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有关普通铣床数控改造英文文献

有关普通铣床数控改造英文文献1. IntroductionCNC (Computer Numerical Control) systems are widely used in modern machining industries. They offer high accuracy, repeatability, and productivity. However, many companiesstill use conventional milling machines due to the high cost of CNC machines. Fortunately, conventional machines can be upgraded to CNC machines through retrofits. Retrofitting a milling machine to CNC provides the best of both worlds: affordability and accuracy. This paper provides an overview of the retrofit process for conventional milling machines. 2. Retrofitting ProcessThe retrofitting process involves several steps:2.1 AssessmentThe first step is to assess the milling machine to be retrofitted. It is important to determine if its mechanical components are still viable for retrofitting. The machine's age, condition, and brand are factors that can affect the retrofit's success. It is also important to consider the machine's specifications such as the spindle speed, table size, and travel.2.2 PlanningOnce the assessment is complete, a plan for retrofitting the milling machine can be developed. The plan should include a sketch or CAD drawing of the new CNC machine, a list of components needed, and a timetable for the retrofit.2.3 Component SelectionThe selection of components is critical in retrofitting a milling machine to a CNC machine. The selection should be based on the machine's specifications, the type of machining required, and the budget.2.4 InstallationAfter selecting the components, the installation process can begin. This involves removing the machine's mechanical components and replacing them with the new CNC components. The CNC control system is also installed and configured during this stage.2.5 TestingTesting is the final step in the retrofitting process. It involves testing the CNC milling machine's accuracy, repeatability, and productivity. Any issues that arise during testing must be addressed before the machine can be put into production.3. Advantages of CNC RetrofittingThere are several advantages of retrofitting a milling machine to a CNC machine:3.1 Cost SavingsRetrofitting a milling machine to a CNC machine is more cost-effective than purchasing a new CNC machine. The cost savings can be significant, especially for small to medium-sized enterprises.3.2 Increased AccuracyCNC milling machines offer higher accuracy and precision than conventional milling machines. Retrofitted CNC machines can achieve the same level of accuracy as new CNC machines. 3.3 Improved ProductivityCNC machines are faster and more productive than conventional machines. They can execute multiple operations simultaneously, reducing cycle times and increasing production rates.3.4 FlexibilityCNC machines are highly flexible and can be programmed to perform a wide range of machining operations. Retrofitted CNC machines can perform the same operations as new CNC machines.4. ConclusionCNC retrofitting provides a cost-effective way to upgrade a conventional milling machine to a CNC machine. The retrofitting process involves assessing the machine's viability, planning, component selection, installation, and testing. Retrofitting offers several advantages, including cost savings, increased accuracy, improved productivity, and flexibility. Companies can take advantage of these benefits by retrofitting their milling machines to CNC machines.。

机械类数控外文翻译外文文献英文文献数控.doc

Numerical ControlOne of the most fundamental concepts in the area of advanced manufacturing technologies is numerical control (NC).Prior to the advent of NC, all machine tools were manual operated and controlled. Among the many limitations associated with manual control machine tools, perhaps none is more prominent than the limitation of operator skills. With manual control, the quality of the product is directly related to and limited to the skills of the operator . Numerical control represents the first major step away from human control of machine tools.Numerical control means the control of machine tools and other manufacturing systems though the use of prerecorded, written symbolic instructions. Rather than operating a machine tool, an NC technician writes a program that issues operational instructions to the machine tool, For a machine tool to be numerically controlled , it must be interfaced with a device for accepting and decoding the p2ogrammed instructions, known as a reader.Numerical control was developed to overcome the limitation of human operator , and it has done so . Numerical control machines are more accurate than manually operated machines , they can produce parts more uniformly , they are faster, and the long-run tooling costs are lower . The development of NC led to the development of several other innovations in manufacturing technology:1.Electrical discharge machining.ser cutting.3.Electron beam welding.Numerical control has also made machine tools more versatile than their manually operated predecessors. An NC machine tool can automatically produce a wide variety of par4s , each involving an assortment of undertake the production of products that would not have been feasible from an economic perspective using manually controlled machine tools and processes.Like so many advanced technologies , NC was born in the laboratories of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology . The concept of NC was developed in the early 1950s with funding provided by the U.S Air Force .In its earliest stages , NC machines were able to make straight cuts efficiently and effectively.However ,curved paths were a problem because the machine tool had to be programmed to undertake a series of horizontal and vertical steps to produce a curve. The shorter is the straight lines making up the step ,the smoother is 4he curve . Each line segment in the steps had to be calculated.This problem led to the development in 1959 of the Automatically Programmed Tools (APT) language for NC that uses statements similar to English language to define the part geometry, describe the cutting tool configuration, and specify the necessary motions. The development of the APT language was a major step forward in the further development of NC technology. The original NC system were vastly different from those used punched paper , which was later to replaced by magnetic plastic tape .A tape reader was used to interpret the instructions written on the tape for the machine .Together, all /f this represented giant step forward in the control of machine tools . However ,there were a number of problems with NC at this point in its development.A major problem was the fragility of the punched paper tape medium . It was common for the paper containing the programmed instructions to break or tear during a machining process, This problem was exacerbated by the fact that each successive time a part was produced on a machine tool, the paper tape carrying the programmed instructions had to rerun thought the reader . If it was necessary to produce 100 copies of a given part , it was also necessary to run the paper tape thought the reader 100 separate times . Fragile paper tapes simply could not withstand the rigors of shop floor environment and this kind of repeated use.This led to the development of a special magnetic tape . Whereas the paper tape carried the programmed instructions as a series of holes punched in the tape , theThis most important of these was that it was difficult or impossible to change the instructions entered on the tape . To make even the most minor adjustments in a program of instructions, it was necessary to interrupt machining operations and make a new tape. It was also still necessary to run the tape thought the reader as many times as there were parts to be produced . Fortunately, computer technology become a reality and soon solved the problems of NC, associated with punched paper and plastic tape.The development of a concept known as numerical control (DNC) solve the paper and plastic tape problems associated with numerical control by simply eliminating tape as the medium for carrying the programmed instructions . In direct numerical control, machine tools are tied, via a data transmission link, to a host computer and fed to the machine tool as needed via the data transmission linkage. Direct numerical control represented a major step forward over punched tape and plastic tape. However ,it is subject to the same limitation as all technologies that depend on a host computer. When the host computer goes down , the machine tools also experience down time . This problem led to the development of computer numerical control.The development of the microprocessor allowed for the development of programmable logic controllers (PLC) and microcomputers . These two technologies allowed for the development of computer numerical control (CNC).With CNC , each machine tool has a PLC or a microcomputer that serves the same purpose. This allows programs to be input and stored at each individual machine tool. CNC solved the problems associated downtime of the host computer , but it introduced another problem known as data management . The same program might be loaded on ten different microcomputers with no communication among them. This problem is in the process of being solved by local area networks that connectDigital Signal ProcessorsThere are numerous situations where analog signals to be processed in many ways, like filtering and spectral analysis , Designing analog hardware to perform these functions is possible but has become less and practical, due to increased performance requirements, flexibility needs , and the need to cut down on development/testing time .It is in other words difficult pm design analog hardware analysis of signals.The act of sampling an signal into thehat are specialised for embedded signal processing operations , and such a processor is called a DSP, which stands for Digital Signal Processor . Today there are hundreds of DSP families from as many manufacturers, each one designed for a particular price/performance/usage group. Many of the largest manufacturers, like Texas Instruments and Motorola, offer both specialised DSP’s for certain fields like motor-control or modems ,and general high-performance DSP’s that can perform broad ranges of processingtasks. Development kits an` software are also available , and there are companies making software development tools for DSP’s that allows the programmer to implement complex processing algorithms using simple “drag ‘n’ drop” methodologies.DSP’s more or less fall into t wo categories depending on the underlying architecture-fixed-point and floating-point. The fixed-point devices generally operate on 16-bit words, while the floating-point devices operate on 32-40 bits floating-point words. Needless to say , the fixed-point devices are generally cheaper . Another important architectural difference is that fixed-point processors tend to have an accumulator architecture, with only one “general purpose” register , making them quite tricky to program and more importantly ,making C-compilers inherently inefficient. Floating-point DSP’s behave more like common general-purpose CPU’s ,with register-files.There are thousands of different DSP’s on the market, and it is difficult task finding the most suitable DSP for a project. The best way is probably to set up a constraint and wishlist, and try to compare the processors from the biggest manufacturers against it.The “big four” manufacturers of DSPs: Texas Instruments, Motorola, AT&T and Analog Devices.Digital-to-analog conversionIn the case of MPEG-Audio decoding , digital compressed data is fed into the DSP which performs the decoding , then the decoded samples have to be converted back into the analog domain , and the resulting signal fed an amplifier or similar audio equipment . This digital to analog conversion (DCA) is performed by a circuit with the same name & Different DCA’s provide different performance and quality , as measured by THD (Total harmonic distortion ), number of bits, linearity , speed, filter characteristics and other things.The TMS320 family DQP of Texas InstrumentsThe TLS320family consists of fixed-point, floating-point, multiprocessor digital signal processors (D[Ps) , and foxed-point DSP controllers. TMS320 DSP have an architecture designed specifically for real-time signal processing . The’ F/C240 is a number of the’C2000DSP platform , and is optimized for control applications. The’C24x series of DSP controllers combines this real-time processing capability with controller peripherals to create an ideal solution for control system applications. The following characteristics make the TMS320 family the right choice for a wide range of processing applications:--- Very flexible instruction set--- Inherent operational flexibility---High-speed performance---Innovative parallel architecture---Cost effectivenessDevices within a generation of the TMS320 family have the same CPU structure but different on-chip memory and peripheral configurations. Spin-off devices use new combinations of On-chip memory and peripherals to satisfy a wide range of needs in the worldwide electronics market. By integrating memory and peripherals onto a single chip , TMS320 devices reduce system costs and save circuit board space.The 16-bit ,fixed-point DSP core of the ‘C24x devices provides analog designers a digital solution that does not sacrifice the precision and performance of their system performance can be enhanced through the use of advanced control algorithms for techniquessuch as adaptive control , Kalman filtering , and state control. The ‘C24x DSP controller offer reliability and programmability . Analog control systems, on the other hand ,are hardwired solutions and can experience performance degradation due to aging , component tolerance, and drift.The high-speed central processing unit (CPU) allows the digital designer to process algorithms in real time rather than approximate results with look-up tables. The instruction set of these DSP controllers, which incorporates both signal processing instructions and general-purpose control functions, coupled with the extensive development time and provides the same ease of use as traditional 8-and 16-bit microcontrollers. The instruction set also allows you to retain your software investment when moving from other general-purp ose‘C2xx generation ,source code compatible with the’C2x generation , and upwardly source code compatible with the ‘C5x generation of DSPs from Texas Instruments.The ‘C24x architecture is also well-suited for processing control signals. It uses a 16-bit word length along with 32-bit registers for storing intermediate results, and has two hardware shifters available to scale numbers independently of the CPU . This combination minimizes quantization and truncation errors, and increases p2ocessing power for additional functions. Such functions might include a notch filter that could cancel mechanical resonances in a system or an estimation technique that could eliminate state sensors in a system.The ‘C24xDSP controllers take advantage of an set of peripheral functions that allow Texas Instruments to quickly configure various series members for different price/ performance points or for application optimization.This library of both digital and mixed-signal peripherals includes:---Timers---Serial communications ports (SCI,SPI)---Analog-to-digital converters(ADC)---Event manager---System protection, such as low-voltage and watchdog timerThe DSP controller peripheral library is continually growing and changing to suit the of tomorrow’s embedded control marke tplace.The TMS320F/C240 is the first standard device introduced in the ‘24x series of DSP controllers. It sets the standard for a single-chip digital motor controller. The ‘240 can execute 20 MIPS. Almost all instructions are executed in a simple cycle of 50 ns . This high performance allows real-time execution of very comple8 control algorithms, such as adaptive control and Kalman filters. Very high sampling rates can also be used to minimize loop delays.The ‘ 240 has the architectural features necessary for high-speed signal processing and digital control functions, and it has the peripherals needed to provide a single-chip solution for motor control applications. The ‘240 is manufactured using submicron CMOS technology, achieving a log power dissipation rating . Also included are several power-down modes for further power savings. Some applications that benefit from the advanced processing power of the ‘240 include:---Industrial motor drives---Power inverters and controllers---Automotive systems, such as electronic power steering , antilock brakes, and climatecontrol---Appliance and HV AC blower/ compressor motor controls---Printers, copiers, and other office products---Tape drives, magnetic optical drives, and other mass storage products---Robotic and CNC milling machinesTo function as a system manager, a DSP must have robust on-chip I/O and other peripherals. The event manager of the ‘240 is unlike any other available on a DSP . This application-optimized peripheral unit , coupled with the high performance DSP core, enables the use of advanced control techniques for high-precision and high-efficiency full variable-speed control of all motor types. Include in the event manager are special pulse-width modulation (PWM) generation functions, such as a programmable dead-band function and a space vector PWM state machine for 3-phase motors that provides state-of-the-art maximum efficiency in the switching of power transistors.There independent up down timers, each with it’s own compare register, suppo rt the generation of asymmetric (noncentered) as well as symmetric (centered) PWM waveforms.Open-Loop and Closed-Loop ControlOpen-loop Control SystemsThe word automatic implies that there is a certain amount of sophistication in the control system. By automatic, it generally means That the system is usually capable of adapting to a variety of operating conditions and is able to respond to a class of inputs satisfactorily . However , not any type of control system has the automatic feature. Usually , the automatic feature is achieved by feed.g the feedback structure, it is called an open-loop system , which is the simplest and most economical type of control system.inaccuracy lies in the fact that one may not know the exact characteristics of the further ,which has a definite bearing on the indoor temperature. This alco points to an important disadvantage of the performance of an open -loop control system, in that the system is not capable of adapting to variations in environmental conitions or to external disturbances. In the case of the furnace control, perhaps an experienced person can provide control for a certain desired temperature in the house; but id the doors or windows are opened or closed intermittently during the operating period, the final temperature inside the house will not be accurately regulated by the open-loop control.An electric washing machine is another typical example of an open-loop system , because the amount of wash time is entirely determined by the judgment and estimation of the human operator . A true automatic electric washing machine should have the means of checking the cleanliness of the clothes continuously and turn itsedt off when the desired degised of cleanliness is reached.Closed-Loop Control SystemsWhat is missing in the open-loop control system for more accurate and more adaptable control is a link or feedback from the output to the input of the system . In order to obtain more accurate bontrol, the controlled signal c(t) must be fed back and compared with the reference input , and an actuating signal proportional to the difference of the output and the input must be sent through the system to correct the error. A system with one or more feedback pat(s like that just described is called a closed-loop system. human being are probably the most complex and sophisticated feedback control system in existence. A humanbeing may be considered to be a control system with many inputs and outputs, capable of carrying out highly complex operations.To illustrate the human being as a feedback control system , let us consider that the objective is to reach for an object on aperform the task. The eyes serve as a sensing device which feeds back continuously the position of the hand . The distance between the hand and the object is the error , which is eventually brought to zero as the hand reacher the object. This is a typical example of closed-loop control. However , if one is told to reach for the object and then is blindolded, one can only reach toward the object by estimating its exact position. It isAs anther illustrative example of a closed-loop control system, shows the block diagram of the rudder control system ofThe basic alements and the bloca diagram of a closed-loop control system are shown in fig. In general , the configuration of a feedback control system may not be constrained to that of fig & . In complex systems there may be multitude of feedback loops and element blocks.数控在先进制造技术领域最根本的观念之一是数控（NC）。

