跨境电商环境下我国中小企业的发展文献翻译

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跨境电商外文翻译参考文献

跨境电商外文翻译参考文献

跨境电商外文翻译参考文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)译文:跨境电子商务在欧盟的发展动力和壁垒摘要互联网的兴起,往往是与“距离的消亡”或至少减少相关的地理距离在供应信息相关。

我们研究距离事宜仍在实物商品的网上交易是否。

我们使用的数据从一个网络消费者调查小组对网上跨境货物贸易中的一个语言支离破碎的欧盟市场。

分析结果表明,相比线下交易在同一商品的距离相关的交易成本大大降低。

然而,语言相关的交易成本的增加。

此外,网上交易介绍新能源贸易成本如包裹递送和在线支付系统。

在平衡,没有迹象显示在线贸易不偏向于国内市场的产品比线下交易支持。

我们提供给政策制定者推动欧盟数字单一市场的跨境电子商务的选项。

在高效灵活的跨境支付系统的使用增加1%可以增加多达7%的跨境电子商务。

我们还表明,在线交易给英语语言输出国家的比较优势。

关键词电子商务/引力方程/欧盟1.介绍本文实证研究的在线电子商务跨境贸易模式的影响。

互联网的兴起,更一般地,数字通信技术,具有LED许多观察家宣布,距离“死”(Cairncross,1997)。

在这方面,它不在乎信息所在的位置因为它只是一个鼠标点击和信息成本不再是物理距离有关。

在传统的线下实物商品贸易,证据却指向距离成本增加(disdier 和头,2008)。

贸易相结合的基础上的信息和物理的货物运输。

问题是是否将贸易从线下到线上平台是一个足够大的凹痕在信息成本改变贸易总成本因此货物贸易模式。

Blum和Goldfarb(2006)表明,即使是纯粹的信息产品,距离仍然起着重要的作用。

他们认为这是文化上的差异,随着物理距离的增加。

除了信息成本的影响,可能会有副作用,对贸易模式的影响。

网上贸易开辟了一个潜在的更大的地理汇水面积,为供应商和消费者,在产品品种和价格竞争的增加。

这两个因素都将有利于相对脱离的离线和在线贸易对。

然而,出现在网络上,可以减缓甚至逆转这一趋势可能新的信息交易成本的来源。

新的信息成本可能是由于语言,文化和制度的差异和贸易成本,电子商务基础设施业务有关的。

电子商务对我国外贸企业带来的商机与挑战英文文献

电子商务对我国外贸企业带来的商机与挑战英文文献

Our country foreign trade enterprise how to deal with the opportunities and challenges of e-commerceAbstract: with the constant expansion of the Internet, electronic commerce activity rise and rapid development in the countries all over the world, and to our country international trade field far-reaching. After joining the WTO, China's international trade under the tide of e-commerce faces great opportunities and challenges. The advantages of high speed information, our country foreign trade enterprise facing the huge opportunity, inevitable is faced with great challenge. In an enterprise as a network economy era to adapt to the network virtual enterprise management new mode of market development, will break through the traditional business model, under the condition of foreign trade enterprises will certainly to make adjustments to adapt to this pattern, in order to achieve the ultimate goal of development.Keywords: foreign trade enterprise electronic commerce business strategies to respond to the challengeFirst, electronic commerce researchE-commerce as an important industry in modern service industry, "chaoyang industry, green industry", has the characteristics of the "three highs", "3". "Three highs" namely high human capital content, high technology content and high additional value; "Sanxin" refers to new technologies, new forms and new ways. Stream of people, logistics, cash flow, information flow and "four circulations" is the core of electronic commerce value chain. E-commerce industry has the marketglobalization, continuous trading, the cost is low, the advantage such as resource intensive.(a) the electronic commerce development situationThroughout the global e-commerce market, regional development is not balanced, the United States, the European Union, Asia's "three pillar" of the situation. Global B2B e-commerce trading has been dominated, since 2002, thesustained high-speed growth, global B2B trading to $8.3 trillionin 2007, is expected to maintain the growth rate of more than 40% in the next few years, to 2010 B2B transactions will reach $26 trillion, more than 30 times higher than in 2002.Always attach importance to the development of electronic commerce in our country, our country electronic commerce application is still in the primary level, pay most of the electronic commerce is a type of electronic commerce, Internet marketing, namely offline payment; Small is e-commerce payment type,that is, Internet marketing, online payment. Have to carry out the electronic commerce enterprise also is only a small number of large enterprise groups.. Because our country industry, imbalance of regional development, the southeast coast and the central and western regions have very big difference, at present, the traditional industry in some industries and southeast coastal cities has to develop e-commerce, some industries and thebroad masses of urban and rural areas has not yet to carry outthe electronic commerce in the Midwest. But it's very likely. National economy informationization foundation weak, the commercial automation level is low, the traditional business and electronic commerce of modern business will co-exist for a longtime; Traditional stores and online mall long period; Must adopt diversified, multi-level and multimodal development of electronic commerce strategy with Chinese characteristics.1, the function and advantage of e-commerce in international trade1.1 looking for trading partners, build your own website or with the aid of relevant countries trade e-commerce platform, to the world within the scope of the potential customers to provide information about products and services, and online directory, attract customers consultation regarding the related trade, on a global scale to find the ideal trading partner and more business opportunities.Trade negotiations. Under the electronic commerce mode, via the Internet for consultation and negotiation between the seller and the buyer can span the limitation of face-to-face negotiations, offers a variety of convenient and cheap way of long-distance communication, greatly save the transaction time and expenses.1.2 the advantages of e-commerce in international tradeTo reduce international trade transaction costs, the use of e-commerce in international trade can reduce inventory carrying costs, save the storage fee; Improve transaction efficiency of various relevant documents on the Internet can realize instant transfer, greatly save the document transmission time, its effect in improve transaction efficiency is very obvious; Improve the national competitiveness of enterprises, as the development direction of international trade, e-commerce will become the international trade will become mainstream.This advocate the use of e-commerce markets would reject without the use of e-commerce to international trade of traders, makes those who lag behind the foreign trade enterprises tolose a lot of trading opportunities, and those using e-commerce to international trade enterprises get more opportunities, improve the competitiveness of the enterprises.(2) the status quo of China's foreign trade enterprises to use e-commerceOur country as the world's most populous country, electronic commerce has caused many companies enough attention, and many companies have even e-commerce as an indispensable important part of enterprise management to management. For example, we are very familiar with taobao, dangdang, such as the network trading platform on the seller initially is for individuals or small shops. But after years of development and progress of network technology and network and regulations more and more enterprises to join the network trading platform, made outstanding contributions to the business development of our country. But in the overseas trade, most enterprises are preliminary involved in e-commerce. There are 4.5% of the export enterprises have been extensively developed, and the preliminary began to 31.2% of the enterprises, 28.7% of companies have embarked on, 12% of the enterprises have to consider, only 23.6% of the enterprise has not yet been considered.Using e-commerce mostly limited to 1, the our country foreign trade enterprise information delivery, collection, communication, and information recording and processing. Raw material supplyinformation such as collect, record orders, accounting unit time income and cost, etc. But for the order and the contract is signed, and payment, distribution and other activities mainly in offline, the scope of electronic commerce become very limited.1.1 the enterprise information infrastructure is weakTo drive industrialization by informationization in our country development of strategic objectives. At present our country enterprise widespread lack of core competitiveness. Problems such as outdated management ideas, management foundation is weak, is still widespread. These problems have restricted to improve the economic benefits of the enterprises and the improvement of market competition ability.1.2 to the implementation of B2B electronic commerce foreign trade enterprises do not have enough attentionEnterprise development electronic commerce activity directly, can drive the enterprise internal network construction, thus realizing the each link of production and operation of electronic commerce. Is also very easy to maintain direct and close contact with customers. Our country foreign trade enterprise, however, didn't pay enough attention to for B2B e-commerce. 2, due to our country foreign trade e-commerce environment is not yet mature, our country foreign trade enterprise electronic commerce development in terms of overall, still stay on for security, security certification, technical means such as law and standard specification is mature and reliable. Not real network trade at the present stage in China, and can only be "browse online, offline trade".2.1 China's e-commerce logistics couldn't keep up with the international trade developmentThe growth of the added value of the total social logistics and logistics constitutes a powerful logistics market demand.China's e-commerce logistics, however, failed to keep pace with the development of international trade, lead to the restriction of the logistics cost, thinking consciousness and the constraints of the rule of law, power to do international logistics, international logistics problems such as lack of professional talents.2.2 international payments in foreign trade activities is difficult to achieveOur country is in the development of market economy less developed countries, financial law remains to be perfect, credit card system remains to be development. Implementation in our country electronic commerce electronic payment of the subjective and objective conditions have not fully mature, need to build e-commerce payment systems have their own characteristics. Formulate corresponding laws to clear the legal relations between the parties of electronic payment, formulate relevant electronic payment system.Second, the electronic commerce brings to the our country foreign trade enterprise of business opportunities and challengesGlobal economy is entering the information economy era, the electronic commerce is the next 25 years economic development an important driving force in the world, and its effects can even 200 years ago the industrial revolution for thepromotion of economic development role. Just as President jiang zemin on the sixth APEC leaders' informal meeting pointed out: "the electronic commerce represents the developing direction of future trade way, its application promotion will bring more trade opportunities for members." Compared with the traditional business mode, e-commerce will have a major impact on human social life, also will certainly to our country traditional industry play a positive role in promoting the modify and improve:(a) the electronic commerce brings to the our country foreign trade enterprise of business opportunities1. The huge market gestates unlimited business opportunities The rapid development of the Internet has become after the traditional market is a huge market, this market break through the borders and territory, is forming a new continent on earth, that is: "the seventh continent" - virtual state. Enterprise or business can be on the "virtual state" building global business marketing network, and thus obtain a global, unlimited business space. The global Internet users