连续邮资问题Program
ACM解题报告

问题重述:给出n种邮票,每种邮票有自己的面值(面值可能重复)指定m种“总面值”,对每种“总面值”,求解满足如下条件的组合以达到该“总面值”(1)所用邮票在n种中可以重复选取(2)所用邮票张数〈=4(3)尽量多的适应那个不同总类的邮票Max (Stamp Types)(4)若有多种方案满足(3),则选取张数最小的一种方案Min (Stamp Num)(5)若有多种方案满足(3)(4),则选取“最大面额”最高的一种方案。
Max(Heightest Value) (6)若有多种方案满足(3)(4)(5)则输出“tie”题目分析:(1)算法定位:从题目的条件可知,此题必须遍求所有方案以求解,因此采用搜索的方法是非常合理的,因为题目带由一定的递推性,也可以尝试动态规划的方法.(2)问题优化与简化对于搜索型题目,关键的优化就是减少重复计算,本题可由3方面的简化,避免重复性计算.(1)对于面额相等的邮票,可以限制在1~5张,多余的可以不处理,例如这样的输入:1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 8个14 0可以简化成为:1 1 1 1 1 0 5个14 0他们的解是相同的(2)搜索求解时约定, 后一张邮票面额>=前面张邮票的面额,即如下的6种情况:1 2 3 2 3 1 3 12 1 3 2 3 2 1 2 1 3只需搜索判断一种,即 1 2 3 的情况(3)对于给定的n种邮票,遍历4张邮票的所有可达“总面额”的解,当m种指定面额给出,只需插标输出即可,不需要重复m次类似的搜索。
(因为m次的搜索中,很多是重复计算的)(3)算法介绍(1)搜索方法一:(base on 史诗’s program)主要思路:4重循环,枚举所有可能,依据题目条件保留最优解。
For(i=1;i<=total_stamps;i++)For(j=i;j<=total_stamps;j++)For(k=j;k<=total_stamps;k++)For(l=k;l<=total_stamps;l++){更新最优解}优化:使用优化方案(1)(2),修改后可以加上优化方案(3)评价:编程复杂度低,代码少,运行时空效率高,比赛时候推荐使用但是扩展性受限制,若题目给的是任一k张而不是4,则必须大量修改代码(2)搜索方法二:(base on hawking’s program)主要思路:递归深度搜索,遍历所有k张邮票的可达面额的解,保留每种面额的最优解,查表输出指定面额的解,并给定k=4,即为题目要求的情况。
终稿-数学建模与数学实验-最短路问题-行遍性问题

M= 1 1 0 1 0 v2
0 0
0 1
1 1
1 0
0 1
v3 v4
对有向图G,其关联矩阵M= (mij ) ,其中:
1 mij 1
0
若vi
是e
的起点
j
若vi
是e
的终点
j
若vi与e j不关联
返回
邻接矩阵
对无向图G,其邻接矩阵 A (aij ) ,其中:
v1
e1
v2
e4
e5 e2
v4
e3
e6 v3
v5
e7
e8
v7 e9
v6
情形2 G 有2n 个奇次顶点(n 2)
Edmonds 最小对集算法:
基本思想:
先将奇次顶点配对,要求最佳配对,即点对之间距离总和 最小.再沿点对之间的最短路径添加重复边得欧拉图 G*,G*的 欧拉巡回便是原图的最佳巡回.
算法步骤:
C= v1,v2,… ,vi,,vj , vj-1,… , vi+1,vj+1, …,vn,v1 (3)对 C 重复步骤(2),直到条件不满足为止,最后得到的 C 即 为所求.
例 对以下完备图,用二边逐次修正法求较优H圈.
返回
数学建模与数学实验 最短路问题
实验目的 实验内容
1.了解最短路的算法及其应用 2.会用MATLAB软件求最短路
中.
欧拉图
定义1 设 G=(V,E)是连通无向图 (1)经过 G 的每边至少一次的闭通路称为巡回. (2)经过 G 的每边正好一次的巡回称为欧拉巡回. (3)存在欧拉巡回的图称为欧拉图. (4)经过 G 的每边正好一次的道路称为欧拉道路.
F-35 Joint Strike Fighter (JSF) Program:Background and Issues for Congress

F-35 Joint Strike Fighter (JSF) Program: Background and Issues for CongressJeremiah GertlerSpecialist in Military AviationSeptember 23, 2010Congressional Research Service7-5700RL30563 CRS Report for CongressSummaryThe largest procurement program in the Department of Defense (DOD), the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter (JSF), also called the Lightning II, is a new aircraft being procured in different versions for the United States Air Force, Marine Corps, and Navy. Current DOD plans call for acquiring a total of 2,456 JSFs. Hundreds of additional F-35s are expected to be purchased by several U.S. allies, eight of which are cost-sharing partners in the program.The F-35 promises significant advances in military capability. Like many high-technology programs before it, reaching that capability has put the program above its original budget and behind the planned schedule.The administration’s proposed FY2011 defense budget requested about $6.8 billion in procurement funding for the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter (JSF) program. This would fund the procurement of 23 F-35As for the Air Force, 13 F-35Bs for the Marine Corps, and seven F-35Cs for the Navy.The administration’s proposed FY2011 defense budget also proposed terminating the F-35 alternate engine program, which is intended to develop the General Electric/Rolls-Royce F136 engine as an alternative to the Pratt and Whitney F135 engine that currently powers the F-35. The F-35 alternate engine program has emerged as a major item of debate on the FY2011 defense budget.FY2010 defense authorization act: The conference report on the FY2010 defense authorization act authorizes funding for procuring a total of 30 F-35s in FY2010, as requested. The report authorizes $430 million in Air Force and Navy research and development funding for continued development of the F136 alternate engine, and $130 million in Air Force advance procurement funding to begin F136 procurement. Section 131 of the act requires a report on the procurement of “4.5”-generation fighters that is to include, among other things, “a discussion regarding the availability and feasibility of procuring F-35 aircraft to proportionally and concurrently recapitalize the Air National Guard during fiscal years 2015 through fiscal year 2025.” Section 217 requires future DOD budgets to provide separate line items for the F-35B and F-35C within the Navy aircraft procurement account and the Navy research and development account. Section 244 requires, for the period 2010-2015, an annual Government Accountability Office (GAO) report on the status of the F-35 program.FY2010 DOD appropriations bill: The explanatory statement on the final version of H.R. 3326 includes $6,840.5 million for 30 F-35s in 2010. Additionally, the statement contains $430 million in Navy and Air Force research and development funding for continued development of the F136 alternate engine, and $35 million in Air Force procurement funding designated for the alternate engine program.Latest Developments: On September 16, 2010, the Senate Appropriations Committee funded 32 F-35s, 10 fewer than the Administration requested.The report on the House-passed version of the FY2011 defense authorization bill included language limiting procurement to 30 F-35s pending certification that the F-35 had achieved certain testing parameters. The Senate Armed Services Committee-reported version of the bill required similar, but different achievements, but did not withhold funding.ContentsIntroduction (1)In General (1)Alternate Engine Program (1)Background (2)The F-35 in Brief (2)In General (2)Three Service Versions (3)Alternate Engine Program Summary (4)JSF Program Origin and Milestones (5)Procurement Quantities (7)Planned Total Quantities (7)Annual Quantities (7)Program Management (8)Cost and Funding (9)Total Program Acquisition Cost (9)Prior-Year Funding (9)Unit Costs (9)Manufacturing Locations (10)International Participation (10)In General (10)Friction over Work Shares and Technology Transfer (12)International Sales Quantities and Schedule (13)Proposed FY2011 Budget (14)FY2011 Funding Request (14)Proposed Termination of Alternate Engine (15)Issues for Congress (15)Alternate Engine Program (15)Planned Total Procurement Quantities (15)Program Performance (16)Cost Increases and Nunn-McCurdy Breach (16)February 2010 Program Restructuring (17)OT&E Report on System Testing (17)March 2010 GAO Perspective (18)Testing Performance (18)Affordability and Projected Fighter Shortfalls (19)Implications for Industrial Base (20)Legislative Activity for FY2011 (21)Summary of Quantities and Funding (21)FY2011 Defense Authorization Act (H.R. 5136/S. 3454) (22)House (22)Senate (23)FY2011 Defense Appropriations Act (S. 3800) (26)Senate (26)TablesTable 1. F-35 V ariant Milestones (6)Table 2. Annual F-35 Procurement Quantities (7)Table 3. FY2011 Funding Request for F-35 Program (14)Table 4. Summary of Action on FY2011 F-35 Quantities and Funding (21)Table A-1. Summary of Action on FY2010 F-35 Quantities and Funding (29)Table B-1. F-35 Key Performance Parameters (KPPs) (50)AppendixesAppendix