AREA Information retrieval, content routing system. Professional Experience
事实与数据检索
2010-11-22
CALIS建设项目学科馆员培训
1
手册
手册举例 《中华人民共和国资料手册》、《经济工作手 册》、《工程手册》、《农业数据手册》
2010-11-22 CALIS建设项目学科馆员培训 1
类书
类书举例
《北堂书抄》，隋末唐初虞世南撰，是现存最早的类 书。 《永乐大典》 《古今图书集成》，现存最大类书。 《艺文类聚》
2010-11-22
CALIS建设项目学科馆员培训
1
政书
类书是中国古代出现的典志体史书。是专门记载 典章制度的沿革变化和各项政治、经济、军事、 文化制度的演变和发展的书。 类书举例 “三通”
事实与数据检索
版权声明
CALIS三期建设项目享有复制、编辑、推广、 宣传等使用权
2010-11-22
CALIS建设项目学科馆员培训
1
培训目标
让读者了解事实与数据的检索，即主要是参考工 具书资源的检索及其利用 适用于本科生及初涉科研的研究生
2010-11-22
CALIS建设项目学科馆员培训
1
内容提纲
检索途径：条目分类目录；条目汉字笔画索引 ；条目 外文索引；内容索引 CALIS建设项目学科馆员培训 2010-11-22
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著名百科全书举要 —其他百科全书网络资 源
网址：/ ，它是因 特网上最优秀的百科全书网站之一。它以美国 《简明哥伦比亚百科全书》为基础的免费电子百 科全书检索网站。 网址：/ ，网上优秀的免 费参考工具。
中英时事词典W-Z
中英时事词典W-Z W卫冕世界冠军 reigning world champion外卖 take-out外卖店 take-out restaurant外联网(计算机) extranet外贸单证员 vouching clerk外贸自营权 power to engage in foreign trade外星人 extraterrestrial being (ET)卫星城 satellite town卫星导航 satellilte navigation外需 overseas market demand温室气体 greenhouse gases外税局 foreign-related tax bureau外向型经济 export-oriented economy外逃资本 flight capital外滩(上海) The Bund外债 foreign debt; external debt外企 foreign company温饱工程 bring-warmth fill-bellies project温饱工程 Adequate Food and Clothing Program外层空间 outer space歪风邪气 unhealthy practices and evil phenomena外汇储备 foreign exchange reserve (forex reserve)外汇管理局 Administration of Exchange Control外汇管制 foreign exchange control外交斡旋 diplomatic offices外交庇护 diplomatic asylum顽固分子 die-hard问讯处 information office; inquiry desk稳定物价 stabilize prices稳定压倒一切 Maintaining stability is of top priority物流 logistics; the interflow of goods and materials物以类聚，人以群分 Birds of a feather flock together.物业管理 estate management, property management物质文明 material progress物质文明建设和精神文明建设一起抓 pay attention to ethical as well as material progress物种起源 origin of species物价局 Price Bureau我们在国际上说话是算数的 We always live up to our international commitments.王水 aqua regia万维网(计算机) World Wide Web(WWW)王储，王太子 Crown Prince汪辜会谈 Wang Daohan-Koo Chen-fu Talks (Wang-Koo talks)乌龙球 own goal乌拉圭回合 Uruguay Round挖墙脚 undermine the foundation of sth.; cut the ground from under sb's feet往事如风 "The past has vanished (from memory) like wind.; What in past, is past."污水处理 sewage treatment/ disposal污染指数 pollution index往返机票 return ticket; round-trip ticket望子成龙 hold high hopes for one's child屋漏又逢连阴雨 Misfortunes never come singly. When it rains it pours.屋顶花园 broof garden五保户 household enjoying the five guarantees (childless and infirm old persons who are guarateed food, clothing, medical care, housing and burial expenses)五金化工 metals and chemicals五讲四美三热爱 the movement of "five stresses, four points of beauty and three loves"(The five stresses are: stress on decorum, manners, hygiene, discipline and morals. The four points of beauty are: beauty of the mind, language, behavior adn the enviornment. The three loves are: love of the motherland, socialism and the Communist Party.)文联 literary federation文明街道 model community纹身 tattoo文韬武略 military expertise; military strategy武侠小说 tales of roving knights; martial arts novel; kung fu novel文化旅游 culture-oriented travel文化产业 culture industry文科 liberal arts微软移动构想 Microsoft Vision for Mobility; Microsoft Mobility Initiatives微软公司 Micorsoft Corporation危房 dilapidated building违反合同 breach of contract围垦造田 enclose tideland for cultivation; reclaim land from marshes唯利是图 draw water to one's mill唯一致命的弱点 Achilles' heel维护人权和不断改善人权状况 safeguard human rights and steadily improve the human rights situation伪劣商品赔还法 lemon law伪君子 hypocrite; a wolf in sheep's clothing慰安妇 comfort woman网络摄象机 web cam网络出版 online publishing网络管理员 network administrator网络化 networking网络经济 cybereconomy网络恐怖主义 cyberterrorism网民 netizen; net citizen; cyber citizen网恋 online love affair网上冲浪 surf the Internet网上交易平台 online trading platform网友 net friend网吧 Internet bar网虫 netter; Internet geek网关 gateway无力偿付的公司 insolvent corporation无形资产 intangible assets无形资产 intangible assets; immaterial property无人售票 self-service ticketing无绳来电显示电话 ordless telephone with caller ID 无土栽培 soil-less cultivation威武之师,文明之师 mighty force and civilized force 无息贷款 interest-free loan无为而治 govern by doing nothing that is against nature; govern bynon-interference无线应用协议 WAP（wireless application protocol）无源雷达 passive radar无源之水,无本之木 water without a source, and a tree wiithout roots无中生有 make/create something out of nothing无风不起浪 There are no waves without wind. There's no smoke without fire. 无氟冰箱 Freon-free refrigerator无公害蔬菜 "green" vegetable业主 home owner《围城》 A Surrounded CityX(翻译)信、达、雅 "faithfulness, expressiveness and taste"徇私舞弊 bend the law for personal gain and engage in fraud徇私枉法 bend the law for the benefit of relatives or friends新秀 "up-and-coming star, rising star"新新人类 New Human Being；X Generation新兴市场 emerging market新石器时代 the Neolithic Age; New Stone Age'新宠 new favorite新的经济增长点 new point for/ sources of economic growth新干线 "the Shinkansen, bullet train"新官上任三把火 a new broom sweeps clean新婚市场(指买卖兴旺的市场) bridal market星球大战计划 Star Wars Program星期日泰晤士报 the Sunday Times星火计划 Spark Program行使否决权 exercise the veto行头 theatrical costumes (and paraphernalia)行政审批制度 administrative approval system行政诉讼 administrative proceedings虚心使人进步,骄傲使人落后 Modesty helps one go forward, whereas conceit makes one lag behind.虚拟网 virtual net虚拟银行 virtual bank虚拟存款 window-dressing deposits虚开增值税发票 write false value added tax invoices蓄势而发 accumulate strength for a take-off形式主义 formalism形象小姐/先生 image representative of a product or a brand形成全方位、多层次、宽领域的开放格局 form an all-directional, multi-layered and wide-ranging opening pattern形而上学 metaphysics刑法 penal code; criminal law许可证制度 license granting mechanisms性别歧视 sexual/gender discrimination性价比 cost performance悬而未决的问题 outstanding question信息产业部电信管理局 Telecommunication Management Bureau of Ministry of Information Industry信息革命 information revolution信息港 inforport; cyber port信息高速公路 information superhighway信息高地 information highland信息含量 information content信息化 informationize信息检索 information retrieval信用文化 credit culture信用危机 credit crisis信用紧缩 credit crunch信贷支持 credit aid信得过产品 trustworthy product心理素质 psychological quality心心相印, 精神感应 telesthesia心想事成 May all your wish come true心照不宣 have a tacit understanding; give tacit consent; tacit understanding小型核武器 Mini-nukes小农经济 small-scale peasant economy; autarkical small-scale farming小道消息 hearsay小而全 small and all-inclusive小金库 a private coffer小康 a comfortable level of living; a better-off life; moderate prosperity小康之家 well-off family; comfortably-off family校训 school motto校园文化 campus culture效率优先,兼顾公平 give priority to efficiency with due consideration to fairness效益农业 profitable agriculture效益工资 achievements-related wages; wages based on benefits邪教 heathendom斜拉索桥 stayed-cable bridge写真集 photo album香榭里舍大街 avenue des champs-elyses下网 off line下游行业 downstream industry下载(计算机) downloading香波 shampoo下放权力给 delegating the management of ... (to ...)香格里拉 Shangri-la香港明天更好基金会 Better Hong Kong Foundation香港特别行政区 Hong Kong Special Administrative Region(HKSAR)下岗职工 laid-off workers下海 plunge into the commercial sea乡统筹,村提留 fees paid by farmers for overall township planning and village reserve乡镇企业 township enterprises闲散资金 scattered funds先入为主 First impressions are firmly entrenched.先下手为强 catch the ball before the bound享乐主义 hedonism项目立项 approve and initiate a project项目申报 project application项目预算 project budget项目支持 project support像热锅上的蚂蚁 like an ant on a hot pan向钱看 "mammonism, put money above all"险胜 "cliff-hanging win, narrow victory, nose out"嫌贫爱富 despise the poor and curry favor with the rich销售景气指数 sales index销项税 output tax消费信贷 consumer credit services消费税 consumption tax消费者协会 consumers' association消费者权益日 International Day for Consumers' Rights and Interests消费者物价指数 consumer price index消费结构 pattern of consumption吸收游资 absorb idle fund吸收存款 deposit taking吸取世界文明成果 assimilate the achievements of civilzations the world over 宵夜 a stoke of midnight夏至 Summer Solstice现身说法 warn people by taking oneself as an example现场直播 live broadcast现代企业制度 modern enterprise system; modern corporate system现货交易 cash market transactions; spot transactions现金流量 cash flow稀缺经济 scarcity economy息事宁人 pour oil on troubled waters希望工程 Hope Project夕阳产业 sunset industry喜忧参半 mingled hope and fear洗礼 baptism洗钱 money laundering细菌战 germ war县改市 county upgraded to city县级市 county-level city限制战略武器会谈 strategic arms limitation talks( SALT)线下商贸运作 offline business operation西气东输 transmit the natural gas from the western areas to East China; West-East natural gas transmission project西部大开发 Western Development西电东送 transmit the electricity from the western areas to East China; West-East electricity transmission project削减战略核武器会谈 strategic arms reduction talks (START)选美 beauty contest选举人票 electoral vote选举人制 electoral system选举权和被选举权 the right to vote and the right to be elected学历教育 education with record of formal schooling学生处 students' affairs division学生减负 alleviate the burden on students学时 credit hours学而优则仕 (a Confucian slogan for education) a good scholar can become an official; he who excels in study can follow an official career学分 credit points熏青鱼,转移注意力的话,证券说明书,证券销售书 a red herring循序渐进 step by step寻呼小姐 operators who work with paging centers寻呼台 paging centers巡航导弹 cruise missile巡回招聘 milk round巡回医疗 medical tour《信息技术协议》 ITA (Information Technology Agreement)《西行漫记》 Red Star over China《西厢记》 The Romance of West Chamber《西游记》 Pilgrimage to the West; Journey to the WestY(领导人）与民众的直接对话 town hall conference/meeting(祝愿…)一路平安，一路顺风 speed somebody on their way; speed the parting guest鹬蚌相争，渔人得利 "when the snip and the calm grapple, it is the fisherman who stands to benefit; two dogs strive for a bone, and a third runs away with it"瑜迦 Yoga亚太经合组织领导人非正式会议 IAELM (Informal APEC Economic Leaders' Meetings)亚太经合组织部长级会议 AMM (APEC MinisteriaI Meeting)亚太经合组织工商咨询理事会会议 ABAC Meeting (APEC Business Advisory Council Meeting)亚太经合组织经济领导人会议 AELM (APEC Economic Leaders Meeting)亚太经济合作组织 APEC (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation)亚洲金融危机 financial crisis in Asia亚洲开发银行 ADB(Asian Development Bank )亚健康 subhealthy研究生毕业证/学位证 graduate diploma/graduate degree's diploma研究生成绩考试(美) Graduate Record Examination (GRE)研究成果 research results严以律己,宽以待人 be strict with oneself and lenient towards others严打措施 "Strike-Hard"" drive "严打斗争 "Strike-Hard Operation, campaign to crack down relentlessly on criminal activities"言情小说 romantic fiction; sentimental novel羊肉串小摊 barbecue stall洋务运动 Westernization Movement阳春（最经济方式） no-frills眼前利益服从长远利益,局部利益服从整体利益,个人和集体利益服从国家利益subordinate immediate interests to long-term interests, partial interests to overall interests and the interests of individuals and collectives to those of the state演绎版 demo压水花技术 rip entry压线(口令) Line!压轴戏 grand finale; last and best item on a theatrical program鸦片战争 Opium War养老保险 endowment insurance养老金 pension养路费 road toll沿海经济开发区 open coastal economic area鱼米之乡 a land of milk and honey伊斯兰抵抗运动，简称 Hamas意外风险 emergency risk; unknown risk意向书 letter of intent意大利粉 spaghetti依法治国 manage state affairs according to law; run state affairs according to law永久正常贸易关系 permanent normal trading relations (PNTR)忧患意识 awareness of unexpected development; being prepared for unexpected development; being prepared for any eventualities溢价 premium溢价发行债券(以超过票面金额价发行债券) issue of bonds at a premium有理,有利,有节 on just grounds, to one's advantage and with restraint； with good reason, with advantage and with restraint有理想、有道德、有文化、有纪律 "with lofty ideals, integrety, knowledge and a strong sense of discipline"有情人终成眷属 "Jack shall have Jill, all shall be well."有钱能使鬼推磨 Money makes the mare go. Money talks.有识之士 people of vision有望夺金者 a gold medal hopeful有勇无谋 use brawn rather than brain有缘千里来相会 Separated as we are thousands of miles apart, we come together as if by predestination.有战斗力、有说服力、有吸引力的思想工作队伍 a contingent of militant ideological workers able to persuade and act as a magnet for others有中国特色的社会主义民主政治 a socilalist democracy with Chinese characteristics有中国特色的社会主义道路 road of socialism with Chinese characteristics有法可依,有法必依,执法必严,违法必究 There must be laws to go by, the laws must be observed and strictly enforced, and lawbreakers must be prosecuted.有个奔头 have something to look forward to; have somehthing to expect有机农业 organic agriculture运球 dribble与时俱进 advance with times运载火箭 carrier rocket议案 bill邮递协议 Post Office Protocol (POP)与国际市场接轨 integrate with the world market; become integrated into the global market与国际惯例接轨 become compatible with internationally accepted practices游乐场过山车 roller coaster犹太人定居点 Jewish settlement语音识别 speech recognition晕菜 numbed; dumbfounded异地资金汇划 fund remittance between different places游资 idle money / fund; floating capital友好城市 sister cities以......