数控加工技术概述外文翻译、中英文翻译、外文文献翻译

原文：The digital control process technology is summarized1. digital control programming reaches such developmentThe digital control programming is the segment that be able to obviously bring into play the beneficial result in at the moment CAD/CAPP/CAM's system the most most , such is living to achieve to design the process automation and raise process accuracy and processes the quality and cuts down the product development cycle and so on the respect is brining into play the significant action . Being living possess the greats quantity applications such as aviation industry and auto industry and so on territorys . Since giving birth to the intense demand of practice , wide-ranging research has wholly been carried on to the digital control programming technique in the home and abroad , and acquires the plentiful and substantial fruit . The next reaches such to the digital control programming and develops to act as some to introduce .1.1 basic concept of digital control programmingThe digital control programming is through the spare parts drawings up the full process that obtains the digital control processing program . Its main mission is that the sword spot ( Cutterlocationpoint abbreviate CL's spot ) in the sword is processed away in the calculation .The point of intersection that sword the spot was oridinarily get to the cutting tool axial line against the cutting tool face still will be give out the sword shaft vector in much processs1.2 digital control programming technique development surveyMIT designed one kind of special language that is used in the inflexible spare parts digital control processing program establishments to the program problem in order to resolve in the digital control process , andis called APT ( AutomaticallyProgrammedTool ) in the 50's .Well-developed editions such as after APT time and again develops , takeed shape such as APTII and APTIII ( the stereoscopic cutting action is employd ) and APT ( the algorithm improves , add much coordinates surface processes the programming meritorous service capacity ) and APTAC ( Advancedcontouring ) ( add cuts the database administration system ) and APT/SS ( SculpturedSurface ) ( add engraves the camber processes the programming meritorous service capacity ) and so on .Adoping APT language drawing up digital control order to have easy the refineing of order , and gos away the strongs point such as sword control is agile and so on , and causes the digital control process the programming , and moves upward up yet possess much not suitable points to geometry element .APT through " assemble language " grade to the machine tool order : Adoping language definition spare parts geometry form shape , and is difficult to depict complex geometry form shape , and lack audio-visual quality of geometry ;The certification measure that the figure audio-visual that is short of to spare parts form shape and the cutting tool movement locus displays and the cutting tool locus ;Being difficult to effectively join with CAD's data bank and CAPP's system ;Not to act as easily up the high automation , the integrationizationIn view of the APT's language defect , in 1978 , France attained the system that the large rope airplane corporation starts development gathers assemble three dimensions design , analysis and NC's process integration , and is called in the interest of CATIA .Having ariseed alikely the systems such as EUCLID and NPU/GNCP and so on soon afterwards very quickly , the geometry moldswholly valid settlements of these systems and the spare parts geometry form shape display is designed mutually and mends generates the cutting tool locus , and the problems such as the imitation to go away the sword process displays and certification and so on promoteed CAD and CAM developing to the integration orientation . The approximately idea that system ( CIMS ) and parallel project ( CE ) was manufacture in the calculating machine integration take shape up the 80's gradually on the base that the CAD/CAM's integration being living is approximately attend school . At the moment , and the necessaries that CE developed in order to adapt to CIMS , the digital control programming system to integrationization and intelligentization the development .Being living the integration respect , with the development accords with the STEP ( StandardfortheExchangeofProductModelData ) criterion parameterization feature moldmaking and systematically gives priority to , having carried on the highly effective work of greats quantity at the moment is the home and abroad development heatpointBeing living the intelligentization respect , the work has start only a short while ago , and still awaits that we leave hard2、NCs' cutting tool locus generates the method study developing actualityDigital control programming core work is generateing the cutting tool locus , afterwards by such scattered one-tenth sword spot , places that the handle comes into being the digital control processing program afterwards viaing .The next cutting tool locus comes into being the means and actes as some and introduce2.1 baseding on a little and string , surface and part of the body NC's sword track formation meansCAD's technique moves through the two dimension mapping , andudergo the three dimensions wires frame and camber and the solid modelling generation , now the parameterization feature reacing is always moldded .Is living two dimension mapping together with three dimensions wires frame phase , in case the opening processes , the rough sketch is processed the digital control process is main with spot and string act as drive target , the plane area process and so on .This kind of level that personnel staff was requireed manipulating in the process is taller , complex mutually .Being living camber and the solid modelling generation , entity process had ariseed to based on .The entity process target is an entity ( oridinarily blendes for CSG and BREP express ) , its ( moreover , intersects , falls short of to operate ) but get yield through some fundamental parts of the body habitually after the set operation .The entity is processed not merely usable rough machining and semi precision work to the spare parts , and the great area cuts Yu Liang , and the effectiveness is processed in the raise , but also usable research together with development to digital control baseding on the feature programming system , is the feature process baseEntity process oridinarily possess entity rough sketch process and the entity area and processes two kinds .The entity process realization means slices law ( SLICE ) in the interest of the straturm , in immediate future slices by the process entity in the way of one series of level , afterwards to obtains the intersection comes into being the isometry string dos worthwhile the sword the going away locus .The original slave system needs the angle depart , the digital control process that the ACIS's geometry moldmaking being living achieved thiskind to based on a little on the terrace and the string and surface and entity Feature NC's sword track formation means 2.2 baseding onThe parameterization feature molds to possess the specified development particular period , yet baseds on that feature cutting tool locus formation means research starts only a short while ago .The feature processes to cause digital control programming personnel staff to be out to let drop the step geometry message to those ( in case : Spot , string , surface and entity ) manipulate , but transforing to carry on the digital control programming in the interest of directly to accords with the feature that engineers and technicians are used to , and liftd the programming effectiveness enormouslyW.R.Mail and A.J.Mcleod are living in their research to give out one to based on feature NC's code generating sub system , and this systematic work rule is : Spare parts every one process wholly may be regarded as to adjust to make up the total that the spare parts form shape feature group processed .In immediate future the queen completees spare parts process is not processed that to the feature adjusting entirely form the shape in that way either form shape feature component .But each form shape feature either form shape feature series NC's code may generate voluntarily .The system opened up at the moment merely is applicable to 2.5D's spare parts processThe LeeandChang opened up one kind of raised liberal camber feature cutting tool locus of means autogeneration in the way of fictitious border system .This systematic work rule is : Being living to inlay inner place the raised liberal camber into one the minimal long and square , so raised liberal camber feature is transformd into the hollow feature .Minimal the long and square incorporation against the end product pattern constituteed to be called one kind of indirect produce pattern on the fictitious pattern .That the cutting tool locus formation means separates into completees three paces : ( 1 ) and the cutting action polyhedron feature ;( 2 ) and cuts the liberal camber feature ;( 3 ) and the cutting action intersects the featureJongYunJung researcies baseds on the non- cutting action cutting tool locus formation problem of feature .The article process baseding on the feature locus separates into rough sketch process and processes two types with the inside area , and the definition this two types of process cutting action orientations , attains the aim that the entirety optimizes the cutting tool locus by means of decreasing the cutting action cutting tool locus .Type who talked about these fundamental features gos away sword way and cutting tool selection and process order and so on to main being aimed at of article some kinds of fundamental features ( hollow inner place Kong and step , trough ) , and averting repeatedly going away the sword by means of IP ( InterProgramming ) technique , with the non- cutting action cutting tool locus of optimization .Besides JongYunJong still is living , and his doctor in 1991 researcied tabrication feature extraction and baseds on feature cutting tool and the cutting tool way in the dissertationThe feature process base is an entity process , and surely of course also may think the entity process being more high-quality .Yet feature process distinct entity process , and entity process possess it oneself the limitations .Feature process chiefly possess below difference against entity process :Through approximately attends school says that the feature is the meritorous service capacity key element to make up the spare parts , and the operation that accords with engineers and technicians is used to , by engineers and technicians are know intimately ;The entity is the geometry target on low straturm , and is a geometric object that obtains after a series of Booleans calculation , and does not have whatever meritorous service capacity semantic information ;It frequently is adjusting the once only process of entire spare parts ( entity ) that the entity is processed .Yet in reality the spare parts is not very much probably merely once processed through in the way of the sword , frequently will go through a series of workmans of rough machining and semi precision work and precision work and so on stage , the place of spare parts difference oridinarily will be employd the difference cutting tool and process ;Now and then not only the spare parts will be employd up turning , but also employ up mill .Hence entity process is chiefly used spare parts rough machining and semi precision work .But but the feature on processing through essentially resolved the above-mentioned issue ;Feature process havees even more intellect .May regulate some kinds of settled admittedly process meanss as to the specially designated feature , particularly those have been living , and STEP's criterion the person who regulates the feature still more is such in this way .In case we wholly draw up the specially designated process means to all standards feature , it is you can imagine that spare parts that in thatway sufficiently succeed through the standard feature to those are processed such convenient quality .In case CAPP systematically be able to supply the relevant technology feature , NCP's system may decrease inputing mutually , and havees even more intellect enormously in that way .But these entity process can not achievedFeature process is favour of achieving through comprehensive integration of CAD , CAPP , NCP and CNC's system , and achieves the two-way going from place to place of message , in the interest of CIMS and even parallel project ( CE ) are settleed the well base ;It be helpless that but the entity is processed to theseNC's sword track formation means 2.3 being on active service in several main CAD/CAM's systems is analysedActive duty CAM constitutes reaching the main meritorous service capacityThat at the moment comparatively more mature CAM's system is main with two kinds of shapes achieves CAD/CAM's system integration : Integration CAD/CAM's system ( in case : UGII , Euclid and Pro/ENGINEERs and so on ) and independent relatively CAM's system ( in case : Mastercam and Surfcams and so on ) . Unitary less than the former data format is directly gaind the produce geometric model through CAD's system , but the latter is main gains the produce geometric model by means of the neutral papers through else CAD's systems . However , no matter is what the CAM's system growed the shape , wholly consising of five modules , in immediate future mutually technology parameter input module and cutting tool locus formation module and cutting tool locus compiler module and three dimensions process that dynamic imitation module and afterwards places the processing module . Next merely some famous CAD/CAM's system NC's process meanss are holied discussions .UGII's process means is analysedOridinarily think that UGII is the best in trade circle , and havees representativeness digital control software most .That such havees the distinguishing feature most is the cutting tool locus formation means that such meritorous service capacity is powerful .Consists of turning , milling and string cuts and so on the consummate process means .In it milling chiefly possess the below meritorous service capacity :And PointtoPoint: Completeing the different openings processesAnd PanarMill: Plane is milled .Consising of that the one-way walkes surely , the two-way row are slice , and the hoop is slice along with rough sketch process to await And FixedContour: Admittedly much projectionss are areed processed stably .Dominateeing on being living on the single camber either much camber the removing of cutting tool in the way of the projection means , and that the control cutting tool is removed may be the cutting tool locus that has generateed , a series of either suite stringAnd VariableContour: Variable projection is processedAnd Parameterline: Await that the parameter string is processed .The successive process of single camber either much camber may be adjustAnd ZigZagSurface: Cutting out processAnd RoughtoDepth: Rough machining .The depth is reachd assigning in the rough machining by Mao PiAnd CavityMill: The many stages depth mould cavity processes .Rough machining that particularly is applicable to the male contact with the hollow standardAnd SequentialSurface: The camber occuies simultaneously the workman .In accordance the spare parts and guides that and the thinking of check adjust the removing suppling the largesttest degree control of cutting toolEDSUnigraphics still consists of greats quantity else the respects meritorous service capacitys , and did not enumerate one by one here STRATA's process means is analysedSTRATA is a digital control programming system development environment , and it is establishing ACIS's geometry model building terrace onIt supplys two kinds of programming development environments in the interest of consumer , in immediate future NC's command language interface and the NC's operation C++ storehouse . It may back three to mill , and turning and string cut NC and process , and may back wire frame , camber and the entity geometry model building . Such NC's cutting tool locus formation means is baseding on the physical model . STRATA is baseded on , and what supplys the process means in entity NC's cutting tool locus formation type storehouse consists of : ProfileToolpath: Rough sketch processAreaClearToolpath: The area on plane processesSolidProfileToolpath: The entity rough sketch is processedSolidAreaClearToolpath: The area on entity plane processesSolidFaceToolPath: The entity face processesSolidSliceToolPath: The entity severs process on planeLanguagebasedToolpath: Baseding on , language cutting tool locus generatesElse CAD/CAM software , in case Euclid the person who awaits the NC's meritorous service capacity is each has his strong point , yet suchfundamental substance is almost alike , the not natural difference .2.4 main problem of systematic sword track formation means of active duty CAMIn accordance tradition CAD/CAM's system and CNC's system work means , CAM's system is with directly either the indirect means gains the produce geometry data model through CAD's system ( by means of neutral papers ) . CAM's system is with spot , string , surface in the three dimensions geometrics model and either the entity is the drive target , the cutting tool locus is processed in the formation , and afterwards the shape with the cutting tool locating file viaes the handle is placed , with the NC's code shape supplys to CNC's machine tool , the some respects problems under being living in entire CAD/CAM and the CNC's system operation process to be :CAM systematically can only gain produce low tier of geometry message through CAD's system , and can not seize voluntarily meritorous service capacity and the semantic information of produce geometry shape information and produce higher level .Hence manufacturing engineering master that entire CAM's process have to be living is very experience haves a hand in secondly , and completees mutually by means of the figure .In case : Manufacturing engineering master .The entire system automation degree is leted dropBeing living in the CAM's system generation cutting tool locus , equal also merely embodying low straturm geometry message ( right line and arc geometry locating information ) , along with the a little process control information ( as moving forward ) to rate , main shaft rotation speed and trading sword and so on .Hence , can not obtain the process technology parameter that haves something to do with against generateing the cutting tool locus yetThe produce data between CAM's system every module are not unitied , and the independence is opposite to each other to every module .For instance the cutting tool locating file is merely keep the minutes the cutting tool locus and is not keep the minutes the relevant process technology parameter , the dynamic imitation of three dimensions merely keeps the minutes that the cutting tool locus interference against runs into , but keep the minutes interference and process target and correlation process technology parameter that runs into happen against suchThe CAM systematically is an independence system .Not thering is the unitary produce data model between CAD's system together with the CAM's system , even if being the integrated CAD/CAM's system of integration in , one-way and unity is enjoyed also being only to message in all . CAM systematically can not sufficiently comprehend and complete message utilizing CAD's system to have something to do with the produce , feature message that especially haves something to do with against process , equal CAD's system can not gain the process data message that CAM systematically come into being yet . This is give parallel project implementation to bring the hardship3、digitals control techniques of simulation3.1 calculating machine imitation approximately idea and applicationThe angle through the project is see , and the imitation is the system by means of the test to the system model leave to research in the existing either design .Analysing the complex dynamic target , the imitation is one kind of valid means , may decrease the hazard , cuts down design and manufactures cycle , and practise thrift the investment .Calculating machine imitation is draing support from the calculatingmachine , and utilizes the system model to adjust actually systematically testing the process which researcied .It is swiftly developed in the wake of the calculating machine technique development , and is living in the imitation to passess the more and more significant position .Three foundation maneuveies between the key element that the calculating machine imitation process may be notify by means of the picture 1 are depictd :The model building maneuver is by means of viewing either examination to the actual system , and is living to over look the less important element to reach on the base that examine the variable , and the means in the way of physics either mathematics is depictd , thereby obtains the similar pattern of actual system simplification .The meritorous service with the actual system of the pattern here be able to together with between the parameter ought to have similarity and homologous qualityThe imitation pattern is the mathematical model to the system ( simplifying the pattern ) carries on the specified algorithm handle , and causes such become the appropriate shape ( in case turns into iterative operation pattern by the numerical integration ) afterwards , yet becomes " computation module computational mode " that be able to be receiveed by the calculating machine .The imitation pattern is two simplification patterns to the actual systemThe imitation test is shall system imitation pattern be living the process rund in the calculating machine .The imitation is researching actual system one kind of technique by means of the test , may clarify systematically immanent structure variable and the ambient condition effect by means of the technique of simulationCalculating machine technique of simulation main expressing of development tendency be living two respects : Application territory enlargement and imitation calculating machine intelligentization .The calculating machine technique of simulation not merely is living tradition project technique territory ( respects such as aviation , spaceflight and chemical industry and so on ) subsequent development , but also broadens up community economy and living beings and so on much non- project territorys , moreover , technique such as parallel processing , artificial intelligence , knowledge base and expert system and so on the development is affecing the imitation calculating machine development Digital control process imitation utilizes the calculating machine imitation practice process , being the forceful means to verify digital control processing program dependability and the calculation cutting action process , in order to decrease work attempies surely , and lifts production efficiency3.2 digital control technique of simulation research present situationThe APT process spare parts are completeed near the digital control order program control .In the interest of right quality to guarrantee the digital control order , guard against in process to intervene happenning , and is living in the actual manufacture , and constantly adopts attempting the anxious means to examine with what runs into .Yet this kind of means requiring a lot of labor expense is anticipateed , the cost expansively causes the manufacturing cost move upward , addd produce process time and production cycle .Adoping once more the locus to display the law afterwards , in immediate future in order to mark needle either pencil or writing brush replace the cutting tool , with colouring plank either paper replaces the work imitation cutting tool movement locus two dimension figure ( alsomay display the two dimension semi process locus ) , possess the considerably great limitations .Three dimension and the many-dimensionss as to the work are processed , the cutting action locus that the inspection that the stuff that also possess use easily to cut replaces the work ( in case , paraffin wax , lumber , midified resin and plastic material and so on ) comes is processed .Yet APT and the process field is very important occupied in the attempt .For this reason , people are living always to research replace gradually attempting the anxious calculating machine emulation mode , and is living to attempt to slice that the respects such as environment modeling and imitation calculation and graphic display and so on acquire the significant progress , and develops to raise pattern accurateness and imitation calculation real timeization and improvement real feeling of graphic display and so on orientations at the momentThrough attempies the pattern distinguishing feature sliceeing the environment seeing , NC's cutting action process imitation branch geometry imitation and mechanics imitation at the moment two respects .Geometry imitation is not consider that cutting action parameter and cutting force reach else the physics elements effects , the imitation cutting tool work geometric object movement , and with right quality of certification NC's order .The problem such as it may decrease either remove as a result of the machine tool injury that the program error causes and clamping apparatus damage either the cutting tool rolls over to snap and the spare parts are reported something as worthless and so on ;May decrease moreover through the product design up time manufacturing , and cut down the manufacturing cost .Cutting action process mechanics imitation pertains to the physics imitation category , and its dynamic mechanics property by means of the imitation cutting action process is forecast that the cutting tool breakage and cutting tool vibration and control cuts the parameter , thereby attains to optimize the cutting action process aimThe geometry technique of simulation development is in the wake of geometry model building technique development but development , and consists of that quality graphic display and the ration is intervened verifying two respects .At the moment the means in common use possess the immediate solid modelling law , and the means of figure image space baseding on is requestted the intersection law with the scattered vector3.3 immediate solid modelling lawThis kind of enveloping solid that the means is the work part of the body against the cutting tool movement takes shape is underway that the entity Boolean falls short of operating , and the work part of the body three dimensions patterns are continuously replaceed in the wake of the cutting action processSungurtekin and Velcker opened up a miller simulation system .The three dimensions patterns that ought to systematically adopt CSG's law to keep the minutes Mao Pi utilize some fundamental primitives like cuboid , the cylindrical body and taper part of the body , and the set operation , particularly operating , the area by Mao Pi and a series of cutting tool scannings is keep the minutes , afterwards usies the set difference and operates through Mao Pizhong's order take-offing the scanning area .Traverse when the so-called area by has sweep is cutting the cutting tool to move along some locuss area .Per length of Mao Pixing's shape that NC's code afterwards。

