大学生考研英语翻译

大学生考研英语翻译
大学生考研英语翻译

2009年英译汉全文

There is a marked difference between the education which every one gets from living with others, and the deliberate educating of the young. In the former case the education is incidental; it is natural and important, but it is not the express reason of the association. (46) It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive. Religious associations began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the most part, because of enslavement to others, etc. (47) Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution. Even today, in our industrial life, apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift, the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association under which the world's work is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output.

和他人共同生活时得到的教育与年轻人接受的特殊教育,两者存在显著区别。就前者而言,教育是偶然的;这种教育是自然的、重要的,但它不是人们联合起来的直接原因。或许可以说,衡量任何社会制度的价值,都要看它在丰富和完善经验方面的作用;但这种作用并非其原始动机的一部分。例如,宗教社团最初是为了获得天主恩赐、避免邪魔影响;家庭生活是为了满足各种欲望、保持家族延续;有系统的劳动则是为了奴役他人,等等。制度附带产生的影响引起注意的过程相当缓慢,而人们将这种影响视为制度指导性因素的过程则更加缓慢。甚至在今天,在我们的工业化生活中,除了勤奋和节俭的价值得到了认可,世界运转所依赖的人类社团的许多智力和感情反应,与人类社团的物质产物比起来,得到的关注可谓微不足道。

But in dealing with the young, the fact of association itself as an immediate human fact, gains in importance. (48) While it is easy to ignore in our contact with them the effect of our acts upon their disposition, it is not so easy as in dealing with adults. The need of training is too evident; the pressure to accomplish a change in their attitude and habits is too urgent to leave these consequences wholly out of account. (49) Since our chief business with them is to enable them to share in a common life we cannot help considering whether or not we are forming the powers which will secure this ability. If humanity has made some headway in realizing that the ultimate value of every institution is its distinctively human effect we may well believe that this lesson has been learned largely through dealings with the young.

但在和年轻人打交道时,社团本身作为一个客观存在的人类事实,却得到了重视。我们在和年轻人打交道时,容易忽略自身行为对他们性格的影响;然而在于成年人打交道的时候,这种情况却不那么容易发生。他们很明显需要接受培训,改变他们的态度和习惯也迫在眉睫,以至于我们不能留下这些后果完全不予考虑。既然我们的主要任务是让他们能够融入共同生活,我们就不禁会思考,自己是否在形成一种力量,来确保他们做到这一点。每个社团的终极价值在于它对人类的独特影响——如果说人类对这一点的认识有所进展,那么我们完全可以相信,这主要是通过和年轻人打交道学到的。

(50) We are thus led to distinguish, within the broad educational process which we have been so far considering, a more formal kind of education -- that of direct tuition or schooling. In undeveloped social groups, we find very little formal teaching and training. These groups mainly rely for instilling needed dispositions into the young upon the same sort of association which keeps the adults loyal to their group.

因此,在目前为止提及的广义教育进程之中,我们可以区分出一种更正规的教育形式,即直接教导或学校教育。我们发现,不发达的社会群体中很少有正规的教育和培训。这些群体中有一种纽带,使成年人忠于自己的群体。他们将年轻人培养成社会所需的性格,主要依赖的也是这种纽带。

2011年英译汉全文翻译

With its theme that “Mind is the master weaver,” creating our inner character and outer circumstances, the book As a Man Thinking by James Allen is an in-depth exploration of the cent ral idea of self-help writing.