A. Legislative Activity for FY2010 (29)Appendix B. F-35 Key Performance Parameters (50)ContactsAuthor Contact Information (50)Acknowledgments (50)IntroductionIn GeneralThe F-35 Joint Strike Fighter (JSF), also called the Lightning II, is a new aircraft being procured in different versions for the Air Force, Marine Corps, and Navy. F-35 procurement began inFY2007. Current Department of Defense (DOD) plans call for acquiring a total of 2,456 JSFs1 for the Air Force, Marine Corps, and Navy at an estimated total acquisition cost (as of December 31, 2009) of about $238 billion in constant (i.e., inflation-adjusted) FY2002 dollars. The F-35 program is DOD’s largest weapon procurement program in terms of total estimated acquisition cost. Hundreds of additional F-35s are expected to be purchased by several U.S. allies, eight of which are cost-sharing partners in the program.The administration’s proposed FY2011 defense budget requested a total of about $10.4 billion for the F-35 program, including about $2.5 billion in Air Force and Navy research and development funding and about $7.9 billion in Air Force and Navy procurement funding. (Development and procurement of Marine Corps aircraft are funded through the Navy’s budget.) The administration proposed to fund the procurement of 23 F-35As for the Air Force, 13 F-35Bs for the Marine Corps, and seven F-35Cs for the Navy in FY2011.2The administration’s proposed FY2011 defense budget also proposed terminating the F-35 alternate engine program, which is intended to develop the General Electric/Rolls-Royce F136 engine as an alternative to the Pratt and Whitney F135 engine that currently powers the F-35.3 The F-35 alternate engine program emerged as a major item of debate on the FY2010 defense budget. The administration threatened to veto the FY2010 defense authorization or appropriation bill if either “would seriously disrupt” the F-35 program. In its consideration of the FY2010 budget, Congress authorized and appropriated $430 million to continue alternate engine development, and appropriated $35 million for alternate engine procurement.Alternate Engine ProgramA longstanding debate over whether the F-35 program should include funding for an alternate engine has potential implications for the program’s budget, the number of aircraft acquired, and allied nations’ willingness to participate in the program, among other issues. Introductory information on the F-35 alternate engine program is presented in the “Background” section of this report. Due to the significance of these issues and the pace of developments, the alternate engine debate is addressed separately in CRS Report R41131, F-35 Alternate Engine Program: Background and Issues for Congress.1 Thirteen of the aircraft will be acquired for flight testing through research and development funding.2 The request proposes funding one Air Force F-35A through Overseas Contingency Operations accounts rather than DOD procurement funds.3 Successive administrations proposed terminating the alternate engine program in FY2007, FY2008, FY2009, andFY2010. Congress rejected these proposals and provided funding, bill language, and report language to continue the program.BackgroundThe F-35 in BriefIn GeneralThe F-35 was conceived as a relatively affordable fifth-generation strike fighter4 that could be procured in three highly common versions for the Air Force, the Marine Corps, and the Navy, so that the three services could avoid the higher costs of developing, procuring, and operating and supporting three separate tactical aircraft designs to meet their similar but not identical operational needs.5DOD states that the F-35 program “was structured from the beginning to be a model of acquisition reform, with an emphasis on jointness, technology maturation and concept demonstrations, and early cost and performance trades integral to the weapon system requirements definition process.”6All three versions of the F-35 will be single-seat aircraft with the ability to go supersonic for short periods and advanced stealth characteristics. The three versions will vary somewhat in their combat ranges and payloads (see the Appendix B). All three are to carry their primary weapons internally to maintain a stealthy radar signature. Additional weapons can be carried externally on missions requiring less stealth.4 Fifth-generation aircraft incorporate the most modern technology, and are considered to be generally more capable than earlier-generation aircraft. Fifth-generation fighters combine new developments such as thrust vectoring, composite materials, supercruise (the ability to cruise at supersonic speeds without using engine afterburners), stealth technology, advanced radar and sensors, and integrated avionics to greatly improve pilot situational awareness. Among fighters currently in service or in regular production, only the Air Force F-22 air superiority fighter and the F-35 are considered fifth-generation aircraft. Russia has flown a prototype fifth-generation fighter, and China reportedly has fifth-generation fighters under development. Regarding Russia’s fifth-generation fighter project, see, inter alia, Tony Halpin, “Russia unveils its first stealth fighter jet - the Sukhoi T-50,” TimesOnline, January 29, 2010; and Alexei Komarov, “More Sukhoi T-50s To Fly In Next 12 Months,” Aviation Week & Space Technology, March 12, 2010. Regarding China’s fifth-generation fighter project, see, inter alia, David A. Fulghum, “China Revs Up Pursuit Of Stealth Technology,” Aerospace Daily & Defense Report, November 20, 2009; and Ted Parsons, “China’s Fifth-Generation Fighter To Fly ‘Soon,’” Jane’s Defence Weekly, November 12, 2009.Strike fighters are dual-role tactical aircraft that are capable of both air-to-ground (strike) and air-to-air (fighter) combat operations.5 The program’s operational requirements call for 70% to 90% commonality between all three versions. Many of the three versions’ high-cost components—including their engines, avionics, and major airframe structural components—are common.Secretary of Defense William Cohen stated in 2000 that the JSF’s joint approach “avoids the three parallel development programs for service-unique aircraft that would have otherwise been necessary, saving at least $15 billion.” (Letter from Secretary of Defense William S. Cohen to Rep. Jerry Lewis, June 22, 2000. The text of letter made available by Inside the Air Force on June 23, 2000.)6 Department of Defense. Selected Acquisition Report (SAR)[for] F-35 (JSF), December 31, 2007, p. 4.Three Service VersionsFrom a common airframe and powerplant core, the F-35 is being procured in three distinct versions tailored to the needs of each military service. Differences among the aircraft include the manner of takeoff and landing, fuel capacity, and carrier suitability, among others. They include: Air Force CTOL Version (F-35A)The Air Force is procuring the F-35A, a conventional takeoff and landing (CTOL) version of the aircraft. F-35As are to replace Air Force F-16 fighters and A-10 attack aircraft, and possibly F-15 fighters.7 The F-35A is intended to be a more affordable complement to the Air Force’s new F-22 Raptor air superiority fighter.8 The F-35A is not quite as stealthy9 nor as capable in air-to-air combat as the F-22, but it is more capable in air-to-ground combat than the F-22, and more stealthy than the F-16. If the F-15/F-16 combination represented the Air Force’s earlier-generation “high-low” mix of air superiority fighters and more-affordable dual-role aircraft, the F-22/F-35A combination might be viewed as the Air Force’s intended future high-low mix.10 The Air Force states that “The F-22A and F-35 each possess unique, complementary, and essential capabilities that together provide the synergistic effects required to maintain that margin of superiority across the spectrum of conflict…. Legacy 4th generation aircraft simply cannot survive to operate and achieve the effects necessary to win in an integrated, anti-access environment.”11 Marine Corps STOVL Version (F-35B)The Marine Corps is procuring the F-35B, a short takeoff and vertical landing (STOVL) version of the aircraft.12 F-35Bs are to replace Marine Corps A V-8B Harrier vertical/short takeoff and landing attack aircraft and Marine Corps F/A-18A/B/C/D strike fighters, which are CTOL aircraft. The Marine Corps decided to not procure the newer F/A-18E/F strike fighter13 and7 Stephen Trimble, “Lockheed says F-35s will replace USAF F-15s,” Flight International, February 4, 2010.8 For more on the F-22 program, see CRS Report RL31673, Air Force F-22 Fighter Program: Background and Issues for Congress.9 A November 13, 2009, press article states that “The F-22 had a -40dBsm all-aspect reduction requirement [i.e., a requirement to reduce the radar reflectivity of the F-22 when viewed from all angles by 40 decibels per square meter], while the F-35 came in at -30dBsm with some gaps in coverage.” (David A. Fulghum and Bradley Perrett, “Experts Doubt Chinese Stealth Fighter Timeline,” Aerospace Daily & Defense Report, November 13, 2009, pp. 1-2.)10 The term high-low mix refers to a force consisting of a combination of high-cost, high-capability aircraft and lower-cost, more-affordable aircraft. Procuring a high-low mix is a strategy for attempting to balance the goal for having a minimum number of very high capability tactical aircraft to take on the most challenging projected missions and the goal of being able to procure tactical aircraft sufficient in total numbers within available resources to perform all projected missions.11 Department of the Air Force Presentation to the House Armed Services Committee Subcommittee on Air and Land Forces, United States House of Representatives, Subject: Air Force Programs, Combined Statement of: Lieutenant General Daniel J. Darnell, Air Force Deputy Chief Of Staff For Air, Space and Information Operations, Plans And Requirements (AF/A3/5) [and] Lieutenant General Mark D. Shackelford, Military Deputy, Office of the Assistant Secretary of the Air Force for Acquisition (SAF/AQ) Lieutenant General Raymond E. Johns, Jr., Air Force Deputy Chief of Staff for Strategic Plans And Programs (AF/A8) May 20, 2009, pp. 7-8, 10.12 To permit STOVL operations, the F-35B has an engine exhaust nozzle at the rear than can swivel downward, and a mid-fuselage lift fan connected to the engine that blows air downward to help lift the forward part of the plane.13 For more on the F/A-18E/F program, see CRS Report RL30624, Navy F/A-18E/F and EA-18G Aircraft Procurement and Strike Fighter Shortfall: Background and Issues for Congress.instead wait for the F-35B in part because the F/A-18E/F is a CTOL aircraft, and the Marine Corps prefers aircraft capable of vertical operations. The Department of the Navy states that “The Marine Corps intends to leverage the F-35B’s sophisticated sensor suite and very low observable (VLO), fifth generation strike fighter capabilities, particularly in the area of data collection, to support the Marine Air Ground Task Force (MAGTF) well beyond the abilities of today’s strike and EW [electronic warfare] assets.”14Navy Carrier-Suitable Version (F-35C)The Navy is procuring the F-35C, a carrier-suitable CTOL version of the aircraft.15 The F-35C is also known as the “CV” version of the F-35, as CV is the naval designation for aircraft carrier. The Navy plans in the future to operate carrier air wings featuring a combination of F/A-18E/Fs (which the Navy has been procuring since FY1997) and F-35Cs. The F/A-18E/F is generally considered a fourth-generation strike fighter.16 The F-35C is to be the Navy’s first considerably stealthy aircraft, a contrast with the Air Force, which has operated stealthy bombers and fighters for years. The F/A-18E/F, which is less expensive to procure than the F-35C, incorporates a few stealth features, but the F-35C is stealthier. The Department of the Navy states that “the commonality designed into the joint F-35 program will minimize acquisition and operating costs of Navy and Marine Corps tactical aircraft, and allow enhanced interoperability with our sister Service, the United States Air Force, and the eight partner nations participating in the development of this aircraft.”17Alternate Engine Program SummaryThe F-35 is powered by the Pratt and Whitney F135 engine, which was derived from the F-22’s Pratt and Whitney F119 engine. The F135 is produced in Pratt and Whitney’s facilities in East Hartford and Middletown, CT.18 Rolls-Royce is a subcontractor to Pratt and Whitney for the vertical lift system for the F-35B.Consistent with congressional direction for the FY1996 defense budget, DOD established a program to develop an alternate engine for the F-35. The alternate engine, the F136, is being developed by a team consisting of General Electric (GE) and Rolls-Royce. The team includes GE Transportation—Aircraft Engines of Cincinnati, OH, and Rolls-Royce PLC of Bristol, England, 14 Statement of Vice Admiral David Architzel, USN, Principal Military Deputy, Research, Development and Acquisition, LTGEN George J. Trautman III, USMC, Deputy Commandant for Aviation, [and] RADM Allen G. Myers, USN, Director of Warfare Integration, Before the Seapower and Expeditionary Warfare [sic: Forces] Subcommittee of the House Armed Services Committee [hearing] on [the] Department of the Navy’s Aviation Procurement Program, May 19, 2009, pp. 1-2.15 Features for carrier suitability include, among other things, strengthened landing gear, a strengthened airframe, and an arresting hook so as to permit catapult launches and arrested landings, as well as folding wing tips for more compact storage aboard ship.16 Some F/A-18E/F supporters argue that it is a “fourth-plus” or “4.5”generation strike fighter because it incorporates some fifth-generation technology, particularly in its sensors.17 Statement of Vice Admiral David Architzel, USN, Principal