为龙头 with...as the leading role以理服人 persuade through reasoning域名(计算机) domain name (DN)以市场为导向 market-oriented以人为本 people oriented; people foremost以上海浦东开发开放为龙头,进一步开放长江沿岸城市 open more cities along the Yangtze River, while concentrating on the development and opening of the Pudong Area of Shanghai以身作则,廉洁奉公 set a good example and perform duties honestly以权谋私 abuse of power for personal gains因特网服务提供者 Internet service provider (ISP)以眼还眼,以牙还牙 an eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth以谋略制胜 outmaneuver音频点播 AOD (audio-on-demand)以质量求生存、求发展、求效益 "strive for survival, development and efficiency on the basis of quality"以质量求发展 strategy of development through quality; win the market with quality products以产定人,减员增效 employ workers in accordance with production needs and increase efficiency while reducing the staff因材施教 teach students according to their aptitude因地制宜,因时制宜,因事制宜,因人制宜 suit our measures to differing conditions in terms of locality, time, issue and persons involved因地制宜,合理分工,各展所长,优势互补,共同发展的原则 proceed in the light of local conditions and in accordance with a rational division of labor, with all the regions exploiting their own parricular advantages for mutual benefit and development以讹传讹 incorrectly relay an erroneous message以法治国，以德治国 to govern the country with law and moral因果报应 karma以公有制为主体，多种经济成分共同发展 the pattern with the public sector remaining dominant and diverse sectors of the economy developing side by side以经济建设为中心 focusing on the central task of economic construction以空间换取时间 trade space for time以资证明 in witness whereof; in testimony thereof欲穷千里目，更上一层楼 "to ascend another storey to see a thousand miles further; Ascend further, were you to look farther; Would eye embrace a thousand miles? Go up, one flight."欲速则不达 Haste does not bring success.育龄妇女 women of child-bearing age引渡 extradite引进技术 introduction of foreign talents; import of foreign talents优势互补 (of two countries or companies) have complementary advantages优胜劣汰 survival of the fittest义务兵役制 "compulsory military service, conscription"义务教育 compulsory education义演 benefit performance; charity performance义演收入 proceeds from benefit performance优质名牌商品 famous-brand, quality products遗传工程 genetic engineering义和团运动 Boxer Uprising优惠贷款 loans on favorable terms优化结构 optimize structure优化经济结构 optimize the economic structure优化资源配置 optimize the allocation of resources优化组合 optimization grouping; optional regrouping移动通讯 mobile communication移动电话双向收费 two-way charges for cellular phones摇钱树 cash cow摇头丸 dancing outreach印花税 stamp duty / tax英雄所见略同 Great minds think alike.英国文化委员会 British Council of Culture预算外收入 extra-budgetary revenue预算外支出 off-budget expenditure预期寿命 life expectancy婴儿死亡率 infant mortality rate预防为主,谁污染谁治理和强化环境管理三大政策 three major principles for environment control: to put prevention first, to hold those who cause pollution responsible for cleaning up and to improve environmental protection and management应试教育 examination-oriented education system应届毕业生 this year's graduates药物检查 "dope control, drug testing"冤家宜解不宜结 Better make friends than make enemies.冤假错案 "cases in which people were unjustly, falsely or wrongly charged or sentenced; unjust, false or wrong cases"营销管理 marketing management元宵节 Lantern Festival营养不良 malnutrition营业税 turnover tax; business tax原始资本 original capital原油 crude oil原产地保护 protection of place of origin赢利能力 profitability援藏干部 cadres sent to support/aid Tibet野生动物园 wildlife park; safari park影子内阁 shadow cabinet硬通货 hard currency硬道理 "absolute principle, top priority"圆寂 Parinirvana圆桌会议 round-table conference业内人士 insider缘分 chemical, (as if by) predestination, be preordained to come together远期合同 forward contract远程办公的员工 telecommuting workers远程教育 distance learning远景规划 perspective long-term plan远景计划 long-term development targets液晶显示屏 liquid crystal display (LCD)一揽子(计划) one-package (plan)一揽子购买 lump-sum purchase; basket purchase一切向钱看 money-oriented一手抓物质文明，一手抓精神文明；一手抓经济建设，一手抓民主法制；一手抓改革开放，一手抓打击犯罪惩治腐败 We must always work for material progress and at the same time for cultural and ethical progress; We should develop the economy and at the same time strengthen democracy and the legal system; We should promote reform and opening to the outside world and at the same time fight crime and punish corruption.一式两联 (receipt or invoice) in duplicate一线员工 worker at the production line一言既出，驷马难追 A real man never goes back on his words.一支接一支不停地抽烟 chain smoke一次性解决问题 solve the problem once and for all一次性筷子 throwaway chopsticks一大二公 (concerning the people's commune) large in size and collective in nature一刀切 cut it even at one stroke--make it rigidly uniform; impose uniformity in all cases; allow no flexibility一帆风顺 Wishing you every success一方有难,八方支援 When disaster struck, help came from all sides.一个中心,两个基本点 one central task, two basic points一国两制 "One country, two systems"一级市场 primary market医疗制度改革 reform of the medicare system医疗保险 medical insurance越境污染 trans-frontier pollution跃居世界前列(产量) (output) leap into the front ranks of the world易拉罐 pop can幼稚产业 infant industries幼稚工业 infant industry易爆发战争的地区 war-prone areas银行网点 bank outlets银弹外交 money diplomacy; dollar diplomacy; "silver bullet" diplomacy隐形牧人 invisible income; off-payroll income隐形飞机 stealth aircraft隐形轰炸机 stealth bomber隐性收入 invisible income; off-payroll income; side money隐性失业 recessive unemployment隐性就业 unregistered employment舆论导向 direction of public opinion舆论监督 supervision by public opinion薏米 seed of Job's tearsZ(重要而难懂的）专门术语 buzzword ; jargon(争端解决)专家组 panel(各州推选组成的）总统选举团 electoral college(股票的）中签 win the lot for IPO(股票的）中签率 lot winning rate糟粕 dross涨落线 advance balance line早恋 puppy love早市 morning session招商引资 attract/bid for/invite investments (from overseas)责任编辑 editor in charge招商局 China Merchants Steam Navigation Co. Ltd. (China Merchants) 招生就业指导办公室 enrolment and vocation guidance office招标 invite a bid招标投标制 the system of public bidding for project招财进宝 Money and treasures will be plentiful招股说明书 prospectus噪声治理 noise abatement造林运动 afforestation drive (campaign)造假帐 falsified accounts振兴中华 make China powerful and strong; revitalize the Chinese nation 振兴经济 revitalize the economy在途资金 fund in float在线(计算机) on-line在线网上书店 online bookstore争议地区 disputed area折衷方案 a compromise proposal在职研究生 on-job postgraduates在职博士生 on-job doctorate再贷款 re-lending; subloan争端解决机构 dispute settlement body在孵（孵化器）企业 incubated enterprises (incubator)折旧费 depreciation charge再就业服务中心 re-employment service center再就业工程 re-employment project / program在字面上兜圈子 festoons of words正式照会 formal note正气 uprightness; integrity; probity; rectitude渣打银行 The Chartered Bank掌上电脑 palm computer真善美 the true, the good and the beautiful; truth, good and beauty珍稀濒危植物 rare or endangered species珍爱之人或物 apple of one's eyes真空包装 vacuum packing灾民 flood victims; flood-stricken people增强人民体质 build up people's health增值税 value added tax(VAT)增发股票 increase issues in stocks增加信任,减少麻烦,发展合作,不搞对抗 enhance trust, reduce trouble, develop cooperation and avoid confrontation斋月(伊斯兰教) Ramadan/ month of fast债台高筑 become debt-ridden债转股 debt-to-equity swap沾光 benefit from one's association占便宜 profit at others' expense占着茅坑不拉屎 be a dog in the manger战略防御计划 Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI)战略伙伴关系 strategic partnership战俘 prisoner of war (POW)战俘营 prisoner-of-war (POW) camp战斧式巡航导弹 Tomahawk cruise missile站台票 platform ticket站票 standing-room-only ticket站得住脚 hold water宰人 rip off宰（客） to swindle money out of our customers载人卫星 manned satellite政务公开 make government affairs public政企不分 without a clear line between the functions of the government and enterprises; the functions of the government and enterprises mixed up政企分开 separate government functions from enterprise management政治协商、民主监督、参政议政 exercise political consultation and democratic supervision and participate in deliberating and administration of state affairs政治体制改革 political restructuring政治迫害 political prosecution; witch hunt政治合格，军事过硬，作风优良，纪律严明，保障有力 "be qualified politically and competent militarily, have a fine style of work, maintain strict discipline and be assured of adequate logistical support"政策性贷款 policy-based lending; policy-related loan政策性亏损 policy-related losses; losses incurred due to policy decisions政策性住房 "policy-related house, policy-based house"政策银行 policy banks政策组合 policy mix政法委 politics and law committee政改方案(英国对香港) constitutional package政府廉洁高效 a clean and efficient government政府上网工程 Government Online Project政府贴息贷款 discount government loans政府特殊津贴获得者 winner of special government allowance政府职能转变 transform/shift the government functions政府采购 government procurement政府搭台，部门推动，企业唱戏 "Governments set up the stage, various departments cooperate and enterprise put in the show. "政府干预 government intervention赃款赃物 proceeds of crime致命要害 Achilles' heel掷钱猜先 toss智力引进 recruit / introduce (foreign) talents智力支持 intellectual support智商 intelligence quotient (IQ)智囊团、思想库 the brain trust；think tank中美战略核武器互不瞄准对方 non-targeting strategic nuclear weapons against each other中立国 neutralized state中流砥柱 mainstay; chief cornerstone中型商用飞机 mid-size G200 business jets中心环节 key link中日友好四项原则: 和平友好,平等互利,互相信赖,长期稳定 The four principles of Sino-Japanese friendship: peace and friendship, equality and mutual benefit, mutual trust, and long-term stability中式快餐 Chinese fast food中山装 Chinese tunic suit中文信息处理系统 Chinese information processing system中央领导集体 central collective leadership中央商务区 central business district (CBD)中央统战部 United Front Work Department of CPC Central Committee中央大型企业工委 Central Work Committee for Large Enterprises中央国家机关 China's State organs中央纪律检查委员会 Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of the CPC中央经济工作会议 the Central Economic Working Conference中央综治委“严打”整治斗争检查组 Strike-hard Campaign Inspection Group of Central Committee for Comprehensive Management of Public Security.中药 traditional Chinese medicine中程导弹 intermediate-range missile; medium-range missile中东和平进程 the Middle East peace process中国新闻出版报社 China Press and Publication News中国新经济峰会 China New Economy Summit中国预防医学科学院 the Chinese Academy of Preventive Medicine中国证监会 China's Securities Regulatory Commission中国出口商品交易会(广交会) China Export Commodities Fair (Guangzhou Fair)中国工程院 the Chinese Academy of Engineering中国结 Chinese knot中国经济景气监测中心 China Economic Monitoring Center中关村科技园区 Zhongguancun Science and Technology Park中华世纪坛 China Millennium Monument中华人民共和国渔政渔港监督管理局 Administration of Fishery and Fishing Harbor Supervision of the PRC中华医学会 Chinese Medical Association中介 intermediary agent中专生 secondary specialized or technical school student质量认证体系认证证书 certificate of the system of quality certification质量守恒定律 law of conservation of mass质量管理 quality control珠穆朗玛峰 Mount Qomolangma治理整顿 improve the environment and rectify the order; improvement and rectification滞销商品 unmarketable goods滞后影响 lagged effect终身职务制 life-long tenure终审权 right of adjudication; right of giving final approval终点控制区 terminal control area终端服务器 terminal server众矢之的 target of public criticism助跑 "approach run, run-up"众口难调 It is difficult to cater to all tastes.; One man's meat is another man's poison.制止外汇流失 prevent foreign exchange flight制海权 command of the sea制空权 air space control; air supremacy; command of the air; air mastery; air domination种植业 crop farming证券营业部 stock exchange; security exchange证券化 securitisation证券监督管理委员会 securities supervision commission支原体 mycoplasma支柱产业 pillar / cornerstone industry支付能力 payment capacity知识密集 knowledge-intensive知识产权 intellectual property知识就是力量 Knowledge is power.知识经济 knowledge-based economy知识经济 knowledge economy , knowledge-base economy知识转让 transfer of knowledge知己知彼,百战不殆 Know the enemy and know yourself, and you can fight a hundred battles with no danger of defeat.职务犯罪 crime by taking advantage of duty职业培训 job training职业高中（职高） vocational high school职业介绍所 career service center; job center职业经理人 professional manager职能转换 transformation of functions职称 professional title直销 direct marketing; door-to-door sale直辖市 municipality directly under the Central Government直播 "live broadcast, live telecast"直接三通与双向交流 three direct links (mail, air and shipping services and trade) and bilateral exchanges直接选举 direct election植物人 human vegetable; vegetable植物群落 plant community执法人员 law enforcement officials; law-executor; law enforcer只读存储器 read-only-memory (ROM)纸上谈兵 be an armchair strategist纸包不住火 Truth will come to light sooner or later.重点发展 prioritize重合同,守信用 abide by contracts and keep one's words重合同、守信用的原则 the principle of equality and mutual benefit and “honoring contracts adn standing by reputation“洲际弹道导弹 intercontinental ballistic missiles主渠道 main channel主体思想（DPRK） Juche Idea主体经济 the mainstay of the economy主页 home page主板市场 main board of the stock market主持人 anchorperson《中美三个联合公报》 The Three Sino-US Joint Communiqué《中华人民共和国消费者权益保护法》 Law of the People's Republic of China on the Protection of Consumers' Rights and Interests《资治通鉴》 History as a Mirror（美国）中下层南方共和党人 pickup-truck Republican（农产品）综合支持量 AMS (Aggregate Measurement of Support)藏学 Tibetology朝阳产业 sunrise industry组委会 organizing committee资源优化配置 most optimum distribution of resources资源配置 the distribution (allocation) of resources资本利润率 rate of return on capital资本外逃 capital flight资本额过多 overcapalisation资产重组 reorganized assets; assets reorganization资产剥离 peel off (bad) assets of a company资产保值增值 maintain and increase the value of assets; maintenance and appreciation of assets value资产调控 assets control资产负债表 balance sheet资产阶级自由化 bourgeois liberalization资不抵债 insolvency资金到位 fully funded (project)资金汇划 fund remittance and transfer资金划拨 capital allocation最终用户 end user最不发达国家 LDCs (Least-developed countries)最初谈判权(初谈权) INRs (Initial Negotiating Rights)最低生活保证制度 system for ensuring a minimum standard of living最低工资保障制度 minimum wage guarantee system最惠国待遇 most-favored-nation status遵纪守法、廉洁奉公 observe the relevant code of conduct and the law and honestly perform one's official duties自律机制 the self-discipline system左倾 pinko自然保护区 natural reserve; nature preservation zone自然耗损 natural wearing自然资源保护区 natural resource protection areas自我保护意识 self-protection awareness自学成才 become well-educated through self-study自学考试 self-taught examination自由贸易区 free-trade zone自由流通 free flow自由职业者 professionals。
