产品的偏好程度的测量。
我们使用的分析工具是用于此目的的跨境国际贸易引力模型，解释在现实经济国际贸易流量的标准工具（安德森和 v a n Wi nc oop，2003）。
这种模式是根植于牛顿的想法，许多国际贸易流动的观察模式可以通过对贸易伙伴和他们的物理距离经济规模的解释。
“距离”可以更广泛地解释为一个捕获所有的变量和代理各种国际贸易成本，影响国内和进口商品的相对价格的来源。
这可能包括运输成本，关税和监管障碍相关的成本，以及合同执行差，不同司法管辖区的相关风险。
在传统的砖和砂浆的经济，信息检索是昂贵的，需要物理传输，或者将信息传递给潜在客户或反之亦然。
在这里，我们试图将信息成本从物理运输成本维度。
我们发现，地理距离相关的贸易成本的重要性确实是网上贸易大大减少，相比线下交易。
另一方面，社会文化等变量的重要性语言增加和平衡距离成本下降。
此外，其他交易在网上交易获得成本来源尤其突出，支付和包裹递送系统。
总体而言，没有迹象表明本土偏好不显著，线上比线下，如果我们把我们的网上结果与其他文献的脱机交易。
这可能是由于消费者（在企业对消费者（商对客）在线交易设置）更敏感，这些新的交易成本比企业（在企业对企业（商对商）离线交易设置）在建立线下关系相处。
我们很谨慎，但是在解释这些结果，因为涉及网上贸易中介的供应链显然不同于那些参与线下交易。
2. 引力模型由于货物仍然需要身体运到消费者的网上交易，我们可以假设运输成本仍然是重要的在线交易。
在线商对客贸易通常意味着个人小包裹运输而离线商对商可能来自大货物托运的规模经济效益。
因此，对货物运输成本网上买可能高于线下。
另一方面，对脱机交易中介数高（批发商，进口商，等）可能会增加线下交易成本。
我们没有数据比较在线和离线 27 个欧盟成员国之间的贸易成本，因此分析限制网上交易成本只有。
我们提出一个明确的包裹递送成本可变的引力方程测试在线贸易物运输成本的重要性。
引力方程可以处理国内贸易观察（I = J）。
在这种情况下，国内的距离是衡量一个国家的大小。
与 pacchioli，2011，在应用的方法，1995 和狼，2000，我们引入了国内贸易的观测变量。
这是国内虚拟系数偏差指示器，或消费者对国内对外国产品偏好程度。
家里的偏差系数基本措施各变量的综合影响，驱动在线（或离线）销售，包括任何的遗漏变量的引力方程如“自然”为国内市场偏好。
我们计算偏差仅为家网上交易因为我们没有在国内销售的产品信息离线。
然而，我们可以用离线交易的其他作者家比较产生偏差估计。
3. 数据我们使用的数据来自27 个欧盟成员国的网上消费者调查（市民咨询，2011）。
调查包括对消费者的在线开支的商品信息，国内以及国外的。
我们利用这些数据来构建对美国27 × 双侧27 在线贸易矩阵。
我们还构建了一个脱机交易矩阵同贸易伙伴之间以及同一类商品，这样我们可以比较线上与线下的贸易模式。
离线交易数据是建立在对相应的在线销售产品类别的消费者调查报告数据的基础上，comext。
例如，当消费者报告买书或药品在线，我们使用最近的两或四位CN 品类从 comext 贸易数据库，在这种情况下cn30“药品”和cn4901”印刷的书籍，小册子及类似印刷材料”来计算传统跨境贸易，这些商品的价值。
诚然，这些都是不完美的比赛，但应该是一个很好的代理。
在网络矩阵的构造是一个关键的问题从调查水平的人口水平外推。
在国家级汇总，调查数据产生估计每个消费者平均支出在我国国家网上商品在我们假设调查平均在线消费者行为的国家我们乘这一因素，代表了互联网用户的份额和用户实际在线购买的总人口推断调查平均全国平均份额代表。
我们使用欧盟统计局公布的数据为人口的百分比，是连接到互联网。