has close to 400 million, and still growing. It is predicted that the next 10 years, a third of the global international trade will be completed in the form of network trade. For China's foreign trade enterprises, it will be a huge piece of cake. Huge market and infinite business opportunities, show the market reality and potential commercial profits.1.1 with the help of a new method for global competitive advantageInformation in the information age has become the most important strategic resources, e-commerce is the best means of access. Method of e-commerce, enterprises can build global business marketing system, the implementation of global management strategy, strengthen the cooperation between industry globally, and thus enhance the global competitiveness. Especially for small business or small business, to understand the world through e-commerce market demand, promote cooperation between companies all over the world, it certainly gave a stage of their foreign trade enterprises.1.2 the new business model, make the enterprise management efficiency and productivity hugelyE-commerce in a way of maximizing network customers, distributors, suppliers and employees together, make the supply and demand in the most appropriate time to get the most suitable market information, thus greatly promote the economic activity of supply and demand, reduce transaction costs and operating costs, improve enterprise economic efficiency and the ability to participate in world competition.1.3 e-commerce is becoming a new growth point of national economy and the core competitiveness in the futureElectronic commerce is the dominant technology of information technology, it will strongly promote the development of a group of information industry and the development of the information service industry, promote the adjustment of economic structure, so as to promote economic development. In 1996, the world bank estimates that global upgrade for information infrastructure investment of $300 billion, predictably, the futurewill be from all around the world to attract capital to construct information infrastructure and fierce competition. Based on the above, countries will develop electronic commerce in recent years, as for the plans of national competitiveness. Know this is going to the transformation of Chinese traditional enterprises and network company and industry development is of great significance.(2) although in the electronic commerce to our country foreign trade enterprise got the huge opportunity, but at the same time also faces great challenges:1, lack of awareness of e-commerceMost of the foreign trade enterprise although has been on the Internet, but it is mainly used for information query and import and export of parts and building enterprise website or in the professional network platform to build enterprise web is still few. For production, supply and sale, people, money, and other important resources electronically, network management a smaller proportion of business. Thus caused many enterprise site under the Internet's vast information, cannot reflect its product differentiation competition.1.1 the electronic commerce itself security problemsWith the development of e-commerce, Internet banking, online contract, electronic signature application more and more widely, such as the network has become an indispensable part of our life. In e-commerce bring convenient to our work life at the same time, there is also a safe hidden trouble. E-commerce must be conducted through the Internet, the Internet does not have the security of business need. A large number of economicinformation on the Internet, online transfer flow of funds, online trading authority authentication are required to do foolproof,both international and domestic e-commerce security is worrying.1.2 the legal system of electronic commerceWith the popularity of Interment, through the Interment theft software will become very easy, on software, music, movies and other intellectual property disputes are increasing; On the other hand, the establishment of related legal system is far behind the development of information industry.1.3 the information infrastructure construction problems of e-commerceElectronic commerce is based on the information network communication business activities, its characteristic is real-time, fast, the development of electronic commerce to some extentcan be said to depend on the size of the information infrastructure, therefore, need to build the necessaryinformation infrastructure. But in our country because of economic strength and technology, the network infrastructure is relatively slow and lag. Our country most enterprise informationization, electronic degree is extremely low, many enterprises even the computer is not to buy, a few enterprises is mainly used to even have a computer typing and calculation,and the production, supply and sale, people, goods, content and other important resources management mostly no electronically.1.4 the foreign trade enterprise electronic commerce lack of talentE-commerce is a new things, need to build e-commerce in the information consciousness, information technology based on knowledge level and the consumption idea of habit change, need to master e-commerce talents. Its development effects and level depends largely on the quality and ability of professional talents. The lack of interdisciplinary talents is to restrict international trade one of the key factors for enterprises to implement electronic commerce.Three, our country foreign trade enterprise in the face of the countermeasures of e-commerce(a) to speed up the construction of information infrastructure Application and development of international e-commerce in a country depend on complete information infrastructure as the foundation. At present, the global international e-commerce sales of 80, took place in the United States. The United States in the advantage position in the competition for its high investment, capital, technology and complete information infrastructure construction as the foundation. Impoverishment "" information is regarded as the bottleneck of economic development in the developing world in the 21st century, and in the information infrastructure in our country, is likely to lose our international electronic commerce brings to the economic development opportunities. Widens the gap with developed countries in the competition. In order to promote the development of international e-commerce in our country. At the same time to speed up the construction of information infrastructure, a more effective use of existing network resources. Must do, (1) break the industry division managementsystem, improve the efficiency of the resources, (2) reform the existing charging system, cut down the high rates.(2) strong key technology researchCurrent around the confidential technology, security management, CA authentication and the research of key technologies such as electronic payment, the parties should strengthen the contact, close cooperation and common development, to change the situation of domestic network "silos", the early realization of the domestic network interconnection, set up special national foreign trade information network, then planned and organized to achievewith the United Nations and other international trade information network connected to the Internet business information network, and strive to in a relatively short period of time to make our country power has an obvious increase of technological research.(3) promoting the public awareness of societyIn the process of the development of international e-commerce, government support, encourage and guide is essential, it is introduced the international e-commerce more successful countries Shared experience. Our country government information consciousness is relatively weak. Although the central government has founded in April 1998 to form the ministry of information industry, but local governments at all levels of the impact of the global informationization tide may know enough, lack of initiative in promoting the activities of the international e-commerce, measures are not effective, did not play a proper role. At present, the international electroniccommerce in our country is still in its infancy stage, must give full play to the government's guiding and promoting role.(4) push the enterprise informationEnterprise is an important subject, carry out international e-commerce enterprises to actively participate in is essential guarantee for the development of international e-commerce. But at present, our country enterprise is in the crucial stage of reform. In the enterprise management mechanism and leadership, employee ideas, haven't really realize the transition from planned economy to market economy. There's not a good benefit and the pursuit of the development of the inner motivation of doing basic, inevitably cause enterprise information consciousness, the lack of development of international e-commerce.(5) strengthen the study and draft laws and regulationsThe current international trade law is based on the traditional paper trade way, many rules do not apply to international e-commerce way, the development of international e-commerce will bring a lot of difficult to overcome obstacles. In order to guarantee the development of international e-commerce. Around the international e-commerce development and related network management, information security, financial settlement, the protection of intellectual property rights and other issues, should speed up the pace of current law changes, timely, introduce new trade regulations.(6) to actively participate in international cooperation and dialogueInternational e-commerce to break the boundaries of time and space, speed up the global economic integration. In the face of international e-commerce, such as tariffs and taxes, uniform commercial code, the protection of intellectual property rights and a series of new problems, and the countries to strengthen dialogue and cooperation. For international discussion activity, our government is involved, but not positive enough.(7) to participate in the international conventions and trade partner agreementThe opportunity and the challenge seems to is always coexist, international e-commerce for China's foreign trade, is not only an unprecedented opportunity. Is an unprecedented challenge. Our country is in economic reform period, the market system construction is still in progress. The reform of state-owned enterprises are at a crucial stage. Combined with the management system of international e-commerce itself. International legal issues of e-commerce, the security problem, and the personnel quality requirements for international electronic commerce, is the current enterprise engaged in international e-commerce, banking, information management department, the economic and trade management departments at all levels and the workers engaged in research on related theory and method must face and solve the problem seriously. Changeable international trade environment will not falter for who. In international e-commerce under the big push of flood. Both size enterprises, and the whole foreign trade policy, are under great pressure. At the beginning of the world, under the benign interaction of China should make hay while the sunshines. In international e-commerce, for incision, international trade as the backing, in the entire national economy onto a new stage. In the new world economic pattern.。