信息检索关键词部分
信息检索关键词部分Key word第1章信息检索（Information Retrieval, IR）数据检索（data retrieval）相关性（relevance）推送（Push）超空间（hyperspace）拉出（pulling）⽂献逻辑表⽰（视图）（logical view of the document）检索任务（retrieval task 检索（retrieval ）过滤（filtering）全⽂本（full text）词⼲提取（stemming）⽂本操作（text operation）标引词（indexing term）信息检索策略（retrieval strategy）光学字符识别（Optical Character Recognition, OCR）跨语⾔（cross-language）倒排⽂档（inverted file）检出⽂献（retrieved document）相关度（likelihood）信息检索的⼈机交互界⾯（human-computer interaction, HCI）检索模型与评价（Retrieval Model & Evaluation）⽂本图像（textual images）界⾯与可视化（Interface & Visualization）书⽬系统（bibliographic system）多媒体建模与检索（Multimedia Modeling & Searching）数字图书馆（Digital Library）检索评价（retrieval evaluation）标准通⽤标记语⾔（Standard Generalized Markup Language, SGML）标引和检索（indexing and searching）导航（Navigation）并⾏和分布式信息检索（parallel and distribution IR）模型与查询语⾔（model and query language）导航（Navigation）有效标引与检索（efficient indexing and searching）第2章特别检索（ad hoc retrieval）过滤（filtering）集合论（set theoretic）代数（algebraic）概率（probabilistic 路由选择（routing）⽤户需求档（user profile）阙值（threshold）权值（weight）语词加权（term-weighting）相似度（similarity）相异度（dissimilarity）域建模（domain modeling）叙词表（thesaurus）扁平（flat）⼴义向量空间模型（generalized vector space model）神经元（neuron）潜语义标引模型（latent semantic indexing model）邻近结点（proximal node）贝叶斯信任度⽹络（Bayesian belief network）结构导向（structure guided）结构化⽂本检索（structured text retrieval, STR）推理⽹络（inference network）扩展布尔模型（extended Boolean model）⾮重叠链表（non-overlapping list）第3章检索性能评价（retrieval performance evaluation）会话（interactive session）查全率(R, Recall Ratio) 信息性（Informativeness）查准率(P, Precision Ratio) ⾯向⽤户（user-oriented）漏检率(O, Omission Ratio) 新颖率（novelty ratio）误检率(M, Miss Ratio) ⽤户负担（user effort）相对查全率（relative recall）覆盖率（coverage ratio）参考测试集（reference test collection）优劣程度（goodness）查全率负担（recall effort）主观性（subjectiveness）信息性测度（informativeness measure）第4章检索单元（retrieval unit）字母表（alphabet）分隔符（separator）复合性（compositional）模糊布尔（fuzzy Boolean）模式（pattern）SQL(Structured Query Language, 结构化查询语⾔) 布尔查询（Boolean query）参照（reference）半结合（semijoin）标签（tag）有序包含（ordered inclusion）⽆序包含（unordered inclusion）CCL(Common Command Language, 通⽤命令语⾔) 树包含（tree inclusion）布尔运算符（Boolean operator） searching allowing errors容错查询Structured Full-text relevance feedback 相关反馈Query Language (SFQL) （结构化全⽂查询语⾔） extended patterns扩展模式CD-RDx Compact Disk Read only Data exchange (CD-RDx)（只读磁盘数据交换）WAIS (⼴域信息服务系统Wide Area Information Service)visual query languages. 查询语⾔的可视化查询语法树（query syntax tree）第5章query reformulation 查询重构 query expansion 查询扩展 term reweighting 语词重新加权相似性叙词表（similarity thesaurus）User Relevance Feedback⽤户相关反馈 the graphical interfaces 图形化界⾯簇（cluster）检索同义词（searchonym） local context analysis局部上下⽂分析第6章⽂献（document）样式（style）元数据（metadata）Descriptive Metadata 描述性元数据 Semantic Metadata 语义元数据intellectual property rights 知识产权 content rating 内容等级digital signatures数字签名 privacy levels 权限electronic commerce电⼦商务都柏林核⼼元数据集（Dublin Core Metadata Element Set）通⽤标记语⾔（SGML，standard general markup language）机读⽬录记录（Machine Readable Cataloging Record, MARC）资源描述框架(Resource Document Framework, RDF) XML(eXtensible Markup Language, 可扩展标记语⾔) HTML（HyperText Markup Language, 超⽂本标记语⾔）Tagged Image File Format (TIFF标签图像⽂件格式)Joint Photographic Experts Group (JPEG) Portable Network Graphics (PNG新型位图图像格式)第7章分隔符（separator）连字符（hyphen）排除表（list of stopwords）词⼲提取（stemming）波特（porter）词库（treasury of words）受控词汇表（controlled vocabulary）索引单元（indexing component）⽂本压缩text compression 压缩算法compression algorithm注释（explanation）统计⽅法（statistical method）赫夫曼（Huffman）压缩⽐（compression ratio）数据加密Encryption 半静态的（semi-static）词汇分析lexical analysis 排除停⽤词elimination of stopwords第8章半静态（semi-static）191 词汇表（vocabulary）192事件表（occurrence）192 inverted files倒排⽂档suffix arrays后缀数组 signature files签名档块寻址（block addressing）193 索引点（index point）199起始位置（beginning）199 Vocabulary search词汇表检索Retrieval of occurrences 事件表检索 Manipulation of occurrences事件表操作散列变换（hashing）205 误检（false drop）205查询语法树（query syntax tree）207 布鲁特-福斯算法简称BF（Brute-Force）故障（failure）210 移位-或（shift-or）位并⾏处理（bit-parallelism）212顺序检索（sequential search）220 原位（in-place）227第9章并⾏计算（parallel computing） SISD （单指令流单数据流）SIMD （单指令流多数据流） MISD （多指令流单数据流）MIMD （多指令流多数据流）分布计算（distributed computing）颗粒度（granularity）231 多任务（multitasking）I/O（input/output）233 标引器（indexer）映射（map）233 命中列表（hit-list）全局语词统计值（global term statistics）线程（thread）算术逻辑单元（arithmetic logic unit, ALU 中介器（broker）虚拟处理器（virtual processor）240分布式信息检索(distributed information retrieval)249⽂献收集器（gatherer）主中介器（central broker）254第10章信息可视化（information visualization）图标（icon）260颜⾊凸出显⽰（color highlighting）焦点+背景（focus-plus-context）画笔和链接（brushing and linking）魔术透镜（magic lenses）移动镜头和调焦（panning and zooming）弹性窗⼝（elastic window）概述及细节信息（overview plus details）⾼亮⾊显⽰（highlight）信息存取任务（information access tasks）⽂献替代（document surrogate）常见问题(FAQ, Frequently Asked Question) 群体性推荐（social recommendation）上下⽂关键词（keyword-in-context, KWIC）伪相关反馈（pseudo-relevance feedback）重叠式窗⼝（overlapping window）⼯作集（working set）第11/12章多媒体信息检索（Multimedia Information Retrieval, MIR）超类（superclass）半结构化数据（semi-structured data）数据⽚（data blade）可扩充型系统（extensible type system）相交（intersect）动态服务器（dynamic server）叠加（overlaps）档案库服务器（archive server）聚集（center）逻辑结构（logical structure）词包含（contain word）例⼦中的查询（query by example）路径名（path-name）通过图像内容查询（Query by Image Content, QBIC）图像标题（image header）主要成分分析（Principal Component Analysis, PCA）精确匹配（exact match）潜语义标引（Latent Semantic Indexing, LSI）基于内容（content-based）范围查寻（Range Query）第13章exponential growth指数增长 Distributed data 数据的分布性volatile data 不稳定数据 redundant data 冗余数据Heterogeneous data异构数据分界点（cut point）373Centralized Architecture集中式结构收集器-标引器（crawler-indexer）373 Wanderers 漫步者 Walkers 步⾏者 Knowbots 知识机器⼈Distributed Architecture分布式结构 gatherers 收集器brokers 中介器 the query interface 查询界⾯the answer interface响应界⾯ PageRank ⽹页级别Crawling the Web漫游Web breadth-first ⼴度优先depth-first fashion 深度优先 Indices（index pl.）索引Web Directories ⽹络⽬录 Metasearchers元搜索引擎Teaching the User⽤户培训颗粒度（granularity）384超⽂本推导主题检索（Hypertext Included Topic Search, HITS）380 Specific queries专指性查询 Broad queries 泛指性查询Vague queries模糊查询 Searching using Hyperlinks使⽤超链接搜索Web Query Languages查询语⾔ Dynamic Search 动态搜索Software Agents 软件代理鱼式搜索（fish search）鲨鱼搜索（shark search）拉出/推送（pull/push）393门户（portal）395 Duplicated data 重复数据第14章联机公共检索⽬录（online public access catalog, OPAC）397化学⽂摘（Chemical Abstract, CA）399 ⽣物学⽂摘（Biological Abstract, BA）⼯程索引（Engineering Index,EI）国会图书馆分类法（Library of Congress Classification）408杜威⼗进分类法（Dewey Decimal Classification）408联机计算机图书馆中⼼（Online Computer Library Center, OCLC）409机读⽬录记录（Machine Readable Cataloging Record, MARC）409第15章NSF (National Science Foundation, 美国国家科学基⾦会)NSNA（National Aeronautics and Space Administration，美国航空航天局）数字图书馆创新项⽬（Digital Libraries Initiative, DLI）4155S（stream,信息流structure,结构space, 空间scenario, 场景society社会）416基于数字化对象标识符（Digital Object Identifier, DOI）420都柏林核⼼（Dublin Core, DC）430 数字图书馆（Digital Library, DL）资源描述框架(Resource Document Framework, RDF)431text encoding initiative (TEI) （⽂本编码创新项⽬）431v。
江苏大学研究生期末考试硕士文献阅读与翻译整理
1.Definition of Literaturea set of works on a particular subject;printed material,esp.giving information;the body of writings on a particular subject(scientific literature)2.Classification of LiteratureHere,we just put various literatures under the following headings:1）TextbooksIn general,a textbook is a kind of professional writing specially designed for the students in a given branch of learning.2）MonographsA monograph is“an article or short book on one particular subject or branch of a subject that the writer has studied deeply”3）PapersPapers are the most important and reliable sources for textbooks,monographs,and all the other documentary works.4)EncyclopediasThe difference between a dictionary and an encyclopedia is that“A dictionary explains words and an encyclopedia explains facts.”5)PeriodicalsA periodical is a series of publications that appear at regular intervals.6)Special DocumentationThe so-called special documentation refers to all the printed materials that are non-books or non-periodicals.3.Linguistic Features of Scientific LiteratureStylistically,literature is a kind of formal pared with an informal writing which usually utilizes an informal tone and colloquial language,a formal writing is a more serious approach to a subject of great importance and it avoids all colloquial expressions.Syntactically,scientific literature has rigorous grammatical structures,and in most cases is rather unitary.Morphologically,scientific literature is featured by high specialization,the use of technical terms and jargons,unambiguous implication and the fixed sense of the word.non-verbal language is also very popular in various literatures such as signs,formulas, charts,tables,photos,etc.for the sake of accuracy,brevity,and clarity.4.Search for Relevant LiteratureSearch for Relevant Literature:global search,specific search,and processed search Supplementary Readings on Informational Retrieval:retrieval system,microfilm, internet.database,reformat,on,e-mail,information infrastructure,information superhighwayNotes:1.journals,Acta,magazines,bulletins,rapid communications,letters,proceedings, records,abstracting services,reviews,indexes,etc.会刊，学报，杂志，通报，快讯，通信稿，会议录，文献记录，世界文摘服务，评论，索引等2.hypertext超级文本3.through the Classified and Specified Catalogues通过《分类目录或专题目录》4.through the Newspapers and Journals Indexing通过《全国报刊索引》5.through the Domestic Sci-Tech Data Catalogues通过《国内资料科技目录》6.Sci-Tech Translation Bulletin《科技译文通报》7.the fool collects data and the wise man selects them愚者采集资料，智者选择资料Translation Skills(1):Translation in General and Translation of Special LiteratureTranslation is a rendering of ideas or concepts from one language into another,i.e., the faithful representation in the target language of what is written or said in the original language.A modern society sees an extensive use of translation on various occasions. Proper and dexterous translation helps promote mutual understanding between peoples of different cultural and social backgrounds,whereas improper rendering of words or expressions leads to confusion.Take the ordinary word“menu”for example.Its original meaning is“a list of dishes in a meal or to be ordered as separated meals,esp.in a restaurant”,and the Chinese equivalent seems to be clear:菜单However,when it is used in computer science,its meaning shifts to“a list shown on the display of a computer from which a user can select the operation the computer is to perform.”1.Nature and Scope of TranslationTranslation covers a very broad range.In terms of languages,it can be divided into two categories:from native languages into foreign languages and vice versa;in terms of the mode,it can be divided into oral interpretation and written translation;in terms of materials to be translated,there are translation of scientific materials, translation of literary works such as novels,stories,prose,poetry,drama,etc., translation of political essays such as treatises on social problems,repons,speeches, etc.,and translation of practical writing(as official documents,contracts and agreements,notices,receipts,etc.);in terms of disposal,it can be either full-text translation,abridged translation or adapted translation.2.Principles or Criteria of TranslationThe so-called principles and criteria of translation are actually the two sides of the same coin.That is,on the part of the translator,he or she should follow them while translating;whereas on the part of the reader or critic,he or she may use the principles and criteria to evaluate translation works.Whenever principles or criteria of translation are under discussion in China,Yan Fu’s“three-character guide”--xin,da, ya,namely,“faithfulness(信),expressiveness(达),and elegance(雅)”,which was first proposed in1898,would evoke controversy.In the past decades,Mr.Yan’s principle has always been regarded as a plumb-line for measuring the professional level of translation and a goal for translators to strive after.However,in the application of this principle,people come to find some unsatisfactory aspects of the three-character guide and have put foreword a variety of new standards or criteria of translation.Despite a variety of opinions,two criteria are almost unanimously accepted byall,namely,the criterion of faithfulness/accuracy(忠实/准确)and that of smoothness (流畅).We may also take these two criteria as the principles of scientific literature translation.By faithfulness/accuracy,we mean to be faithful not only to the original contents,to the original meaning and views,but also to the original form and style.By smoothness,we mean not only easy and readable rendering,but also idiomaticexpression in the target language,free from stiff formula and mechanical copying from dictionaries.3.Literal Translation and Free TranslationThe so-called literal translation,superficially speaking,means“not to alter the original words and sentences”;strictly speaking,it strives“to keep the sentiments and style of the original.”For example,crocodile’s tears(鳄鱼的眼泪),armed to the teeth(武装到牙齿),chain reaction(连锁反应),gentlemen’s agreement(君子协定),and so on.Similarly,some Chinese idioms also find their English counterparts through literal translation.For example,纸老虎(paper tiger),一国两制(one country,two systems),and so on.Free translation is an alternative approach which is used mainly to convey themeaning and spirit of the original without trying to reproduce its sentence patterns or figures of speech.Adam’s Apple喉结at sixes and sevens乱七八槽It rains cats and dogs.大雨滂沱Don’t cross the bridge till you get to it.不必担心过早。