数控激光加工的技术水平以及应用外文文献翻译、中英文翻译

英文文献Numerical control laser processing technology and application Pick to: as the main symbol of science and Technology development in the 20th century and the modern information society one of the pillars of optoelectronic Technology, Laser Technology, Laser Technology) and the development of Laser industry attaches great importance to by the advanced countries in the world. Numerical control and integrated the Laser and the optical system of the computer numerical control technology, advanced and high precision and automation of the workpiece positioning, the combination of formation, development and production of machining center has become a Laser machining, Laser Processing) is an important trend of development.Key words: CNC; Laser machining, Laser Processing); Level; applicationBefore: laser is regarded as one of the most important scientific discoveries of the twentieth century, as soon as it was caused the great attention of materials scientists. In November 1971, gm pioneered the use of a 250 w CO2 laser to improve wear resistance materials using laser radiation test and research, and in 1974 successfully completed automobile redirector shellsurface (malleable iron material) laser quenching process, the wear-resisting performance of the hardened parts up to 10 times higher than that of untreated before. This is the first time laser surface modification technology of industrial application. Over the years, the nations of the world into a large amount of money and manpower to laser, laser processing equipment and laser processing and the study of material science, laser processing has been rapid development, and have gained great economic and social benefits. Now in China, the laser technology has been in industry, agriculture, medicine, war industry and get widerin people's modern life Widely used, and gradually realize industrialization of laser technology, countries will it as a research one of the key projects of the ninth five-year plan. Overview, Laser Technology, Laser Technology)Laser processing technology is the use of the characteristics of the interaction between laser and material on the material (including metal and nonmetal) for cutting, welding, surface treatment, punch and a processing technology of micro processing, etc. Laser processing technology is involved in optical, mechanical, electrical, materials and testing different subjects, such as, a comprehensive technology, its research scope in general can be divided into:1. The laser processing system. Including laser, light system, machine tools, control system and testing system.2. Laser processing technology. Including cutting (laser beam cutting), Welding, laser Welding), surface treatment, punching, marking, marking, trimming, etc. Various kinds of processing technology.Has the mature processing technology include: laser rapid prototyping technology, laser welding, laser drilling, laser cutting, laser marking, laser to weight balance technology, laser etching, laser trimming technology, storage technology, laser marking, laser cleaning, laser heat treatment and surface treatment technology.Second, the application of laser processing technologyCO2 laser laser processing applications, the most widely in cutting and welding, accounted for 70% and 20% respectively, surface treatment is less than 10%. The YAG laser application in welding, mark (50%) and cutting (15%). CO2 laser in the United States and Europe accounted for 70-80%. In laser processing is given priority to with cutting accounted for 10%, of which more than 98% of the CO2 laser, power within the scope of the 1.5 kW ~ 2 kW, and given priority to with heat treatment accounted for about 15%, mostly for laser processingof automobile engine cylinder jacket. The economic and social benefits of this technology is very high, it has a great market prospect.In the auto industry, give full play to its advanced laser processing technology, fast and flexible processing characteristics. Such as in car prototype and small batch production extensive use of 3 d laser cutting machine, not only save the sample and tooling equipment, also greatly shorten the production preparation cycle; Laser beam on the surface of high hardness material and complex and bending spile, speed and does not produce damage; Laser welding in automobile industry has become a standard process, Japan's Toyota has laser welding used in automobile body panel, different thickness and different surface coating metal plates welded together, and then to stamping. Welding and cutting laser heat treatment abroad, though less common, but are still widely used in the automotive industry, such as cylinder liner, crankshaft, piston ring, commutator, gear and other parts of heat treatment. In the industrial developed country, laser processing technology and computer numerical control technology and flexible manufacturing technology, the combination of derived laser rapid prototyping technology. The technology not only canquickly manufacturing model, but also can directly by the molten metal powder and produce metal mould.In the 80 s, YAG laser in welding, cutting, punching and tag has played a more and more big function. Generally think of YAG laser cutting can get a good cutting quality and high cutting precision, but is restricted in the cutting speed. With the improvement of YAG laser output power and beam quality were breakthrough. YAG laser level has started to squeeze into kw CO2 laser cutting market. YAG laser is especially suitable for welding does not allow the thermal deformation and micro devices of welding pollution, such as lithium battery, heart pacemakers, sealed relay, etc. YAG laser punch it has developed into the largest laser processing applications.At present, foreign laser drilling is mainly used in aerospace, automobile manufacturing, electronic instrument, chemical industry, etc. The rapid development of laser drilling, mainly reflected in the punching with YAG laser average output power has been five years ago from 400 w to 800 w to 1000 w. Peak power of holing up to 30 ~ 50 kw, punch with narrow pulse width, repetition frequency is more and more high, the improvement of laser output parameters, to a large extent to improve the quality of drilling and improve drilling speed, alsoenlarged the application range of the punch. The application of laser drilling at present more mature is in the production of synthetic diamond and natural diamond die and watch jewel bearing production. YAG laser repetition frequency has amounted to 2000 times per second, diode array pumped Nd: YAG laser in the mean time to repair has increased from the original hundreds of hours to 1 to 20000 hours.With the further study of the interaction between laser and material, laser processing technology will be widely used in flexible manufacturing system. Realization of laser machining flexible systematic mainly refers to the laser head can be flexible to guide the laser beam to parts for processing position. From the complexity of the laser machine can processing parts, and points in a two-dimensional space and three-dimensional laser processing, high power laser 3 d processing is the development direction of the future direction of the laser processing, in order to achieve the flexibility of laser processing, 3 d laser optical system must be adopted. High-powerthree-dimensional YAG laser processing system usually adopt robots (or machine hand) with optical fiber transmission of the beam, by holding the laser robot to complete all kinds of sports, the laser through the optical fiber transmission to the laser head,reach the surface of the workpiece, the processing system, the beam transmission and focusing characteristics is not affected by processing position.Three, is the focus of the laser processing technology research and development can be summarized as:1, a new generation of industrial laser research, is currently in technical update period, its mark is the development and application of PuQuan diode pump solid state laser.2, fine processing, laser micro machining in the laser processing application statistics accounted for only 6% in 1996, and doubled up to 12% in 1997, has increased to 19% in 1998;3, intelligent machining system, system integration is not only the process itself, but with a real-time detection and feedback processing, with the establishment of the expert system, intelligent processing system has become the inevitable development trend.Laser technology in our country after more than 30 years of development, has made thousands of scientific and technological achievements, many have been used to the production practice, laser processing equipment production is growing at 20% per year on average, for the technical transformation of traditional industries, improve product qualityto solve many problems, such as chemical fiber laser hair technology is pushing, baosteel, benxi steel and other large steel mills will change our country automobile covering parts of steel completely dependent on imports, laser marking machine and laser welding machine quality, function, price is in line with the demand of the market at present, the market share of more than 90%.Four, the main problems:1, poor ability of scientific research achievements into products, the market prospect of achievements have been many stay in the laboratory prototype stage;2, the core component of laser processing system of laser small variety, backward technology, poor reliability. Abroad not only diode pumped solid-state laser has been used in the production process, and a diode laser is also used, and the diode pumped solid-state laser is still in its beginning stage of research and development.3, less study on processing technology, especially the study of fine machining technology is more weak, the study of ultraviolet wave laser processing are rare.4, laser processing equipment reliability, safety, maintainability, compatibility is poorer, difficult to meet the needs of industrial production.Conclusion: laser has good monochromaticity, high energy density, good space control and time control, and a series of advantages, it has been widely used in materials processing and other fields. Laser processing of industries including automotive, aerospace, electronics, chemical industry, packaging, medical equipment, etc. Combined with computer numerical control technology, laser processing technology has become the key technology of industrial production automation, has can't be matched by ordinary processing technology advantages. Such as laser machining for non-contact, high speed, no noise, high precision machining of various complex shape can be objective, and not usually in the sense of "tool" wear and tear, do not need to replace the "head". Predictably, with the development of laser technology and perfect, will play a huge role in economic construction and national defense construction. By the words we can find that laser processing has good compatibility with flexible manufacturing system, combine the two laser flexible manufacturing system, under the condition of good cooperatewith each other will certainly receive special effect and achieved good returns.reference[1] xiao-chun zhu Editor, the numerical control technology, mechanical industry publishing house; 2001[2] blue letter written by major such as, laser technology, science press. 2005[3] SiTuZhong editor, "mechanical engineering English", wuhan university of science and technology publishing house; 2001.7 [4] national engineering research center of laser machining, departments: the ministry of education[5] wash Yang Chen Hui-shan li, such as laser remanufacturing technology and its industrial application, the tianjin industrial university institute of laser technology[6] mischa, special processing methods and the content of the trend, Beijing university of aeronautics and astronautics engineering training center of advanced manufacturing中文翻译数控激光加工的技术水平以及应用摘要：作为 20 世纪科学技术发展的主要标志和现代信息社会光电子技术的支柱之一，激光技术(Laser Technology)和激光产业的发展受到世界先进国家的高度重视。