Military Deputy, Research, Development and Acquisition, LTGEN George J. Trautman III, USMC, Deputy Commandant for Aviation, [and] RADM Allen G. Myers, USN, Director of Warfare Integration, before the Seapower and Expeditionary Warfare [sic: Forces] Subcommittee of the House Armed Services Committee [hearing] on [the] Department of the Navy’s Aviation Procurement Program, May 19, 2009, p. 1.18 Pratt and Whitney’s parent firm is United Technologies.and Indianapolis, IN. The F136 is a derivative of the F120 engine originally developed to compete with the F119 engine for the F-22 program.DOD included the F-35 alternate engine program in its proposed budgets through FY2006, although Congress in certain years increased funding for the program above the requested amount and/or included bill and report language supporting the program.The George W. Bush administration proposed terminating the alternate engine program inFY2007, FY2008, and FY2009. The Obama administration did likewise in FY2010. Congress rejected these proposals and provided funding, bill language, and report language to continue the program.19The F-35 alternate engine program emerged as a major item of debate on the FY2010 defense budget. The administration opposed further funding for the alternate engine program and threatened to veto the FY2010 defense authorization or appropriation bill if either “would seriously disrupt” the F-35 program. (See “Legislative Activity for FY2010.”)Fuller details of the alternate engine program and issues for Congress arising from it are detailed in CRS Report R41131, F-35 Alternate Engine Program: Background and Issues for Congress. JSF Program Origin and MilestonesThe JSF program began in the early- to mid-1990s.20 Three different airframe designs were proposed by Boeing, Lockheed, and McDonnell Douglas (the last teamed with Northrop Grumman and British Aerospace.) On November 16, 1996, the Defense Department announced that Boeing and Lockheed Martin had been chosen to compete in the Concept Demonstration19 Bill language since FY2007 includes Section 211 of the FY2007 defense authorization act (H.R. 5122/P.L. 109-364 of October 17, 2006) and Section 213 of the FY2008 defense authorization act (H.R. 4986/P.L. 110-181 of January 28, 2008). (For the texts of these two provisions, see CRS Report R41131, F-35 Alternate Engine Program: Background and Issues for Congress.)20 The JSF program emerged in late 1995 from the Joint Advanced Strike Technology (JAST) program, which began in late 1993 as a result of the Clinton administration’s Bottom-Up Review (BUR) of U.S. defense policy and programs. The BUR envisaged the JAST program as a replacement for two other tactical aircraft programs that were being terminated (the A-12 program, which was intended to provide a stealthy new carrier-based attack plane to replace the Navy’s aging A-6 carrier-based attack planes, and the Multi-Role Fighter, which the Air Force had considered as a replacement for its F-16 fighters).In 1995, in response to congressional direction, a program led by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) to develop an advanced short takeoff and vertical landing (ASTOVL) aircraft was incorporated into the JAST program. This opened the way for Marine Corps and UK participation in the JAST program, since the Marine Corps and the UK were interested procuring a new STOVL aircraft to replace their aging Harrier STOVL attack aircraft. The name of the program was then changed to Joint Strike Fighter (JSF) to focus on joint development and production of a next-generation fighter/attack plane.A Joint Operational Requirements Document for the F-35 program was issued in March 2000 and revalidated by DOD’s Joint Requirements Oversight Council (JROC) in October 2001. On October 24, 2001, the Defense Acquisition Board (DAB) held a MilestoneB review for the program. (Milestone B approval would permit the program to enter the SDD phase.) On October 25, 2001, the Secretary of Defense certified to Congress (in accordance with Section 212 of the FY2001 defense authorization act [H.R. 4205/P.L. 106-398 of October 30, 2000]) that the program had successfully completed the CDP exit criteria and demonstrated sufficient technical maturity to enter SDD. On October 26, 2001, the SDD contracts were awarded to Lockheed and Pratt and Whitney. A Preliminary Design Review (PDR) for the F-35 program was conducted in April 2003, and Critical Design Reviews (CDRs) were held for the F-35A, F-35B, and F-35C in February 2006 (F-35A and F-35B) and June 2007 (F-35C).phase of the program, with Pratt and Whitney providing propulsion hardware and engineering support. Boeing and Lockheed were each awarded contracts to build and test-fly two aircraft to demonstrate their competing concepts for all three planned JSF variants.21The competition between Boeing and Lockheed Martin was closely watched. Given the size of the JSF program and the expectation that the JSF might be the last fighter aircraft program that DOD would initiate for many years, DOD’s decision on the JSF program was expected to shape the future of both U.S. tactical aviation and the U.S. tactical aircraft industrial base.In October 2001, DOD selected the Lockheed design as the winner of the competition, and the JSF program entered the System Development and Demonstration (SDD) phase. SDD contracts were awarded to Lockheed Martin for the aircraft and Pratt and Whitney for the aircraft’s engine. General Electric continued technical efforts related to the development of an alternate engine for competition in the program’s production phase.T able 1. F-35 Variant MilestonesFirst flown In testing Original IOC goal Current IOC estimateF-35A December 15, 2006 2 @ Edwards AFB March 2013 2016F-35B June 11, 2008First hover: March 17,20103 @ NAS Patuxent River March 2012 2012F-35C June 6, 2010 March 2015 2016 Source: Prepared by CRS based on press reports and DOD testimony.As shown in Table 1, the first flights of an initial version of the F-35A and the F-35B occurred in the first quarter of FY2007 and the third quarter of FY2008, respectively. The first flight of a slightly improved version of the F-35A occurred on November 14, 2009.22 The F-35C first flew on June 6, 2010.23The F-35B’s ability to hover, scheduled for demonstration in November, 2009, was shown for the first time on March 17, 2010.24 The first vertical landing took place the next day.25The F-35A, F-35B, and F-35C were originally scheduled to achieve Initial Operational Capability (IOC) in March 2013, March 2012, and March 2015, respectively.26 In March, 2010, Pentagon21 Subsequent to the selection of the Boeing and Lockheed Martin designs, Boeing acquired McDonnell Douglas and merged the two firms’ JSF teams.22 “First Flight,” Defense Daily, November 23, 2009, p. 3.23 Graham Warwick, “ JSF Carrier Variant Meets Handling Goals On First Flight,” Aerospace Daily, June 7, 2010.24 Graham Warwick, “F-35B Hovers