10Chapter_10_computer胡壮麟语言学第二版
avoids telling students they are wrong and is flexible to a variety of student responses; responses; uses the target language exclusively and creates an environment in which using the target language feels natural, both on and off the screen; and screen; will never try to do anything that a book can do just as well. well.
The rationale
Repeated exposure to the same material is beneficial or even essential to learning. learning. A computer is ideal for carrying out repeated drills, since the machine does not get bored with presenting the same material and since it can provide immediate non-judgmental nonfeedback. feedback. A computer can present such material on an individualized basis, allowing students to proceed at their own pace and freeing up class time for other activities. activities.
《室内设计英文版》课件
Furniture and decorations are one of the key factors in interior design, as they can add aesthetics and personalized style to the entire indoor environment.
Materials and texture are one of the key factors in interior design, as they can affect the quality, style, and comfort of the entire indoor environment.
concise, warm, and humanized
Summary: Introduce the history and development of interior design, including its origin, early development, modern development, and future trends.
Summary: Explain the roles and responsibilities of interior designers, including their job responsibilities, skill requirements, and professional ethics.
BIG DATA EMPOWERS TO CREATE A NEWERA
Introduction to Interior Design
Summary: Explain the definition of interior design, including its purpose, function, and main content.Detailed description: Interior design refers to changing the layout, color, material, and decoration elements of the indoor environment to meet people's living and aesthetic needs, and improve the comfort and beauty of the indoor environment. The main content of interior design includes spatial planning, color matching, material selection, lighting design, furniture layout, and decoration matching.
信息检索问答
1.What is the definition of Information Retrieval?Information retrieval (IR) deals with the representation, storage, organization of, and access to information items.(P1)2.What is the primary goal of an IR system?the primary goal of an IR system is to retrieve all the documents which are relevant to a user query while retrieving as few non-relevant documents as possible.(P2)3. What is the difference between IR and DR?Data retrievalwhich docs contain a set of keywordsWell defined（定义）semantics（语义学）a single erroneous object implies failure!Information retrievalinformation about a subject or topic（主题）semantics is frequently loose（宽松的）small errors are tolerated4.the effective retrieval of relevant information is affected by ?user taskthe logical view of the documents5.What is the relation of the retrieval and browsing?Retrieval(检索)information or dataPurposefulBrowsing（浏览）glancing around1.What is the three classic models in information retrieval?The three classic models in information retrieval are called Boolean, vector, and probabilistic. 3.What is definition and characters of ad hoc and filtering?hoc retrieval :the documents in the collection remain relatively static while new queries are submitted to the system.filtering :the queries remain relatively static while new documents come into the system (and leave).4.Please tell something about Boolean Model?The Boolean model is a simple retrieval model based on set theory and Boolean algebra集合理论和布尔代数inherent simplicity and neat formalismDrawbacks of the Boolean Model5.What is the hypertext?A hypertext is a high level interactive navigational structure高层交互式导航结构which allows us to browse text non-sequentially非顺序的on a computer screen. It consists basically of nodes 结点which are correlated by directed links链in a graph structure.6.How to avoid losing in the web?it is desirable that the hypertext include a hypertext map which shows where the user is at all times7.Please tell something about the Web.the Web is not exactly a proper hypertext because it lacks an underlying基本的data model, it lacks a navigational plan导航计划, and it lacks a consistently designed user interface设计统一的用户界面.Instead of saying that the Web is a hypertext, we prefer to say that it is a pool of interconnected webs.1.What is the definition of retrieval performance evaluation?information retrieval systems require the evaluation of how precise is the answer set. This type of evaluation is referred to as retrieval performance evaluation.2. what is retrieval performance evaluation usually based on?It is usually based on a test reference collection测试参考集and on an evaluation measure评价测度3. What are the most used retrieval evaluation measures?Two most used retrieval evaluation measures are recall and precision.查全率与查准率4. The test reference collection consists of ?The test reference collection consists of a collection of documents文献集, a set of example information requests信息查询实例, and a set of relevant documents (provided by specialists) for each example information request每个信息查询实例的一组相关文献。
信息检索课程中的英文简称
信息检索课程中的英文简称Information Retrieval Course: An In-Depth Exploration.Information retrieval, commonly abbreviated as IR, is a crucial field in computer science that deals with the retrieval of information from large collections of unstructured or semi-structured data. It finds its applications in various domains, including libraries, e-commerce, search engines, and more. In this article, we delve into the intricacies of information retrieval, its importance, and the techniques used in this domain.1. Introduction to Information Retrieval.Information retrieval is the process of obtaining relevant information from a large, often unstructured, collection of data. It involves techniques such as indexing, searching, and ranking to ensure that the most relevant information is presented to the user. The goal is toprovide accurate and timely information to meet the user'sinformation needs.2. Core Components of Information Retrieval.Indexing: Indexing is the process of creating a data structure, such as an inverted index, that maps terms (keywords) to the locations (documents) where they appear. This allows efficient retrieval of documents containing specific terms.Searching: Searching involves the user submitting a query, which is then processed and compared against the index to retrieve relevant documents. Queries can be simple keywords or complex expressions.Ranking: Ranking algorithms determine the order in which retrieved documents are presented to the user. Relevance, popularity, and recency are common factors considered in ranking.3. Types of Information Retrieval Systems.Boolean Retrieval: Boolean retrieval systems allow users to specify search queries using Boolean operators (AND, OR, NOT) to combine terms and filter results.Vector Space Models: These models represent documents and queries as vectors in a high-dimensional space. Relevance is determined by measuring the similarity between these vectors.Probabilistic Models: Probabilistic models estimate the probability of a document being relevant to a given query. They consider factors like term frequencies and document lengths.Learning-to-Rank (L2R) Models: These models use machine learning techniques to learn the ranking function based on training data. They aim to optimize ranking metrics like mean reciprocal rank (MRR) or normalized discounted cumulative gain (NDCG).4. Challenges in Information Retrieval.Semantic Gap: The semantic gap refers to the mismatch between the user's information need and the representationof information in the system. Addressing this gap requires techniques like latent semantic indexing or word embeddings.Scalability: As data collections grow, it becomes challenging to maintain and query the index efficiently. Distributed retrieval systems and近似算法can help address scalability issues.User Intent Understanding: Understanding the trueintent behind a user's query is crucial for accurate retrieval. Techniques like query reformulation and user profiling can aid in understanding user intent.5. Applications of Information Retrieval.Search Engines: Search engines are the most visible application of information retrieval, serving billions of queries daily. They use a combination of IR techniques to provide relevant search results.E-commerce: E-commerce platforms rely on IR to help users find products or services that meet their needs. This involves searching product descriptions, user reviews, and more.Libraries and Archives: Libraries and archives use IR systems to catalog and retrieve books, documents, and other materials. These systems often incorporate metadata and faceted search to enhance retrieval accuracy.Question Answering Systems: Question answering systems aim to provide direct answers to user queries, often by analyzing a large corpus of text to extract relevant information.6. Future Trends in Information Retrieval.Semantic Retrieval: As the focus shifts towards understanding the true meaning of queries and documents, semantic retrieval techniques like entity linking and semantic role labeling will become increasingly important.Multimodal Retrieval: With the increasing availability of multimedia content, there is a growing need for systems that can handle text, images, audio, and video simultaneously.Personalized Retrieval: Techniques like user profiling and collaborative filtering will play a crucial role in personalizing search results based on user preferences and behavior.Interactive Retrieval: Systems that allow users to interactively refine their queries or provide feedback on search results will improve retrieval accuracy and user satisfaction.In conclusion, information retrieval is a crucial field that powers many of the technologies we rely on daily. It involves complex techniques and algorithms to ensure accurate and timely information delivery. As data volumes continue to grow and user needs become more sophisticated, IR research will focus on addressing challenges like the semantic gap, scalability, and user intent understanding.Future trends like semantic retrieval, multimodal retrieval, personalized retrieval, and interactive retrieval will further enhance the capabilities of IR systems and improve user experiences.。
计算机专业英语的第四版课后习题翻译