数控技术英文参考文献(精选118个最新)

数控技术，英文名称：Numerical Control (简称NC)，即采用电脑程序控制机器的方法，按工作人员事先编好的程式对机械零件进行加工的过程。

下面是搜索整理的关于数控技术英文参考文献，欢迎借鉴参考。

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Information Technology; Report Summarizes Information Technology Study Findings from University of Defense (Comparison of Static Aerodynamic Data Obtained In Dynamic Wind Tunnel Tests and Numerical Simulation Research)[J]. Computers, Networks & Communications,2019.[22]. Energy; New Findings from Hefei University of Technology Describe Advances in Energy (Numerical Study of the Effect of Combustion Chamber Structure On Scavenging Process In a Boosted Gdi Engine)[J]. Energy Weekly News,2019.[23]. Fuel Research; Study Results from Sahand University of Technology Update Understanding of Fuel Research (Advanced Numerical Analyses On Thermal, Chemical and Dilution Effects of Water Addition On Diesel Engine Performance and Emissions Utilizing Artificial ...)[J]. Energy Weekly News,2019.[24]. Energy - Energy and the Environment; Researchers from Iran University of Science and Technology Describe Findings in Energy and the Environment (Numerical Investigation of the Power Extraction Mechanism of Flapping Foil Tidal Energy Harvesting Devices)[J]. Energy Weekly News,2019.[25]. Energy; Findings from Cracow University of Technology Provide New Insights into Energy (Numerical and Experimental Study On the Thermal Performance of the Concrete Accumulator for Solar Heating Systems)[J]. Energy Weekly News,2019.[26]. Energy; Studies from Huazhong University of Science and Technology Yield New Information about Energy (Numerical Study On Heat Transfer Performance In Packed Bed)[J]. Energy Weekly News,2019.[27]. Energy; Studies from Jiangsu University of Science and Technology Describe New Findings in Energy (Numerical Study On Thermal Hydraulic Performance of Supercritical Lng In Zigzag-type Channel Pches)[J]. Energy Weekly News,2019.[28]. Energy; Studies from Harbin Institute of Technology Add New Findings inthe Area of Energy (A Numerical Study On the Development of Self-similarity In a Wind Turbine Wake Using an Improved Pseudo-spectral Large-eddy Simulation Solver)[J]. Energy Weekly News,2019.[29]. Science - Combustion Science; Studies from Massachusetts Institute of Technology Reveal New Findings on Combustion Science (Numerical Investigation of Strained Extinction At Engine-relevant Pressures: Pressure Dependence and Sensitivity To Chemical and Physical Parameters ...)[J]. Energy Weekly News,2019.[30]. Energy; Findings on Energy Discussed by Investigators at Federal University of Technology Parana (Numerical Two-dimensional Steady-state Evaluation of the Thermal Transmittance Reduction In Hollow Blocks)[J]. Energy Weekly News,2019.数控技术英文参考文献二：[31]. Geofluids; Investigators at China University of Mining and Technology Detail Findings in Geofluids (Numerical Simulations On the Front Motion of Water Permeation Into Anisotropic Porous Media)[J]. Science Letter,2019.[32]. Science - Combustion Science; Studies from National University of Defence Science and Technology Add New Findings in the Area of Combustion Science (Numerical Study of Cellular Detonation Wave Reflection Over a Cylindrical Concave Wedge)[J]. Energy Weekly News,2019.[33]. Energy; Reports Summarize Energy Findings from Darmstadt University of Technology (Numerical Investigation of an Oxyfuelnon-premixed Combustionusing a Hybrid Eulerian Stochastic Field/flamelet Progress Variable Approach: Effects of H-2/co2 Enrichment ...)[J]. Energy Weekly News,2019.[34]. Energy - Hydrogen Energy; Data on Hydrogen Energy Described by Researchers at King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi (Comparative Numerical Evaluation of Autothermal Biogas Reforming In Conventional and Split-and-recombine Microreactors)[J]. Energy Weekly News,2019.[35]. Food and Bioproducts; New Data from Indian Institute for Technology Illuminate Findings in Food and Bioproducts (Heat Transfer Analysis During Mixed-mode Solar Drying of Potato Cylinders Incorporating Shrinkage: Numerical Simulation and Experimental Validation)[J]. Food Weekly News,2019.[36]. Energy - Energy Materials; Findings from Dalian University of Technology Broaden Understanding of Energy Materials (Tailoring Active Sites In Mesoporous Defect-rich Nc/v-o-won Heterostructure Array for Superior Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution)[J]. Energy Weekly News,2019.[37]. Science - Water Science and Technology; New Water Science and Technology Study Findings Recently Were Reported by Researchers at Zhejiang University (Numerical Study of the Collapse of Multiple Bubbles and the Energy Conversion During Bubble Collapse)[J]. Energy Weekly News,2019.[38]. Energy - Renewable Energy; Reports from Sharif University of Technology Advance Knowledge in Renewable Energy (A Numerical Study of Dust Deposition Effects On Photovoltaic Modules and Photovoltaic-thermal Systems)[J]. Energy Weekly News,2019.[39]. Science - Combustion Science; New Combustion Science Findings from Beijing Institute of Technology Discussed (Experimental and Numerical Studies On Detonation Reflections Over Cylindrical Convex Surfaces)[J]. Energy Weekly News,2019.[40]Maryann Valentine. CNC Technology at Fresno City College[J]. Tech Directions,2019,78(9).[41]. 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Engineering - Wind Engineering; Hefei University of Technology Details Findings in Wind Engineering (Numerical Simulation of Wind-driven Rain Distribution On Building Facades Under Combination Layout)[J]. Energy Weekly News,2019.[46]. Western Digital Technologies Inc.; Patent Issued for Switching Period Control Of Microwave Assisted Magnetic Recording For Pole Erasure Suppression (USPTO 10,283,159)[J]. Computers, Networks & Communications,2019.[47]. Energy - Wind Turbines; Investigators at Huazhong University of Science and Technology Describe Findings in Wind Turbines (Numerical Analysis of a CatenaryMooring System Attached By Clump Masses for Improving the Wave-resistance Ability of a Spar Buoy-type Floating ...)[J]. Energy Weekly News,2019.[48]. Energy - Nuclear Power; New Data from Karlsruhe Institute of Technology Illuminate Findings in Nuclear Power (Numerical Study of Thermal Hydraulics Behavior On the Integral Test Facility for Passive Containment Cooling System Using Gasflow-mpi)[J]. Energy Weekly News,2019.[49]. Energy - Energy Exploration; Researchers from Dawood University of Engineering & Technology Detail Findings in Energy Exploration (Numerical Simulation of Lignocellulosic Biomass Gasification In Concentric Tube Entrained Flow Gasifier Through Computational Fluid Dynamics)[J]. Energy Weekly News,2019.[50]. Fuel Research; Researchers at King Abdullah University of Science and Technology Have Reported New Data on Fuel Research (An Experimental/numerical Investigation of the Role of the Quarl In Enhancing the Blowout Limits of Swirl-stabilized Turbulent ...)[J]. Energy Weekly News,2019.[51]. Technology - Green Technology; Findings from National Institute of Technology Has Provided New Data on Green Technology (Influence of Thermal Energy Storage System On Flow and Performance Parameters of Solar Updraft Tower Power Plant: a Three Dimensional Numerical Analysis)[J]. Energy Weekly News,2019.[52]. Atmosphere Research; Studies from AGH University of Science and Technology Update Current Data on Atmosphere Research (Prediction of Air Temperature In the Polish Western Carpathian Mountains With the Aladin-hirlam Numerical Weather Prediction System)[J]. Science Letter,2019.[53]. Energy - Oil and Gas Research; Researchers at Amirkabir University of Technology Release New Data on Oil and Gas Research (Numerical Investigation for Determination of Aquifer Properties In Newly Developed Reservoirs: a Case Study In a Carbonate Reservoir)[J]. Energy Weekly News,2019.[54]. Science - Refrigeration Science; Findings from Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Provides New Data about Refrigeration Science (Numerical Investigation of Isothermal and Non-isothermal Ice Slurry Flow In Horizontal Elliptical Pipes)[J]. Science Letter,2019.[55]. Energy - Renewable Energy; Researchers from Delft University of Technology Detail Findings in Renewable Energy (The Dynamic Wake of an Actuator Disc Undergoing Transient Load: a Numerical and Experimental Study)[J]. Energy Weekly News,2019.[56]. Energy; Researchers from Wroclaw University of Science and Technology Describe Findings in Energy (Theoretical and Numerical Analysis of Freezing RiskDuring Lng Evaporation Process)[J]. Energy Weekly News,2019.[57]. Geomechanics; Researchers from Chengdu University of Technology Report Findings in Geomechanics (Behavior and Numerical Evaluation of Cement-fly Ash-gravel Pile-supported Embankments Over Completely Decomposed Granite Soils)[J]. Science Letter,2019.[58]. Macromolecular Research; Investigators from Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Have Reported New Data on Macromolecular Research (Numerical Estimates of the Topological Effects In the Elasticity of Gaussian Polymer Networks and Their Exact Theoretical Description)[J]. Science Letter,2019.[59]. Food Processing; Findings from Institute of Chemical Technology Reveals New Findings on Food Processing (Comparison Between Multiresponse-robust Process Design and Numerical Optimization: a Case Study On Baking of Fermented Chickpea Flour-based Wheat Bread)[J]. Food Weekly News,2019.[60]. Technology; Studies from Sun Yat Sen University Yield New Information about Technology (Numerical Investigation of Influence of Reservoir Heterogeneity On Electricity Generation Performance of Enhanced Geothermal System)[J]. Energy Weekly News,2019.数控技术英文参考文献三：[61]. Energy - Solar Energy; Study Results from Izmir Institute of Technology in the Area of Solar Energy Reported (Experimental and Numerical Investigation of Forced Convection In a Double Skin Facade By Using Nodal Network Approach for Istanbul)[J]. Energy Weekly News,2019.[62]. Science - Earth and Space Science; Investigators at Massachusetts Institute of Technology Report Findings in Earth and Space Science (Esh3d, an Analytical and Numerical Hybrid Code for Full Space and Half-space Eshelby's Inclusion Problems)[J]. Science Letter,2019.[63]. Science - Forensic Science; New Findings from Beijing Institute of Technology in Forensic Science Provides New Insights (The Experimental and Numerical Investigation On the Ballistic Limit of Bb-gun Pellet Versus Skin Simulant)[J]. Science Letter,2019.[64]. Hydrodynamics; Research Conducted at Jiangsu University of Science and Technology Has Updated Our Knowledge about Hydrodynamics (Numerical Investigations of the Effects of Blade Shape On the Flow Characteristics In a Stirred Dead-end Membrane Bioreactor)[J]. Science Letter,2019.[65]. Technology - Fuel Technology; Data on Fuel Technology Reported by Researchers at Northeast Petroleum University (Numerical Simulation of the Air Injection Process In Low Permeability Reservoirs)[J]. Energy Weekly News,2019.[66]. Energy; New Energy Findings from Anhui University of Technology Described (Numerical Study On the Effect of Separated Over-fire Air Ratio On Combustion Characteristics and Nox Emission In a 1000 Mw Supercritical Co2 Boiler)[J]. Energy Weekly News,2019.[67]. Fuel Research; Findings from East China University of Science and Technology Broaden Understanding of Fuel Research (Numerical Study of Dynamic Response Analysis of Slag Behaviors In an Entrained Flow Gasifier)[J]. Energy Weekly News,2019.