for First Time,” Aviation Week/Ares blog, March 17, 2010.25 Graham Warwick, “STOVL F-35B Makes First Vertical Landing,” Aviation Week/Ares blog, March 18, 2010.26 The Navy had initially accelerated its estimated IOC for the F-35C to September 2014. Andrew Tilghman, “Joint Strike Fighter Timeline Moved Up,” , September 18, 2009. In November 2009, Lockheed announced that the first flight of an F-35C test aircraft would be delayed from the final quarter of 2009 to the first quarter of 2010. (Dan Taylor, “Navy Joint Strike Fighter Carrier Variant Test Aircraft Will Not Fly Until 2010,” Inside the Navy, (continued...)acquisition chief Ashton Carter announced that the Air Force and Navy had reset their projectedIOCs to 2016, while Marine projected IOC remained 2012.2728Procurement QuantitiesPlanned Total QuantitiesThe F-35 program includes a planned total of 2,456 aircraft for the Air Force, Marine Corps, andNavy. This included 13 research and development aircraft and 2,443 production aircraft: 1,763 F-35As for the Air Force and 680 F-35Bs and Cs for the Marine Corps and Navy, with exactnumbers of Bs and Cs not yet determined.29Annual QuantitiesDOD began procuring F-35s in FY2007. Table 2 shows actual F-35 procurement quantitiesthrough FY2010 and requested procurement quantities for FY2011. The figures in the table donot include 13 research and development aircraft procured with research and developmentfunding. (Quantities for foreign buyers are discussed in the next section.)T able 2. Annual F-35 Procurement Quantities(Figures shown are for production aircraft; table excludes 13 research and development aircraft)FY F-35A (USAF) F-35B (USMC) F-35C (Navy) Total20072 0 0 26 6 0 1220087 7 0 1420092010 10 16 4 30 2011 (requested) 23 13 7 43 Source: Prepared by CRS based on DOD data.Past DOD plans contemplated increasing the procurement rate of F-35As for the Air Force to asustained rate of 80 aircraft per year by FY2015, and completing the planned procurement of1,763 F-35As by about FY2034. Past DOD plans also contemplated increasing the procurement(...continued)November 9, 2009.)27 Testimony before the Senate Armed Services Committee, March 11, 2010.28 “Marine Corps IOC will include 15 aircraft for training at Eglin AFB, Fla., four in an operational test and evaluation detachment and the first operational squadron of 10 in Yuma, Ariz.” Amy Butler, Robert Wall, Graham Warwick andAlon Ben-David, “F-35B Achieves Vertical Landing Milestone,” , March 23, 2010.29 In 1996, preliminary planning estimated over 3,000 F-35s for DOD and the UK: 2,036 for the Air Force, 642 for theMarines, 300 for the U.S. Navy, and 60 for the Royal Navy. In May 1997, the QDR recommended reducing projectedDOD procurement from 2,978 to 2,852: 1,763 for the Air Force, 609 for the Marines, and 480 for the Navy.(Quadrennial Defense Review Cuts Procurement in FY1999, 2000, Aerospace Daily, May 20, 1997, p. 280.) In 2003,the Navy reduced its planned procurement of 1,089 F-35s to 680 aircraft as part of the Navy/Marine Corps TacticalAviation Integration Plan. (See CRS Report RS21488, Navy-Marine Corps Tactical Air Integration Plan: Backgroundand Issues for Congress, by Christopher Bolkcom and Ronald O'Rourke.)。
一道题深度理解回溯法--连续邮资问题

⼀道题深度理解回溯法--连续邮资问题#include<iostream>#include<cstring>using namespace std;//连续邮资问题/*某国发⾏了n种不同⾯值的邮票并规定每封信最多允许贴m张邮票在这些约束下,为了能贴出{1,2,3,... ,maxvalue}连续整数集合的所有邮资,并使maxvalue的值最⼤应该如何设计各邮票的⾯值?例如,当n=5、m=4时,⾯值设计为{1,3,11,15,32},可使maxvalue达到最⼤值70或者说,⽤这些⾯值的1⾄4张邮票可以表⽰不超过70的所有邮资,但⽆法表⽰邮资71⽽⽤其他⾯值的1⾄4张邮票如果可以表⽰不超过k的所有邮资,必有k<=70*///第⼀种邮票⼀定是⾯值为1的邮票,不然邮资1⽆法构造//如果前x[1->i]种邮票在不超过m张的前提下能构造的邮资序列为1->r//则第x[i+1]种邮票⾯值的可选范围是x[i]+1->r+1int n,m;//n种邮票贴m张int maxstamp;//最⼤邮资int r;//前x[1->cur]种邮票能⽀付的连续邮资的最⼤值const int MM=500;//邮票能⽀付的最⼤邮资不超过MaxMoneyconst int MN=50;//邮票的种类不超过MaxNint x[MN];//x[i]=k表⽰选⽤第i中邮票的⾯值为k,这是⼀个邮票⾯值依次递增的数组int y[MM];//y[j]=k表⽰前x[1->cur]种邮票⽀付邮资j时邮票的最少张数为kint ans[MN];//达到最⼤邮资的⼀组邮票⾯值const int inf=10000;//y[j]=inf⽤来表⽰邮资j不可达void backtrace(int cur){//寻找下标为cur的邮票⾯值if(cur>=n){if(r>maxstamp){maxstamp=r;for(int i=0;i<n;i++){ans[i]=x[i];}}return;}int backup_y[MM];for(int i=0;i<MM;i++){backup_y[i]=y[i];}int backup_r=r;for(int i=x[cur-1]+1;i<=r+1;i++){x[cur]=i;//选取第cur张邮票的⾯值为ifor(int k=0;k<=x[cur-1]*(m-1);k++){if(y[k]>=m)continue;//k范围的含义是邮资从0到x[cur-1]*(m-1)的最少邮票数有可能⼩于m张//邮资⼤于x[cur-1]*(m-1)的最少邮票数现阶段⼀定⼤于等于m张for(int num=1;num<=m-y[k];num++){//⽤已有的最少邮票组合加上新选取的cur张邮票去更新y数组if(k+x[cur]*num<MM){//邮资不能越界y[k+x[cur]*num]=min(y[k+x[cur]*num],y[k]+num);//如果不超过m张的新的邮票组合构成的邮资对应的张数⽐新组合的张数⼤,则更新它}}}while(y[r+1]<inf)r++;backtrace(cur+1);//回溯for(int i=0;i<MM;i++){y[i]=backup_y[i];}r=backup_r;//回溯代表选取x[cur]=i结束,状态返回到cur-1时,并且接着for循环为cur选取新的i值}}void print(){cout<<maxstamp<<endl;for(int i=0;i<n;i++){cout<<ans[i]<<"";}cout<<endl;}int main(){memset(y,inf,sizeof(y));cin>>n>>m;x[0]=1;//x数组下标从0开始表⽰第1种邮票y[0]=0;//⽀付邮资0需要0张邮票r=m;//⽬前只有1种邮票⾯值为1,因此能⽀付的范围是1->mfor(int i=1;i<=m;i++)y[i]=i; //⼀种邮票的情况下⽀付邮资i的最少邮票数为ibacktrace(1);//寻找下标为1的邮票⾯值,即第⼆种邮票⾯值 print();//输出结果return0;}。
物流专业术语

物流专业术语范围本标准确定了物流活动中的基本概念术语、物流作业术语、物流技术装备与设施术语、物流管理术语及其定义.本标准适用于物流及相关领域的信息处理和信息交换,亦适用于相关的法规、文件;引用标准下列标准所包含的条文,通过在本标准中引用而构成为本标准的条文;本标准出版时,所示版本均为有效;所有标准都会被修订,使用本标准的各方应探讨使用下列标准最新版本的可能性;GB/T 1992--1985 集装箱名词术语neq ISO 830:1981GB/T 4122;1--1996 包装术语基础CB/T 17271--1998 集装箱运输术语中文索引AABC分类管理....................................6.9安全库存.......................................4.16B班轮运输.......................................5.34搬运...........................................4.22包装...........................................4.25保管...........................................4.12保税仓库.......................................5.5报关...........................................5.40报关行.........................................5.41C仓库...........................................5.1仓库布局.......................................6.4.仓库管理.......................................6.3叉车...........................................5.19储存...........................................4.11船务代理.......................................5.36D大陆桥运输.....................................5.33单元装卸.......................................4.24第三元物流.....................................3.25电子订货系统...................................6.10电子数据交换...................................3.31定量订货方式...................................6.7定牌包装.......................................4.27定期订货方式...................................6.8定制物流.......................................3.26堆码...........................................4.21F发货区.........................................5.14废弃物物流.....................................3.19分拣...........................................4.37G公路集装箱中转站...............................5.28 供应链.........................................3.29供应链管理.....................................6.21供应商库存.....................................6.26供应物流.......................................3.15共同配送.......................................4.35国际多式联运...................................5.32国际货物运输保险...............................5.39 国际货运代理...................................5.37国际铁路联运...................................5.31国际物流.......................................3.24H海关监管货物...................................5.7换算箱.........................................5.24回收物流.......................................3.18货场...........................................5.16货垛...........................................4.20货架...........................................5.17J集货...........................................4.39集装化.........................................4.31集装箱.........................................5.23集装箱货运站...................................5.29.