中国中小企业发展状况英译文修改

中国中小企业发展状况英译文修改

中国中小企业发展状况The Development of Small and Medium-sized Enterprises in China 一.中国中小企业发展历程Ⅰ. The development history of Chinese small and medium-sized enterprises(SME)二.中国中小企业数量及分布区域Ⅱ. The quantity and regional distribution of Chinese small and medium-sized enterprises三.中国中小企业面临的困境Ⅲ. The difficulty position on Chinese small and medium-sized enterprises四.中国中小企业未来的发展Ⅳ.The future development of Chinese small and medium-sized enterprises一、中国中小企业发展历程Ⅰ.The development history of Chinese small and medium-sized enterprises中国中小企业的发展大致经历三个阶段:The development of Chinese SME had roughly gone through three stages:第一阶段(1952-1978):我国实行计划经济体制,实施以“单一公有制”为特征的中小企业政策,一直到1978年十一届三中全会。

The first stage(1952-1978):China implemented planned economy system and the policy for SMES which characterized by"the unitary public ownership system", until the Third Plenary Session of the 11th Party Congress in 1978.第二阶段(1978-1983):注重发展多种经济形式,国家、集体、私营、个体以及外国投资者的不同产权所有。

电子商务在中小企业中的应用 原文+译文

电子商务在中小企业中的应用 原文+译文

文献出处:Mansor N, Abidin A F A. The application of e-commerce among Malaysian small medium enterprises[J]. European Journal of Scientific Research, 2010, 41(4): 590-604.原文The Application of E-Commerce Among Malaysian SmallMedium EnterprisesMansor ; AbidinE-CommerceThe emergence of e-commerce is creating fundamental changes to the way that business is conducted. Customer can shop around comprehensively at their leisure anywhere, at any time and always enjoy the same level of services at virtually no costs. Apparently, with paperless transaction, buyers are no longer required to fill in order forms or visit a business premise to place their order. Everything can be done electronically at buyers’ convenience. According to Edim(2000), even though SMEs might have a difficulty to develop a sophisticated web due to lack of expertise and fund, but they still need e-commerce to prosper and for on-going survival.Numerous people and organizations interpret Electronic Commerce or E-commerce in typical ways. The term “e-commerce”emerged when businesses started to realize the role of Internet as a powerful medium for conducting business especially in the service sector as it is able to improve customer-supplier relationship. E-commerce is the flow of process which is purchasing, marketing, sales and customer support that is mainly associated with a commercial relationship or transaction over the internet. Laudon and Traver describe e-commerce as all about time cycle, speed, and globalization, enhanced productivity, reaching new customers and sharing knowledge across institution, through digitally enabled transaction across boundaries in return for products and services.E-commerce evolved in various means of relationship within the business circle.It can be in the form of Business to Customer(B2C),Business to Business(B2B), Business in Business(BIB)and lastly Customer to Customer(C2C).Generally, B2B which is between organizations formed the bulk of the e-commerce activities. Although e-commerce implies information between businesses, the technology is equally applicable between business and consumers and indeed between consumers themselves. As such, the significant role of internet as the main tool in e-commerce is becoming more relevant as it also act as a distribution channel on top of involving with the task of the traditional intermediaries.Statistic revealed by Multimedia Development Corporation (MDEC) indicates the penetration rate of e-commerce in Malaysia which is substantially increased by year provides a huge potential for SMEs to adopt e-commerce in their business. This rate is expected to constantly growing up at substantial rate from year to year.In electronic markets, the principal participants–transaction handlers, buyers, brokers, and sellers are at different locations and even not knowing each other. Some people think that the implementation of e-commerce found to be both costly and cumbersome. However, in reality it driving down cost factors and able to improve performance which offers opportunities to achieve competitive advantage through product differentiation with particular reference to branding and pricing. Other than that, it provide better avenues for enhancing cooperation between trading parties beside shortening the time in marketing the products or services.SMES and E-CommerceIn order to survive in today’s challenging environment,it is imperative that SMEs be competitive and resilient. Towards this end, SMEs need to continuously strengthen their capacity and capability to produce high quality products and services at competitive prices.Previous studies conducted among Malaysian Bumiputera SMEs indicated that they were weak in product, promotion, and distribution innovation which therefore reflecting the poor performance of the SMEs.Previous literatures used to define SMEs from different perspectives such as defining based on number of employees, paid-up capital, sectors of operations, andalso the intensity of investment incurred. As such there is no one acceptable standard about defining SMEs. However, there are a few measurements that they may take into consideration such as its categories, sales turnover and number of employees. In Malaysia, the most widely adopted definition usually those as been defined by SMIDEC (Small and Medium Development Corporation) and BNM (Bank Negara Malaysia) whereby SMEs can be grouped into three categories: Micro, Small, or Medium. These groupings are decided based on either the numbers of people a business employs or on the total sales revenue generated by a business in a year. In summary, detailed definitions of SMEs by size are: The Application of E-Commerce Table 1: Characteristics of Small and Medium IndustrySector Category Definition销售额(马币)雇员人数Manufacturing MicroSmallMediumLess than 250,000250,000–less than 10mil10,000,000–25,mil<55-5051-150Services MicroSmallMediumLess than 200,000200,000–less than 1milMedium 1mil–5mil<55-1920-50Sources:SMIDEC(2005)SMEs are major employers in the labor market. According to BNM (2005), they provided greater flexibility in employment terms whereby 76.5%of total SME workers were hired on a full-time basis. Further literatures discovered that majority of the SMEs in Malaysia prefer to be involved in retailing, agriculture, restaurants, canteen and cafeteria, handicrafts, tailoring, small-scale manufacturing, beauty saloon, direct selling, and door-to-door business. This type of businesses largely to be less-capital intensive and requires personal communication with the customers. As such,the application of e-commerce therefore found to be less desirable.The application of E-commerce in Malaysia even though is encouraging, but it is still at its infant stage. Reviewing on the finding by Abu Bakar and Rohaizat(2002),most of the Malaysian SMEs are still left behind in terms of using internet in their business transaction. One way to promote the application is by speeding the usage among the local MSC status companies which act as the centerpiece of the national IT strategy. Despite of the promotion most of the MSC status companies found to be using the internet for conservative task such as for communication and information gathering purposes.Previous study on the SMEs in Perak indicated the low usage of the application in most business sectors. Similar trend prevailed even for those who had been in operation with the novice status or already established.MarketingThe role of e-commerce in providing avenue to shift out of the home and onto consumers' digital communication devices by matching messages to consumer preferences and demographics, marketers will be able to better target the right recipient with the right message at the right time. Other than that, marketing functions are now performed under a hypermedia-computer-mediated-environment where interactivity and connectivity are replacing the traditional mode of negotiation and communication.A successful e-commerce business must be globally aware, system-oriented and customer sensitive. Companies can use the direct access to consumers to collect information that will help them better develop products to meet the consumers need through customizations or create new niche products. In general most firms used e-commerce primarily to provide information about company, its product and services, and for both internal and external communication. In addition online consumer can easily gain access to graphics, sound, and even movies, thus enabling real time transaction interactivity at a selected convenience time. This is a good opportunities to SMEs to market their product internationally since the information can be widely spread all over the world.As indicated by O’ Brien, as most of the business activities involved with buying and selling, marketing of product and services over computer network, e-commerce therefore changing the shape of competition, the speed of action, and the streamlining of interactions and payments from customers to companies and from companies tosuppliers. Another interesting features concerning marketing in e-commerce is the attractiveness of its flexibility as compared to the traditional approach. This flexibility not only add to new items and update info based on the direct feedback received from customers, but the powerful 24 hour accessibility resulted with increase business hours across the world.Logistics and ProcurementLogistics is very much related to the movement of goods or services within the respective parties to the transaction. When retailers or SMEs apply e-commerce, they indirectly remove the need for intermediary distribution channels and extend the distribution coverage across the globe. As e- commerce become accepted and practically used it is changing the trend in distribution systems because the e-retailers are at the same time a retailer and a distribution center. With connectivity of the Web, shipping charges can be precisely determined in real time, and a tracking number can be assigned to the shipment at the time order is placed.There are some advantages that SMEs can gain as they adopt in commerce from the point of logistics which is cost reduction through improved process efficiency, improved reach, the unbundling of business systems and price reductions. Despite of the advantages but still the application of e-commerce found to be low throughout the nation.E-procurement formed an integral part of any e-commerce operation, and most supply chain management involves the procurement of materials which are to be transformed or delivered. It is always been a major cost concerned in any business operations in addressing the issue. A well designed operation flow add-up with internet technology will no doubt provide a systematic and efficient cost control. Procurement in e-commerce can be explained as any designed to facilitate the acquisition of goods by a commercial or a government organization over the Internet that involved spending on materials components, facilities, subcontract capacity, IT equipment and supplies, consumables, stationeries and other form of services that constitute a significant amount of money transaction. As it is the electronic tendering and procurement of goods and services, with the application they are able to access alarger number of suppliers worldwide, thereby enjoying better prices, better quality and better delivery.Because procurement is an expensive business activity, once a business switches to an online-based procurement system, they can begin seeing benefits immediately. The administrative costs for each purchase are significantly reduced due to less paperwork running by the system and not by employees themselves. Furthermore, when employees realized how convenient and cost-effective the new procurement strategy is, they will be less likely to make purchases through non-contracted suppliers, thus saving businesses even more money.译文电子商务在马来西亚中小企业中的应用曼索尔;奥比丁电子商务电子商务的出现改变了商业的基本形式(阿米尔、基费里2001)。

