学术论文写作：引言

学术论文写作：引言

一、引言部分的作用和构成要素

引言是开题报告的一个翻版

研究动力研究基础研究实施

范文：以上开题报告对应的开场白（作者：李佳，0403班）

Domestication and Foreignization in

Translating Political News

1. Introduction

1.1 Rationale

Since 1978 China adopting the reform and opening-up policy, the world has witnessed the increasingly important role China is playing on the global stage; in return, China has realized the significance of embracing the globalization and corporation with the rest of the world. More and more people want to know China, not only its culture and history, but also its present political and economic development. At the same time, China also wants to know the other countries’current political and economic situations in order to improve its ability to work with them. （大背景：交流的重要性）Therefore, political news has been a window for China and the rest of the world to know each other. （小背景：政治新闻的交流工具重要作用）The translation is a bridge between people of different cultures. （引出研究对象：翻译政治新闻的重要作用）While doing translation, there are two basic translation strategies: domestication and foreignization. （限题：翻译的两种策略）The former refers to the target-culture-oriented translation in which unusual expressions to the target culture are translated into some familiar ones so as to make the translated text intelligible for the target readers, while the latter refers to a source-culture-oriented translation strategy which strives to preserve the foreign flavor as much as possible in order to transfer the source language and culture into the target one. To strike a balance between foreign flavor and native tone so as to make the translation intelligible to the political news readers and convey the necessary alien features to the target culture, great attention should be given to the study of domestication and foreignization in the translation of political news （聚焦：两种策略的平衡成为研究焦点和难点）. This thesis will combine theories like ideology and skopo theory to study the domestication and foreignization in the translation of political news （本研究研究目标和理论指南）, and the values of doing this are as follows: (1) to further explore the domestication and foreignization in translation; (2) to provide the political news translators some suggestions in translation in bid to find the balance between the foreign flavor and local culture; (3) to help the target culture readers to understand the original writer’s intention of writing the news through the ideology theory. （研究意义：理论和实践）

1.2 Literature Review

The translation of ... concerning ... has been studied from various perspectives. Generally speaking the literatures can be classified into three groups: A, B, and C. （引子）

The fist group （对文献进行分类：根据观点）of scholars like Huang Haijun (2007) （举例，出处）, Ma Keyun (2007), Wang Shuxiang (2007), Zhou Lirui (2007) who specialize in the study of domestication and foreignization in the translation of journals and news hold that the translators of both C-E and E-C translation of the journals and news, even when dealing with the culture-specific Chinese terms like“五讲四美”, should adopt the foreignization strategy to arouse the TL readers' interset to SL culture and to convey the uniqueness of the SL culture, and hence helping the TL readers to better understand certain policy or act carried out by the SL country.

Experts like Gou Jianzhong (1998) and Liu Yingkai (1986), instead of focusing on one or two specific fields like journals and news, study the foreignization and domestication from a general perspective, advocating a study on the basis of influential factors such as the translator, the readers and the translational objectives, and discovering the criteria through which the translator can make the choice of domestication or foreignization under the specific context. For example, when taking into the TL readers into consideration, the translator should adopt

domestication strategy and when their translational objective is to add fresh culture elements to enrich the TL culture, they should use foreignization strategy.

Some other scholars conduct their study against the background of culture communication. In their point of view, the world is shrinking into a global village, taking into consideration that people of different origins or nations are communicating to each other more than ever before and continue to expand the shared fields. They believe a universally used language is prevailing. Terms like WTO have been widely accepted by the world citizens, which is a testimony to the fact that, with the deepening of the cross-cultural communication, the expressions which were not approved by people in the past has the possibility of being household terms.

As to the study of the two strategies in news report, scholars like ...

