舰载武器装备海洋环境适应性研究_吴红光

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航空炮弹舰载环境适应性测试与设计

·46·兵工自动化Ordnance Industry Automation2019-0838(8)doi: 10.7690/bgzdh.2019.08.015航空炮弹舰载环境适应性测试与设计王立峰，王慧，蒋洪章，李林庆，脱金奎，万新田，吴卓(黑龙江北方工具有限公司，黑龙江牡丹江 157013)摘要：为解决航空炮弹长期处于复杂多变的航母环境下而导致使用性能下降的问题，通过分析航空炮弹在航母和舰载机上的使用环境，对航空炮弹进行各项环境适应性测试试验，根据环境适应性要求分别从表面防护和包装上对航空炮弹提出舰载环境适应性设计。

结果表明，该设计能有效提高航空炮弹在舰载环境下的适应能力和作战效能。

关键词：航母；航空炮弹；测试；环境适应性；设计中图分类号：TJ412+.8 文献标志码：AEnvironmental Adaptability Test and Design ofCarrier-based Aviation AmmunitionWang Lifeng, Wang Hui, Jiang Hongzhang, Li Linqing, Tuo Jinkui, Wan Xintian, Wu Zhuo(Heilongjiang North Tool Co., Ltd., Mudanjiang 157013, China)Abstract: To solve performance degradation of aircraft ammunition in complex aircraft carrier environment for a long time, by analyzing the environment of aircraft ammunition on aircraft carriers and aircraft, then varied environmental suitability tests were carried out for aviation ammunition. According to the environmental adaptability requirements, the carrier environment adaptive design is proposed from the surface protection and packaging. The results show that the design can effectively improve the adaptability and operational efficiency of aircraft shell in shipboard environment.Keywords: aircraft carrier; aviation ammunition; test; environmental adaptability; design0 引言航空母舰是一种以搭载舰载机为主要武器的军舰，能够提供空中支援和进行远程打击，是目前最大的武器系统平台，是彰显国力、展示武力、扼制危机和可能冲突的最好兵器系统，是各大国政治、经济、科技等综合国力的象征。