电子商务在中小企业中的策略与研究外文文献原文及译文 工商管理

电子商务在中小企业中的策略与研究外文文献原文及译文  工商管理

毕业论文外文文献原文及译文学生姓名: 学号:学 院:专指导教师:2011年 6 月xx 0709014418 经济与管理学院 工商管理E-commerce and corporate strategy:an executive perspectiveAbstractDespite the recent downturn in Internet-based business, the dollar value of electronic commerce(EC) transactions is increasing at an astounding rate. In consumer-to-business applications, the amount of money spent by online shoppers is nearly doubling every year and is expected to approach US$ 100 billion by 2004 while business-to-business sales is expected to reach US$ 1.3 trillion by 2003. These opportunities, powered by the evolving computing and communication technologies, enable companies to gain tremendous operational efficiencies, personalization, and information based products and services. More and more conventional brick and mortar firms see e-commerce initiatives as offering strategic opportunities to transcend their normal operations. This study proposes that e-commerce initiatives are important strategic initiatives and that firms with a stronger EC market orientation will be more successful. Content analysis of CE O’s letter to shareholders of 145 Fortune 500 firms was conducted to evaluate the importance of EC and strategic orientation. The results provide support to the study’s propositions and indicate that EC must be pursued carefully as a strategic initiative rather than as an appendage to an existing organization.Author.Keywords: E-commerce; Strategic orientation; Market orientation; Corporate performance; CEO letter to shareholders; Customer orientation; Competitor orientation; Content analysis 1. IntroductionThe emergence of e-commerce is creating fundamental changes to the way that business is conducted. These changes are altering the way in which every enterprise acquires wealth and creates shareholder value. The myriad of powerful computing and communications technology enabling e-commerce allow organizations to streamline their business processes, enhance customer service and offer digital products and services. This shift in underlying marketing fundamentals is now the driving force that is luring many organizations to embrace e-commerce.However, as they are learning, organizations must proceed with caution, as the road to e-commerce is littered with failed initiatives. A plunge in the share prices of dot com companies sent the tech-heavy NASDAQ index into almost free fall; down over 70% of the record high of 10 March 2000. Though an economic slowdown was apparently likely, one thing was painfully clear; most Internet “pure plays” could not find sustainable profitability by operating only as e-commerce organizations simply by excelling in the management of technology, information, and the consumer behavior. Similarly, established companies that viewed e-commerce as a stand-alone appendage to their business would be less likely to succeed in these efforts. Therefore, it is our contention that firms must clearly recognize their e-commerce initiatives as an integral part of their strategic objectives. In addition, we propose that firms that carefully evaluate their customer and competitor base, as a part of strategic thinking, will reap more benefits.In the process of forming a corporate strategy to respond to the challenges of environmental change, normative thinking requires that a firm should analyze its industry forces and value-chain activities in order to identify opportunities for IT innovation. Furthermore, it should examine assets, resources, and competency of the staff and identify those mechanisms that confer a distinctive advantage over their rivals. Choice of appropriate strategy could then lead to superior performance. In the case of e-commerce,firms implementing such initiatives should carefully analyze external forces, internal resources and their core competencies. The outcome of this process should be reflected through a tight integration between corporate strategy and e-commerce.This study focuses on this outcomeand its relationship with corporate performance.Specifically, the study investigated the extent to which large successful companies adopted an e-commerce posture that was integrated with their corporate strategy.Thus, we examined the qualitative portion of the company’s Annual Report: the CEO’s Letter to the Shareholder, using content analysis. This letter presents a unique observation point for the researcher interested in examining corporate strategy and holds potential for determining the innovative methods of the top manager’s strategy[19]. Bettman and Weitz [6] argue that the CEO’s letter, which is a standardized component of the report, provides comparable and more objective data on an organization than would interviews. Pfeffer [39], recognizing the utility of the CEO’s letter as a source of “objective” data on organizations, has called for increased research use of annual report data.The study uses the CEO’s letter as input to address the following questions:1. Is the importance of e-commerce to corporate strategy reflected in improved corporate performance?2. Does a firm’s strategic orientation with respect to e-commerce have an impact on its performance?2. Background and propositions2.1. The perceived importance of e-commerceThe emergence of E-commerce has created a novel marketplace. However, definitions of what constitutes e-commerce vary [35 and 44] Extant studies have referred to the term “e-commerce marketplace” either from a system-oriented [3] or a market-structure perspective [33]. Bakos argued that it is the electronic market systems that create a space where buyers and sellers converge. Malone et al. referred to it as a corresponding governance mechanism. Zwass [51 and 52] proposed an architecture that embraces the aforementioned perspectives as two components of an e-commerce structure. E-commerce related IT, in this framework, serves as the infrastructure that leads to the rise of e-commerce.At the top level, resulting from the impact of e-commerce operation is the issue of governance mechanism. Support for electronic marketplaces and electronic hierarchies can be found at the bottom level. In-between these levels there are application layers that provide value-added activities with respect to information sharing, business transactions, and relationship building. Thus, e-commerce includes not only buying and selling goods, but also various processes within and across organizations. We define e-commerce as the use of computing and communication technologies to engage in a wide range of activities up and down the value-added chain, both within and outside the organization [1]. It is widely argued that e-commerce related IT, such as EDI, EFT, electronic messaging, shared corporate digital library etc. could enhance both organizational efficiency and effectiveness. In terms of efficiency benefits, an e-commerce application can generate internal efficiency and external coordination through changes in intra- or inter-organizational integrative processes [24]. Even before the rise of e-commerce,and particularly the Internet, companies engaged in electronic commerce using electronic data interchange (EDI) to improve their operational efficiency. Today, Internet EDI can further integrate and enhance an organization’s operational efficiency. Riggins and Mukhopadhyay [43] using Chrysler as a case, has shown that the total benefits provided by electronic integration are both tangible and significant.Effective benefits of e-commerce technology are reflected in the use of the extended information exchange network to create organizational value. Because of the addressability and responsiveness [14] that characterize the system, e-commerce could increase an organization’s ability to sense and respond to the market needs by collecting and disseminating market information throughout the organization. With that information, the organization could accurately assess or stimulate market demand and search for new markets. Making the rightdecision would in turn have a strategic impact that could change the relationship of the organization with its business rivals and customers.Despite the benefits provided by e-commerce,however, adopting e-commerce does not ensure competitive advantage, because the technologies are open and available to competitors [31]. Economic impacts do not emanate from IT investments directly, but through the value cr eated by the interaction of the IT assets with the “complementary assets” of the firm [11]. Researchers [7, 26 and 30] propose that the ability to mobilize IT resources in conjunction with other resources is critical to superior performance. Therefore, corporations that see e-commerce integrated with its strategic orientation would be more likely to leverage complementary assets and achieve efficiency and effectiveness benefits. In other words, failure to recognize e-commerce as a part of corporate strategy is more likely to result in isolated initiatives or responses to competitive pressures that are less likely to leverage the full complement of organizational resources. Therefore, we propose:Proposition 1. There is a positive relationship between a firm’s perception of the importance of e-commerce as reflected in corporate strategy and firm performance.2.2. Market orientationMarket orientation centers on an organization-wide generation and dissemination of, and responsiveness to, customer intelligence [27]. Narver and Slater [34] widen this conceptualization of market orientation by breaking it into its three components: customer orientation, competitor orientation, and inter-functional coordination. They argue that the market concept is not limited to customers but should include a competitor orientation. In other words, a market orientated company would collect, dispatch, and swiftly respond to either or both customer’s needs and rival’s actions. Inter-functional coordination is, in fact, a function of intelligence generation, dissemination, and responsiveness. This study adopts Narver and Slater’s conceptualization but only focuses on customer and competitor orientation. As they argue, market-oriented firms would continuously acquire, process, and disseminate knowledge about market, products, technologies, and business information. Therefore, the third behavioral component is a part of the central essence of the first two.电子商务和企业战略:一个管理的角度看问题摘要:尽管在最近的美元价值的下跌以互联网为基础的业务,电子商务(EC)交易令人吃惊的是在增加。