Until now, although we have obtained some great accomplishments in the study of political news translation and the two basic translation strategies: domestication and foreignization respectively, each study still has their limitations （综合评论）, such as instead of pursuing the balancing point of domestication and foreignization, many researches put too much attention to deciding which one should be the dominant strategy over the other when doing translations of different texts; many theorists tend to overstress one and ignore the indispensable role of the other; or some study more than too often conducts the researches on the literature or culture texts, neglecting fields like political news, , etc.. To strike a balance between foreign flavor and native tone so as to make the translation intelligible to the political news readers and convey the necessary alien features to the target culture, great attention should be given to the balance of domestication and foreignization in the translation of political news. (解决上述问题的出路)

1.3 Objectives and Methodology

This thesis attempts to hold a dialectic position on the dispute over domestication and foreignization, hoping to prove that the two are equally valuable. （大目标）For this purpose, this thesis will probe into some main influential factors such as the translators' subjective factors, the readers, and the objectives of the text under translation. （具体目标）With the help of the theories such as ideology and skopos theory （定性研究方法）, this thesis intends to overcome the weak points of the present studies in the domestication and foreignization in the political news translation and gives this problem an overall and more comprehensive study.

1.4 The Organization of the Thesis

This thesis is mainly divided into the following four parts.

Chapter One introduces the importance of the study on political news and domestication and foreignization, reviews the literatures about the two strategies of domestication and foreignization, and the researches in the translation of news report.

Chapter two illustrates the two theoretical foundations of this thesis. It first elaborates the definitions of domestication and foreignization and it also probes into the function of the two strategies.

Chapter three gives the detailed study of domestication and foreignization in political news translations, taking into considerations of many influential factors to the choice of the strategy, such as the translator’s subjective factors, the readers, the objectives of the text under translation, by doing which this thesis will come to a conclusion on how to find the dialectic position between domestication and foreignization in the political news translation, and hence providing some suggestions for the political news translators to refer to, as well as offering some help to the readers to understand the translated news better; in the final part, some tentative conclusions are drawn and the limitations of this study and its implications for the further study on this topic are briefly stated.

当然，对于实证性的学术论文，如关于“课程与教学论”等方面的论文其引言会有所不同

二、开场白写作的语言技巧

1. “背景→主题”部分

（1）提问：

What happens in the language classroom is intimately linked to social and political forces in the world at large, and the practitioners must not only be aware but also understand these links if they are to be fully effective in their work. （2）直陈

句型1：研究主题+谓语动词be…

e.g. The translation of trade name is critical for the success of ...

句型2: 研究主题+ has become …

e.g. The translation of political news has been a ...

句型3: Recently, there has been growing interest in / concern about + 研究主题 句型4: Recently there have / has been extensive / increasing 句型5: Researchers have become increasingly interested in +研究领域

或:Researchers have recently focused their attention on +研究领域 或：Researchers are recently paying more attention to + 研究领域

2. 聚焦研究目标

The purpose of this study is to investigate ... The present research aims to ....

The present study extends previous research in the following ways. Firstly, ... 3. 综述部分 （1）纵概开场：

可按组分，如The translation of ... concerning ... has been studied from various

perspectives. Generally speaking the literatures can be classified into three groups: A, B, and C.

研究动力 研究基础

研究实施

可按理论视角分，如the trade mark translation has been tackled from different

perspectives: stylistics, pragmatics, aesthetics, and rhetoric.

可按对象的方面分，如Business letters has been studied concerning its format, function,

presentation, and translation.

(2) 按类综合

The fist group （对文献进行分类：根据观点）of scholars like A (2007) （举例，出处）, B (2007), C (2007), D (2007) （代表人物）who specialize in the study of ... （人物归类标准）hold that ...（具体观点）

A ... approach (按理论视角来分，如，a pragmatic approach) to ... (综述对象) is conducted from the assumption that ... (归类的理论标准) and hold that ... (具体观点的综合)

(3) 类中典型细节介绍

Among the scholars, A’s research is worth of much attention. He/she touches upon ... (研究对象) from a ... (具体视角) viewpoint in that problems in ... can be solved by .... He ...(具体做法如，incorporates the notion of cooperation by Grice and proposes six “maxims”in terms of strength, parsimony, truth, evidence, relevance and clarity (1999: 31) (具体出处)) and arrives at the conclusion that ...(结论或发现).