[68]. Energy; Findings from Babol Noshirvani University of Technology Has Provided New Data on Energy (Numerical Study of Heat Transfer On Using Lobed Cross Sections In Helical Coil Heat Exchangers: Effect of Physical and Geometrical Parameters)[J]. Energy Weekly News,2019.[69]. Energy; New Energy Study Results Reported from Nanjing University of Science and Technology (Numerical Investigation of the Effect of Sudden Expansion Ratio of Solid Fuel Ramjet Combustor With Swirling Turbulent Reacting Flow)[J]. Energy Weekly News,2019.[70]. Energy; Reports from Amirkabir University of Technology Add New Data to Findings in Energy (Numerical Study of Anode Side Co Contamination Effects On Pem Fuel Cell Performance; and Mitigation Methods)[J]. Energy Weekly News,2019.[71]. Science - Geoscience; Findings from China University of Mining and Technology Broaden Understanding of Geoscience (The Exhumation Along the Kenyase and Ketesso Shear Zones In the Sefwi Terrane, West African Craton: a Numerical Study)[J]. Science Letter,2019.[72]. Science - Refrigeration Science; Findings from Sirjan University of Technology Broaden Understanding of Refrigeration Science (A geometric model for a vortex tube based on numerical analysis to reduce the effect of nozzle number)[J]. Science Letter,2019.[73]. Science - Topography and Metrology; Researchers from Isfahan University of Technology Detail New Studies and Findings in the Area of Topography and Metrology (Numerical and experimental study on the effect of considering plastic and elastoplastic deformation of each asperity in ...)[J]. Science Letter,2019.[74]. Science; New Science Findings from Dalian University of Technology Outlined(Numerical research on the anti-sloshing effect of a ring baffle in an independent type C LNG tank)[J]. Science Letter,2019.[75]. Science - Terramechanics; Findings from National University of Defence Science and Technology in Terramechanics Reported (Development and numerical validation of an improved prediction model for wheel-soil interaction under multiple operating conditions)[J]. Science Letter,2019.[76]. Science - Textile Research; Findings from Lodz University of Technology Update Knowledge of Textile Research (Numerical Analysis of Free Folding of Flat Textile Products and Proposal of New Test Concerning Bending Rigidity)[J]. Science Letter,2019.[77]. Science - Technical Sciences; Findings from Warsaw University of Technology in the Area of Technical Sciences Reported (Pulse Powered Turbine Engine Concept - Numerical Analysis of Influence of Different Valve Timing Concepts On Thermodynamic Performance)[J]. Science Letter,2019.[78]. Energy - Energy Storage; Findings from Iran University of Science and Technology Has Provided New Data on Energy Storage (Numerical investigation of different PCM volume on cold thermal energy storage system)[J]. Energy Weekly News,2019.[79]. Science - Maritime Research; New Maritime Research Findings from Wuhan University of Technology Described (Numerical Simulation of Solid-fluid 2-phase-flow of Cutting System for Cutter Suction Dredgers)[J]. Science Letter,2019.[80]. Energy; Investigators at Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich Describe Findings in Energy (Numerical Optimization of Methane-based Fuel Blends Under Engine-relevant Conditions Using a Multi-objective Genetic Algorithm)[J]. Energy Weekly News,2019.[81]. Science - Refrigeration Science; Study Data from Jiangsu University of Science and Technology Update Understanding of Refrigeration Science (A Numerical Study On Condensation Flow and Heat Transfer of Refrigerant In Minichannels of Printed Circuit Heat Exchanger)[J]. Science Letter,2019.[82]. Information Technology; Researchers from Sao Paulo State University Provide Details of New Studies and Findings in the Area of Information Technology (Effective Force Area and Discharge Coefficient for Reed Type Valves: a Comprehensive Data Set From a Numerical Study)[J]. Computers, Networks & Communications,2019.[83]. Science - Applied Sciences; Findings on Applied Sciences Discussed by Investigators at Czestochowa University of Technology (A Sequential Approach toNumerical Simulations of Solidification with Domain and Time Decomposition)[J]. Science Letter,2019.[84]. Energy; New Energy Findings from National University of Defence Science and Technology Described (A 3D Numerical Study of Supersonic Steam Dumping Process of the Pressurizer Relief Tank)[J]. Energy Weekly News,2019.[85]. Science and Technology; Study Findings on Science and Technology Are Outlined in Reports from H. Yi and Colleagues (Simulations and error analysis of the CNC milling of a face gear tooth with given tool paths)[J]. Science Letter,2019.[86]. Energy - Wind Turbines; Data on Wind Turbines Reported by Researchers at Lulea University of Technology (Numerical Investigation of the Aeroelastic Behavior of a Wind Turbine with Iced Blades)[J]. Energy Weekly News,2019.[87]. Information Technology - Information and Data Aggregation; Studies from Marchuk Institute of Numerical Mathematics in the Area of Information and Data Aggregation Reported (Domain Decomposition Method for the Variational Assimilation of the Sea Level in a Model of Open Water Areas Hydrodynamics)[J]. Computers, Networks & Communications,2019.[88]. Energy; Investigators at Kaunas University of Technology Describe Findings in Energy (Field Measurements and Numerical Simulation for the Definition of the Thermal Stratification and Ventilation Performance in a Mechanically Ventilated Sports Hall)[J]. Energy Weekly News,2019.[89]. Geomechanics; Data from Wuhan University of Science and Technology Advance Knowledge in Geomechanics (Strength and Failure Characteristics of Rocklike Material Containing a Large-opening Crack Under Uniaxial Compression: Experimental and Numerical Studies)[J]. Science Letter,2019.[90]. Energy - Wind Turbines; Findings on Wind Turbines Reported by Investigators at Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (A Numerical Study On the Performance of a Savonius-type Vertical-axis Wind Turbine In a Confined Long Channel)[J]. Energy Weekly News,2019.数控技术英文参考文献四：[91]. Fuel Research; New Findings from Indian Institute for Technology Describe Advances in Fuel Research (Experimental and numerical investigations on the laminar burning velocity of n-butanol + air mixtures at elevated temperatures)[J]. Energy Weekly News,2019.[92]. Fuel Research; Findings in the Area of Fuel Research Reported from DalianUniversity of Technology (Experimental and numerical study of the effect of injection strategy and intake valve lift on super-knock and engine performance in a boosted GDI engine)[J]. Energy Weekly News,2019.[93]. Energy - Wind Turbines; New Data from Babol Noshirvani University of Technology Illuminate Findings in Wind Turbines (Numerical Investigation of the Savonius Vertical Axis Wind Turbine and Evaluation of the Effect of the Overlap Parameter in Both Horizontal and ...)[J]. Energy Weekly News,2019.[94]. Biosensors; Investigators at East China University of Science and Technology Detail Findings in Biosensors (Numerical and Experimental Assessment of a Miniature Bioreactor Equipped With a Mechanical Agitator and Non-invasive Biosensors)[J]. Biotech Week,2019.[95]. Science - Geoscience; Studies from Warsaw University of Technology Have Provided New Data on Geoscience (Selected components of geological structures and numerical modelling of slope stability)[J]. Science Letter,2019.[96]. Fuel Research; Reports from Huazhong University of Science and Technology Provide New Insights into Fuel Research (Experimental and Numerical Study of the Fuel-nox Formation At High Co2 Concentrations In a Jet-stirred Reactor)[J]. Energy Weekly News,2019.[97]. Energy; Studies from Darmstadt University of Technology Add New Findings in the Area of Energy (Numerical Investigation of Flow through a Valve during Charge Intake in a DISI -Engine Using Large Eddy Simulation)[J]. Energy Weekly News,2019.[98]. Energy; Studies from Shandong University of Technology Provide New Data on Energy (Experimental and Numerical Studies On the Effect of Packed Bed Length On Co and Nox Emissions In a Plane-parallel Porous Combustor)[J]. Energy Weekly News,2019.[99]Weijian Yu,Ze Liu,Baifu An,Fangfang Liu,Yunbo Wang. Numerical Calculation and Stability of the Yield and Enhanced Support Technology for Shaft[J]. Geotechnical and Geological Engineering,2019,37(4).[100]Jorge Manuel Mercado-Colmenero,Miguel Angel Rubio-Paramio,M? Dolores Rubia-Garcia,David Lozano-Arjona,Cristina Martin-Do?ate. A numerical and experimental study of the compression uniaxial properties of PLA manufactured with FDM technology based on product specifications[J]. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology,2019,103(5-8).[101]Shuping Chen. Teaching Reform and Practice on Course of Numerical Computation Method in Applied Technology Undergraduate Institutes[P]. Proceedingsof the 2nd International Seminar on Education Research and Social Science (ISERSS 2019),2019.[102]Nouvet Elysée,Knoblauch Astrid M,Passe Ian,Andriamiadanarivo Andry,Ravelona Manualdo,Ainanomena Ramtariharisoa Faniry,Razafimdriana Kimmerling,Wright Patricia C,McKinney Jesse,Small Peter M,Rakotosamimanana Niaina,Grandjean Lapierre Simon. Perceptions of drones, digital adherence monitoring technologies and educational videos for tuberculosis control in remote Madagascar: a mixed-method study protocol.[J]. BMJ open,2019,9(5).[103]He Rui,Chen Guoming,Dong Che,Sun Shufeng,Shen Xiaoyu. Data-driven digital twin technology for optimized control in process systems.[J]. ISA transactions,2019.[104]Tatti Fabio,Petrangeli Papini Marco,Torretta Vincenzo,Mancini Giuseppe,Boni Maria Rosaria,Viotti Paolo. Experimental and numerical evaluation of Groundwater Circulation Wells as a remediation technology for persistent, low permeability contaminant source zones.[J]. Journal of contaminant hydrology,2019.[105]Revels Christy,Burris Christie. NC HealthConnex and Value-based Care: Statewide Health Information Exchange as a Technology Tool for All.[J]. North Carolina medical journal,2019,80(4).[106]Kubit Andrzej,Trzepiecinski Tomasz,?wi?ch ?ukasz,Faes Koen,Slota Jan. Experimental and Numerical Investigations of Thin-Walled Stringer-Stiffened Panels Welded with RFSSW Technology under Uniaxial Compression.[J]. Materials (Basel, Switzerland),2019,12(11).[107]董新峰,仇中柱,韩清鹏. 数控技术课程中超硬材料切削加工所涉及的关键问题的引入[J]. 教育进展,2019,09(03).[108]Hua Chen,Ke-Lun Xia,Zi-Jun Liu,Xun-Si Wang,Xiang-Hua Zhang,Yin-Sheng Xu,Shi-Xun Dai. Experimental and numerical investigation of mid-infrared laser in Pr<sup>3+</sup>-doped chalcogenide fiber Project supported by the Young Scientists Fund of the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 61605095), the Natural Science Foundation of Zhejiang Province, China (Grant No. LY19F050004), the Natural Science Foundation of Ningbo City (Grant No. 2015A610038), the Open Fund of the Guangdong Engineering Technology Research and Development Center of Special Optical Fiber Materials and Devi[J]. Chinese Physics B,2019,28(2).[109]Zhengwei Yang,Xingyu Xie,Yin Li,Gan Tian. Numerical Analysis of Influencing Factors and Capability for Line Laser Scanning Thermography Nondestructive Testing Technology in Chemicals Corrosion Defect Detection[J]. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering,2019,484(1).。