海洋环境下武器效能评估系统的知识库构建

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舰载武器海洋环境适应性分析

舰载武器海洋环境适应性分析I. IntroductionA. BackgroundB. Research aimC. Research significanceII. Overview of Naval WeaponsA. Classification of Naval WeaponsB. Characteristics of Naval WeaponsC. Importance of naval weapons in maritime defence III. Marine EnvironmentA. Dimension of marine environmentB. Oceanographic conditionC. Impact of marine environment on naval weapons IV. Adaptability of Naval WeaponsA. Introduction to AdaptabilityB. Changes in Naval Weapons due to AdaptabilityC. Impact of Adaptability on Naval CapabilitiesV. Challenges and OpportunitiesA. Challenges in the use of Naval Weapons in Marine EnvironmentB. Opportunities for improvement of Naval WeaponsC. Future Prospects and SuggestionsVI. ConclusionA. Summary of Main PointsB. Contributions to the fieldC. Limitations and recommendations for future studies.I. IntroductionA. BackgroundNaval weapons have played a crucial role in maritime defence for centuries. With the advancement of technology, the naval weaponry system has become more sophisticated and effective. The naval weapons include various types of missiles, guns, torpedoes, mines, and depth charges, etc. These weapons provide the naval forces with the capabilities to protect their interests, defend their territory, and project power in times of conflict.B. Research aimThe main aim of this study is to explore the adaptability of naval weapons to the marine environment. The marine environment presents unique challenges for the naval forces, including salinity, temperature, currents, wave motion, and varying depths. Therefore, it is essential to examine how the design and operation of the naval weapons are adapted to cope with these challenges.C. Research significanceThis study contributes to the understanding of the challenges and opportunities involved in the use of naval weapons in the marine environment. It helps to identify the gaps and limitations in the current systems and provides recommendations for future improvement. The findings of this study can also be beneficial in enhancing the operational readiness and effectiveness of the naval forces.II. Overview of Naval WeaponsA. Classification of Naval WeaponsNaval weapons can be classified into four different categories: guns, missiles, torpedoes, and mines. Guns include different types of guns with various calibers such as naval guns, automatic guns, and machine guns. Missiles can be further divided into surface-to-air missiles, air-to-surface missiles, anti-ship missiles, and cruise missiles. Torpedoes are self-propelled underwater weapons designed to target ships, submarines, or other underwater targets. Mines are explosive devices designed to damage or sink ships passing over them.B. Characteristics of Naval WeaponsNaval weapons have several common characteristics such as range, accuracy, lethality, and survivability. The range of naval weapons depends on the type of weapons and the target's location. The accuracy of naval weapons relies on the sensors and guidance systems. Lethality refers to the ability of weapons to cause damage or destruction to the target. Survivability involves the ability of weapons to withstand the hostile environment.C. Importance of Naval Weapons in Maritime DefenceNaval weapons play a crucial role in maritime defence by providing the naval forces with the capabilities to protect their interests, defend their territory, and project power in times of conflict. The navy's mission is to maintain the freedom of the seas and ensure secure sea lanes for the movement of goods and people. The effectiveness of the naval weapons directly affects the navy's capacity to fulfil this mission.In conclusion, this chapter provides an overview of the naval weapons system, including the classification and characteristics of different types of weapons. The importance of naval weapons in maritime defence has also been emphasized.II. Adapting Naval Weapons to the Marine EnvironmentA. Challenges of the Marine Environment for Naval Weapons The marine environment presents unique challenges for the naval weapons system. These challenges include harsh weather conditions, unpredictable undersea currents, the effects of salinity and temperature on the weapons, and the depth of the ocean. The adaptation of naval weapons is necessary to ensure that weapons can function effectively in the marine environment.B. Design and Operation of Naval WeaponsTo adapt naval weapons to the marine environment, several design and operational features have been used. For example, naval guns are designed to be weather-resistant and durable to withstand the harsh sea conditions. Cannon barrels are sealed to prevent seawater from entering the guns, leading to corrosion and component failures. Additionally, surface-to-air missiles and torpedoes have integrated gyroscopes and accelerometers to compensate for the motion of the ship, enabling the weapons to hit their targets accurately.C. Underwater WeaponsThe design of underwater weapons, such as mines and torpedoes, requires specific adaptations. The weapon must be able to operate underwater without being affected by the varied water pressure, waves, and temperature changes. Mines have to be anchored to theseafloor, and self-propelled torpedoes require a propulsion system to move through the water efficiently. These weapons' guidance systems enable them to seek and track a target accurately to minimise collateral damage.D. Sensors and Surveillance SystemsSeveral sensors and surveillance systems are used to enhance the effectiveness of the naval weapons system. Radar, sonar, and acoustic systems are used for target detection, tracking, and identification. These systems are essential in the detection of underwater threats and fire control for naval guns. Additionally, satellite imagery and aerial surveillance are used for the collection and analysis of intelligence data for maritime surveillance and situational awareness.E. Maintenance and LogisticsThe maintenance and logistics of naval weapons are critical aspects of their adaptability to the marine environment. The weapons have to be regularly maintained to prevent corrosion and ensure that their components are functional. Service personnel must be trained and equipped to carry out maintenance and repair work on the weapons. Additionally, the weapons have to be supplied with the necessary equipment and spare parts to ensure operational readiness.In conclusion, this chapter has highlighted the challenges posed by the marine environment for the naval weapons system. It has also discussed the various design and operational adaptations for naval weapons to function effectively in the marine environment. The sensors and surveillance systems, maintenance, and logisticsaspects of the naval weapons system have also been discussed. An understanding of these features is essential in maximising the naval forces' effectiveness in maritime defence.III. Future of Naval Weapons DevelopmentA. Advancements in TechnologyThe development of naval weapons has been influenced by advancements in technology. Perhaps the most significant advancement in this regard has been the progression towards automation and autonomy in weapon systems. Artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning algorithms are increasingly being incorporated into naval weapons systems, making the systems more effective, efficient and capable. Weapons systems are also benefiting from more sophisticated sensors and processing power, enabling faster and more accurate targeting.B. Electromagnetic and Directed Energy Weapons Electromagnetic weapons and directed energy weapons are likely to have a significant impact on naval weapons capabilities in the future. Electromagnetic weapons, such as railguns, use electromagnetic energy to launch projectiles at high speeds, making them more effective at long ranges. Directed energy weapons, such as lasers, use concentrated beams of energy to disable or destroy targets. Their precision, speed, and lack of ammunition make them attractive options for future naval weapons systems.C. Autonomous and Unmanned SystemsFuture naval weapons development is likely to utilise more autonomous and unmanned systems. Unmanned aerial vehicles(UAVs) and unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs) are already being used for reconnaissance