《中小企业跨境电商发展探析国内外文献综述2100字》

《中小企业跨境电商发展探析国内外文献综述2100字》

中小企业跨境电商发展研究国内外文献综述目录中小企业跨境电商发展研究国内外文献综述 (1)一、国外文献综述 (1)二、国内研究文献综述 (1)一、国外文献综述Epstein (2005)在前人理论基础上,成功概括出影响企业电子商务发展的四个影响因素:企业领导、电商战略、企业结构以及电商系统,并且他把电子商务系统形象的比喻成一个程序流程,从数据输入到处理,从结果输出到显示,生动的阐明了电子商务成功的机制,继而归纳出电子商务的成功影响因素。

Pather(2006)对一家处于南非的从事外贸电商的中型企业进行研究,以其多年来经营经历当做案例来分析,构建出电子商务市场的四个虚拟维度:信息、营销、交流以及交易,确定了考核企业成功开展电子商务的初级指标体系。

Li(2006)以中美企业为研究对象,从理论上分析了中美企业电子商务的关键成功因素,结果表明两国企业都认为信息化技术、企业战略规划、物流体系、营销手段和优质服务是最重要的几个影响因素,并且指出美国企业与中国企业重视方面的差异,美国企业比较看重企业领导支持和客户反馈而中国企业并不看重这些。

Abodlmotalleb Rezaei(2007)运用多元回归分析方法对伊朗132个中小企业做了实证分析,研究结果表明信息部门结构、管理者的支持、管理方式、科技知识、共同目标、资源配置和基础设施是电子商务系统成功实施的七个影响因素。

Sherah Kurnia等(2009]以马来西亚100多家中小企业作为研究对象,通过设计调查问卷和因子分析的方式对采集数据进行处理,得出组织准备、行业基础、国家支持和环境压力是最影响电子商务成功的关键因素。

二、国内研究文献综述李静(2011)认为我国在信息化基础设施方面还存在很多不足,与欧美发达国家相比还有不小差距。

她指出当前我国互联网技术还比较落后,宽带费用较高,网速较慢,这些问题都阻碍了电子商务在对外贸易中重要性的进一步提高。

张杨、王栋(2012主要研究我国跨境电商在信息安全方面的问题,他们认为这些风险的根源是我国落后的信息基础建设,信息安全维护的不足使得信用和交易风险被放大。

中小企业电子商务发展现状与对策初探 中英文对照

中小企业电子商务发展现状与对策初探  中英文对照

中小企业电子商务发展现状与对策初探中英文对照English SMEs e-commerce development present situation and Countermeasures of 电子商务作为新兴的经济发展形态,随着网络信息技术、计算机技术的逐步成熟,特别是在国务院相继出台的一些电子商务发展意见的指导下,我国的中小企业的电子商务迎来了新的发展机遇。

比如一些基于消费品的中小企业电子商务网站的开通和运行,为广大网民提供了不受时间和空间限制的购物平台,在这个信息化、知识化的经济大环境下,网络购物因其价格相对低廉、品种选择繁多、时域限制小等特点,正越来越受到网民的追捧和青睐。

作为中小企业的电子商务平台,在其发展的过程中,还存在一定的问题,如何化解这些限制因素,实现中小企业的电子商务快速增效是所有商家面临的共同问题。

一、当前电子商务发展前景Electronic commerce as a form of new economic development, with the Internet and information technology, computer technology gradually mature, especially in the State Council promulgated the opinions of some electronic commerce development under the guidance, the electronic commerce of our country small and medium-sized enterprise ushered in new opportunities for development. For example, some opening and operation of small and medium-sized enterprises of electronic commerce website based on consumer goods, provides is not limited by space and time shopping platform for the majority of Internet users, in the economic environment of the information, knowledge of the network shopping, because of its relatively low prices, variety selection, time limit of many small, more and more received by users and favor. As e-commerce platform for small and medium-sized enterprises, in the course of its development, there are still some problems, how to resolve these constraints, to achieve the small and medium-sized enterprise e-commerce fast efficiency is a common problem faced by all businesses. One, the current e-commerce development prospects知识经济时代的到来,为人民的生活和工作带来了新的思路和认识。

跨境电子商务中英文对照外文翻译文献

跨境电子商务中英文对照外文翻译文献

跨境电子商务中英文对照外文翻译文献中英文对照外文翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)译文:本地化跨境电子商务的模型摘要通过对国际供应链的B2B电子商务交易量的快速增长和伊朗快速增加的跨境交易业务,跨境电商过程的有效管理对B2B电子商务系统十分重要。