詹姆斯·艾伦的《作为一名思想者》1[1]深入探讨了自助类书籍的核心概念。该书的主要观点是“意识是编织大师”,意识塑造了我们的内在性格和外在环境。

(46) Allen?s contribution was to take an assumption we all share—that because we are not robots we therefore control our thoughts—and reveal its erroneous nature. Because most of us believe that mind is separate from matter, we think that thoughts can be hidden and made powerless; this allows us to think one way and act another. However, Allen believed that the unconscious mind generates as much action as the conscious mind, and (47) while we may be able to sustain the illusion of control through the conscious mind alone, in reality we are continually faced with a question: “Why cannot I make myself do this or achieve that? ”

艾伦的贡献在于,他探讨了一个公认的假设“因为我们不是机器人,所以我们能控制自己的想法”,并揭示了其错误的本质。我们大多数人相信,意识与物质是割裂的;因此我们认为,思想可以隐藏起来,可以变得毫无影响力;这使得我们可以思行不一。但艾伦相信,潜意识和意识能对行为造成同样大的影响;我们或许只靠意识就能维持“掌控一切”的幻觉,但事实上我们一直面临一个问题:“为什么我不能让自己做到这件事或实现那个目标?”

Since desire and will are damaged by the presence of thoughts that do not accord with desire, Allen concluded: “We do not attract what we want, but what we are.” Achievement happens because you as a person embody the external achievement; you don?t “get” success but become it. There is no gap between mind and matter。

和欲望不相符的想法会摧毁我们的欲望和希冀。艾伦得出的结论是:“我们不能吸引自己想要的东西,只能做好自己。”你之所以能取得成就,是因为你这个人体现出了成就;你并非“取得”成功,而是“变得”成功。意识与物质并不割裂。

Part of the fame of Allen?s book is its contention that “Circumstances do not make a person, they reveal him.” (48) This seems a justification for neglect of those in need, and a rationalization of exploitation, of the superiority of those at the top and the inferiority of those at the bottom.

艾伦这本书的亮点还在于指出了“环境不会造就人,而是反映人。”这似乎为忽视需要帮助的人找到了借口,使剥削变得有合理化了,使富人优越、穷人卑微变得有道理了。

This, however, would be a knee-jerk reaction to a subtle argument. Each set of circumstances, however bad, offers a unique opportunity for growth. If circumstances always determined the life and prospects of people, then humanity would never have progressed. In fact, (49)circumstances seem to be designed to bring out the best in us and if we feel that we have been “wronged” then we are unlikely to begin a conscious effort to escape from our situation. Nevertheless, as any biographer knows, a person?s early life and its conditions are often the greatest gift to an individual。

但这不过是对一个模棱两可的论点的本能回应。每一种环境,无论多么恶劣,都提供了独一无二的成长机遇。如果环境总是决定人们的生活和希冀,那么人类永远不会进步。事实上,环境似乎诣在激发我们最大的潜能;如果我们感到“上天不公”,就不太可能有意识地试图脱离现状。但正如任何一位传记作家都知道的那样,一个人的早年生活和周遭际遇往往是他最大的财富。

The sobering aspect of Allen?s book is that we have no one else to blame for our present condition except ourselves. (50) The upside is the possibilities contained in knowing that everything is up to us; where before we were experts in the array of limitations, now we become authorities of what is possible.

艾伦这本书令人警醒之处在于——对于我们当下的处境,我们不能怪罪别人,只能归咎于自己。从积极的方面看,既然万事都取决于我们自己,那么就有无限可能;过去,我们是应对种种局限性的专家;现在,我们成了掌控所有可能性的权威。

1[1]根据爱默生的说法,“思想者”(Man Thinking)不同于“思考者”(Thinker)。Thinker是被动思考、靠吸吮他人思想活着的人,而Man Thinking 要形成自己的思想。

2012

46)In physics,one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme,and seeks a theory of everything — a single generative equation for all we see.

46. 物理学中,有一种方法将这种对统一性的紧迫需求发挥到了极致,追求一种具有普遍意义的理论,即为我们所见之物寻求一种单一的生成公式。

47)Here,Darwinism seems to offer justification,for if all humans share common origins,it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings.

47. 在此,达尔文似乎给出了合理化的解释,这是因为如果整个人类有相同的起源,那么我们就有理由认为,文化的多样性同样也可以追溯到更为具体的开端。

48)To filter out what is contingent and unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behaviour arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.