集装箱码头.....................................5.30集装箱运输.....................................4.7集装运输.......................................4.6计算局付诸订货系统.............................6.25 监管仓库.......................................5.6拣选...........................................4.38检验...........................................4.43进出口商品检验.................................5.42 经常库存.......................................4.15经济订货批量...................................6.6K控湿储存区.....................................5.11.库存...........................................4.14库存控制.......................................6.5库存周期.......................................4.17.库房...........................................5.8快速反应.......................................6.22L冷藏区.........................................5.9冷冻区.........................................5.10冷链...........................................4.42理货...........................................5.38立体仓库.......................................5.3联合运输.......................................4.2连续库存补充计划...............................6.24 料棚...........................................5.15零库存技术.....................................6.13.流通加工.......................................4.41绿色物流.......................................3.20M门到门.........................................4.8P配送...........................................4.34配送需要计划...................................6.17 配送中心.......................................4.36配送资源计划...................................6.18 拼箱货.........................................4.10Q企业物流.......................................3.21企业资源计划...................................6.20 前置期或提前期.............................4.18全集装箱船.....................................5.26S散装化.........................................5.32社会物流.......................................3.22生产物流.......................................3.16收货区.........................................5.13输送区.........................................5.20甩挂运输.......................................4.5T特种货物集装箱.................................5.25铁路集装箱.....................................5.27. 托盘...........................................5.18托盘包装.......................................4.30 W温度可控区.....................................5.12 无形损耗.......................................3.33 物料需要计划...................................6.15 物流...........................................3.2物流成本.......................................3.7.物流成本管理...................................6.14. 物流单证.......................................3.13 物流管理.......................................3.8物流活动.......................................3.3物流技术.......................................3.6物流联盟.......................................3.14 物流模数.......................................3.5物流企业.......................................3.12 物流网络.......................................3.10 物流信息.......................................3.11 物流战略.......................................6.1物流战略管理...................................6.2. 物流中心.......................................3.9物流资源计划...................................6.19. 物流作业.......................................3.4物品...........................................3.1物品储备.......................................4.13. X箱式车.........................................5.22销售包装.......................................4.26 销售物流.......................................3.17 虚拟仓库.......................................5.4虚拟物流.......................................3.27Y业务外包.......................................6.27 有效客户反应...................................6.23 有形损耗.......................................3.32 运输...........................................4.1运输包装.......................................4.29. Z增值物流服务...................................3.28 整箱货.........................................4.9直达运输.......................................4.3直接换装.......................................4.33制造资源计划...................................6.16中性包装.......................................4.28中转运输.......................................4.4装卸...........................................4.23准时制.........................................6.11准时制物流.....................................6.12自动导引车.....................................5.21自动化仓库.....................................5.2租船运输.......................................5.35组配...........................................4.40英文索引AABC classification......................................6.9 Article.................................................3.1Article reserves........................................4.13 Assembly................................................4.40 Automatic guided vehicle AGV .........................5.21 Automatic warehouse.....................................5.3.BBar code................................................3.30Boned warehouse.........................................5.6Box car.................................................5.22CCargo under custom's supervision........................5.8 Chill space.............................................5.9Cold chain..............................................4.42 Combined transport......................................4.2 Commodity inspection....................................5.42 Computer assisted ordering CAO .......................6.25 Container...............................................5.23 Container freight station CFS ........................5.29 Container terminal......................................5.30 Container transport.....................................4.7 Containerization........................................4.31 Containerized transport.................................4.6 Continuous replenishment program CRP .................6.24 Conveyor................................................5.20Cross docking...........................................4.33 Customized logistics....................................3.26 Customs broker..........................................5.41 Customs declaration.....................................5.40Cycle stock.............................................4.15D Distribution............................................4.34 Distribution center.....................................4.36 Distribution logistics..................................3.17 Distribution processing.................................4.41 Distribution requirements planning DRP ...............6.17 Distribution