and surveillance purposes. They offer the benefits of increased range, autonomy, and the ability to operate in hazardous environments with reduced risk to personnel. Further development of these systems is expected to lead to the deployment of fully armed unmanned systems, changing the nature of naval warfare.D. Cyber WarfareThe rise of cyber warfare is also expected to impact the development of naval weapons systems. The integration of digital technologies and connected systems means that there is now a significant risk of cyber-attacks on naval weapons systems. Development of countermeasures against these attacks and the further integration of cyber technologies into naval systems are likely to become essential in ensuring the security and integrity of naval weapon systems in the future.E. Environmental ConsiderationsEnvironmental considerations also play a role in the development of naval weapons systems. The use of fossil fuels in naval vessels and weapons systems is becoming increasingly unsustainable. Development of more environmentally friendly alternatives, such as fuel cells and renewable energy sources, is critical for the future of naval weapons development. Sustainability is becoming a critical factor in keeping naval weaponry viable for the long term. In conclusion, future naval weapons development is expected to be influenced by advancements in technology, the use of electromagnetic and directed energy weapons, the proliferation ofautonomous and unmanned systems, and the impact of cyber warfare. Environmental considerations are additionally making an impact on future developments. An understanding of these potential trends is essential for the development of the next generation of naval weapons systems.IV. Challenges of Naval Weapons DevelopmentThe development of naval weapons systems faces numerous challenges that need to be addressed to ensure their effectiveness and sustainability. This chapter looks at some of the significant challenges in the field of naval weapons development.A. CostNaval weapons development is a costly process that requires significant investment from governments and private industry. The development of new technologies and the integration of those into naval systems can be a time-consuming and arduous process. As budgets and resources become tighter, creating cost-effective and efficient naval weapons systems becomes increasingly challenging.B. Global CooperationThe need for international cooperation is essential in advancing naval weapons development. In many cases, the sharing of information, resources and expertise can lead to more effective and efficient systems. However, international relations and politics can also hinder cooperation, leading to a fragmented approach to naval systems development.C. Testing and EvaluationThe testing and evaluation of naval weapons systems is a criticalprocess that is often underestimated. The development of new technologies requires extensive testing to ensure their safety, reliability and effectiveness. Designing tests that accurately represent the real-world conditions that naval systems will face, can be challenging. Furthermore, ethical implications must be considered in the testing of lethal naval weapons systems.D. Integration with Existing SystemsThe integration of new systems with existing naval infrastructure and operational procedures can be a significant challenge. Changing existing systems to accommodate new technologies requires careful planning and consideration. Training personnel to effectively use new systems can also be time-consuming and can significantly limit the impact of new technologies.E. CybersecurityAs noted in the previous chapter, cybersecurity is a growing concern in naval weapons development. The integration of digital technologies and connected systems provides sophisticated and targeted opportunities for cyber-attacks on naval weapons systems. Ensuring that naval weapons systems are well protected from cyber-attacks is essential as the systems will play a critical role in national security.F. ObsolescenceThe fast pace of technological development means that once cutting-edge naval weapons systems can quickly become outdated. The risk of obsolescence has to be considered in the design of naval weapons systems to avoid them becoming redundant soon after completion. The need for upgrades or replacement of systemscan become costly and even unaffordable for some countries.In conclusion, the development of naval weapons systems is an ongoing challenge that requires significant investment, international cooperation, and careful planning. Testing and evaluation, integration with existing systems, cybersecurity, and avoiding obsolescence are some of the challenges that need to be addressed to achieve effective and sustainable naval weapons systems. Addressing these challenges requires cooperation between governments, the private sector, and academia to produce cost-effective, sophisticated, and ethical naval weapons systems.V. Future Trends in Naval Weapons DevelopmentThe rapidly advancing technologies present an exciting future for naval weapons development. This chapter will explore the significant trends that are shaping the future of naval weapons development and how they will influence the design of future naval systems.A. Artificial IntelligenceArtificial intelligence (AI) is set to become one of the most significant technological developments in naval weapons development. AI capabilities will enable naval systems to learn from experience and make informed decisions without human intervention. The use of AI in naval weapons systems promises to increase speed, accuracy, efficiency and situational awareness in complex naval environments.B. Electromagnetic RailgunThe use of electromagnetic railguns is a promising new technologythat has the potential to revolutionize naval weapons systems. Electromagnetic railguns use electromagnetic fields to fire projectiles at high speeds over long distances. This technology offers a faster, cheaper and more capable weapon than traditional guns and missiles.C. Unmanned and Autonomous SystemsThe use of unmanned aerial and underwater vehicles (UAVs and UUVs) and other autonomous systems is another trend in naval weapons development. These systems can perform a wide range of operations, from surveillance to combat missions, without endangering human lives. Unmanned and autonomous systems are expected to become increasingly sophisticated and capable, presenting more significant opportunities for naval weapons development in the future.D. Directed Energy WeaponsDirected energy weapons, including lasers and high-power microwave (HPM) technology, are becoming more feasible for naval weapons development. Directed energy weapons promise faster, more accurate, and highly targeted destruction capabilities. These weapons will be highly effective against aerial and underwater threats, including enemy UAVs and UUVs.E. CybersecurityAs discussed in previous chapters, cybersecurity is a growing concern in naval weapons development. The increasing use of digital technologies and networked systems will increase the vulnerability of naval weapons systems to cyber-attacks. Therefore, cybersecurity will become an essential aspect of any future navalweapons development to ensure that the systems remain secure and protected.F. SustainabilitySustainability is becoming an increasingly critical aspect of naval weapons development. The growing concern over the environmental impact of weapon systems has led to the development of eco-friendly technologies that reduce the impact of naval activities on the natural environment. Future naval weapons systems will be designed with sustainability in mind, and measures will be taken to ensure that the systems are environmentally friendly and sustainable.In conclusion, the future of naval weapons development is looking bright with the increasing use of AI, railguns, unmanned and autonomous systems, directed energy weapons, cybersecurity and sustainability. These new technologies offer faster, more efficient and effective ways to protect national security. The development of these new naval systems will require significant investment from governments, the private sector and academia to ensure that our naval forces remain equipped with the latest technologies to remain competitive on the global stage.。