举例的常用模式有

模式1：作者(年代)十谓语动词主动语态+研究内容／成果

例如a. Hanson et al. (1976) noted that ...

b. McCarthy (1995) documented (证实了)...

c. Also, Fay (1991) found ...

模式2：研究内容／成果+谓语动词被动语态+(作者年代)

例如 a. ... (内容/结果) was found ...(具体内容) (Czemiak 1996).

b. ... have been observed (Christensen 1997, Lorimer 1984, McCarthy et al.

1987, Pallardy et al. 1988).

模式3：It has been十谓语动词被动语态+by作者(年代)+that从句

或：It has been+谓语动词被动语态+that从句(作者年代)

或：研究内容／成果+谓语动词被动语态+by作者(年代)

例如：a. It was found by Czemiak (1996) that ...

或:It was found that ... (Czemiak 1996).

(4) 文献综述中的动词运用技巧

区分两类动词：第一类描述性动词，客观地向读者介绍他人的工作，如：describe，discuss，explain，examine，present，state等；第二类是评价性动词，在一定程度上代表了作者对他人的工作的理解、解释或态度，如affirm，allege，argue，assume，claim，imply，maintain，presume，reveal，suggest等。

（5）文献综述的动词时态

文献综述中最常见的时态是一般现在时、一般过去时和现在完成时三种时态。使用不同的动词时态会给句子的意义带来变化，基本原则如下：

原则1：当作者引用某人过去某个时间所做过的某一项具体的研究时，用一般过去时。

如：Hanson et al. (1976) noted that .../It was found by Czerniak (1996) that ...

原则2：在概括或总结某一研究领域里所做过的一些研究时，用现在完成时，

如：... has been summarized by Weiss and Rizzo (1987) and Millers et al. (1989).

/. ...has been intensively studied.

原则3：在谈及目前的知识水平、技术水平或存在的问题时，用一般现在时态。

如：Acoustic problems occur extensively in long spaces.

4. 研究缺陷部分主要句型

句型1：用表示否定意义的词例little，few，no或none of+名词作主语。

如：a．Little information／attention／work／research…

b．Few studies／investigations／researchers／attempts…

C．No studies／data／calculations…

d．None of these studies／findings／calculations…

注意：a. little后面的名词是不可数名词，而few后面是可数名词，而且是复数形式。

b. no后面直接用名词(可数或不可数名词)，表示泛指，“到目前为止还没有...的

意思，而none of后用指示代词these，those(或定冠词the)+名词，表示“在特

定的范围中还没有……”的意思。也就是说，在上文所提到过的那些研究中，

还没有解决某一问题，由此来暗示知识的空白部分。

句型2: 表示对照的句型。

如: a. The research has tended to focus on…, rather than on…

b. These studies have emphasized…, as opposed to…

c. Although considerable research has been devoted to…, rather less attention

has been paid to…

句型3：提出问题或假设。

如：a. However, it remains unclear whether…

b. It would thus be of interest to learn how…

c. If these results could be confirmed, they would provide strong evidence

for …

d. These findings suggest that this treatment might not be so effective when

applied to…

e. It would seem, therefore, that further investigations are needed in order to…

指出或暗示了知识领域里的空白，或提出了问题或假设之后，下一步理所当然应该告诉读者本研究的目的和内容，要解决哪些问题，以填补上述空白，或者证明所提出的假设。

此部分常见的句型请参见摘要中的目的部分。

5 如何写引言的结尾: 研究结构

如：

This thesis is mainly divided into the following four parts.

Chapter One introduces ....

Chapter two illustrates ....

Chapter three gives ...

当然，如果要避免使用同一个句型结构，如，Sections l describes…Section2 analyses…Section3discusses…Section 4 summarizes…这样，每句话用同样的词开头，句型结构显得单调、枯燥乏味；我们还可以做如下的变通：

…Before examining in detail ..., Section 2 defines ... under study. A description of ... is then presented in Section 3 followed by .... Using ..., ... is evaluated in Section 4, while Section 5 discusses.... Finally, in Section 6, a/an ... is given.