本文对局部模型的结构是基于B2B电子商务的基础设施三大层,消息层、业务流程层和内容层。

由于伊朗的电子商务的要求,每一层的需要适当的标准和合适的方案的选择。

当电子文件需要移动顺利向伊朗,建议文件的标准为文件内容支持纸质和电子文件阅读。

验证提出的模型是通过案例研究方法呈现一到四阶段的情景。

本文试图通过交换商业文件在贸易过程中这一局部模型,实现在全球电子贸易供应链更接近区域单一窗口建设的关键目标。

关键词:电子商务;跨境贸易;电子文档管理;国际供应链1.简介电子商务是关于在互联网或其他网络电子系统购买和销售产品或服务。

术语B2B(企业对企业),描述了企业间的电子商务交易,如制造商和批发商,或批发商和零售商之间。

本文的研究目标是上两个不同国家贸易商之间的通信。

今天的世界贸易组织的主要目标之一是建立区域单一窗口,可以提高世界各地的贸易便利化。

建立区域单一窗口需要跨境海关,可以有效地交换贸易文件。

因此,首先,简化跨境贸易文件的关键在于朝着国家单一窗口移动。

然后,区域单一窗口可以授权国家之间的通信。

电子商务模型是基于三个主要逻辑层的研究。

这三个层消息传输层,业务处理层和内容层。

本文的局部模型是一种能够自动交换读取文件的过程。

通过与东亚和中东国家的建立区域单一窗口可以在将来得到改善的更多的互操作性,从而建立伊朗国家单一窗口在本文的第二部分讨论引进国际供应链中的跨境B2B模式所需的基本概念和标准。

第三部分介绍在大的模型中引入的组件功能和范围。

第四部分讨论了B2B交易层模型的定位,最后结束本文。

2.背景在本节中,除了了解B2B电子商务在伊朗的情况,还有参考模型的背景等概念以及讨论B2B电子商务跨境模式的本土化。

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文献翻译题目跨境电子商务在欧盟的发展动力和壁垒学生姓名李娜专业班级国际经济与贸易11-01班学号************院(系)经济与管理学院指导教师(职称)周桂英(教授)完成时间 2015 年 3 月12 日跨境电子商务在欧盟的发展动力和壁垒Estrella Gomez-Herrera, Bertin Martens, Geomina Turlea出处:摘要互联网的兴起,往往是与“距离的消亡”或至少减少相关的地理距离在供应信息相关。