舰船武器装备环境适应性研究与分析

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武器装备环境适应性要求探讨

武器装备环境适应性要求探讨
武器装备环境适应性要求探讨
文章介绍了环境适应性的基本概念,指出了其与可靠性的区别;阐述了武器装备环境适应性要求的内涵及其特点,介绍了环境适应性要求的类型、环境适应性要求的定量和定性表征方法、环境适应性要求与环境要求的关系,环境适应性指标体系内涵及其组成;简单介绍了环境适应性要求确定方法,最后提出了一些有益的建议.
作者：祝耀昌王丹 Zhu Yaochang Wang Dan 作者单位：祝耀昌,Zhu Yaochang(中国航空综合技术研究所,北京,100028) 王丹,Wang Dan(中国船舶重工集团公司,北京,100097)
刊名：航天器环境工程ISTIC英文刊名：SPACECRAFT ENVIRONMENT ENGINEERING 年，卷(期)：2008 25(5) 分类号：V416.6 关键词：环境适应性环境适应性要求环境适应性要求指标。

电磁环境因素对舰载武器装备可靠性的影响分析及对策

舰载武器装备的电子信息化程度不断提高，在一定程度上推动了舰载武器装备的智能化、自动化发展，但是，受制于电子设备对电磁信号的敏感特性，从而导致在复杂电磁环境下，舰载武器装备的可靠性明显降低。