计算机专业英语的第四版课后习题翻译中译英参考答案Unit 1A computer system consists of hardware system and software system. The hardware of the computer is usually divided into three major parts or three primary subsystems: the CPU, the memory subsystem, and the I/O subsystem.The CPU performs many operations and controls computer. The memory subsystem is used to store program being executed by the CPU, along with the program’s data. The I/O subsystem allows the CPU to interact with input and output devices such as the keyboard and monitor of a personal computer. The components of the computer are connected to the buses.The part of the computer that performs the bulk of data processing operations is called the central processing unit and is referred to as the CPU. In microcomputer, it is often called the microprocessor. The CPU is made up of three major parts: control unit, ALU, and register set.Memory is also known as internal memory or main memory. It refers to the circuits in the computer that hold whatever programs and data are available for immediate use by the CPU.I/O subsystem includes I/O devices and interface. There are a wide variety of I/O devices, such as mouse, printer, sensor, disk, and so on. Input-output interface provides a method for transferring information between internal storage and externalI/O devices. Peripherals connected to a computer need special communication links for interfacing them with the CPU. The purpose of the communication link is to resolve the differences that exist between the central computer and each peripheral. Unit 2Storage hardware provides permanent storage of information and programs for retrieval by the computer. Hard disk drives store information in magnetic particles embedded in a disk. Usually a permanent part of the computer, hard disk drives can store large amounts of information and retrieve that information very quickly.Although fixed hard drive systems offer faster access and have a higher storage capacity than optical discs, optical disc systems use removable media –a distinct benefit. Optical discs –primary CDs and DVDs – are much more widely used than removable hard drive systems. They are the standard today for software delivery, as well as commonly used for storing high-capacity music and video files. There are also versions of both CD and DVD drives available for home audio and home theater use. Optical discs are commonly referred to as compact discs.CD and DVD discs are read by CD and DVD drives. The speed of a CD or DVD drive is rated as 24x, 32x, 36x, and so on. These labels describe how fast the drive is compared to the first version of that drive. For example, a 36x drive is 36 times the speed of the baseline unit that was originally manufactured. Most optical discs have a title and other text printed only on one side and they are inserted into the drive with the printed side facing up. When inserting such a CD or DVD, be careful not to get dirt, fingerprints, scratches, or anything else that might hinder light reflectivity on the disc’s surface.Unit 3(a) A program is a list of instructions or statements for directing the computer to perform arequired data processing task. Programming is a multistep process for creating that list of instructions.(b) It is important to understand the difference between a class and an object of that class. A class is simply a specification for creating objects. Thus, a single class may create multiple objects.(c) Java is an object-oriented, network-friendly high-lever programming language that allows programmers to build applications that can run on almost any operating system.(d) ActiveX is a set of controls, or reusable components that enables programs or content of almost any type to be embedded within a Web page. Whereas a Java must be downloaded each time you visit a Web site, with ActiveX the component is downloaded only once, then stored on your hard disk for later, repeated use.(e) Programming involves a great deal of creativity. The design is guide to the function or purpose of each component, but the programmer has great flexibility in implementing the design as code. No matter what language is used, each program component involves at least three major aspects: control structures, algorithms, and data structures.Unit 4The software system can be divided into two broad categories: application software and system software. Application software consists of the program for performing tasks particular to the machine’s utilization. In contrast to application software, system software comprises a large number of programs. These programs start up the computer and function as the principle coordinator of all hardware components and application software. Without system software loaded into RAM of your computer, your hardware and application software are useless.System software can be grouped into three basic parts: operating system, utility software, and language translators. The majority of an installation’s utility software consists of programs for performing activities that are fundamental to computer installations yet not included in the operating system. In a sense, utility software consists of software units that extend the capabilities of the operating system.A computer’s OS is the main collection of programs that manage its activities. The primary chores of an OS are management and control. The OS ensures that all actions requested by a user are valid and processed in an orderly fashion. It also manages the computer system’s resources to perform these operations with efficiency and consistency.Application software is the software designed to help you solve problems specific to business or perform specific business tasks. Application software then is the layer of software closest to you. Basically, there are four categories of application software: productivity software, business and specialty software, entertainment software and education/reference software.Unit 5A computer network is often classified as being either a local area network (LAN), a metropolitan area network (W AN), or a wide area network (W AN). The connection of two or more networks is called an internetwork. The worldwide Internet is a well-known example of an internetwork.LANs are privately owned networks within a single building or campus of up to a few kilometers in size. They are widely used to connect personal computers and workstations incompany offices and factories to share resources and exchange information.In general, a given LAN will use only one type of transmission medium. V arious topologies are possible for LANs. The most common LAN topologies are bus, ring and star.A MAN is basically a bigger version of a LAN and normally uses similar technology. MAN is designed to extend over an entire city. It may be a single network such as a cable television network, or it may be a means of connecting a number of LANs into a large network so that resources may be shared LAN-to-LAN as well as device-to-device. For example, a company can use a MAN to connect the LANs in all of its offices throughout a city.A WAN spans a large geographical area that may comprise a country, a continent, or even the world. It provides long-distance transmission of data, voice, image, and video information over large geographical area.In contrast to LANs, W ANs may utilize public leased, or private communication devices, usually in combinations, and can therefore span an unlimited number of miles.Unit 6Transmission media are used to transfer messages over a network. For instance, the transmission media used in a network may be a privately owned set of cables, the public phone lines, or a satellite system. Transmission media can either be wired or wireless.The three types of wired media most commonly used to carry messages are twisted-pair wire, coaxial cable, and fiber-optic cable. One of the most successful developments in transmission media in recent years has been fiber optics. Fiber-optic cable is commonly used for the high-speed backbone lines of a network, or for Internet infrastructure.Wireless transmission media have become especially popular in recent years. They support communications in situations in which physical wiring is impractical or inconvenient, as well as facilitate mobility. Wireless media are commonly used to connect devices to a network, to share information between computers, to connect wireless mice to a computer, and for handheld PCs, wireless phones, and other mobile devices. Radio signals transferred through the air are the heart of most types of wireless media. In addition to conventional broadcast radio application, the microwave, cellular, and satellite transmission media also use radio signals to transmit data.Radio transmissions require the use of a transmitter to send the radio signals through the air.A receiver (usually containing some type of antenna) accepts the date at the other end. When a device functions as both a receiver and transmitter, it is commonly called a transc eiver or transmitter-receiver.Unit 7(a) Since many database systems users are not computer trained, developers hide the complexity from users through several levels of abstraction, to simplify user’s interactions with the system: physical level, logical level, and view level.(b) A database schema is specified by a set of definitions expressed by a special language called a data-definition language (DDL). The result of compilation of DDL statements is a set of tables that is stored in a special file called data dictionary, or data directory.(c) The structured query language (SQL) is the most widely used and standard query language for relational database management systems. It is a kind of non-procedural language.(d) An entity is a ―thing‖or ―object‖in the real world that is distinguishable from otherobjects. For example, each person is an entity, and bank accounts can be considered to be entities. Entities are described in a database by a set of attributes.(e) Data warehouse is one of the newest and hottest buzzwords and concepts in the IT field and the business environment. A data warehouse is a logical collection of information——gathered from many different operational databases——that supports business analysis activities and decision-making tasks.Unit 8Animation is the term used to describe a series of graphical images that are displayed one after the other to simulate movement. Cartoons on television are one example of animation.Video differs from animation in that it usually begins as a continuous stream of visual information that is broken into separate images or frames when the video is recorded. When the frames are projected—typically at a rate of 30 frames per second—the effect is a smooth reconstruction of the original continuous stream of information. As you might imagine, at 30 frames per second, the amount of data involved in displaying a video during a multimedia presentation can require a substantial amount of storage space. Consequently, video data—like audio data—is often compressed. A variety of compression standards exist. Some of the most common video file formats are .avi, .mpeg, .mov, .rm.For multimedia presentation, video may be recorded using a standard (analog) video camera and then converted to digital form as it is input into a computer. Alternatively, the film can be recording digitally using a digital video camera. Streaming video is frequently used on Web pages to reduce file size. Similar to streaming audio, Streaming video files can begin playing once a portion of the video has been downloaded.Unit 9(a) AI is currently being applied in business in the form of knowledge systems, which use human knowledge to solve problems. The most popular type of knowledge-based system is the expert system. An expert system is a computer program that attempts to represent the knowledge of human experts in the form of heuristics. The term heuristic is derived from the same Greek root as the word eureka, which means ―to discover‖.(b) The user interface enables the manager to enter instructions and information into the expert system and to receive information from it. The instructions specify the parameters that guide the expert system through its reasoning processing. The information is in the form of values assigned to certain variables.(c) The knowledge base contains both facts that describe the problem area and knowledge representation techniques that describe how the facts fit together in a logic al manner. The term problem domain is used to describe the problem area.(d) An expert system, also called a knowledge-based system, is an artificial intelligence system that applies reasoning capabilities to reach a conclusion. Expert systems are excellent for diagnostic and prescriptive problems.