然而，这是欧盟统计局对在线消费者实际购买在线和国外购买在线共享的调查数据之间的巨大差异。
由于欧盟统计局的数字（43 和10%的人口分别）低于调查数据（分别为63 和32%），我们坚持以避免高估欧盟统计局。
调查数据表明，欧盟数字议程的政策目标得到所有欧盟 50%的消费者在线购买和 20%其实网上购物国外已经达到了 2011。
基于消费者的调查，我们估计在线商对客货物贸易总额在欧盟 2410 亿€2011.2 的总，1970 亿€ （80%）是在中国国内交易。
只有约 440 亿的€ （18%）跨越国界的欧盟成员国之间，另有 60 亿€（2%）是从非欧盟国家进口的。
比较估计在线跨境贸易的价值（440 亿€）和相应的产品类别观察离线欧盟内部贸易（4910 亿€）（comext），我们认为在线贸易约占欧盟所有跨境交易8.7%。
这表明商品相关类在线订单货物的物理构成跨境贸易的一个重要组成部分。
问题是到什么程度的离线和在线贸易数据实际上是相当。
另一方面，离线和在线交易涉及相同的消费品销售：图书，电子产品，服装，等等这些都和最终产品的贸易额是由消费者对这些产品的需求决定的。
然而，对供应链的组织是非常不同的。
脱机交易主要是进行企业对企业（商对商）。
批发商进出口和使用零售商作为中介机构的一个很好的到达最终消费者之前。
相比之下，网上贸易主要商对客，在线批发商直接销售给最终消费者。
在供应链中的可能，差异，导致不同的结构的交易成本支撑的两套贸易流动。
批发商经常与外国客户建立了良好的关系，与固定成本可以摊销许多交易。
交易规模可能更大，再次引发规模经济。
离线商对商跨境贸易数据将必须与零售价格总利润产生贸易价值的人物，相当于直接商对客估计。
因此，在线商对客代表商对商跨境贸易8. 7%以上的估计应谨慎解释。
3. 1 文化和制度变量当代的贸易引力模型应用通常包括贸易伙伴之间共享的语言作为解释变量，并在大多数情况下，这是重要的。
这可以被认为是一种“文化距离代理”（Bl um 和Gol df a r b，2006）。
在商对客交易环境，共同的语言是必不可少的，但语言的相对重要性可能类型的好的变化。
这可能是例如书籍跨境贸易更重要，比那些或多或少在世界电子产品。
我们的数据不允许我们用良好然而式贸易。
我们还引入了一个虚拟的最大和最广泛的共享语言组在欧盟，英国，法国和德国，作为语言对跨境电子商务影响的另一个措施。
衡量在线交易制度质量的作用，我们构建的法律体系的一个重要质量指标，根据世界银行数据，全球治理指标。
这是为了捕捉预期贸易分歧争议在线贸易进口商和出口商之间的结算相关费用。
在欧盟的一个在线商对客特有的方面是，消费者购买国外还是国内法律保护消费者，而不是在出口国的法律。
这意味着，消费者并不真的有选择的法律制度中，他们开展网上交易。
然而，消费者可能不知道这些；因此，当他们选择外国政权，他们选择一个看起来更可信的比较法律系统的质量。
一个系数接近于零，表明消费者的注意的法律问题。
3. 2 在线环境的质量它是确定可能的贸易成本相关的商品在线交易的具体组织需求的重要。
虽然他们可能被包含在捕捉所有的“距离”变量引入三个解释变量显式关系到整体的有利环境，在商品的网上贸易。
第一个是在线支付系统相关，运输成本的第三。
因为消费者需要方便地访问在线跨境支付结算交易以最低的交易成本。
我们捕获的在线支付系统的成熟的方式有两种。
第一，在交付现金支付的市场份额被认为是支付系统的相对不发达的一个指标，结合在线支付和交易成本高，缺乏相互信任（钱运输）。
相比于信用卡或借记卡支付系统，它是一种昂贵和危险的系统，它涉及大量现金的运输，运输和消费需要在相同的位置，相同时间点。