基于这一原因，电磁干扰被视作影响舰载武器装备性能的元凶之一，强化舰载武器装备对复杂电磁环境的适应性就成为舰艇武器装备设计过程中需要重点考虑的内容。

1 电磁环境兼容性概述所谓电磁环境兼容性，是指某一研究对象能够在特定电磁环境中保持其原有功能和状态的能力，电磁环境兼容性越强，则该对象在复杂电磁环境中的可靠性也就越高。

通常来讲，电磁环境兼容性的研究需要同时满足三个要素，其分别为电磁干扰源、敏感设备、耦合通道，缺少任何一个要素，则电磁环境兼容性的研究也就失去了其意义。

首先，电磁干扰源有两种类型，一种是自然因素引起的电磁干扰，如雷电、太阳风暴等，另一种则是人为因素制造的电磁干扰，如高频通信电磁波、电子干扰机等；其次，敏感设备是指一些工作状态受空间电磁信号影响较为明显的设备，其主要是由于电磁感应原理所导致的感应电流与感应电压存在；最后，耦合路径主要包括传导耦合干扰和辐射耦合干扰，传导耦合干扰是指干扰信号在相连网络中的持续传递，而辐射耦合干扰则是通过电磁感应的方式对敏感设备形成干扰。

2 电磁环境对舰载武器装备可靠性的影响在实际应用过程中，受舰艇内、外电磁环境的影响，以及舰载武器装备的电磁环境适应性的不同，从而导致其可靠性也有所差异。

因此，关于电磁环境对舰载武器装备可靠性的影响就需要具体问题具体分析。

2.1 舰载武器装备点火电路失效对于大多数舰载武器装备来说，击发按钮已经由早期的机械式击发转变为电击发，因此，可靠的点火开关与电路设计就成为舰载武器装备成功击发的关键。

然而，在复杂电磁环境下，点火电路中电子元器件的性能会受到不同程度的影响，继而导致舰载武器装备点火电路失效，无法正常击发。

2.2 舰载武器装备内部电磁干扰现象对于某些舰载武器装备，其内部电路较为复杂，除低功率交流电、直流电以外，也会使用到大功率交流电，因此，由此带来的电磁干扰也不容忽视。