机械类数控车床外文翻译外文文献英文文献数控

数控加工中心技术开展趋势与对策原文来源：Zhao Chang-ming Liu Wang-ju(C Machining Processand equipment,2002,China)一、摘要Equip the engineering level, level of determining the whole national economy of the modernized degree and modernized degree of industry, numerical control technology is it develop new developing new high-tech industry and most advanced industry to equip (such as information technology and his industry, biotechnology and his industry, aviation, spaceflight, etc. national defense industry) last technology and getting more basic most equipment.Numerical control technology is the technology controlled to mechanical movement and working course with digital information, integrated products of electromechanics that the numerical control equipment is the new technology represented by numerical control technology forms to the manufacture industry of the tradition and infiltration of the new developing manufacturing industry,Keywords:Numerical ControlTechnology, E quipment,industry二、译文数控技术和装备开展趋势与对策装备工业的技术水平和现代化程度决定着整个国民经济的水平和现代化程度，数控技术与装备是开展新兴高新技术产业和尖端工业〔如信息技术与其产业、生物技术与其产业、航空、航天等国防工业产业〕的使能技术和最根本的装备。

数控论文带英文版

数控论文带英文版第一篇：数控论文带英文版Development and maintenance of CNC1946 On the birth of the world's first electronic computer, which indicates that human beings created to enhance and replace the mental part of the tool.It is human in the agricultural, industrial society created a tool that is enhanced compared to manual qualitative leap, he entered the information society for human foundation.Half a century, and the core of computer-driven information technology, both through the TV, modern communications, improve the quality of human life, but also improve productivity fast forward, creating a history of human civilization, the production history of the era.The rapid development of information technology led directly to the arrival of the knowledge economy.In 1952, computer technology applied to the machine.Born in the United States first CNC machine puters and control technology in the application of machinery equipment manufacturing industry within the century's most significant technological advances.Since then, the conventional machine produced a qualitative change.Nearly half a century, has undergone two phases of CNC machine tools and the development of six generations.(1)Numerical control(NC)phase(1952-1970 years) early computing speed is low, which was affected scientific computing and data processing is not large, can not meet the requirements of real-time control machine tools.People have used digital logic circuits, “ride” into a dedicated computer as numerical control machine tool system, known as the hardware connection NC(HARD WIREDNC), referred to as NC(NC).With thedevelopment of components, at this stage after three generations, that in 1952 the first generationthe transistor;1965, the third generationpresent)In 1970, GM has a small computer and into mass production there.Its operation faster than the fifties and sixties have increased significantly, more than a special “ride” into a dedicated computer, low cost, high reliability.So it came as a CNC porting the core components, entered a computer numerical control(CNC)stage.By 1971, INTEL Corporation in the United States the world's first computer of the two core componentsthe microprocessor;1990, the sixth generationBASED).CNC system nearly five decades gone through two stages six generation of development, but development to the fifth generation only after a fundamental solution to the reliability is low, the price is extremely expensive, extremely convenient application is very critical issue.Thus, even in industrialized countries, large-scale numerical control system has been applied and popularity in the late seventies early eighties after the thing, that is numerical control technology after nearly three decades of development before wider application to.Abroad has been renamed as early as the computer numerical control(ie CNC), while China is still often called numerical control(NC).So we talk about everyday, “NC” in essence is that “computer numerical control” of C machine tool numerical control system is the core component, therefore, the maintenance of CNC machine tool numerical control system is mainly to maintain.After a NC system for a longer period of use, performance of electronic components to aging or damaged, and some mechanical parts especially, to try to extend the lifetime of components and parts wear cycle, to prevent all kinds of failures, particularly fatal accidents theoccurrence of the numerical control system must be routine maintenance.T o sum up, pay attention to the following aspects.1 NC system maintenance formulate rulesRegulations according to the characteristics of various components to determine their maintenance regulations.Expressly provided, such as what areas need cleaning every day(such as CNC system input / output unit-optical reading machines for cleaning, inspection is well-oiled machine structural parts, etc.), which parts should be regularly checked or replaced(such as brush DC servo motors and commutator should be checked once a month).(2)As less as possible open CNC ark and high voltage ark of the doorBecause in machining workshop in the air of general contain oil mist, dust and even metal powder.Once they fall within the NC system or electrical components on printed circuit, easily lead to decreased insulation resistance between components, and even lead to damage to components and printed circuits.Some users in the summer to make long-term work overload CNC system, CNC cabinet door open to heat, which is not desirable kind of approach will eventually lead to accelerated damage to the CNC system.The correct way is to reduce the numerical control system of the external ambient temperature.Therefore, there should be a strict requirement, unless the necessary adjustments and repairs, just open the doors is not allowed, but not allowed to open doors when in use.Regular cleaning the ark of the numerical control heat ventilation systemShould every day to check on the numerical control system each cooling fan is functioning properly, should inspect working environment condition, every half an year or quarterly review of a duct filter whether jam phenomenon.If excessive dust build-upInternet filter, the need for timely clean-up, otherwise it will cause the temperature inside the high numerical control system(generally not exceed 55 ℃), resulting in overheating or NC alarm system does not work reliably.4 CNC systems are often used to monitor voltage produced by FANUC CNC system, allowing the grid voltage rating of 85% to 110% of range fluctuations.If you exceed this range, it will cause the system not working properly, or even cause damage to electronic components within the NC system.5 periodic replacement of memory battery FANUC CNC production company within the system memory in two ways:(1)No batteries to keep the magnetic bubble memory.(2)the need to maintain the CMOS RAM with battery device is not powered on CNC system in order to maintain the contents of the storage period, with internal rechargeable battery to maintain the circuit, in the NC system is powered by the +5 V power supply through a diode to the CMOS RAM power, and can charge the rechargeable battery;cut off power when the numerical control system is replaced by a battery to maintain the information in CMOS RAM, under normal circumstances, even if the battery has not yet expired, the battery should be replaced once a year, in order to ensure that the system can work properly.In addition, we must note that the battery replacement should be carried out under the NC system power C long-term maintenance when not in numerical order to improve system utilization and reduce the numerical control system failure, CNC machine tools should be used at full capacity, and not long idle, for some reason, resulting in long idle CNC system, in order to numerical control system to avoid damage, please note the following two points:(1)should always power to the CNC system, especially in high humidity environment of therainy season and even more so, lock the machine does not move in the case(that is, the servo motor does not turn time), let dry run CNC e of electrical components to disperse their heat moisture within the NC system, to ensure stable and reliable performance of electronic devices, proved in the air humidity areas, power is to reduce the failure rate is often an effective measure.(2)CNC machine tool feed servo drives using DC and DC servo spindle drive, brush should be removed from the DC motor, so as not due to chemical corrosion, the commutator surface corrosion, resulting in change to the performance deterioration, and even entire motor damage.At present, the field of sheet metal stamping, CNC punching machine / CNC turret punch press with its fast, high precision machining, mold versatile, flexible products, etc., are widely er in choosing a quality mold, its use and maintenance of the level of direct impact to the workpiece machining quality and mold life.Mold control equipment is also an important part of operating costs.First,ensure the best mold clearanceMould clearance is to point to the punch into the next model, the sum of the clearance between the sides.It and thickness, material and the stamping process and suitable mould clearance, can guarantee good punching quality, reduce burr and collapse and keep the sheet metal level off, effectively prevent take material, prolong die life.Through the examination of stamping waste, we can determine whether appropriate mould clearance.If too much clearance waste will be rough rolling fractures and smaller light face.The greater the clearance, fractures and light the viewpoint of the formation of surface and the more they can form punching edge and fracture, appear even a thin rim bumps.Conversely, if the clearance is too small, waste will besmall Angle fractures and larger light face.When slot, step blunt, cutting local stamping, lateral force will make the punch deflection and cause unilateral gap is too small, sometimes edge migration will scratch lower die, causing the lower die quickly wear.Mould to best clearance stamping, waste of fractures and bright surface with the same Angle, and overlap each other, so that can make the cutting force minimum, punching the burr was very small.Second, timely grinding can effectively extend the life of the mold if too large of a workpiece or stamping burrs generated when abnormal noise may die passivation.Check the punch and the die, when its blade edges have a radius of approximately 0.10mm wear arc, it is necessary sharpening of.Practice has shown that frequent small amounts of sharpening rather than waiting until non-grinding mill can not be again when, not only to maintain good quality of the workpiece, reducing the blanking force, but die life can be extended more than doubled.In addition to knowing when to die grinding, the grinding master the correct method is especially important.Mold grinding procedure is as follows:1)grinding, it will punch a vertical grip on the surface grinder's magnetic chuck or fixture within the V-groove, each grinding capacity of 0.03 ~ 0.05mm, repeat until the punch grinding sharp, the maximum amount of grinding is generally 0.1 ~ 0.3mm.2)the use of sintered aluminum oxide grinding wheel, the hardness D ~ J, grit sizes 46 to 60, preferably for high-speed steel grinding wheel.3)When the grinding force or mold near the wheel, add coolant to prevent overheating and cracking the mold or annealing, should be required in accordance with the manufacturer of high quality multi-purpose coolant.4)The amount of feed wheel down 0.03 ~ 0.08 mm, lateral feed rate0.13 ~ 0.25 mm, lateral feed rate 2.5 ~ 3.8m/min.5)After grinding, oil stone polished edge, remove the burr, and grind the radius of 0.03 ~ 0.05 mm round, to prevent edge cracking.6)punch to the magnetic treatment and sprayed with oil to prevent rust.Third, the elimination and reduction of adhesive material way because when the pressure and heat stamping, sheet metal fine particles will bond to the surface of the punch, resulting in poor quality punching.Removal of binder used fine whetstone grinding, sanding should be directed to the direction of movement with the same punch, so the light will avoid the generation of further binder.Do not use gauze and other coarse grinding, to avoid the punch surface is more rough and more prone to sticky material.Reasonable die clearance, good stamping process, and the necessary lubrication sheet, will reduce the production of sticky material.Prevent overheating, the general lubrication of the way, this will reduce the friction.If you can not waste lubricating or rebound occurs, may take the following approach: alternate punch than the same size turns punching,Can make its repeated in before use have long cooling time.Overheating will use all die.Through the programming control changing mould, the interrupt their long time of repetition of work, or reduce its pressing frequency.Four, blunt is when the deformation of sheet metal porous to prevent measuresIf in a rush on board a porous, due to the accumulation of shear stress plank cannot maintain level.Every time punching, around the hole material will down deformation, causing the surface appears on the sheet metal tensile stress, and under the surface have compressive stress.For a small amount of punching, and its effect is not obvious, but when punching quantity is increased, the pull, compressive stress somewhere inaccumulation, until materials.Eliminate such deformation of a method is: to every one KongChong cut, and then returns to the rest of the punching holes.So although also can produce stress, but easing in the same direction order stamping of stress at accumulation, also can make the two groups before and after the stress of offset each other holes, so as to prevent the deformation of sheet metal.Five, try to avoid cutting through the narrow strip materialWhen the used for cutting width of less than in the process of sheet metal sheet thickness, lateral force for and make the punch to bending deformation, make side of the gap is too small or wear is intensified, serious scratch when the mould, make fluctuation mode and damage.Suggestions don't step blunt width of less than 2.5 times the thickness of the narrow a sheet metal sheet.Cutting through the narrow strip material, sheet metal tend to turn into the mode of open, and not be completely cut off, and even wedge dies profile.If can't avoid the above situation, the proposed use output slabs supported the role of the punch fully guided mold.Six, the punch surface hardening and the applicable scopeAlthough heat treatment and surface coating can improve the punch surface properties, but is not the solution to the problems and prolong die life is pressing the general method.Generally speaking, the coating surface hardness and improve the punch that side lubricity improved, but in large tonnage, hard materials stamping, these advantages in about 1000 times after stamping and disappeared.According to the following circumstance can use surface hardening the punch: Blunt soft or sticky materials(such as aluminum);Blunt thin non-abrasive materials(such as glass epoxypieces);Blunt thin hard material(such as stainless steel);Frequent point blunt;Abnormal lubrication.Surface hardening usually adopts of titanium coating and seepage nitrogen, method, its surface hardening layer thickness for 12 ~ 60 μ m molecular structure, it is a part of the matrix punch, and not only is the coating.Surface hardening of the mould can press usually way further.Through the surface hardening will lower mould in the stainless steel plate wear behavior, but can not prolong its service life, and the appropriate and timely lubrication, according to procedures, burrs, is the effective way.Seven, CNC turret punch die a neutral is bad for the overhaulIf a punch mould to neutral is bad, cause mould fast passivation, workpiece machining quality is poor, can the following maintenance: Check the level of the machine tool, when necessary to adjust;Check and lubrication of model hole on the wheel and the direction key, if there is damage timely repair;Clean the next mould seat, so as to lower die accurate installation, check and its key or the keyway wear and, when necessary, to change;Use the special mandrel calibration mould location, such as a deviation adjust in time.The contents of the situation is usually concerned, in view of the press and the concrete types die specifications are different, the user should combine the actual to know and summarizing the experience, and displays the best use of the mould performance.数控的发展及设备维护浅谈1946年诞生了世界上第一台电子计算机，这表明人类创造了可增强和部分代替脑力劳动的工具。