(e) The DSS is not intended to replace the manager. The computer can be applied to the structured portion of the problem, but the manager is responsible for the unstructured portion——applying judgment or intuition and conducting analyses.Unit 10The linked list (see figure 1) consists of a series of nodes, which are not necessarily adjacent in memory. Each node contains the element and a link to a node containing its successor. We call this the next link. The last cell’s next link references null. To execute printList or find(x) we merely start at the first node in the list and then traverse the list by following the next links. This operation is clearly linear-time, as in the array implementation, although the constant is likely to be larger than if an array implementation were used. The findKth operation is no longer quite as efficient as an array implementation; findKth(i) takesO(i) time and works by traversing down the list in the obvious manner. In practice, this bound is pessimistic, because frequently the calls to findKth are in sorted order (by i). As an example, findKth(2), findKth(3), findKth(4), and findKth(6) can all be executed in one scan down the list.The remove method can be executed in one next reference change. Figure 2 shows the result of deleting the second element in the original list.The insert method requires obtaining a new node from the system by using a new call and then executing two reference maneuvers. The general idea is shown in figure 3. The dashed line represents the old next reference.figure 1figure 2figure 3Unit 11(a) A set is pure if all of its members are sets, all members of its members are sets, and so on. For example, the set containing only the empty set is a nonempty pure set.(b) A language is a describable set of finite strings, drawn from a fixed alphabet. A grammar is one way to "describe" the language. The grammar consists of a finite list of rules, where each rule replaces one substring with another. The string on the left must contain at least one nonterminal. The first string "produces" or "generates" the second. Thus a rule is also called a production.(c) A finite-state machine (FSM) or finite-state automaton（FA）is a mathematical abstraction sometimes used to design digital logic or computer programs. It is a behavior model composed of a finite number of states, transitions between those states, and actions, similar to a flow graph in which one can inspect the way logic runs when certain conditions are met. (d) Sometimes it is inconvenient or impossible to describe a set by listing all of its elements. Another useful way to define a set is by specifying a property that the elements of the set have in common. The notation P(x) is used to denote a sentence or statement P concerning the variable object x. The set defined by P(x) written {x | P(x)}, is just a collection of all the objects for whichP is true.Unit 12(a) Because drawings are typically displayed in 3D, CAD is especially helpful in designing automobiles, aircraft, ships, buildings, electrical circuits (including computer chips), and even clothing.(b) Computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM) is the manufacturing approach of using computers to control the entire production process. This integration allows individual processes to exchange information with each other and initiate actions. Through the integration of computers, manufacturing can be faster and less error-prone, although the main advantage is the ability to create automated manufacturing processes.(c) In addition to supporting decision making, coordination, and control, information system may also help managers and workers analyze problems, visualize complex subjects, and create new products.(d) Knowing the history and evolution of ERP is essential to understanding its current application and its future developments.(e) In addition to monitoring operational activities such as tracking the status of orders and inventory levels, enterprise system also improve organization-wide reporting and decision making.Unit 13(a) There are a wide variety of educational application programs available. Educational software is designed to teach one or more skills, such as reading, math, spelling, a foreign language, world geography, or to help prepare for standardized tests.(b) Electronic business (e-business) is the use of information technology and electronic communication networks to exchange business information and conduct transactions in electronic, paperless form.(c) Word processing software allows you to use computers to create, edit, store, and print documents. You can easily insert, delete, and move words, sentences, and paragraphs——without ever using an eraser.(d) What is a spreadsheet? Spreadsheet software takes its name from the accountant’s columnar worksheet, which it imitates. A spreadsheet is a worksheet consisting of a collection of cells formed by the intersection of rows and columns. Each cell can store one piece of information: a number, word or phrase, or formula.Unit 14(a) A geographic information system (GIS) is a system that captures, stores, analyzes, manages and presents data with reference to geographic location data. In the simplest terms, GIS is the merging of cartography, statistical analysis and database technology.(b) The GPS receiver uses the messages it receives to determine the transit time of each message and computes the distance to each satellite. These distances along with the satellites' locations are used to compute the position of the receiver. This position is then displayed, perhaps with a moving map display or latitude and longitude; elevation information may be included.(c) Virtual reality (VR) is a term that applies to computer-simulated environments that can simulate physical presence in the real world. Most current virtual reality environments areprimarily visual experiences, displayed either on a computer screen or through special stereoscopic displays, but some simulations include additional sensory information, such as sound through speakers or headphones.Unit 15(a) The software development process is sometimes called the software development life cycle (SDLC), because it describes the life of a software product from its conception to its implementation, delivery, use, and maintenance.(b) How can the CMM help your organization? There are three key roles the CMM plays. First, the CMM helps build an understanding of software process by describing the practices that contribute to a level of process maturity. The second role of the CMM is to provide a consistent basis for conducting appraisals of software processes. The CMM’s third key role is to serve as a blueprint for software process improvement.(c) The UML offers a standard way to write a system’s blueprints, including conceptual things such as business processes and system functions as well as concrete things such as programming language statements, database schemas, and reusable software components. The UML represents a collection of the best engineering practices that have proven successful in the modeling of large and complex systems.(d) Object modeling is a technique for identifying objects within the system environment and the relationships between those objects. The object-oriented approach to system development is based on several concepts, such as object, attribute, behavior, encapsulation, class, inheritance, polymorphism, persistence, etc.Unit 16―Security‖ is an all-encompassing term that describes all the concepts, techniques, and technologies to protect information from unauthorized access. There are several requirements for information security.Confidentiality: hiding data, usually with encryption, to prevent unauthorized viewing and access.Authenticity: the ability to know that the person or system you are communicating with is who or what you think it is. Access control: once a person or system has been authenticated, their ability to access data and use systems is determined by access controls.Data integrity: providing assurance that an information system or data is genuine.Availability: making sure that information is available to users in a secure way.To prevent unauthorized access, some type of identification procedure must be used. These vary from passwords to physical access object (access cards, etc.) to biometric devices that verify some type of personal characteristic, such as a fingerprint.Some of the most secure access control systems address both identification and authentication. Identification involves verifying that the person’s name or other identifying feature is listed as an authorized user; authentication refers to determining whether or not the person is actually who he or she claims to be.Unit 17A distributed system is a collection of independent computers which appear to the users of system as a single computer. Nearly all large software systems are distributed. For example, enterprise-wide business systems must support multiple users running common applications ac ross different sites.A distributed system encompasses a variety of applications, their underlying support software, the hardware they run on, and the communication links connecting the distributed hardware. The largest and best-known distributed system is the set of computers, software, and services comprising the World Wide Web, which is so pervasive that it coexists with and connects to most other existing distributed systems. The most common distributed systems are networked client/server systems. Distributed systems share the general properties described below.●Multiple nodes●Message passing or communication●Resource sharing●Decentralized control●Concurrency or parallelism●Fault tolerance●Heterogeneity●OpennessDistributed systems have many inherent advantages, especially over centralized systems. Some applications are inherent distributed as well. In general, distributed systems:●Yield higher performance●Allow incremental growth●Allow one user to run a program on many different machines in parallel●Provide higher reliability。
通信缩略语C字母中英文对照
C&C：Computer & Communication，计算机与通信C/D：Coder / Decoder，编码器/译码器C/I：Carrier/Interference，载干比C/N：Carrier-to-Noise ratio，载噪比C/R：Command / Response (bit) ，命令/响应(比特)C2B：Customer to Business，消费者到企业(电子商务)C3(3C)：Computer, Communication, Control，计算机、通信、控制C3I：Command, Control, Communication and Intelligence，指挥、控制、通信和情报C4I：Command, Control, Communication, Computer and Intelligence，指挥、控制、通信、计算机和情报C5(5C)：Computer, Communication, Content, Customer and Control，计算机、通信、容量、顾客和控制C7：CCITT No.7 signaling，CCITT七号信令CA：Call Agent，呼叫代理CA：Certificate Authority，认证中心CA：Charging Analysis，计费分析CA：Collision Avoidance，碰撞防止CA：Communication Automation，通信自动化CA：Congestion Avoidance，拥塞防止CAA：Computer Assisted Animation，计算机辅助动画CAAD：Computer Aided Architecture Design，计算机辅助结构设计CAAS：Computer-Assisted Animation System，计算机辅助动画系统CAC：Call Admission Control，呼叫允许控制CAC：Computer Aided Creating，计算机辅助创意CAC：Computer Assisted Composition，计算机辅助创作(作曲) CAC：Computer-Assisted Counseling，计算机辅助咨询CAC：Connection Admission Control，连接允许控制CAD：Computer Aided Design，计算机辅助设计CAD：Computer-Aided Diagnosis，计算机辅助诊断CAE：Computer-Aided Education，计算机辅助教育CAE：Computer-Aided Engineering，计算机辅助工程CAE：Customer Application Engineering，用户应用工程CAI：Common Air Interface，公共空中接口CAI：Computer-Aided Instruction，计算机辅助教学CAI：Computer-Assisted Interrogation，计算机辅助咨询CAIRS：Computer-Assisted Information Retrieval System，计算机辅助情报检索系统CAL：Computer-Assisted Learning，计算机辅助学习CD：Caller Diverting，来电转接Caller ID，来话方显示Cellular Phones，移动电话CAM：Computer Added Manufacturing，计算机辅助制造CAM：Core Access Module，核心接入模块CAMC ：Customer Access Maintenance Center，用户接入维护中心CAMEL：Customized Application for Mobile Network Enhanced Logic，移动网络定制应用增强逻辑服务器CAMPER：Computer Aided Movie PERspectives，计算机辅助电影画面制作CAN：Cable Area Network，缆区网络CAN：Campus Area Network，校园区域网络CAN：City Area Network，市区网络CAN：Compact Access Node，密集的接入结点CAN：Customer Access Network，用户接入网CAP：Cable Access Point，纤缆接入点CAP：Carrierless Amplitude Phase，无载波幅相(调制)CAP：Channel Assignment Problem，信道分配问题CAP：Competitive Access Provider，相互竞争的接入提供商CAPTAIN：Character And Pattern Telephone Access Information Network system，图文电话信息网络系统CAR：Channel Assignment Register，信道分配寄存器CAR：Committed Access Rate，承诺的接入速率CAR：Computer-Assisted Retrieval，计算机辅助检索CARD：Channel Allocation and Routing Data，信道分配与路由选择数据CARDDET，卡检测CAS：Channel Associated Signaling，随路信令CASE：Common Application Service Element，公共应用服务单元CASE：Computer Aided Software Engineering，计算机辅助软件工程CASE：Computer Aided Systems Evaluation，计算机辅助系统评价CAT：Computer Aided Testing，计算机辅助测试CAT：Computer-Aided Translation，计算机辅助翻译CATA：Computer Assisted Traditional Animation，计算机辅助传统动画显示CATS：CAble Transfer Splicing，纤缆转换连接CATV：CAble TeleVision，有线电视CATV：Community Antenna TeleVision，共用天线电视系统CATT：China Academy of Telecommunication Technology，中国电信科学技术研究院CAU：Cell Antenna Unit ，小区天线单元CA VE：Cellular Authentication V oice Encription，蜂窝鉴权和语音加密CA VG：Computer Assisted Video Generation，计算机辅助影像生成CAW：CAll Waiting，呼叫等待CB：Communication Bus，通信总线CB：Channel Bank，通道汇流排CBDS：Connectionless Broadband Data Service，无连接宽带数据业务CBK：Call BacK，回叫CBMA：Computer-Based Music Analysis，基于计算机的音乐分析CBQ：Class-Based Queuing，基于级别的排队CBR：Constant Bit Rate，固定比特率CBR：Constraint Based Routing，基于约束的选路CBR：Content Based Retrieval，基于内容的检索CBR：Continuous