海洋工程装备研发实验服务中的环境适应性研究

海洋工程装备研发实验服务中的环境适应性研究在过去的几十年中，随着人类对海洋资源的需求不断增加，海洋工程装备的研发在保障海洋资源的开发和利用方面起到了重要作用。

而在海洋工程装备研发过程中，环境适应性研究是至关重要的一环。

本文将讨论海洋工程装备研发实验服务中环境适应性的研究内容和应用。

首先，环境适应性研究可以帮助我们了解海洋环境的特性及其对装备性能的影响。

海洋环境的复杂性给海洋工程装备的设计与使用带来了很大挑战。

例如，海洋中的盐分、湿度、温度等因素会对装备的材料和结构产生不同程度的腐蚀和损伤。

通过分析不同海域的水质、水温、水深等参数，研究人员能够更好地了解装备在不同环境下的长期使用性能，从而在装备的设计和材料选择上进行优化。

其次，环境适应性研究还可以帮助我们评估装备在海洋环境中的可靠性和安全性。

海洋工程装备往往需要长时间在高腐蚀、高压力、复杂波浪等恶劣环境中运行。

通过模拟这些恶劣环境条件，研究人员可以对装备的性能进行全面测试，评估其在极端情况下的可靠性和安全性。

这对于确保装备在实际工程应用中的运行稳定性和安全性至关重要。

此外，环境适应性研究还可以为装备的改进和升级提供依据。

通过对已有装备在海洋环境中的使用情况进行调研和分析，研究人员可以发现其中存在的问题和不足，并提出改善方案。

这些改善方案可以包括材料的改进、结构的优化、功能的增强等，从而提高装备的适应性和性能，提高其在实际工程中的运用效果。

为了实现海洋工程装备的环境适应性研究，研究人员需要采取一系列的实验手段和方法。

首先，他们可以通过现场测试和观测来获得大量的实际数据。

这些数据可以包括装备在不同环境下的工作状态、性能变化情况、腐蚀损伤程度等。

其次，研究人员可以选取一些关键参数，通过模拟实验来分析其对装备性能的影响。

例如，他们可以使用盐雾试验、深海试验等方法来模拟装备在高盐度、高压力等环境下的工作情况。

最后，研究人员还可以借助计算机模拟和数值仿真等方法，通过建立数学模型来预测装备在不同环境下的工作性能和寿命。

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第22卷第1期海军航空工程学院学报 V ol. 22 No.12007年1月 JOURNALOF NA V AL AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING INSTITUTE Jan. 2007收稿日期：2006-10-22 修回日期：2006-11-22 作者简介：吴红光（1979−），男，硕士生.舰载武器装备海洋环境适应性研究吴红光1，董洪远2，齐强3，周强1，肖鹏飞1（1．海军航空工程学院研究生管理大队；2．海军航空工程学院飞行器工程系，山东烟台，264001；3．北京理工大学机电工程学院，北京，100081）摘要：分析了舰载武器装备所处的海洋环境，探讨了海洋环境对舰载武器装备的影响及应对策略。

文中，单一因素影响及对策采用概述的方式进行研究，综合因素影响及对策采用以某型舰面发射箱为例进行研究，最后提出了提高舰载武器装备海洋环境适应性的相关性建议。

关键词：武器装备；海洋环境；环境适应性中图分类号：TJ 0；U 674 文献标识码：A海军舰艇在海洋航行、训练和作战时，舰载武器装备将长期承受海洋温度、湿度、盐雾、霉菌、辐射、腐蚀和冲击等各种恶劣海洋环境的影响[1]。

海洋环境对舰载武器装备具有很大的危害性，其危害性主要体现在经济损失、试验中止和军事失利等几个方面。

另外，现代战争是现代化、全天候、全方位的复杂环境条件下的战争。

这都对舰载武器装备的海洋环境适应性提出了很高的要求。

海洋环境适应性是指舰载武器装备在装舰后的寿命期内预计可能遇到的各种海洋环境的作用下能实现其所有预定功能、性能和不被破坏的能力，海洋环境适应性是舰载武器装备的重要质量特性之一[2]。

我国舰载武器装备的现代化取得了巨大成绩，对舰载武器装备的海洋环境适应性研究应该相应跟进。

尤其是在我国东南沿海和南海地区，由于温度高、湿度大、雨量充沛、日照强烈以及海浪、盐雾等各种海洋环境因素的共同作用，容易引起舰载武器装备性能变低、失效甚至报废等问题，其危害程度远较其他海域严重。

因此，舰载武器装备的海洋环境适应性问题显得越来越重要，已经成为影响各国海军舰载武器装备发展的重要因素之一。

1 海洋环境分析我国海洋边界线漫长、海域辽阔，舰载武器装备所处的海洋环境复杂多变，从热带到寒带，从春季到秋季，海洋环境的各种因素对舰载武器装备性能发挥都有着重大的影响。