48. 从共性中过滤出独特性,我们就可以明白文化行为起源的复杂性,以及文化行为在进化方面和认知方面的源动力。

49)The second,by Joshua Greenberg,takes a more empirical approach to universality,identifying traits (particularly in word order)shared by many languages,which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraints.

49. 第二个为此做出努力的人是约书亚。格林伯格,他采用经验主义的方法来研究普遍性,确认多种语言(尤其是语序方面的)共同特征,这些特征被认为是体现了由于认知局限性而带来的偏见。

50)Chomsky…s grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it,whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations.

50. 乔姆斯基的语法体现了与树型结构及其间路径不相关的语言变化模式,而格林伯格的普遍性理论则预见了各种类型的语序关系中存在强烈的相互依存性。

In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theory of everything — a single generative equation for all we see.

46. 在物理学中,一种途径将这种同一性(普遍性)的探求发挥到极致,并诉求一种普世理论,即一条具有普遍性的生成等式。

【在这个句子中,考点在this impulse for unification、take sth to its extreme、a theory of everything、a single generative equation for all we see等短语在这个语境中的语境意义,也就是说,即使这些词汇都认识,也不能按照字典意思一一排列。】

47.Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification, for if all humans share common origins, it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings.

47. 譬如,达尔文物种起源论似乎可提供有力的佐证。如果人类享有共同的起源,那么似乎可以合理地认为,文化多样性也应享有更近似的根源。

【这句话中的here起举例说明的作用,不能翻译成地点状语“在这里”。此外,句中的justification、it seems reasonable to suppose、more constrained beginnings、trace等都需要透彻的理解和谨慎的处理。】

48. To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behavior arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms.

48. 从共性中区别出个性,可使人从进化的视角或认知的角度,洞悉复杂的文化行为赖以产生的方式,探求诱发文化行为的因素。

【本句中,to filter out、what is unique、what is shared、how complex cultural behavior arose、what guides it、in evolutionary or cognitive terms等的理解是翻译该句的重点所在。由于都是略带术语性质的文化词汇,所以对于没有相关专业知识的考生而言,真可谓雪上加霜!】

49.The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality, identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many languages, which are co nsidered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraints.

49.第二则语言普遍论是由约瑟夫·格林伯格提出的,以实证方式辨识世界诸语所共享的特征,特别是词序,这些语言特征被视为由人类认知局限引发的偏见。

【原文中有个错误,即Joseph Harold Greenberg (1915- ),并非是Joshua。文中的the second指the second attempt或the second effort与前文the most famous of these efforts was initiated by Chomsky相呼应,因此翻译时应还原,否则译文会发生歧义。此外,traits、to represent biases that result from cognitive constraints、takes a more empirical approach to universality等的理解也十分重要。】

50. Chomsky's grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it, whereas Greenberian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations.

50. 乔姆斯基语法揭示的是语言变化的模式,这些模式与语言谱系树或由其追溯的路径无关,而格林伯格的普遍性理论预示了特定词序关系中存在紧密的依存关系。【乔姆斯基的普遍语法可呈现语言变化的诸种模式,这些模式不依谱系树而存在,也不依贯穿谱系树的路径而存在,而格林伯格派主张的普遍性理论则预言:特定词序类型关系间存在紧密的依存性。】

【这句中的the family tree、the pathway tracked through it、are independent of、predict、strong co-dependencies、particular types of word-order relations等的理解,对翻译这样专业的语言学材料是十分重要的。】