Bit Rate，恒比特速率CBSRP：Capacity-Based Session Reservation Protocol，基于容量的对话保留协议CBX：Computerized Branch eXchange，计算机化小交换机CC：Communication Control，通信控制CC ：Call Collision，呼叫冲突CC：Call Control ，呼叫控制CC：Color Compensation，彩色补偿CC：Color Correction，彩色校正CC：Compression and Coding，压缩与编码CC：Control Channel，控制信道CC：Country Code，国家代码CC：Connection Confirmation，接续确认CC：Convolutional Coding，卷积编码CC：Credit Card，信用卡CCA：Call Control Agent，呼叫控制代理CCA：Common Communication Adapter，公用通信适配器CCA：Common Cryptographic Architecture，公用密码结构CCAF：Call Control Access Function，呼叫控制接入功能CCAF：Call Control Agent Function，呼叫控制代理功能CCB：Call Control Block，呼叫控制块CCB：Configuration Control Board，配置管理委员会CCB：Connection Control Block，连接控制块CCB：Customer Care and Billing，客户服务和计费CCBS：Completion of Call to Busy Subscriber，遇忙呼叫完成CCC：Color Cell Compression，色彩单元压缩CCC：Computer Communication Converter ，计算机通信转换器CCC：Credit Card Calling，信用卡呼叫CCCH：Common Control Channel，公共控制信道CCD：Charge Coupled Device，电荷耦合器件CCDMA：Cooperative CDMA，协作CDMACCDN：Corporate Consolidation Data Network，共同统一数据网络CCDU：CES Channels Dispatch Unit，电路仿真业务信道分配单元CCE：Cooperative Computing Environment，协作计算环境CCF：Call Control Function，呼叫控制功能CCF：Communication Control Field，通信控制字段CCF：Connection Control Function，接续控制功能CCH：Control Channel，控制信道CCI：CoChannel Interference，共道干扰CCI：Conference Call Indicator，会议电话指示器CCIR：International Radio Consulative Committee，国际无线电咨询委员会CCIS：Coaxial Cable Information System，同轴电缆信息系统CCIS：Common-Channel Interoffice Signaling，共路局间信令CCITT：International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee，国际电报与电话顾问委员会CCLN：CDMA Cellular Land Network CDMA，蜂窝陆地网络CCONTCSX ，开机维持CCONT：电源模块CCONTINT：电源模块中断CCP：Call Confirmation Procedure，呼叫确认过程CCP：Call Control Procedure，呼叫控制过程CCP：Call Control Processor，呼叫控制处理器CCP：Communication Control Processor，通信控制处理器CCP：Cross-Connection Point，交叉连接点CCPCH：Common Control Physical Channel，公共控制物理信道CCR：Call Congestion Ratio，呼损率CCS：Common Channel Signaling，公共信道信令CCS：Call Connected Signal，呼叫接通信号CCS：Centi-Call Seconds，百秒呼CCS：Common Channel Signaling，共路信令CCS：Control Coordination System，控制协调系统CCS7：Common Channel Signaling No.7，七号共路信令CCSA：Common-Control Switching Arrangement，公用控制交换方案CCSE：Common Channel Signaling Equipment，公共信道信令设备CCSM：Common Channel Signaling Module，公共信道信令模块CCSN：Common Channel Signaling Network，公共信道信令网CCSS：Common Channel Signaling System，公共信道信令系统CCTrCH：Coded Composite Transport Channel，编码组合传输信道CCTV：Closed-Circuit TeleVision，闭路电视CCU：Communication Control Unit，通信控制单元CCUT，低电保护充电控制信号CD：Call Deflection，呼叫改向CD：Call Distribution，呼叫分配CD：Cell Delay，信元延时CD：Collision Detection，冲突检测CD：Compact Disc，光盘CD：Compressed Data，压缩数据CDB：Common Data Bus，公共数据总线CDB：Common Data Base，公用数据库CD-DA：Compact Disc Digital Audio，数字音频光盘CDDI：Common Distributed Data Interface，通用分布式数据接口CDDI：Copper Distributed Data Interface，铜线分布式数据接口CD-DV：Compact Disc Digital Video，数字视频光盘CDE：Collaboration Development Environment，协同开发环境CDE：Compact Disc Erasable，可擦光盘CDF：Communication Data Field，通信数据字段CDFM：Compact Disc File Manager，光盘文件管理系统CDFS：Compact Disc File System，光盘文件系统CDG：CDMA Development Group，CDMA发展集团CD-G：Compact Disc-Graphics，图形光盘CDHS：Comprehensive Data Handling System，综合数据处理系统CDI：CalleD line Identity，被叫线路鉴别CD-I：Compact Disc-Interactive，交互式光盘CDIS：Common Data Interface System，公共数据接口系统CDL：Common channel Data Link，公共信道数据链路CDLI：CalleD Line Identity，被叫线路鉴别CDM：Code Division Multiplexing，码分复用CDMA：Code Division Multiple Access，码分多址，码分多址接入CD-MO：Compact Disk Magnet Optical，磁光盘Code Division Multiple Access(CDMA)，分码多重进接Cordless Phone，无线电话CDPD：Cellular Digital Packet Data，蜂窝数字分组数据CDN：Content Delivery Network，内容提供网CDNM：Cross-Domain Network Manager，跨域网络管理程序CDP：Customer Data Processing，用户数据处理CDPC：Central Data Processing Computer，中央数据处理计算机CDPD：Cellular Digital Packet Data，蜂窝数字分组数据CDPS：Central Data Processing System，中央数据处理系统CDR：Call Data Recording，呼叫数据记录CDR：Call Detail Record，呼叫详细记录CDR：Call Detail Recorder，呼叫细节记录器CDR：Capacity to Demand Ratio，容量需求比CDR：Charging Data Recording，计费数据记录CD-R：Compact Disc Recordable，可写光盘CD-R：Compact Disc-Recorder，光盘写入机CDRAM：Cache Dynamic Randon Access Memory，DRAM高速缓存CD-ROM：Compact Disc-Read Only Memory，只读光盘CDRTOS：Compact Disc Real Time Operating System ，光盘实时操作系统CD-RW：Compact Disc ReWritable，可擦写光盘CDS：Compressed Data Storage，压缩数据存储器CDS：Computerized documention Service，计算机化的文献服务CDSS：Compressed Data Storage System，压缩数据存储系统CD-UDF：Compact Disc Unified Disk Format，统一格式的光盘CDV：Cell Delay Variation，信元迟延变化CDV：Compressed Digital Video，压缩数字视频CD-V：Compact Disc-Video，视频光盘CDVT：Cell Delay Variation Tolerance，信元迟延变化容差CD-WO：Compact Disc Write Once ，一次写入光盘CD-WOEA：Compact Disc Write Once Extend Area，一次写入光盘扩充区CD-WORM：Compact Disc-Write Once Read Many，一次写入多次读出光盘CE：Call Establishment，呼叫建立过程CE：Circuit Emulation，电路仿真CE：Computing Environment，计算环境CE：Connecting Element ，连接单元CE：Convolutional Encoder，卷积编码器CEC：Cell Error Control，信元差错控制CELP：Code-Excited Linear Excited Predictive Coding，码激励线性编码CEM：Constant Envelope Modulation，恒包络调制CEN：Cell Error Number，信元差错数CENTRX：CENTRal Exchange，集中用户交换机CEP：Call set-up Error Probability，呼叫建立差错概率CEPT：Conference European Post et de Telecom，欧洲邮政和电信会议CER：Cell Error Rate，信元错误率CES：Circuit Emulation Service，电路仿真业务CES：Coast Earth Station，海岸地球站CES：Communication Engineering Standard，通信工程标准CEST：Coast Earth Station Telex，海岸地球站用户电报CF：Call Forwarding，呼叫前转CF：Conversion Facility，转换设施CF：Core Function，核心功能CFA：Capacity and Flow Assignment，容量和流量分配CFB：Call Forwarding Busy，呼叫前转忙CFB：Call Forward on mobile subscriber Busy,移动台忙时前向呼叫CFN：Carrier Frequency Net，载频网CFRNc：Call Forwarding on mobile subscriber Not Reachable,移动用户未够能达到前向呼叫CFNRy：Call Forwarding on No Reply，呼叫无应答前转CFR：Cell Failure Ratio，信元失效比CFR：Channel Failure Ratio，信道失效比CFS：Call Failure Signal，呼叫故障信号CFU：Call Forwarding Unconditional，前向呼叫无条件转移CG：Charging Gateway，计费网关CG：Computer Graphics，计算机图形学CGC：Charge Generation Control，计费生成控制CGC：Circuit-Group-Congestion，电路群拥塞CGH：Computer-Generated Holograms，计算机生成的全息图CGI：Common Gateway Interface，通用网关接口CGI：Computer Graphics Interface，计算机图形接口CGM：Computer Graphics Metafile，计算机图形元文件CGP：Computervision Graphics Processor，计算机视觉图像处理器CH：Call Handler，呼叫处理器CH：Call Hold，呼叫保持CHA：Call Hold with Announcement，带通知的呼叫保持CHAN：CHarge Analysis，计费分析CHAP：Challenge Handshake Authentication Protocol，口令握手认证协议CHARLIM，充电终止信号CHAS：CHannel Associated Signaling，随路信令CHC：CHannel Controller，通道控制器CHD：Call HanDling，呼叫处理CHI：CHannel Interface，通道接口CHILL：CCITT High Level Language，CCITT高级语言CHRFLAG：CHaRging FLAG，计费标记CHRMT：CHaRging MeThod，计费方法CHS：Call Hold Service，呼叫保持业务CHT：Call Holding Time，呼叫保持时间CI：Cell Identity，小区识别码CI：Cluster Interface，群接口CI：Command Identifier，指令标识符CI：Computer Interconnect，计算机互连CI：Congestion Indication，拥塞指示CI：Crossbar Interconnection，纵横制互联CI：Customer Installation，用户装置CIC：Ciucuit Identification Code，电路识别码CIC：Communications Intelligence Channel，通信智能信道CICS：Customer Information Control System，客户信息控制系统CID：Call Instance Data，呼叫实例数据CID：Caller Identification，主叫识别CID：Channel Identifier，信道标识符CIDFP：Call Instance Data File Point，呼叫实例数据文件段CIDR：Class Inter-Domain Routing，分级域间路由选择CIDR：Classless Inter Domain Routing，无级域间路由选择CIF：Common Intermedia Format，通用中间格式CIFS：Common Internet File System，公用因特网文件系统CIG：Cell Interconnection Gateway，信元互连网关CIG：Computer Image Generator，计算机图像发生器CIG：Computerized Interactive Graphics，计算机化交互图形学CIL：Call Identification Line，呼叫识别线路CIM：Common Information Model，公共信息模型CIM：Computer Input Media，计算机输入媒体CIM：Computer Input Microfilm，计算机输入微缩胶片CIM：Computer Integrated Manufacturing，计算机集成制造CIM：Control Interface Module，控制接口模块CIMS：Computer Integrated Manufacturing System，计算机集成制造系统CIO：Chief Information Officer，信息主管CIP：Call Information Processing，呼叫信息处理CIP：Congestion Indication Primitive，拥塞指示原语CIPOA：Classical IP Over ATM ATM，承载经典IPCIR：Calling-line-Identity-Request，主叫线路识别请求CIR：Committed Information Rate，待发信息速率CIS：CDMA Interconnect Subsystem，CDMA互连子系统CIS：Customer Information System，客户信息系统CISC：Complex-Instruction-Set Computing，复杂指令集计算CIU：Cell Input Unit，信元输入单元CIW：Customer Information Warehouse，用户信息仓库CIX：Commercial Internet eXchange，商用因特网交换CKE：Chinese Keypad Entry，中文键盘输入CKO：Chief Knowledge Officer，知识工程主管CLASS：Custom Local Area Signaling System，用户局域信令系统CLASS：Customized Local Access Signaling Service，定制的本地接入信令服务CLBM：CLassical Broadcasting Model，传统的广播模型CLD：Cell Loss Detection，信元损失检测CLEC：Competitive Local Exchange Carrier，竞争性的本地交换运营商CLI：Calling Line Identification，主叫线路识别CLI：Command Line Interface，指令线路接口CLIF：Called Line Identification Facility，被叫线路识别设备CLIP：Calling Line Identification Presentation，主叫用户线识别提示CLIP：CLassical over IP，IP承载传统业务CLIR：Calling Line Identification Restriction，主呼用户线识别限制CLIRI：Calling Line Identification Request Indication，主叫线路识别请求指示CLIS：Called Line Identification Signal，被叫线路识别信号CLLM：Consolidated Link Layer Management message，综合链路层管理信息CLM：ConnectionLess service Module，无连接业务模块CLNAP：ConnectionLess Network Access Protocol，无连接网络接入协议CLNP：ConnectionLess Network Protocol，无连接网络协议CLNS：ConnectionLess Network Service，无连接网络服务CLP：CaLl Processor，呼叫处理机CLP：Cell Loss Priority，信元丢失优先权CLP：Cell Loss Probability，信元丢失概率CL-PDU：ConnectionLess Protocol Data Unit，无连接协议数据单元CLPI：Cell Loss Priority Indication，信元丢失优先级指示CLR：Cell Loss Rate，信元丢失率CLR：Cell Loss Ratio，信元丢失比CLR：Computer Language Recorder，计算机语言记录装置CLS： Channel Load Sensing，信道负载检测CLS：Controlled Load Service，受控负载业务CLS：Customer Link Service，用户链路业务CL-SCCP：ConnectionLess SCCP，无连接SCCPCLSF：ConnectionLess Service Function，无连接服务功能CLSP：Channel Load Sensing Protocol，信道负载检测协议CLSS：Communication Link SubSystem，通信链路子系统CLT：Communication Line Terminal，通信线路终端CM：Cable Modem，纤缆调制解调器CM：Call Manager，呼叫管理器CM：Call Monitor，呼叫监控器CM：Cell Merger，信元归并CM：Coherence Multiplexing，相干复用CM：Configuration Management，配置管理CM：Connection Manager，连接管理器CM：Connection Management，连接管理CM：Connection Matrix，连接矩阵CM：Continuous Media，连续性媒体CM/SCM：Coherence Multiplexing / SubCarrier Multiplexing，相干复用/副载波复用CMA：Coherence Multiple Access，相干多址访问CMAC：Control Mobile Attenuation Code，控制移动衰减码CMC：Call Modification Completed message，呼叫改变完成消息CMC：Coherent Multi-Channel，相干多信道CMC：Concurrent Media Conversion，并行媒体转换CMC：CUG Management Center，CUG管理中心CMCB ：CoMmunication Control Block，通信控制功能块CME：Communication Management Entity，通信管理实体CME：Connection Management Entity，连接管理实体CMI：Call Management Information，呼叫管理信息CMI：Coding Method Identifier，编码方式标识符CMIP：Common Management Information Protocol，公共管理信息协议CMIP：Common Management Interface Protocol，公共管理接口协议CMIS：Common Management Information Service，公共管理信息服务CMIS/P：Common Management Information Service / Protocol，公共管理信息服务/协议CMISE：Common Management Information Service Element，公共管理信息业务单元CMM：Cell Management Module，信元管理模块CMN：Cell Misinsertion Number，信元错插数CMOS：Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor，互补金属氧化物半导体CMP：Content Management and Protection，内容管理和保护CMP：Customer Management Point，客户管理点CMR：Call Modification Request message，呼叫改变请求消息CMR：Cell Misinsertion Rate，信元误插率CMR：Common-Mode Ratio，共模抑制比CMRR：Common-Mode Rejection Ratio，共模抑制比CMVR：Common-Mode V oltage Ratio，共模电压比CMRFI：Cable Modem RF Interface，线缆调制解调器射频接口CMRM：Call Modification Reject Message，呼叫改变拒绝信息CMRTS：Celulla Mobile Radio Telephone System，蜂窝移动无线电话系统CMS：Call Management System，呼叫管理系统CMS：Cluster Management System，群集管理系统CMS：Conversational Monitor System，会话式监控系统CMT：Cellular Message Telecommunications，蜂窝消息电信业务CMTS：Cable Modem Termination System，线缆调制解调器端接系统CMTS：Centralized Maintenance Test System，集中式维护测试系统CMW：Common MiddleWare，公共中间件CMX：Compact Multimedia Extension Services，压缩的多媒体扩展业务CMY：Cyan青，Magenta 品红，Yellow 黄，（printing colors），减色系统CN：Core Network，核心网CAN：Communication Network Architecture，通信网络体系结构CAN：Cooperative Networking Architecture，协作式联网体系结构CNC：Congestion Notification Cell，拥塞通知信元CNCC：Customer Network Control Center，用户网控制中心CNDP：Communication Network Design Program，通信网络设计程序CNII：China National Information Infrastructure，中国国家信息基础设施CNIP：Calling Name Identification Presentation，主叫号码识别显示CNIR：Calling Name Identification Restriction，主叫号码识别限制CNLP：Connectionless Network Layer Protocol，无连接模式网络层协议CNM：Centralized Network Management，集中式网络管理CNM：Customer Network Management，用户网管理CNMI：Communications Network Management Interface，通信网络管理接口CNN：Cellular Neural Network，蜂窝神经网络CNNS：Connectionless Node Network Service，无连接节点网络服务CNP：Communications Network Processor，通信网络处理器CNR：Carrier Noise Ratio，载噪比CNS：Communications Network System，通信网络系统CNTVR-1，稳压器控制信号－1CO：Central Office，中心局CO：Connection-Oriented，面向连接的COA：ChangeOver Acknowledge，倒换证实信号COAT：Coherent Optical Adaptive Technique，相干光自适应技术COBBACLK，音频（13M）时钟COBBACSX，音频片选COBBAIDA I数据线COBBAIF，音频接口COBBAQDAQ，数据线COBBASDA，音频数据COBBA，音频处理器COBOL：COmmon Business Oriented Language，面向商业的通用语言COC：Central Office Connection，中心局连接COC：COnsulation Calling，协商呼叫COCF：Connection-Oriented Convergence Function，面向连接的会聚功能CODEC：COder-DECoder，编译码器COFDM：Coding Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex，正交编码频分复用COH：Connection OverHead，连接开销COI：Central Office Interface，中心局接口COIP：COnnected