海洋环境主要包括气候环境和机械环境。

其中，气候环境主要指温度和湿度，盐雾、霉菌和油雾，风雨、冰雪和太阳照射等；机械环境主要指冲击和振动，摇摆和倾斜等。

1.1 气候环境 1.1.1 温度和湿度温度和湿度是舰载武器装备首先必须面对的一个环境条件。

白天舰艇环境温度一般较高，夜晚（或阴雨天）舰艇环境温度则下降。

温度冷热的频繁变化对舰载武器装备危害性较大，容易使其某些部件可靠性下降。

我国海洋环境的一大特点就是高温、高湿持续时间长，出现频率高[3]。

如果舰艇在热带（或夏季）航行，或遇到海洋暖流，则海洋环境温度一般较高，舰艇的高温、高湿情况就更严重。

如西沙群岛海域1988~1997年10年间年平均湿度在80%~84%之间，最高为100%，最低为47%，月平均相对湿度大于80%的时间一年有9个月以上[4]。

高温、高湿易使舰载武器装备系统受潮导致绝缘性能下降、金属外观变化、综合性能受损等。

从受潮机理和受潮速度分析，温度和湿度同时作用的结果起主要作用，且在一定程度上取决于作用时间。

因此，温度和湿度会严重地影响舰载武器装备的可靠性。

1.1.2 盐雾、霉菌和油雾盐雾、霉菌和油雾是舰载武器装备所处的特殊环境呈现的特征。

从我国南海、东海等海域实测数海军航空工程学院学报 2007年第1期·162·据来看，海洋大气中盐雾含量极高。

盐雾对舰载武器装备的影响不但与盐雾浓度有关，还与周围环境中的空气湿度密切相关。

阴雨或有雾时，盐粒溶解于水，呈离子状态，具有导电和腐蚀作用。

舰艇的湿热环境还适于霉菌生长，加速金属腐蚀，导致电子电气设备绝缘性能下降，降低舰载武器装备的可靠性。

还有，舰艇一般装载大量油料，在油料的储存、转运和使用过程中易形成油雾，油雾主要是碳氢化合物、有机化合物和酸碱类等物质，同盐雾一样，也会对舰载武器装备产生腐蚀。

因此，盐雾、霉菌和油雾都会大大降低舰载武器装备的使用寿命和性能，从而影响舰载武器装备的战斗力。

1.1.3 风雨、冰雪和太阳照射海洋气候变化无常，风雨、冰雪情况时有发生。

舰艇的部分武器装备往往安装在比较高的位置，很容易遭受风雨的吹打和冰雪的侵袭，特别在寒冷的气候中，舰艇甲板各类舱口盖的结冰是一种危险现象，对舰载武器装备更是一种考验。

[5]这都对舰载武器装备结构强度提出了一定的要求。

根据国外有关资料，舰艇露天部件应能承受1500N/m2的风载荷和400N/m2的冰雪载荷，能在0.8mm/min的降雨速率以内正常工作。

另外，舰艇暴露在太阳的照射下，海上太阳照射分为直达照射和天空辐射两种，照射量与太阳高度、大气穿透率有关，也与纬度、季节、时刻等有关。

太阳照射使舰载武器装备温度升高，使舰载武器装备产生一系列的变化，导致系统某些零件老化，从而影响舰载武器装备的可靠性。

1.1.4 各海域气候环境参数根据文献[3，6-8]等，可总结出我国各大海域气候环境的具体参数，如表1所示。

表1的数据表明，各海域的年均气温不是特别高，但是南海的气温大于30℃的天数每年超过160天；各海域的湿度较高且持续时间长，年湿度从68%~85%不等；盐雾浓度和太阳辐射量总体也较高。

可以看出，南海海域的气候环境比较典型，如果舰载武器装备能够适应南海气候环境，则其他海域也就能适应。

表1 我国四大海域气候环境相关参数温度湿度盐雾太阳辐射四大海域年均温度/℃气温大于30℃的天数/d年降水量/mm年均相对湿度年均盐雾浓度/（mg/m3）年辐射总量/（MJ/m2）渤海10.1 6.3 656.068% 0.0389 4707.17 黄海11.9 22.4 777.474% 0.1381 4498.02 东海16.3 53.2 1201.279% 0.1180 4353.28 南海24.0 160.8 2044.585% 0.1275 4664.131.2 机械环境1.2.1 冲击和振动海浪是最常见的海水运动，主要是由于风力作用造成的。

海浪对舰艇造成一定强度重复性的冲击。

同时，舰艇也会遭受一些非重复性的强烈冲击，主要指碰撞、搁浅、非接触性爆炸、自身武器射击以及受到敌方武器攻击等情况带来的冲击。

另外，舰艇自身的工作会带来振动，比如主机推进、电机发动等活动。

因此，舰载武器装备必须要适应这样的冲击和振动环境。

1.2.2 摇摆和倾斜摇摆是指舰艇在最大适航情况下，不利于航向时3个方向上的最大摇动，倾斜一般指舰艇在回转（或卡舵、浸水）情况下发生的纵向（或横向）的最大倾角。

在首倾（或尾倾）5°以内，横倾15°以内，纵摇±10°以内，横摇±45°以内，舰载武器装备应能正常工作[9]。

因此，舰载武器装备必须满足摇摆和倾斜界限状态下的正常工作，个别装备在规定条件下允许降功能工作。

2 对舰载武器装备的典型影响及对策以上分析的海洋环境的气候环境（温度和湿度，盐雾、霉菌和油雾，风雨、冰雪和太阳照射等）和机械环境（冲击和振动，摇摆和倾斜等），单一会对舰载武器装备产生影响，但大多数情况下各种环境因素相互影响，共同作用，对舰载武器装备产生综合性的影响。