（数控加工）机械类数控外文翻译外文文献英文文献数控

（数控加工）机械类数控外文翻译外文文献英文文献数控NumericalControlOneofthemostfundamentalconceptsintheareaofadvancedmanufacturingte chnologiesisnumericalcontrol(NC).PriortotheadventofNC,allmachinetools weremanualoperatedandcontrolled.Amongthemanylimitationsassociatedwith manualcontrolmachinetools,perhapsnoneismoreprominentthanthelimitation ofoperatorskills.Withmanualcontrol,thequalityoftheproductisdirectlyre latedtoandlimitedtotheskillsoftheoperator.Numericalcontrolrepresentst hefirstmajorstepawayfromhumancontrolofmachinetools.Numericalcontrolmeansthecontrolofmachinetoolsandothermanufacturin gsystemsthoughtheuseofprerecorded,writtensymbolicinstructions.Rathert hanoperatingamachinetool,anNCtechnicianwritesaprogramthatissuesoperat ionalinstructionstothemachinetool,Foramachinetooltobenumericallycontr olled,itmustbeinterfacedwithadeviceforacceptinganddecodingthep2ogramm edinstructions,knownasareader.Numericalcontrolwasdevelopedtoovercomethelimitationofhumanoperato r,andithasdoneso.Numericalcontrolmachinesaremoreaccuratethanmanuallyo peratedmachines,theycanproducepartsmoreuniformly,theyarefaster,andthe long-runtoolingcostsarelower.ThedevelopmentofNCledtothedevelopmentofs everalotherinnovationsinmanufacturingtechnology:1.Electricaldischargemachining.sercutting.3.Electronbeamwelding.Numericalcontrolhasalsomademachinetoolsmoreversatilethantheirmanuallyoperatedpredecessors.AnNCmachinetoolcanautomaticallyproduceawidev arietyofpar4s,eachinvolvinganassortmentofundertaketheproductionofprod uctsthatwouldnothavebeenfeasiblefromaneconomicperspectiveusingmanuall ycontrolledmachinetoolsandprocesses.Likesomanyadvancedtechnologies,NCwasborninthelaboratoriesoftheMas sachusettsInstituteofTechnology.TheconceptofNCwasdevelopedintheearly1 950swithfundingprovidedbytheU.SAirForce.Initsearlieststages,NCmachine swereabletomakestraightcutsefficientlyandeffectively.However,curvedpathswereaproblembecausethemachinetoolhadtobeprogra mmedtoundertakeaseriesofhorizontalandverticalstepstoproduceacurve.The shorteristhestraightlinesmakingupthestep,thesmootheris4hecurve.Eachli nesegmentinthestepshadtobecalculated.Thisproblemledtothedevelopmentin1959oftheAutomaticallyProgrammedT ools(APT)languageforNCthatusesstatementssimilartoEnglishlanguagetodef inethepartgeometry,describethecuttingtoolconfiguration,andspecifythen ecessarymotions.ThedevelopmentoftheAPTlanguagewasamajorstepforwardint hefurtherdevelopmentofNCtechnology.TheoriginalNCsystemwerevastlydiffe rentfromthoseusedpunchedpaper,whichwaslatertoreplacedbymagneticplasti ctape.Atapereaderwasusedtointerprettheinstructionswrittenonthetapefor themachine.Together,all/fthisrepresentedgiantstepforwardinthecontrolo fmachinetools.However,therewereanumberofproblemswithNCatthispointinit sdevelopment.Amajorproblemwasthefragilityofthepunchedpapertapemedium.Itwascomm onforthepapercontainingtheprogrammedinstructionstobreakortearduringam achiningprocess,Thisproblemwasexacerbatedbythefactthateachsuccessivet imeapartwasproducedonamachinetool,thepapertapecarryingtheprogrammedin structionshadtorerunthoughtthereader.Ifitwasnecessarytoproduce100copi esofagivenpart,itwasalsonecessarytorunthepapertapethoughtthereader100 separatetimes.Fragilepapertapessimplycouldnotwithstandtherigorsofshop floorenvironmentandthiskindofrepeateduse.Thisledtothedevelopmentofaspecialmagnetictape.Whereasthepapertape carriedtheprogrammedinstructionsasaseriesofholespunchedinthetape,theT hismostimportantofthesewasthatitwasdifficultorimpossibletochangethein structionsenteredonthetape.Tomakeeventhemostminoradjustmentsinaprogra mofinstructions,itwasnecessarytointerruptmachiningoperationsandmakean ewtape.Itwasalsostillnecessarytorunthetapethoughtthereaderasmanytimes astherewerepartstobeproduced.Fortunately,computertechnologybecomearea lityandsoonsolvedtheproblemsofNC,associatedwithpunchedpaperandplastic tape.Thedevelopmentofaconceptknownasnumericalcontrol(DNC)solvethepaper andplastictapeproblemsassociatedwithnumericalcontrolbysimplyeliminati ngtapeasthemediumforcarryingtheprogrammedinstructions.Indirectnumeric alcontrol,machinetoolsaretied,viaadatatransmissionlink,toahostcompute randfedtothemachinetoolasneededviathedatatransmissionlinkage.Directnumericalcontrolrepresentedamajorstepforwardoverpunchedtapeandplasticta pe.However,itissubjecttothesamelimitationasalltechnologiesthatdependo nahostcomputer.Whenthehostcomputergoesdown,themachinetoolsalsoexperie ncedowntime.Thisproblemledtothedevelopmentofcomputernumericalcontrol.Thedevelopmentofthemicroprocessorallowedforthedevelopmentofprogra mmablelogiccontrollers(PLC)andmicrocomputers.Thesetwotechnologiesallo wedforthedevelopmentofcomputernumericalcontrol(CNC).WithCNC,eachmachi netoolhasaPLCoramicrocomputerthatservesthesamepurpose.Thisallowsprogr Csolvedtheproblems associateddowntimeofthehostcomputer,butitintroducedanotherproblemknow nasdatamanagement.Thesameprogrammightbeloadedontendifferentmicrocompu terswithnocommunicationamongthem.Thisproblemisintheprocessofbeingsolv edbylocalareanetworksthatconnectDigitalSignalProcessorsTherearenumeroussituationswhereanalogsignalstobeprocessedinmanywa ys,likefilteringandspectralanalysis,Designinganaloghardwaretoperformt hesefunctionsispossiblebuthasbecomelessandpractical,duetoincreasedper formancerequirements,flexibilityneeds,andtheneedtocutdownondevelopmen t/testingtime.Itisinotherwordsdifficultpmdesignanaloghardwareanalysis ofsignals.Theactofsamplingansignalintothehatarespecialisedforembeddedsignal processingoperations,andsuchaprocessoriscalledaDSP,whichstandsforDigi talSignalProcessor.TodaytherearehundredsofDSPfamiliesfromasmanymanufacturers,eachonedesignedforaparticularprice/performance/usagegroup.Man yofthelargestmanufacturers,likeTexasInstrumentsandMotorola,offerboths pecialisedDSP’sforcertainfieldslikemotor-controlormodems,andgeneralh igh-performanceDSP’sthatcanperformbroadrangesofprocessingtasks.Devel opmentkitsan`softwarearealsoavailable,andtherearecompaniesmakingsoftw aredevelopmenttoolsforDSP’sthatallowstheprogrammertoimplementcomplex processingalgorithmsusingsimple“drag‘n’drop”methodologies.DSP’smoreorlessfallintotwocategoriesdependingontheunderlyingarch itecture-fixed-pointandfloating-point.Thefixed-pointdevicesgenerallyo perateon16-bitwords,whilethefloating-pointdevicesoperateon32-40bitsfl oating-pointwords.Needlesstosay,thefixed-pointdevicesaregenerallychea per.Anotherimportantarchitecturaldifferenceisthatfixed-pointprocessor stendtohaveanaccumulatorarchitecture,withonlyone“generalpurpose”reg ister,makingthemquitetrickytoprogramandmoreimportantly,makingC-compil ersinherentlyinefficient.Floating-pointDSP’sbehavemorelikecommongene ral-purposeCPU’s,withregister-files.TherearethousandsofdifferentDSP’sonthemarket,anditisdifficulttas kfindingthemostsuitableDSPforaproject.Thebestwayisprobablytosetupacon straintandwishlist,andtrytocomparetheprocessorsfromthebiggestmanufact urersagainstit.The“bigfour”manufacturersofDSPs:TexasInstruments,Motorola,AT&Ta ndAnalogDevices.Digital-to-analogconversionInthecaseofMPEG-Audiodecoding,digitalcompresseddataisfedintotheDS Pwhichperformsthedecoding,thenthedecodedsampleshavetobeconvertedbacki ntotheanalogdomain,andtheresultingsignalfedanamplifierorsimilaraudioe quipment.Thisdigitaltoanalogconversion(DCA)isperformedbyacircuitwitht hesamename&DifferentDCA’sprovidedifferentperformanceandquality,asmea suredbyTHD(Totalharmonicdistortion),numberofbits,linearity,speed,filt ercharacteristicsandotherthings.TheTMS320familyDQPofTexasInstrumentsTheTLS320familyconsistsoffixed-point,floating-point,multiprocesso rdigitalsignalprocessors(D[Ps),andfoxed-pointDSPcontrollers.TMS320DSP haveanarchitecturedesignedspecificallyforreal-timesignalprocessing.Th e’F/C240isanumberofthe’C2000DSPplatform,andisoptimizedforcontrolapp lications.The’C24xseriesofDSPcontrollerscombinesthisreal-timeprocess ingcapabilitywithcontrollerperipheralstocreateanidealsolutionforcontr olsystemapplications.ThefollowingcharacteristicsmaketheTMS320familyth erightchoiceforawiderangeofprocessingapplications:---Veryflexibleinstructionset---Inherentoperationalflexibility---High-speedperformance---Innovativeparallelarchitecture---CosteffectivenessDeviceswithinagenerationoftheTMS320familyhavethesameCPUstructure butdifferenton-chipmemoryandperipheralconfigurations.Spin-offdevicesu senewcombinationsofOn-chipmemoryandperipheralstosatisfyawiderangeofne edsintheworldwideelectronicsmarket.Byintegratingmemoryandperipheralso ntoasinglechip,TMS320devicesreducesystemcostsandsavecircuitboardspace .The16-bit,fixed-pointDSPcoreofthe‘C24xdevicesprovidesanalogdesi gnersadigitalsolutionthatdoesnotsacrificetheprecisionandperformanceof theirsystemperformancecanbeenhancedthroughtheuseofadvancedcontrolalgo rithmsfortechniquessuchasadaptivecontrol,Kalmanfiltering,andstatecont rol.The‘C24xDSPcontrollerofferreliabilityandprogrammability.Analogco ntrolsystems,ontheotherhand,arehardwiredsolutionsandcanexperienceperf ormancedegradationduetoaging,componenttolerance,anddrift.Thehigh-speedcentralprocessingunit(CPU)allowsthedigitaldesignert oprocessalgorithmsinrealtimeratherthanapproximateresultswithlook-upta bles.TheinstructionsetoftheseDSPcontrollers,whichincorporatesbothsign alprocessinginstructionsandgeneral-purposecontrolfunctions,coupledwit htheextensivedevelopmenttimeandprovidesthesameeaseofuseastraditional8 -and16-bitmicrocontrollers.Theinstructionsetalsoallowsyoutoretainyour softwareinvestmentwhenmovingfromothergeneral-purpose‘C2xxgeneration, sourcecodecompatiblewiththe’C2xgeneration,andupwardlysourcecodecompa tiblewiththe‘C5xgenerationofDSPsfromTexasInstruments.The‘C24xarchitectureisalsowell-suitedforprocessingcontrolsignal s.Itusesa16-bitwordlengthalongwith32-bitregistersforstoringintermedia teresults,andhastwohardwareshiftersavailabletoscalenumbersindependent lyoftheCPU.Thiscombinationminimizesquantizationandtruncationerrors,an dincreasesp2ocessingpowerforadditionalfunctions.Suchfunctionsmightinc ludeanotchfilterthatcouldcancelmechanicalresonancesinasystemoranestim ationtechniquethatcouldeliminatestatesensorsinasystem.The‘C24xDSPcontrollerstakeadvantageofansetofperipheralfunctions thatallowTexasInstrumentstoquicklyconfigurevariousseriesmembersfordif ferentprice/performancepointsorforapplicationoptimization.Thislibraryofbothdigitalandmixed-signalperipheralsincludes:---Timers---Serialcommunicationsports(SCI,SPI)---Analog-to-digitalconverters(ADC)---Eventmanager---Systemprotection,suchaslow-voltageandwatchdogtimerTheDSPcontrollerperipherallibraryiscontinuallygrowingandchanging tosuittheoftomorrow’sembeddedcontrolmarketplace.TheTMS320F/C240isthefirststandarddeviceintroducedinthe‘24xserie sofDSPcontrollers.Itsetsthestandardforasingle-chipdigitalmotorcontrol ler.The‘240canexecute20MIPS.Almostallinstructionsareexecutedinasimpl ecycleof50ns.Thishighperformanceallowsreal-timeexecutionofverycomple8controlalgorithms,suchasadaptivecontrolandKalmanfilters.Veryhighsampl ingratescanalsobeusedtominimizeloopdelays.The‘240hasthearchitecturalfeaturesnecessaryforhigh-speedsignalp rocessinganddigitalcontrolfunctions,andithastheperipheralsneededtopro videasingle-chipsolutionformotorcontrolapplications.The‘240ismanufac turedusingsubmicronCMOStechnology,achievingalogpowerdissipationrating.A lsoincludedareseveralpower-downmodesforfurtherpowersavings.Someapplic ationsthatbenefitfromtheadvancedprocessingpowerofthe‘240include: ---Industrialmotordrives---Powerinvertersandcontrollers---Automotivesystems,suchaselectronicpowersteering,antilockbrake s,andclimatecontrol---ApplianceandHVACblower/compressormotorcontrols---Printers,copiers,andotherofficeproducts---Tapedrives,magneticopticaldrives,andothermassstorageproducts---RoboticandCNCmillingmachinesTofunctionasasystemmanager,aDSPmusthaverobuston-chipI/Oandotherp eripherals.Theeventmanagerofthe‘240isunlikeanyotheravailableonaDSP.T hisapplication-optimizedperipheralunit,coupledwiththehighperformanceD SPcore,enablestheuseofadvancedcontroltechniquesforhigh-precisionandhi gh-efficiencyfullvariable-speedcontrolofallmotortypes.Includeintheeve ntmanagerarespecialpulse-widthmodulation(PWM)generationfunctions,suchasaprogrammabledead-bandfunctionandaspacevectorPWMstatemachinefor3-ph asemotorsthatprovidesstate-of-the-artmaximumefficiencyintheswitchingo fpowertransistors.Thereindependentupdowntimers,eachwithit’sowncompareregister,sup portthegenerationofasymmetric(noncentered)aswellassymmetric(centered) PWMwaveforms.Open-LoopandClosed-LoopControlOpen-loopControlSystemsThewordautomaticimpliesthatthereisacertainamountofsophistication inthecontrolsystem.Byautomatic,itgenerallymeansThatthesystemisusually capableofadaptingtoavarietyofoperatingconditionsandisabletorespondtoa classofinputssatisfactorily.However,notanytypeofcontrolsystemhastheau ually,theautomaticfeatureisachievedbyfeed.gthefeedbackstructure,itiscalledanopen-loopsystem,whichisthesimp lestandmosteconomicaltypeofcontrolsystem.inaccuracyliesinthefactthato nemaynotknowtheexactcharacteristicsofthefurther,whichhasadefinitebear ingontheindoortemperature.Thisalcopointstoanimportantdisadvantageofth eperformanceofanopen-loopcontrolsystem,inthatthesystemisnotcapableofa daptingtovariationsinenvironmentalconitionsortoexternaldisturbances.I nthecaseofthefurnacecontrol,perhapsanexperiencedpersoncanprovidecontr olforacertaindesiredtemperatureinthehouse;butidthedoorsorwindowsareop enedorclosedintermittentlyduringtheoperatingperiod,thefinaltemperatureinsidethehousewillnotbeaccuratelyregulatedbytheopen-loopcontrol.Anelectricwashingmachineisanothertypicalexampleofanopen-loopsyst em,becausetheamountofwashtimeisentirelydeterminedbythejudgmentandesti mationofthehumanoperator.Atrueautomaticelectricwashingmachineshouldha vethemeansofcheckingthecleanlinessoftheclothescontinuouslyandturnitse dtoffwhenthedesireddegisedofcleanlinessisreached.Closed-LoopControlSystemsWhatismissingintheopen-loopcontrolsystemformoreaccurateandmoread aptablecontrolisalinkorfeedbackfromtheoutputtotheinputofthesystem.Ino rdertoobtainmoreaccuratebontrol,thecontrolledsignalc(t)mustbefedbacka ndcomparedwiththereferenceinput,andanactuatingsignalproportionaltothe differenceoftheoutputandtheinputmustbesentthroughthesystemtocorrectth eerror.Asystemwithoneormorefeedbackpat(slikethatjustdescribediscalled aclosed-loopsystem.humanbeingareprobablythemostcomplexandsophisticate dfeedbackcontrolsysteminexistence.Ahumanbeingmaybeconsideredtobeacont rolsystemwithmanyinputsandoutputs,capableofcarryingouthighlycomplexop erations.Toillustratethehumanbeingasafeedbackcontrolsystem,letusconsidert hattheobjectiveistoreachforanobjectonaperformthetask.Theeyesserveasas ensingdevicewhichfeedsbackcontinuouslythepositionofthehand.Thedistanc ebetweenthehandandtheobjectistheerror,whichiseventuallybroughttozeroa sthehandreachertheobject.Thisisatypicalexampleofclosed-loopcontrol.However,ifoneistoldtoreachfortheobjectandthenisblindolded,onecanonlyrea chtowardtheobjectbyestimatingitsexactposition.ItisAsantherillustrativ eexampleofaclosed-loopcontrolsystem,showstheblockdiagramoftherudderco ntrolsystemofThebasicalementsandtheblocadiagramofaclosed-loopcontrols ystemareshowninfig.Ingeneral,theconfigurationofafeedbackcontrolsystem maynotbeconstrainedtothatoffig&.Incomplexsystemstheremaybemultitudeof feedbackloopsandelementblocks.数控在先进制造技术领域最根本的观念之壹是数控（NC）。