我们研究距离事宜仍在实物商品的网上交易是否。

我们使用的数据从一个网络消费者调查小组对网上跨境货物贸易中的一个语言支离破碎的欧盟市场。

分析结果表明,相比线下交易在同一商品的距离相关的交易成本大大降低。

然而,语言相关的交易成本的增加。

此外,网上交易介绍新能源贸易成本如包裹递送和在线支付系统。

在平衡,没有迹象显示在线贸易不偏向于国内市场的产品比线下交易支持。

我们提供给政策制定者推动欧盟数字单一市场的跨境电子商务的选项。

在高效灵活的跨境支付系统的使用增加1%可以增加多达7%的跨境电子商务。

我们还表明,在线交易给英语语言输出国家的比较优势。

关键词电子商务/引力方程/欧盟1.介绍本文实证研究的在线电子商务跨境贸易模式的影响。

互联网的兴起,更一般地,数字通信技术,具有LED许多观察家宣布,距离“死”(Cairncross,1997)。

在这方面,它不在乎信息所在的位置因为它只是一个鼠标点击和信息成本不再是物理距离有关。

在传统的线下实物商品贸易,证据却指向距离成本增加(disdier 和头,2008)。

贸易相结合的基础上的信息和物理的货物运输。

问题是是否将贸易从线下到线上平台是一个足够大的凹痕在信息成本改变贸易总成本因此货物贸易模式。

Blum和Goldfarb(2006)表明,即使是纯粹的信息产品,距离仍然起着重要的作用。

他们认为这是文化上的差异,随着物理距离的增加。

除了信息成本的影响,可能会有副作用,对贸易模式的影响。

网上贸易开辟了一个潜在的更大的地理汇水面积,为供应商和消费者,在产品品种和价格竞争的增加。

这两个因素都将有利于相对脱离的离线和在线贸易对。

然而,出现在网络上,可以减缓甚至逆转这一趋势可能新的信息交易成本的来源。

新的信息成本可能是由于语言,文化和制度的差异和贸易成本,电子商务基础设施业务有关的。

我们做一个独特的网上消费者调查获得的商品跨境电子商务数据集。

(公民咨询,2011)根据欧洲委员会(2012),欧盟电子商务指令通过十年后,电子商务仍小于4%的总的欧洲跨境贸易电子商务认为这远远低于其潜力。

该委员会是欧洲数字议程的目的是让所有的欧洲公民50%在网上买,20%至2015从事网上跨境交易。

问题是,在电子商务跨境交易的电位高于脱机交易。

我们调查了三个潜在的在线交易成本变化的来源,相比线下交易。

首先,从普通的线下贸易网络的转变使网上交易可以降低交易成本的重要性与地理距离相关。

虽然距离可能不再重要的信息和纯粹的数字产品和服务(Blum和Goldfarb,2006),商品仍然需要身体运,有时跨不同的监管制度之间的边界,达到买方。

因此,仅占总交易成本的一部分是从模拟到数字信息技术转变的影响。

其次,我们探讨的文化和制度因素的作用,如语言和法律机构的质量,作为网上贸易模式的决定因素。

距离相关的交易成本的减少,其他来源的成本的相对重要性可能增加。

第三,实物商品在线交易平台需要特定的基础设施,如灵活的在线支付系统和高效的快递系统。

我们衡量自己的贡献来解释网络贸易模式。

最后,我们将所有这些来源的在线贸易成本,看看正、负贡献的净影响,如家庭的偏见或“国内市场产品的偏好程度的测量。

我们使用的分析工具是用于此目的的跨境国际贸易引力模型,解释在现实经济国际贸易流量的标准工具(安德森和van Wincoop,2003)。

这种模式是根植于牛顿的想法,许多国际贸易流动的观察模式可以通过对贸易伙伴和他们的物理距离经济规模的解释。

“距离”可以更广泛地解释为一个捕获所有的变量和代理各种国际贸易成本,影响国内和进口商品的相对价格的来源。

这可能包括运输成本,关税和监管障碍相关的成本,以及合同执行差,不同司法管辖区的相关风险。

在传统的砖和砂浆的经济,信息检索是昂贵的,需要物理传输,或者将信息传递给潜在客户或反之亦然。

在这里,我们试图将信息成本从物理运输成本维度。

我们发现,地理距离相关的贸易成本的重要性确实是网上贸易大大减少,相比线下交易。

另一方面,社会文化等变量的重要性语言增加和平衡距离成本下降。

此外,其他交易在网上交易获得成本来源尤其突出,支付和包裹递送系统。

总体而言,没有迹象表明本土偏好不显著,线上比线下,如果我们把我们的网上结果与其他文献的脱机交易。

这可能是由于消费者(在企业对消费者(商对客)在线交易设置)更敏感,这些新的交易成本比企业(在企业对企业(商对商)离线交易设置)在建立线下关系相处。

我们很谨慎,但是在解释这些结果,因为涉及网上贸易中介的供应链显然不同于那些参与线下交易。

2.引力模型由于货物仍然需要身体运到消费者的网上交易,我们可以假设运输成本仍然是重要的在线交易。

在线商对客贸易通常意味着个人小包裹运输而离线商对商可能来自大货物托运的规模经济效益。

因此,对货物运输成本网上买可能高于线下。

另一方面,对脱机交易中介数高(批发商,进口商,等)可能会增加线下交易成本。

我们没有数据比较在线和离线27个欧盟成员国之间的贸易成本,因此分析限制网上交易成本只有。

我们提出一个明确的包裹递送成本可变的引力方程测试在线贸易物运输成本的重要性。

引力方程可以处理国内贸易观察(I = J)。

在这种情况下,国内的距离是衡量一个国家的大小。