下面分别从海洋环境的单一因素和综合因素对舰载武器装备产生的影响及对策展开描述。

2.1 单一因素对舰载武器装备的典型影响及对策高温主要影响：武器装备温度过高导致热老化、金属氧化、结构强度减弱、油漆脱落等；绝缘部件绝缘作用失效；电子部件的电阻、电容、电感、介总第91期吴红光等：舰载武器装备海洋环境适应性研究·163·质常数和谐振腔等参数改变；润滑剂的粘性降低、失效率增大；物理膨胀导致结构部件过载、活动部件卡死、元件焊点脱开等。

相应对策：提高武器装备过热保护，采用耐热材料，降低热传递等；采取冷却措施，如对舰面武器装备加盖耐热覆盖物、人工冷水浇淋等，对武器装备的舱室采取通风措施，还可添加空调、电风扇等设备，保证温度在规定的范围内；对于武器装备系统的电子部件可添加散热装置（如大功率器件和集成电路等）。

高湿主要影响：装备吸收湿气、外表锈蚀等；密封部件失效、漏气等；电子部件绝缘电阻降低，电介常数增大，导致导体之间漏泄通路，电气性能下降等。

相应对策：相关装备采用防潮材料，喷漆等；密封装置采用气密检测（如压力传感器等），一旦检测密封失效可更换密封部件；舱室增添去湿器，保持湿度稳定；电子线路板喷涂三防漆等。

盐雾主要影响：产生锈蚀，加速武器装备金属的腐蚀，可靠性降低；电子部件电气性能下降、绝缘材料腐蚀等；易产生霉菌。

相应对策：关键部件与外部环境进行隔离、密封处理；伺服随动设备等使用气密和去湿器，非密封其他设备使用非金属保护层、减少使用不同金属或使用耐腐蚀金属；电子线路板喷涂三防漆等。

冲击和振动主要影响：武器装备机械应力疲劳，导致机械结构损坏；机械磨损增加；部件连接断开；电子部件管脚、导线断裂，粘层、键合点脱开，开关瞬间断开等。

相应对策：提高武器装备机械强度，加固机械构件；减少惯性和力矩；采用减震器、适配器等。

2.2 综合因素对舰载武器装备的典型影响及对策海洋环境各因素一般相互作用，同时对舰载武器装备产生影响，如适当的温度和湿度会使霉菌作用加剧，高温和高湿会使腐蚀和氧化增加，风雨会造成盐雾，高温和冲击振动会互相强化对方的影响等。

因此，实际上海洋环境对舰载武器装备的影响是综合性的。

而且，各种环境因素综合作用比较复杂，很难进行概述性的描述，这里选取舰面某型贮运发射箱所受海洋环境的综合影响作为例子进行说明。

图1是某型贮运发射箱结构示意图。

贮运发射箱（以下简称发射箱）主要作用之一就是对导弹进行密封和隔热，为导弹提供一个良好的内贮存环境，保障导弹在装舰后的贮存可靠性和战备完好性[10]。

设计规定发射箱的内贮存环境为：相对湿度<40%，箱内温度应保持在0~35℃的范围内[11]。

为此，发射箱内充满了干燥氮气（或空气）并保持一定压力，保证箱内规定的贮存湿度；发射箱体夹层内安装了隔热保温层，以保持箱内规定的贮存温度。

但是在实际使用过程中经常会出现发射箱气体泄漏，内部温度、湿度过高等情况，从而使发射箱贮存作用失效。

经过统计发现，贮存失效的发射箱60%以上是由于不适应海洋环境而导致的。

下面我们来对发射箱的贮存失效过程进行分析。

箱盖图1 某型贮运发射箱结构示意图发射箱处于恶劣的舰面环境（高温、高湿和高盐雾）中，白天长时间遭到太阳照射，发射箱表面吸收大量的辐射热量，一部分热量通过箱体传导至箱内，使箱内温度逐渐升高，压力也随着升高。