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英文原文CNC Machining ProcessFirst, our country's history of the development of numerical control system1. Our country since 1958, by a group of research institutes, colleges and universities and a few started to CNC Machine Tool Plant of the research and development system. At that time, due to the low level of domestic electronic components, such as the department of economic constraints, lack of a larger development.2. In the reform and opening up, China's numerical control technology gradually achieve substantial development. After "65" (81 ---- 85 years) the introduction of foreign technology, "75" (86 ------ 90 years) of the digestion and absorption and the "Eighth Five-Year Plan" (91 ~ 1 -95 years) National Organization of scientific and technological, that makes our country's CNC technology has a qualitative leap in acceptance at that time, through research and identification of country products including Beijing Everest's Chinese I, central China's central NC I and a few high-end Shenyang National Engineering Research Center for Control of Blue-I, as well as other through the "National Quality Supervision and Test Center machine" test NC system of qualified domestic companies such as Nanjing, four products.3. China's CNC machine tool manufacturing industry in the 80's had the stage of rapid development, many machine tool plant products from traditional products to the NC transition. But, generally speaking, the technological level is not high, the quality of the poor, so in the early 90's facing the country's economy from a planned economy to a market economy and adjust the transfer went through the most difficult years of the Depression period, the production capacity at that time down to 50 %, more than four month inventory. From 1995, "Ninth Five-Year Plan" to expand domestic demand from the country after the machine tool market to start, so as to reinforce the approval of imports of CNC equipment, investment focused on support for key numerical control system, equipment, technologies of CNC equipment has played a significant role, especially in 1999, the country's defense industry to civilian industry and the key to putting in a lot of technical department funds, to enable CNCequipment manufacturer market thriving. Three, CNC Technology and Equipment of cars cut CNC Lathe Machining Lathe technology and processing technology similar to, but because of CNC lathe is a fixture, for automatic processing of all finish turning process, which should pay attention to the following aspects.1. A reasonable selection cutting for the high-efficiency metal-cutting processing, the processed materials, cutting tools, cutting conditions is the three major elements. These determine the processing time, tool life and processing quality. Cost-effective processing methods must be a reasonable choice of the cutting conditions. Three elements of cutting conditions: cutting speed, feed rate and cutting depth of the damage directly caused by the tool. With the increase in cutting speed, tool tip temperature will rise; will have mechanical, chemical, thermal wear and tear. 20% increase in cutting speed; tool life will reduce the 1 /2. Feed conditions and the relationship between tool wear and tear at the back of a very small area of. However, the feed rate, cutting temperature rise, wear big behind. Than the impact of cutting speed on tool small. Depth of cut on the tools did not affect the cutting speed and feed rate, but at small cutting depth of cut when cutting materials have been hardened layer, which will affect the tool life. The user is processed according to the material, hardness, cutting status, material type, feed rate, cutting depth, such as the option of using the cutting speed. The most appropriate selections of processing conditions are at the basis of these factors is selected. Have rules, stability, worn and tear is to achieve the ideal conditions for life. However, in actual operation, the selection tool life and tool wear, the size of changes in processing, surface quality, cutting noise, heat processing and so on. In determining the processing conditions required to study the actual situation. The heat-resistant alloys such as stainless steel and hard materials, the coolant can be used best to use rigid blade.2. Reasonable selection tool1) when rough, it is necessary to choose high strength, good durability tool, in order to meet the rough knife when eating large back volume, the feed requirements.2) Fine car, it is necessary to choose high precision, durability good tool to ensure that the requirements of machining accuracy.3) In order to reduce tool change time and convenience of the knife should be used machines and machine folder knife blade.3. A reasonable selection Fixture1) General selection try the work piece clamping fixture to avoid the use of a dedicated fixture;2) positioning the base parts overlap so as to reduce the positioning error.4. To determine the processing routeprocessing route is the index-controlled machining process, tool parts relative trajectory and direction of Sports.1) Should be able to ensure the machining accuracy and surface roughness requirements;2) should try to shorten the processing route, reducing travel time and air knives.5. Processing route of contact with allowanceAt present, CNC lathes have not yet achieved the universal access to conditions, the general should be put on too much rough margin, especially with forging, casting hard cushion cortex in general lathe processing. Must be such as CNC lathe, the need to pay attention to process flexibility.6. Fixture to install the main pointsat present, the hydraulic clamping chuck and hydraulic cylinder are connected by the rod of the implementation, in Figure 1. Hydraulic clamping chuck as follows: First of all, by moving on hand to unload the nut hydraulic cylinder, the discharge of SLIDE, and back-end from the spindle out, and then move the hands to unload screw chuck can be disposed of under the chuck. Four, effectively turning a reasonable Save processing time Index Turning Center's G200 integrated processing unit with a modular, high-power two-axis linkage axis function, thus further shortening the processing time. With other means of job-axis opposite to the concept of clamping, the use of the product can be integrated intelligent processing unit in place so that the work piece clamping and automatic processing. In other words, the automatic setup will not be affected by the processing of another axis, a feature that can be shortened about 10% of the processing time. In addition, the Four processing very quickly, youcan simultaneously have two processing tool. When the machine is put into use in pairs, the efficiency becomes more apparent. In other words, the conventional hard turning and setting two cars can parallel machine. Turning conventional vehicles and hardware differences between the tool and focused only in the coolant system thermostat. However, conventional processing is different: both can be used conventional processing and a tool carrier for processing Tailstock; and hardware when using a tool only. In both types of machine tools can be carried out on the hard dry processing, only the manufacturer's technology program designed to balance the need to beat time, and Index of the module structure of machine tools to provide them with greater flexibility. To improve the productivity of high-precision with the continuous improvement of production efficiency, the user also made for a very high accuracy requirements. Turning Center G200 used for processing, the cold start up to four parts processing required to achieve tolerances of 卤6mm. Processing process, the accuracy is usually maintained at 2mm. Index so made available to the company's clients are high-precision, high efficiency, the integrity of the program, and programs to provide such high precision, requiring careful choice of spindle, bearings and other features. G200 Turning Center Landshut, Germany, BMW car factory in the application of the company achieved good results. The plant is not only the production of engines, but also by the production of cast light metal parts, plastic decorative items inside the vehicle and steering axis. Consider the quality of supervisory staff, and its very precise machining accuracy: tolerance bands for 卤15mm, for bearing tolerance 卤6.5mm. In addition, the processing of the universal joints of the Index companies use automatic intelligent processing unit. The first two parts are used for turning centers before playing pre-processing, post-processing line measurement, and then sent through the conveyor belt for hobbling, cleaning and quenching treatment. The last process using the second processing system Index. G200 Turning Center by two steering knuckle on the car bearing hard. In the machine tool to complete the online survey, then to the discharge unit. Processing unit fully integrated into the layout of the workshop, and in line with ergonomic requirements, covers an area of greatly reduced, and only two staff members to the custody ofmanufacturing cells. Friday, CNC turning and G00 in the magical effect of the skills to ensure dimensional accuracy CNC turning processing technology has been widely used in mechanical manufacturing industry, how efficient, reasonable, and completed by the quality of the work piece by the amount of processing, each engaged in the trade of engineering and technical personnel more or less have their own experience. I engaged in CNC teaching, training and processing for many years, accumulated a certain amount of experience and skills, is to CNC Equipment Factory Guangzhou GSK980T series of machine tool production, for example, introduce a few skills in CNC turning. First, the program first sentence skills G00 We now have access to textbooks and CNC turning technical books, procedures are set up the first sentence of work piece coordinate system, that is, G50 X,Z in the first sentence as a process. According to the directive, a coordinate system can be set so that the tool at a point in this coordinate system as coordinates (X, Z) (In this paper, the origin of work piece coordinate system are set at the right end of the work piece surface). Programming using this method, the knife, the knife must be moved to the established position of G50 can be set for processing, identify the location of the process is as follows.1. of a knife, the rough work piece clamping good;2. Spindle is to hand round the base right side knife flat work piece surface A;3. Z-axis fixed, the release of the tool along the X axis points to C, type G50 Z0, the point of computer memory;4. Program entry mode, type G01 W-8 F50, turning out to be one step work piece;5. X-axis fixed, the release of the tool along the Z-axis points to C, stop turning out measuring the diameter of the work piece level, the importation of G50 X, computer memory that point;6. Program entry mode, enter the G00 X伪Z尾, programming tool runs the specified procedure to the starting point, and then enter the G50 X,Z, procedures for the origin of the computer memory. The above-mentioned steps, the steps that the tool 6 at X,Z Office location is essential; otherwise, the work piece coordinate system will be modified, not the normal processing of the work piece. Processing has been theexperience of the people all know that the above position will be the tool to the cumbersome process of X,Z Department, in the event of an accident, X or Z-axis without servo, tracking error, power outages happen, etc., the system can restart, after restart system loss of G50 work piece coordinate values set by the memory, "reset back to zero run" is no longer working, will need to re-run the tool and reset to X,Z location G50. If it is production, processing, after the End of a return to the starting point for continued processing under the G50 is, in the process some errors on the work piece coordinate system may be modified. In view of the first sentence of the above procedures using G50 work piece coordinate system set up many defects, I will want to approach the work piece coordinate system fixed on the machine will process the first sentence changed to G50 X,Z after G00 X,Z, problem solved. The course of its operation only to find G50 using the above-mentioned five-step process before, that is, 1,2,3,4,5 steps to achieve, it will run the tool to a safe location, out of process, and can run automatically. Even if power outages and other unforeseen circumstances occur, restart the system, in the Edit mode to move the cursor without affecting the safe processing of the work piece processing process program segment, according to automate the processing can continue. First sentence of the above procedure to replace G50 with G00 is the substance of the work piece coordinate system fixed on the machine, no longer limited to the origin G50 X,Z process constraints, without changing the work piece coordinate system, easy operation, reliability, and received an unexpected effect. Chinese metal processing onlineSecond, control of dimensional accuracy skills1. To amend the value of a knife up to ensure dimensional accuracyFirst on the knife because of error or other causes beyond the work piece work piece error tolerance, can not meet the processing requirements, can be added by modifying the knife so that the work piece size to meet the requirement to ensure that the radial dimensions are as follows:a. absolute coordinate input methodAccording to the "big decrease, a small increase" principle, a knife up at 001 ~ 004 modified. Such as cut off on the 2nd slot at a big size work piece 0.1mm, and 002showed up knives are X3.8, may enter the X3.7, to reduce the knife on the 2nd meeting.b. the relative coordinate method as in the previous case, enter 002 knife fill U-0.1, also the same result.Similarly, the axial size of the control also and so on. Such as cylindrical with a knife on the 1st axis somewhere above processing, size, long 0.1mm, can be completed at 001 knife enter W0.1.2. Semi-finishing to ensure that the impact of the elimination of screw gap dimensional accuracyFor the majority of CNC lathe using a longer time, because of the effects of screw space and processing of the work piece dimensions are often unstable situation. At this time, we can rough after finishing a half-space to eliminate the effects of screw. 1, such as a knife with G71 cylindrical rough, you can fill in the 001 knife enter U0.3, call the G70 a fine car, parking measurements, and then fill in the 001 knife enter U-0.3, once again calling a G70 Finish . Finish a half after this time, eliminating the effects of screw clearance to ensure the stability of the dimensional accuracy.3. To ensure dimensional accuracy Programmer a. to ensure dimensional accuracy absolute programming there is an absolute and relative programming. Programming refers to the relative curve in the processing, the location of the end of the line segment to the starting point for the coordinates of the segment and to determine the origin of the coordinate system. In other words, programming is relatively often at the origin of the coordinates transform, continuous displacement is bound to result in a cumulative error, the absolute programming are in the processing of the whole process, have a relatively unified reference point, that is, coordinates of the origin, so the accumulated error over the relative Programming small. CNC turning work piece, the work piece precision radial dimension than the axial size of the general high precision, it is in the preparation of procedures, the use of the radial size of the absolute best programming, taking into account the processing and the convenience of programming, often used sizes of axial relative programming, but the essential axial size, the use of the absolute best programming.b. to ensure dimensional accuracy numerical conversionA lot of cases, the pattern on the size of the baseline and benchmark the size of the required programming inconsistent and should be first on the base pattern size coordinates converted to programming in size. Figure 2b, in addition to size of 13.06mm, the rest is marked directly by Figure 2a and size to be converted by the program size. One of,Φ29.95mm, Φ16mm and the three dimensions of 60.07mm respectively limit the size of two average size after the programming.4. Modify the program and control the size of premium knivesCNC Machining, we often encounter such a situation: the procedure to run automatically after stopping measurement and found that fail work piece size, size irregular Change. Such as a knife with 1 cylindrical work piece processing as shown in Figure 3, the post-roughing and semi-finishing parking measurements, the size of the radial axis paragraph as follows: Φ30.06mm, Φ23.03mm and Φ16.02mm. In this connection, I used a knife to amend the procedures and methods make up the remedy, as follows: a. modify the program X30 original program unchanged, X23 changed X23.03, X16 changed X16.04, As a result, are in excess of the shaft above the name of tolerance uniform size 0.06mm; b. knife to fill Knife on the 1st at 001 imported premium U-0.06. After these procedures and a two-pronged knife revised up, and then call the refined procedures, the general size of the work piece can be effectively guaranteed. CNC Turning CNC program is based on automated processing, the actual processing, and the operator only has a strong ability to use the program instructions and a wealth of practical skills in order to produce high-quality processing, processing high-quality work piece.Six, CNC machine tool troubleshooting methods and their attention to matters Missions usually take part in because of repair, some repair experience, combined with the relevant theories are described in the following list, to initiate. First, troubleshooting methods(1) initialization reset Law: Under normal circumstances, because of instantaneous alarm system failure can be hardware reset or system power switch in order to remove the fault, if the system is down because of the storage area, plug thecircuit board or battery less pressure lead to confusion, it must be clear to initialize the system, removing the former should pay attention to make copies of recorded data, if initialization can not be ruled out after the failure remains, were carried out in hardware diagnosis.(2) Parameters to change, actual procedures: system parameters are determined based on system functions, parameter settings may cause system errors or failures of a functional null and void. Sometimes, because of procedural errors can be caused by user downtime, this system can be used to block search function to check and correct all errors, in order to ensure its normal operation.(3) Regulation, the best method of adjustment: adjustment is one of the simplest ways. By adjusting the potentiometer to amend system failures. Repair such as in a factory, the system displays chaotic scene, with normal post-conditioning. Such as in a factory, the spindle brake at start-up and skidding when belt because of its large spindle load torque, and drives set the ramp-up time is too small, the normal post-conditioning. Optimize the system to adjust servo drive system with mechanical drag system the best way to match the General regulation, the approach is very simple, with a multi-line recorder or dual trace storage oscilloscope, respectively, observe instructions and the speed of feedback or response to the relationship between current feedback. By adjusting the ratio of the speed regulator factors and integration time to achieve servo system so that there are high dynamic response characteristics, but not the best job status oscillation. NOT at the scene of the oscilloscope or recorder circumstances, based on experience, that is, adjust so that the electrical start-up, and then slowly adjust to the reverse, until you can eliminate the shock.(4) spare parts to replace the Law: The best diagnosis of spare parts to replace bad circuit board, and start to do the initialization, so that the normal operation of machine tools quickly, and then repair or rework bad board, which is currently the most commonly used anti - approach it.(5) To improve the quality of the power law: the use of the existing power supply, to improve the power supply fluctuations. For high-frequency interference filteringcapacitor can be used by these preventive measures to reduce the power supply board failure.(6) Maintenance of information-tracking: some large manufacturing company based on actual work because of design defects caused by accidental failure, continuously modify and improve the system software or hardware. These changes to the form of constant repair information available to maintenance personnel. Used as the basis for troubleshooting can be completely right troubleshooting.Second, the repair should pay attention to matters(1) removed from a whole block on the circuit board, the Record should be noted that the relative position should be to connect the cable number, for fixed installation of the circuit board, it should be removed before and after the press-fit parts and screws for the record. Demolition under the pressure parts and screws should be placed on a dedicated box, so as to avoid loss, the assembly, the box should be all things to use, or incomplete assembly.(2) Electric iron should be placed on the front easily, away from the circuit board repair. Jerdonii Dressing should be appropriate in order to adapt to the welding circuit and to avoid bumps when welding other components.(3) Measuring the resistance between lines should be off the power, measured resistance should be measured the exchange of red and black table pen twice a year toa large value for the reference value.(4) Circuit board has solder brush most films, it should be measured to find the corresponding point of the solder joint as a test, not to eradicate the solder film, there is some insulation board all the brush layer, only in the spot with a blade scratch Department insulating layer.(5) Should not be arbitrarily cut off the printed circuit. Some maintenance personnel must have experience in repair of household appliances, used to check the line, but the numerical control equipment on the circuit boards are double-sided or multi-hole metal plate of plate, printing and dense fine-line, once cut off the hard welding, and easy to cut off tangent when the adjacent line, again some point, a cut off at one line, and should not make it and line out, need to do to cut off a few lines.(6) Should not be removed components. Some maintenance personnel to determine fault components in the absence of circumstances that is the seat of your pants a component breaks down, removed immediately, so that a higher rate of miscarriage of justice, human element removed have a higher failure rate.(7) Should be used to demolish suction devices and suction devices tin rope, should not have the hardware check. Long time heating pad should not be the same and repeat the demolition in order to avoid pad damage.(8) Replacement of the device, the pin should be the appropriate treatment, welding should not be used in welding acidic oil.(9) Record on the circuit switch, the jumper position, it should not be changed. Control for more than two inspections, or swap components on-board when the attention of the components of the tag in order to avoid confusion, which can not work well plate.中文译文数控加工工艺一，我国数控系统的发展史1.我国从1958年起，由一批科研院所，高等学校和少数机床厂起步进行数控系统的研制和开发。