考研英语指导:翻译题实例讲解

考研英语指导:翻译题实例讲解 翻译活动本身是一个复杂的心理思维活动过程,任何做翻译的人都会感到翻译的艰巨性。“一名之立,踌躇旬月”就是说要找到一个贴切的词来翻译,常常需要花上数月的功夫。考研英语翻译在考试中的时间限制和紧张状态是由不得我们去“慢条斯理地字斟句酌”的。在翻译的“理解——表达——校对”三个环节中,大多数初学翻译的人,感觉最明显的问题是:理解英语不容易,表达成汉语不轻松。如何理解和如何表达,就成了大多数感觉自己英语基础知识比较匮乏的考生的严重问题了。这里,笔者提出了一个更加轻松、更加容易掌握、更加实用的应对考研翻译的策略——拆分与组合。它可以让广大考生在有限的英语基础知识下,突破考研翻译,获得理想的分数。 一、理解英语原文 拆分语法结构 如前面所述,在翻译的基本过程中,理解英语原文是我们进行翻译的前提。一位法国译者曾经说过:“翻译就是理解和使人理 解”(Traduire,c''est comprendre e tfaire comprendre)。说得通俗一点,就是你在动手翻译之前,必须要把英语原文看懂。理解原文是整个翻译过程的第一步。这是最关键、也是最容易出问题的一步。许多考生在复习的时候发现自己的译文含糊不清、语蔫不详的地方,正是自己没有透彻理解原文的地方。在试卷中,大部分的翻译错误都起因于考生的理解错误。没有正确的理解,考生传达的就不是原文的意思,这样就可能扭曲原文的意思,造成严重的扣分现象,甚至会不得分。 由于英语语言具有“形合”的特点,就是说,英语的句子无论多么复杂,都是通过一些语法手段和逻辑手段连接起来的“象葡萄藤一样”的结构。所以,在理解英语句子的时候,理解并拆分句子的语法结构和逻辑结构也就自然而然地成了我们解题的突破口。考研翻译中的所有句子基本上都是结构复杂的长难句,理清句子结构层次就显得至关重要。在翻译句子之前,先通读全句,注意一边读一边拆分句子的语法结构。 怎么拆分呢?有的同学认为自己英语基础知识比较差,对英语句子的语法结构不太理解。没有关系!正因为英语语法结构和逻辑结构比较明显,在理解英语的时候,我们可以把主句和从句拆分出来,或者把主干部分和修饰部分拆分出来。 说得更具体一点,可以寻找下面一些“信号词”来对英语句子进行拆分,进而更加有效地理解英语原文: 1.基本原则:把主句和从句拆分出来,把主干部分和修饰部分拆分出来。 2.连词:如and,or,but,yet,for等并列连词连接着并列句;还有连接状语从句的连接词,如:when,as,since,until,before,

94年-14年历年考研英语翻译必背词汇英汉对照

94年-14年历年考研英语翻译必背词汇(英汉对照) 46) articulate 清晰的表达, 47) by all accounts根据、根据报道;by one’s own account根据某人自己所说,let alone更别提, 48) intensity紧张,abruptly突然地,sudden突然,soft柔和的,passage段落,rarely很少、几乎不,composer作曲家,compose作曲、编写, 49) associate联系, 50) suffer遭受, inevitable不可避免, render转换、使变成; 13年 46) strike打、震撼,for all尽管,style风格,urge需求、督促、鼓励,decoration装饰, 47)sacred神圣的,crude原始、粗糙,as opposed to与相反,shelter避难所, 48) in effect实际上,urban城市,discernible容易看出的,discern看出、识别, 49)blame批评, 50)implicit隐含的,explicit明确的,reference谈到、提及、参考,synthetic人造的; 12年 46) impulse冲动,unification统一、一致, generative生产的、生成的,generate产生, 47) constrain力劝、强迫、限制,constraint限制, 48) filter过滤, cognitive认知的, 49) empirical实证的、根据经验得到的, bias偏见, 50) track跟踪; 11年 46) erroneous错误的,error错误, 47) sustain支持、维持,illusion幻觉,conscious有意识的, 48) justification合理,借口,justify证明是公正的,rationalization合理,exploitation剥削、开发, bottom底, 49) circumstance环境, 50) upside积极的、正面的,contain包含,be up to取决于,array展示、陈列、一系列; 10年 46) rescue拯救,to the effect that大意是说,failed to不能,

2021翻译硕士MTI《英语翻译基础》考研复习笔记备考

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