line Identification Presentation，被连接线识别提示COIP：Connection-Oriented Internet Protocol，面向连接的网际协议COIR：COnnected line Identification Restriction，被叫连接线识别限制COIU：Central Office Interface Unit，中心局接口单元COL：Computer-Oriented Language，面向计算机的语言COL：COnnect Line identity ，连接线路识别COL(4:0),键盘列线COLI：COnnected Line Identity，被连接线路识别CoLP：Connected Line Identification Presentation，连接线显示CoLR：Connected Line Identification Restriction，连接线限制COM：Centralized Operation and Maintenance，集中的操作和维护COM：Common Object Model，公用对象模型COM：Continuation Of Message，报文继续COM/CM：Common Object Model / Continuation of Message ，公用对象模型/持续报文COMC ：Centralized Operations and Maintenance Center，集中的操作和维护中心CONF：CONFerence calling ，会议呼叫CONP：Connection Oriented Network layer Protocol，面向连接的网络层协议CONS：Connection-Oriented Network Service，面向连接的网络服务COO：Cost Of Ownership，拥有成本COP：Character-Oriented Protocol，面向字符的协议COP：Cohenrent Optical Processor，相干光处理器COP：Continuation Of Packet，分组的连续性COPS：Common Open Policy Service，通用开放策略服务COQ：Channel Optimized Quantizer，信道最佳化量化器CORBA：Common Object Request Broker Architecture，公共对象请求代理结构CoS：Class of Service，业务类别，服务等级COS：Cell Output Switch，信元输出交换COS：Communications-Oriented Software，面向通信的软件COS：Cooperation for Open Systems，开放系统协作CO-SCCP：Connection-Oriented SCCP，面向连接的SCCP COSS：Common Object Services Specifications，公共对象服务规范COT：Central Office Terminal，中心局终端设备COT：Class Of Traffic，业务种类COT：Class Of Trunk，中继类别COTS：Connection Oriented Transfer Service，面向连接的传送业务COVQ：Channel-Optimized Vector Quantization，信道最佳化矢量量化CP：Collision Presence，出现冲突CP：Common Part，公共部分CP：Connection Point，连接点CP：Consolidation Point，集合点CP：Content Provider，内容供应商CP：Customer Premise，用户所在地CPA：Computer Performance Analysis，计算机性能分析CPB：Channel Program Block，信道程序块CPBX：Centralized Private Branch exchange，集中式电话小交换机CPC：Call Processing Control，呼叫处理控制CPCH：Common Packet Channel，公共分组信道CPCS：Common Part Convergence Sublayer，公共部分会聚子层CPCS-PDU：CPCS-Protocol Data Unit，公共部分会聚子层协议数据单元CPCS-SDU：CPCS-Service Data Unit，公共部分会聚子层业务数据单元CPE：Customer Premises Equipment，用户端设备CPFSK：Continuous Phase-Frequency Shift Keying，连续相位频移键控CPG：Call ProGress，呼叫进展CPH：Calling Party Handling，呼叫方处理CPHCH：Common PHysical Channel，公共物理信道CPI：Characters Per Inch，字符数/英寸CPI：Common Part Indicator，公共部分指示CPICH：Common Pilot Channel，公共导频信道CPL：Computer Program Library，计算机程序库CPLD：Complex Programmable Logic Device，可编程逻辑器件CPM：Call Processing Model，呼叫处理模式CPM：Call Processor Module，呼叫处理机模块CPM：Call Progress Message，呼叫进行消息CPM：Call Protocol Message，呼叫协议信息CPM：Call Protocol Module，呼叫协议模块CPM：Continuous Phase Modulation，连续相位调制CPM：Control Protocol Message，控制协议消息CPM：Core Packet Module，核心分组模块CPM：Critical Path Method，关键路径方法CPM：Cross Phase Modulation，交叉相位调制CPM：Customer Profile Management，客户类型管理CPN：Closed Private Network，专用闭环网络CPN：Customer Premises Network，用户驻地网CPP：Call Processing Program，呼叫处理程序CPP：Calling Party Pay，主叫付费CPR：Chirp-to-Power Ratio，啁啾与功率比CPR：Cost-Performance Ratio，价格性能比CPRMA：Centralized PRMA，集中式分组预留多址CPS：Call Privacy Service，呼叫保密业务CPS：Call Processing System，呼叫处理系统CPS：Central Processing System，中央处理系统CPS：Certification Practice Statement，认证操作规定CPS：Common Part Sublayer，公共部分子层CPS-PDU：Common Part Sublayer Protocol Data Unit，公共部分子层协议数据单元CPS-PH：Common Part Sublayer Packet Header，公共部分子层分组头CPS-PP：Common Part Sublayer Packet Payload，公共部分子层净荷CPSR：Current Program Status Register，当前程序状态寄存器CPT：Cellular Paging Telecommunications，蜂窝寻呼电信业务CPT：ComPatibility Test，兼容性测试CPT：Control Packet Transmission，控制报文分组传输CPT：Cost Per Thousand，每千人次访问收费CPT：Critical Path Technique，临界路径技术CPU：Central Processing Unit，中央处理器CPWDM：Chirped-Pulse Wavelength Division Multiplexing，脉冲波分复用CLI：Calling Line Identification，主叫线识别CR：Calling Rate，呼叫率CR：Channel Reservation，信道预定CR：Connection Request，连接请求CRA：Customerized Record Announcement，客户规定的记录通知CRAC：Channel Reservation for Ahead Cell，前信元信道预留CRBA：Common Request Broker Arehitecture，公共请求代理体系结构CRC：Centralized Resource Control，集中资源控制CRC：Common Routing Channel，公共路由选择信道CRC：Cyclic Redundancy Check，循环冗余校验CRC：Cyclic Redundancy Code，循环冗余码校验CRCA：Cyclic Redundancy Code Accumulator，循环冗余码累加器CRD：Call Rerouting Distribution，重选呼叫路由分布CRD：Clock Recovery Device，时钟恢复设备CRD：Collision Resolution Device，碰撞检测设备CRE：Cell Reference Event，信元参考事件CRED：CREDit card calling，信用卡呼叫CRF：Channel Repetition Frequency，信道重复频率CRI：Call Request with Identification，识别呼叫请求CRI：Collective Routing Indicator，集群路由选择标志CRM：Call Recording Monitor，呼叫记录监视器CRM：Customer Relationship Management，客户关系管理CRN：Call ReturN，呼叫返回CRP：Call Request Packet，呼叫请求分组CRP：Currently Recommended alternate Path，当前推荐的迂回路由CRS：Call Redirection Server，呼叫再定向服务器CRS：Call Redirection Supervisor，呼叫再定向监视器CRS：Call Routing System，呼叫路由选择系统CRS：Cell Relay Service，信元中继业务CRSS：Call Related Supplementary Services，呼叫相关辅助业务CRT：Call Request Time，呼叫请求时间CRT：Cathode-Ray Tube，阴极射线管CRTP：Compressed Real-Time Protocol，实时压缩协议CS：Capability Set，能力集CS：Cell Station，小区站CS：Central Station，中心站CS：Channel Selector，信道选择器CS：Channel Switching，信道交换CS：Character Strings，字符串CS：Circuit Switch，电路交换CS：Circuit Switched Domain，电路交换域CS：Client-Server，客户机-服务器CS：Compression System，压缩系统CS：Connection Server，连接服务器CS：Convergence Sublayer，会聚子层CS-1：Capability Set-1，能力组1CSA：Carrier Service Area，载波服务区CSA：Client Server Architecture，客户机服务器体系结构CSC：Circuit Supervision Control，电路监控CSC：Circuit Switching Center，电路交换中心CSC：Common Signaling Channel，公共信令信道CSC：Common-channel Signaling Controller，公共信道信令控制器CSC：Control Signaling Code，控制信令码CSC：Customer Service Center，用户服务中心CSCE：Centralized Supervisory and Control Equipment，集中监控设备CS-CELP：Conjugate-Structure Coded-Excited Linear Predication，共轭结构码激励线性预测CSCF：Call Server Control Function，呼叫服务器控制功能CSCM：Coherent SubCarrier Multiplexing，相干副载波复用CSCS：Common Signaling Channel Synchronizer，公共信令信道同步器CSCT：Circuit-Switched Connection Type，电路交换连接类型CSCW：Computer Supported Cooperative Work，计算机支持的协同工作CSD：Call Set-up Delay，呼叫建立延迟CSD：Circuit Switched Data，电路交换数据CSDN：Circuit Switched Data Network，电路交换数据网CSDN：Circuit Switched Digital Network，电路交换数字网络CSE：Common channel Signaling Equipment，公共信道信令设备CSEI：Common channel Signaling Equipment Interface，公共信道信令设备接口CSF：Cell Site Function，信元位置功能CSF：Channel Selection Filter，信道选择滤波器CSH：Called Subscriber Hold，被叫用户保持CSI：Called Subscriber Identification，被叫用户识别CSI：Carrier Scale Internetworking，载波级互通CSI：Channel State Information，信道状态信息CSI：Convergence Sublayer Indication，会聚子层指示CSIC：Customer Specific Integrated Circuit，用户专用集成电路CSK：Code Shift Keying，码移键控CSL：Computer Structure Language，计算机结构语言CSLIP：Compressed Serial Line Internet Protocol，压缩的串行线路因特网协议CSM：Call Segment Model，呼叫段模型CSM：Call Set-up Message，呼叫建立消息CSM：Call Supervision Message，呼叫监控信息CSM：Central Subscriber Multiplex，中心用户复用CSM：Clock Supply Module，时钟供给模块CSM：Customer Service Management，用户服务管理CSMA：Carrier Sense Multiple Access，载波检测多址访问CSMA/CD：Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection，带冲突检测的载波多路监听CSN：Circuit Switched Network，电路交换网CSN：Common Services Network，公共服务网CSNP：Complete Sequence Numbers Protocol data unit，完整序号协议数据单元CSO：Composite Second Order，复合二次失真CSP：Call Signal Processing，呼叫信号处理CSP：Commerce Service Provider，商业性服务供应商CSP：Control Signal Processor，控制信号处理机CSPDN：Circuit Switched Public Data Network，电路交换公共数据网CSPM：Call & Signaling Process Module，呼叫和信令处理模块CSR：Cell Start Recognizer，信元起始识别程序CSR：Cell Switch Router，信元交换路由器CSR：Centrex Station Rearrangement，中心站调整CSR：Customer Service Representative，客户服务代表CSS：Cell Site Switch，信元位置转换CSS：Channel Signaling System，信道信令系统CSTA：Computer-Supported Telecommunications Applications，计算机支持的电信应用CSTN：Color Super Twisted Nematic，彩色超扭曲向列（LCD）CSU：Channel Service Unit，信道服务单元CSU：Circuit Switching Unit，电路交换单元CSU：Common Service Unit，公共业务单元CSU：Customer Service Unit，用户业务单元CSU/DSU：Channel Service Unit / Data Service Unit，信道服务单元/数据服务单元CSUBANS：Called SUBscriber ANSwer，被叫用户应答CSUD：Call Set-Up Delay，呼叫建立延迟CSW：Channel Status Word，信道状态字CT：Call Transfer，呼叫转移CT：Computer Telephony，计算机电话CT/RT：Central Terminal / Remote Terminal，中央终端/远程终端CT2：Cordless Telephone 2，第二代无绳电话CT3：Cordless Telephone 3，第三代无绳电话CTA：Cordless Terminal Adaptor，无绳终端适配器CTB：Composite Triple Beat，复合三次拍频CTC：Cell Type Checker，信元类型检测器CTC：Channel Traffic Control，信道业务量控制CTC：CrossTalk Cancellation，串扰消除CTCA：Channel To Channel Adaptor，信道间适配器CTCF：Channel and Traffic Control Facility，信道与通信量控制设备CTCH：Common Traffic Channel，公共业务信道CTD：Cell Transfer Delay，信元传送迟延CTDM：Cell Time Division Multiplexing，信元时分复用CTDS：Code-Translation Data System，码转换数据系统CTE：Cable Termination Equipment，电缆终端设备CTE：Channel Translating Equipment，信道转换设备CTE：Customer Terminal Equipment，用户终端设备CTI：Computer Telephony Integration，计算机电话集成CTM：Circuit Transfer Mode，电路转移模式CTO：Chief Technology Officer，首席技术主管CTP：Connection Terminal Point，连接终端点CTS：Communications Technology Satellite，通信技术卫星CTS：Computer Telegram System，计算机电报系统CTS：Credit Telephone Service，信用卡电话业务CTTE：Common TDMA Terminal Equipment，通用TDMA终端设备CTV：Cable TeleVision，有线电视CTX：Customer Telephone eXchange，用户电话交换机CUF：Channel Utilization Factor，信道利用因素CUG：Closed User Group，密切用户群CUGOA：Closed User Group with Outgoing Access，带向外访问口的闭合用户群CUI：Character User Interface，字符用户接口CUID：Called User IDentification number，被叫用户识别号CUN：Common User Network，公共用户网络CVIP：Computer Vision and Image Processing，计算机视觉与图像处理CVPTV：Crypto-Vision Pay TeleVision，加密收费电视CVR：Computer V oice Response，计算机语音响应CVS：Creating Virtual Studios，虚拟制作室CVSD：Continuously Variable Slope Delta modulation，连续可变斜率增量调制CVT：Circuit Validity Testing，电路有效性测试CW：Call Waiting，呼叫等待CW：Continuous Wave (un-modulated signal)，连续波（未调制信号）CWP：Computer Word Processing，计算机字处理CWP：Current-window pointer，当前窗口指针。
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Chanathip(Meaw)Namprempre
Cryptography and Security Laboratory Department of Computer Science&Engineering cnamprem@ University of California,San Diego /˜cnamprem La Jolla,CA92093-0114
T HE I NTERNATIONAL C ONSORTIUM FOR M EDICAL I MAGING T ECHNOLOGY,MIT
Performed research on providing support for Electrocardiogram data in the Digital Imaging and
Communications in Medicine(DICOM)standard.
June1995–December1996.Undergraduate Researcher with Dr.David Gifford.
L ABORATORY FOR C OMPUTER S CIENCE,MIT.
Performed research on document clustering algorithms for information retrieval.
Publications
[1]M.B ELLARE,A.B OLDYREVA,L.K NUDSEN,AND C.N AMPREMPRE.“On-Line Ciphers and
the Hash-CBC Construction,”Advances in Cryptography—Crypto2001,Lecture Notes in Com-puter Science,J.Kilian ed.,Springer-Verlag,August2001.
[2]M.B ELLARE,C.N AMPREMPRE,D.P OINTCHEVAL,AND M.S EMANKO.“The Power of RSA
Inversion Oracles and the Security of Chaum’s RSA-Based Blind Signature Scheme,”Financial Cryptography2001,Lecture Notes in Computer Science,P.Syverson ed.,Springer-Verlag,Febru-ary2001.
[3]M.A BDALLA,S.M INER,AND C.N AMPREMPRE.“Forward Security in Threshold Signature
Schemes,”Topics in Cryptology—CT-RSA2001,Lecture Notes in Computer Science,V ol.2020,
D.Naccache ed.,Springer-Verlag,April2001.
[4]M.B ELLARE AND C.N AMPREMPRE.“Authenticated Encryption:Relations among Notions and
Analysis of the Generic Composition Paradigm,”Advances in Cryptography—AsiaCrypt2000, Lecture Notes in Computer Science,V ol.1976,T.Okamoto ed.,Springer-Verlag,December2000.
[5]C.N AMPREMPRE,J.S USSMAN,AND K.M ARZULLO.“Implementing Causal Logging using
OrbixWeb Interception,”The Fifth USENIX Conference on Object-Oriented Technologies and Systems,May1999.
[6]R.W EISS,B.V ELEZ,M.S HELDON,C.N AMPREMPRE,P.S ZILAGYI,AND D.G IFFORD.“Hy-
Pursuit:A Hierarchical Network Search Engine that Exploits Content-Link Hypertext Clustering,”
Hypertext Conference,March1996.
[7]L.F RANKLIN,K.M ARZULLO,C.N AMPREMPRE,J.S USSMAN,R.K RISHNAMURTHY,M.J.L IN,
AND A.R ICCIARDI.“Combining Optimism and Intrusion Detection,”Department of Computer Science&Engineering,University of California,San Diego,1998.
Invited Presentations
[1]Authenticated Encryption:Relations among Notions and Analysis of the Generic Composition
Paradigm.Thammasat University,Bangkok,Thailand,December2000.
[2]Authenticated Encryption:Relations among Notions and Analysis of the Generic Composition
Paradigm.Chulalongkorn University,Bangkok,Thailand,December2000.
[3]Electrocardiography in DICOM.Imperial College,London,England,December1997.
Conference Presentations
[4]The Power of RSA Inversion Oracles and the Security of Chaum’s RSA-Based Blind Signature
Scheme.Financial Cryptography2001.Grand Cayman,BWI,February2001.
[5]Authenticated Encryption:Relations among Notions and Analysis of the Generic Composition
crypt2000.Kyoto,Japan,December2000.
Professional Activities
Member,International Association of Cryptologic Research(IACR).
Webmaster,Crypto2000conference.
Skills
Computer:Unix,Windows,Java,CORBA,PHP,Perl,Mysql,HTML
Languages:English,Thai
References
D R.M IHIR B ELLARE
Professor
Department of Computer Science&Engineering UCSD,9500Gilman Drive,
La Jolla,CA92093-0114.Phone:(858)534-4544E-Mail:mihir@
Others available upon request.。