与pacchioli,2011,在应用的方法,1995和狼,2000,我们引入了国内贸易的观测变量。

这是国内虚拟系数偏差指示器,或消费者对国内对外国产品偏好程度。

家里的偏差系数基本措施各变量的综合影响,驱动在线(或离线)销售,包括任何的遗漏变量的引力方程如“自然”为国内市场偏好。

我们计算偏差仅为家网上交易因为我们没有在国内销售的产品信息离线。

然而,我们可以用离线交易的其他作者家比较产生偏差估计。

3.数据我们使用的数据来自27个欧盟成员国的网上消费者调查(市民咨询,2011)。

调查包括对消费者的在线开支的商品信息,国内以及国外的。

我们利用这些数据来构建对美国27 ×双侧27在线贸易矩阵。

我们还构建了一个脱机交易矩阵同贸易伙伴之间以及同一类商品,这样我们可以比较线上与线下的贸易模式。

离线交易数据是建立在对相应的在线销售产品类别的消费者调查报告数据的基础上,comext。

例如,当消费者报告买书或药品在线,我们使用最近的两或四位CN品类从comext贸易数据库,在这种情况下cn30“药品”和cn4901”印刷的书籍,小册子及类似印刷材料”来计算传统跨境贸易,这些商品的价值。

诚然,这些都是不完美的比赛,但应该是一个很好的代理。

在网络矩阵的构造是一个关键的问题从调查水平的人口水平外推。

在国家级汇总,调查数据产生估计每个消费者平均支出在我国国家网上商品在我们假设调查平均在线消费者行为的国家我们乘这一因素,代表了互联网用户的份额和用户实际在线购买的总人口推断调查平均全国平均份额代表。

我们使用欧盟统计局公布的数据为人口的百分比,是连接到互联网。

然而,这是欧盟统计局对在线消费者实际购买在线和国外购买在线共享的调查数据之间的巨大差异。

由于欧盟统计局的数字(43和10%的人口分别)低于调查数据(分别为63和32%),我们坚持以避免高估欧盟统计局。

调查数据表明,欧盟数字议程的政策目标得到所有欧盟50%的消费者在线购买和20%其实网上购物国外已经达到了2011。

基于消费者的调查,我们估计在线商对客货物贸易总额在欧盟2410亿€2011.2的总,1970亿€(80%)是在中国国内交易。

只有约440亿的€(18%)跨越国界的欧盟成员国之间,另有60亿€(2%)是从非欧盟国家进口的。

比较估计在线跨境贸易的价值(440亿€)和相应的产品类别观察离线欧盟内部贸易(4910亿€)(comext),我们认为在线贸易约占欧盟所有跨境交易8.7%。

这表明商品相关类在线订单货物的物理构成跨境贸易的一个重要组成部分。

问题是到什么程度的离线和在线贸易数据实际上是相当。

另一方面,离线和在线交易涉及相同的消费品销售:图书,电子产品,服装,等等这些都和最终产品的贸易额是由消费者对这些产品的需求决定的。

然而,对供应链的组织是非常不同的。

脱机交易主要是进行企业对企业(商对商)。

批发商进出口和使用零售商作为中介机构的一个很好的到达最终消费者之前。

相比之下,网上贸易主要商对客,在线批发商直接销售给最终消费者。

在供应链中的可能,差异,导致不同的结构的交易成本支撑的两套贸易流动。

批发商经常与外国客户建立了良好的关系,与固定成本可以摊销许多交易。

交易规模可能更大,再次引发规模经济。

离线商对商跨境贸易数据将必须与零售价格总利润产生贸易价值的人物,相当于直接商对客估计。

因此,在线商对客代表商对商跨境贸易8.7%以上的估计应谨慎解释。

3.1文化和制度变量当代的贸易引力模型应用通常包括贸易伙伴之间共享的语言作为解释变量,并在大多数情况下,这是重要的。

这可以被认为是一种“文化距离代理”(Blum 和Goldfarb,2006)。

在商对客交易环境,共同的语言是必不可少的,但语言的相对重要性可能类型的好的变化。

这可能是例如书籍跨境贸易更重要,比那些或多或少在世界电子产品。

我们的数据不允许我们用良好然而式贸易。

我们还引入了一个虚拟的最大和最广泛的共享语言组在欧盟,英国,法国和德国,作为语言对跨境电子商务影响的另一个措施。

衡量在线交易制度质量的作用,我们构建的法律体系的一个重要质量指标,根据世界银行数据,全球治理指标。

这是为了捕捉预期贸易分歧争议在线贸易进口商和出口商之间的结算相关费用。

在欧盟的一个在线商对客特有的方面是,消费者购买国外还是国内法律保护消费者,而不是在出口国的法律。

这意味着,消费者并不真的有选择的法律制度中,他们开展网上交易。

然而,消费者可能不知道这些;因此,当他们选择外国政权,他们选择一个看起来更可信的比较法律系统的质量。

一个系数接近于零,表明消费者的注意的法律问题。

3.2在线环境的质量它是确定可能的贸易成本相关的商品在线交易的具体组织需求的重要。

虽然他们可能被包含在捕捉所有的“距离”变量引入三个解释变量显式关系到整体的有利环境,在商品的网上贸易。

第一个是在线支付系统相关,运输成本的第三。

因为消费者需要方便地访问在线跨境支付结算交易以最低的交易成本。

我们捕获的在线支付系统的成熟的方式有两种。

第一,在交付现金支付的市场份额被认为是支付系统的相对不发达的一个指标,结合在线支付和交易成本高,缺乏相互信任(钱运输)。

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