resource planning DRP II ................6.18 Door-to-door............................................4.8Drop and pull transport.................................4.5EEconomic order quantity EOQ ..........................6.6 Efficient customer response ECR ......................6.23 Electronic data interchange EDI ......................3.31 Electronic order system EOS ..........................6.10 Enterprise resource planning ERP .....................6.20 Environmental logistics.................................3.20 Export supervised warehouse.............................5.7 External logistics......................................3.22FFixed-interval system FIS ............................6.8Fixed-quantity system FQS ............................6.7Fork lift truck.........................................5.19Freeze space............................................5.10Full container load FCL ..............................4.9Full container ship.....................................5.26 G Goods collection........................................4.39Goods shed..............................................5.15Goods shelf.............................................5.17Goods stack.............................................4.20Goods yard..............................................5.16HHanding/carrying........................................4.22 Humidity controlled space...............................5.11IIn bulk.................................................4.32Inland container depot..................................5.28 Inspection..............................................4.43 Intangible loss.........................................3.33Internal logistics......................................3.21 International freight forwarding agent..................5.37 International logistics.................................3.24 International multimodal transport......................5.32 International through railway transport.................5.31 International transportation cargo insurance............5.39Inventory...............................................4.14 Inventory control.......................................6.5 Inventory cycle time....................................4.17JJoint distribution......................................4.35Just in time JIT .....................................6.11Just-in-time logistics..................................6.12 LLand bridge transport...................................5.33Lead-time ..............................................4.18Less than container load LCL .........................4.10 Liner transport.........................................5.34 Loading and unloading ..................................4.23 Logistics...............................................3.2Logistics activity......................................3.3Logistics alliance......................................3.14 Logistics center........................................3.9 Logistics cost..........................................3.7Logistics cost control..................................6.14 Logistics documents.....................................3.13 Logistics enterprise....................................3.12 Logistics information...................................3.11 Logistics management....................................3.8 Logistics modulus.......................................3.5 Logistics network.......................................3.10 Logistics operation.....................................3.4 Logistics resource planning LRP ......................6.19 Logistics strategy......................................6.1 Logistics strategy management...........................6.2 Logistics technology....................................3.6MManufacturing resource planning MRP II ...............6.16 Material requirements planning MRP ...................6.15 Military logistics......................................3.23NNeutral packing.........................................4.28OOrder cycle time........................................4.19Order picking...........................................4.38 Outsourcing.............................................6.27PPackage/packaging.......................................4.25 Packing of nominated brand..............................4.27 Pallet..................................................5.18 Palletizing.............................................4.30QQuick response QR ....................................6.22RRailway container yard..................................5.27 Receiving space.........................................5.13 Returned logistics......................................3.18SSafety stock............................................4.16Sales package...........................................4.26 Shipping agency.........................................5.36 Shipping by chartering..................................5.35 Shipping space..........................................5.14 Sorting.................................................4.37Specific cargo container................................5.25 Stacking................................................4.21 Stereoscopic warehouse..................................5.4 Storage.................................................4.12 Storehouse..............................................5.2 Storing.................................................4.11Supply chain............................................3.29 Supply chain management SCM ..........................6.21 Supply logistics........................................3.15T Tally...................................................5.38Tangible loss...........................................3.32 Temperature controlled space............................5.12 Third-part logistics TPL .............................3.25 Through transport.......................................4.3 Transfer transport......................................4.4 Transport package.......................................4.29 Transportation..........................................4.1 Twenty-feet equivalent unit TEU ......................5.24 UUnit loading and unloading..............................4.24VValue-added logistics service...........................3.28 Vendor managed inventory VMI .........................6.26 Virtual logistics.......................................3.27Virtual warehouse.......................................5.5W Warehouse...............................................5.1 Warehouse layout........................................6.4 Warehouse management....................................6.3ZZero-inventory technology...............................6.133.基本概念术语3.1 物品article经济活动中涉及到实体流动的物质资料3.2 物流logistics物品从供应地向接收地的实体流动过程;根据实际需要,将运输、储存、装卸、搬运、包装、流通加工、配送、信息处理等基本功能实施有机结合;3.3 物流活动logistics activity物流诸功能的实施与管理过程;3.4 物流作业logistics operation实现物流功能时所进行的具体操作活动;3.5 物流模数logistics modulus物流设施与设备的尺寸基准;3.6 物流技术logistics technology物流活动中所采用的自然科学与社会科学方面的理论、方法,以及设施、设备、装置与工艺的总称;3.7 物流成本logistics cost物流活动中所消耗的物化劳动和活劳动的货币表现;3.8 物流管理logistics management为了以最低的物流成本达到用户所满意的服务水平,对物流活动进行的计划、组织、协调与控制;3.9 物流中心logistics center从事物流活动的场所或组织,应基本符合以下要求:a 主要面向社会服务;b物流功能健全;c完善的信息网络;d辐射范围大;e少品种、大批量;f存储\吞吐能力强;g物流业务统一经营、管理;3.10 物流网络logistics network物流过程中相互联系的组织与设施的集合;3.11 物流信息logistics information反映物流各种活动内容的知识、资料、图像、数据、文件的总称;3.12 物流企业logistics enterprise从事物流活动的经济组织;3.13 物流单证logistics documents物流过程中使用的所有单据、票据、凭证的总称;3.14 物流联盟logistics alliance两个或两个以上的经济组织为实现特定的物流目标而采取的长期联合与合作;3.15 供应物流supply logistics为生产企业提供原材料、零部件或其他物品时,物品在提供者与需求者之间的实体流动; 3.16 生产物流production logistics生产过程中,原材料、在制品、半成品、产成品等,在企业内部的实体流动;3.17销售物流distribution logistics生产企业、流通企业出售商品时,物品在供与需方之间的实体流动;3.18 回收物流returned logistics不合格物品的返修、退货以及周转使用的包装容器从需方返回到供方所形成的物品实体流动;3.19 废弃物物流waste material logistics将经济活动中失去原有使用价值的物品,根据实际需要进行收集、分类、加工、包装、搬运、储存等,并分送到专门处理场所时形成的物品实体流动;3.20 绿色物流environmental logistics在物流过程中抑制物流对环境造成危害的同时,实现对物流环境的净化,使物流资料得到最充分利用;3.21 企业物流internal logistics企业内部的物品实体流动;3.22 社会物流external logistics企业外部的物流活动的总称;3.23 军事物流military logistics用于满足军队平时与战时需要的物流活动;3.24 国际物流international logistics不同国家地区之间的物流;3.25 第三方物流third-part logistics TPL由供方与需方以外的物流企业提供物流服务的业务模式;3.26 定制物流customized logistics根据用户的特定要求而为其专门设计的物流服务模式;3.27 虚拟物流virtual logistics以计算机网络技术进行物流运作与管理,实现企业间物流资源共享和优化配置的物流方式; 3.28 增值物流服务value-added logistics service在完成物流基本功能基础上,根据客户需要提供的各种延伸业务活动;3.29 供应链supply chain生产及流通过程中,涉及将产品或服务提供给最终用户活动的上游与下游企业,所形成的网链结构;3.30 条码bar code由一组规则排列的条、空及字符组成的,用以表示一定信息的代码;同义词:条码符号bar code symbolGB/T 4122.1-1996中4.173.31 电子数据交换electronic data interchange EDI通过电子方式,采用标准化的格式,利用计算机网络进行结构数据的传输和交换;3.32 有形消耗tangible loss可见或可测量出来的物理性损失、消耗;3.33 无形消耗intangible loss由于科学技术进步而引起的物品贬值;物流作业术语4.1 运输transportation用设备和工具,将物品从一地点向另一地点运送的物流活动;其中包括集货、分配、搬运、中转、装入、卸下、分散等一系列操作; GB/T 4122.1-1996中4.174.2 联合运输combined transport一次委托,由两家以上运输企业或用两种以上运输方式共同将某一批物品运送到目的的运输方式;4.3 直达运输through transport物品由发运地到接收地,中途不需要换装和在储存场所停滞的一种运输方式;4.4中转运输transfer transport物品由生产地运达最终使用地,中途经过一次以上落地并换装的一种运输方式;4.5 甩挂运输drop and pull transport用牵引车拖带挂车至目的地,将挂车甩下后,换上新的挂车运往另一个目的地的运输方式; 4.6 集装运输containerized transport使用集装器具或利用捆扎方法,把裸装物品、散粒物品、体积较小的成件物品,组合成为一定规格的集装单元进行的运输;4.7 集装箱运输container transport以集装箱为单元进行货物运输的一种货运方式; GB/T17271-1998中3.2.14.8 门到门door-to-door承运人在托运人的工厂或仓库整箱接货,负责运抵收货人的工厂或仓库整箱交货;GB/T 17271-1998中3.2.14.9 整箱货full container load FCL一个集装箱装满一个托运人同时也是一个收货人的工厂或仓库整箱交货;GB/T 17271-1998中3.2.4.24.10 拼箱货less than container load LCL一个集装箱装入多个托运人或多个收货人的货物;GB/T 17271-1998中3.2.4.34.11 储存storing保护、管理、贮藏物品; GB/T 4122.1-1996中4.24.12 保管storage对物品进行保存及对其数量、质量进行管理控制活动;4.13 物品储存article reserves储存起来以备急需的物品;有当年储存、长期储存、战略储备之分;4.14 库存inventory处于储存状态的物品;广义的库存还包括处于制造加工状态和运输状态的物品;4.15 经常库存cycle stock在正常的经营环境下,企业为满足日常需要而建立的库存;4.16 安全库存safety stick为了防止由于不确定性因素如大量突发性订货、交货期突然延期等而准备的缓冲库存; 4.17 库存周期inventory cycle time在一定范围内,库存物品从入库到出库的平均时间;4.18 前置期或提前期lead time从发出订货单到货物的时间间隔;4.19 订货处理周期order cycle time从收到订货单到将所订货物发运出去的时间间隔;4.20 货垛goods stack为了便于保管和装卸、运输,按一定要求分门别类堆放在一起的一批物品;4.21 堆码stacking将物品整齐、规则地摆放成货垛的作业;4.22 搬运handing/carrying在同一场所内,对物品进行水平移动为主的物流作业;4.23 装卸loading and unloading物品在指定地点以人力或机械装入运输设备或卸下; GB/T 4122.1-1996中4.54.24 单元装卸unit loading and unloading用托盘、容器或包装物见小件或散装物品集成一定质量或体积的组合件,以便利用机械进行作业的装卸方式;4.25 包装package/packaging为在流通过程中保护产品、方便储运、促进销售,按一定技术方面而采用的容器、材料及辅助物等的总体名称;也指为了达到上述目的而采用容器、材料和辅助物的过程中施加一定技术方法等的操作活动; GB/T 4122.1-1996中2.14.26 销售包装sales package又称内包装,是直接接触商品进入零售网点和消费者或用户直接见面的包装;4.27 定牌包装packing of nominated brand买方要求卖方在出口商品/包装上使用买方指定的牌名或商标的做法;4.28 中性包装neutral packing在出口商品及其内外包装上都不注明生产国别的包装;4.29 运输包装transport package以满足运输贮存要求为主要目的的包装;它具有保障产品的安全,方便储运装卸,加速交接、点验等作用; GB/T 4122.1-1996中2.54.30 托盘包装palletizing以托盘为承载物,将包装件或产品堆码在托盘上,通过捆扎、裹包或胶粘等方法加以固定,形成一个搬运单元,以便用机械设备搬运; GB/T 4122.1-1996中2.174.31 集装化containerization用集装器具或采用捆扎方法,把物品组成标准规格的单元货件,以加快装卸、搬运、储存、运输等物流活动;4.32 散装化containerization用专门机械、器具进行运输、装卸的散装物品在某个物流范围内,不用任何包装,长期固定采用吸扬、抓斗等机械、器具进行装卸、运输、储存的作业方式;4.33 直接换装cross docking物品在物流环节中,不经过中间仓库或站点,直接从一个运输工具换载到另一个运输工具的物流衔接方式;4.34 配送distribution在经济合理区域范围内,根据用户要求,对物品进行拣选、加工、包装、分割、组配等作业,并按时送达指定地点的物流活动;4.35 共同配送joint distribution由多个企业联合组织实施的配送活动;4.36 配送中心distribution center从事配送业务的物流场所或组织,应基本符合下列要求:a 主要为特定的用户服务;b 配送功能健全;c 完善的信息网络;d 辐射范围小;e 多品种、小批量;f 以配送为主,储存为辅;4.37 分拣sorting将物品按品种、出入库先后顺序进行分门别类推放的作业;4.38 拣选order picking按订单或出库单的要求,从储存场所选出物品,并放置指定地点的作业;4.39 集货goods collection将分散的或小批量的物品集中起来,以便进行运输、配送的作业;4.40 组配assembly配送前,根据物品的流量、流向及运输工具的载质量和容积,组织安排物品装载的作业; 4.41 流通加工distribution processing物品在从生产地到使用地的过程中,根据需要施加包装、分割、计量、分拣、刷标志、拴标签、组装等简单作业的总称;4.42 冷链cold chain为保持新鲜食品及冷冻食品等的品质,使其在从生产到消费的过程中,始终处于低温状态的配有专门设备的物流网络;4.43 检验inspection根据合同或标准,对标的物品的品质、数量、包装等进行检查、验收的总称;物流技术装备与设施术语5.1 仓库warehouse保管、储存物品的建筑物和场所的总称;5.2 库房storehouse有屋顶和围护结构,供储存各种物品的封闭式建筑物;5.3 自动化仓库automatic warehouse由电子计算机进行管理和的控制,不需人工搬运作业,而实现收发作业的仓库;5.4立体仓库stereoscopic warehouse采用高层货架配以货箱或托盘储存货物,用巷道队垛起重机及其他机械进行作业的仓库; 5.5 虚拟仓库virtual warehouse建立在计算机和网络通讯技术基础上,进行物品储存、保管和远程控制的物流设施;可实现不同状态、空间、时间、货主的有效调度和统一管理; 5.6保税仓库boned warehouse经海关批准,在海关监管下,专供存放未办理关税手续而入境或过境货物的场所;5.7 出口监管仓库export supervised warehouse经海关批准,在海关监管下,存放已按规定领取了出口货物许可证或批件,已对外买断结汇并向海关办完全部出口海关手续的货物的专用仓库;5.8 海关监管货物cargo under custom's supervision在海关批准范围内接受海关查验的进出口、过境、转运、通关货物,以及保税货物和其他尚未办结海关手续的进出境货物;5.9 冷藏区chill space仓库的一个区域,其温度保持在0'C~10.C范围内;5.10 冷冻区freeze space仓库的一个区域,其温度保持在0'C以下;5.11 控湿储存区humidity controlled space仓库内配有湿度调制设备,使内部湿度可调的库房区域;5.12 温度可控区temperature controlled space温度可根据需要调整在一定范围内的库房区域;5.13 收货区receiving space到库物品入库前核对检查及进库准备的地区;5.14 发货区shipping space物品集中待运地区;5.15 料棚goods shed供储存某些物品的简易建筑物,一般没有或只有部分围壁;5.16 货场goods yard用于存放某些物品的露天场地;5.17 货架goods shelf用支架、隔板或托架组成的立体储存货物的设施;5.18 托盘pallet用于集装、堆放、搬运和运输的放置作为单元负荷的货物和制品的水平平台装置;GB/T 4122.1-1996中4.275.19 叉车fork lift truck具有各种叉具,能够对货物进行升降和移动以及装卸作业的搬运车辆;5.20 输送机conveyor对物品进行连续运送的机械;5.21 自动导引车automatic guided vehicle AGV能够自动行驶到指定地点的无轨搬运车辆;5.22 箱式车box car除具备普通车的一切机械性能外,还必须具备全封闭的箱式车身和便于装卸作业的车门; 5.23 集装箱container是一种运输设备,应满足下列要求:a 具有足够的强度,可长期反复使用;b 适于一种或多种运输方式运送,途中转运时,箱内货物不需换装;c 具有快速装卸和搬运的装置,特别便于从一种运输方式转移到另一种运输方式;d 便于货物装满和卸空;e 具有1立方米及以上的容积;集装箱这一术语不包括车辆和一般包装; GB/T 1992-1985中1.15.24 换算箱twenty-feet equivalent unit TEU又称标准箱;Twenty-feet equivalent unit TEU以20英尺集装箱作为换算单位;GB/T 17271-1998中3.2.4.85.25 特种货物集装箱specific cargo container用以装运特种物品用的集装箱; GB/T 4122.1-1996中1.15.26 全集装箱船full container ship舱内设有固定式或活动式的格栅结构,舱盖上和甲板上设置固定集装箱的系紧装置, 便于集装箱左翼及定位的船舶;GB/T GB/T17271-1998中3.1.1.15.27 铁路集装箱场railway container yard进行集装箱承运、交付、装卸、堆存、装拆箱、门到门作业,组织集装箱专列等作业的场所;GB/T GB/T17271-1998中3.1.3.65.28 公路集装箱中转站inland container depot具有集装箱中转运输与门到门运输和集装箱货物的拆箱、装箱、仓储和接取、送达、装卸、堆存的场所;GB/T GB/T17271-1998中3.1.3.95.29 集装箱货运站container freight station CFS拼箱货物拆箱、装箱、办理交接的场所;5.30 集装箱码头container terminal专供停靠集装箱船、装卸集装箱用的码头;GB/T GB/T 17271-1998中3.1.2.25.31 国际铁路联运international through railway transport使用一份统一的国际铁路联运票据,由跨国铁路承运人办理两国或两国以上铁路的全程运输,并承担运输责任的一种连贯运输方式;5.32 国际多式联运international multimodal transport按照多式联运合同,以至少两种不同的运输方式,由多式联运经营人将货物从一国境内的接管地点运至另一国境内指定交付地点的货物运输;5.33 大陆桥运输land bridge transport用横贯大陆的铁路或公路作为中间桥梁,将大陆两端的海洋运输连接起来的连贯运输方式; 5.34 班轮运输liner transport在固定的航线上,以既定的港口顺序,按照事先公布的船期表航行的水上运输方式;5.35 租船运输shipping by chartering根据协议,租船人向船舶所有人租凭船舶用于货物运输,并按商定运价,向船舶所有人支付运费或租金的运输方式;5.36 船务代理shipping agency根据承运人的委托,代办与船舶进出有关的业务活动;5.37 国际货运代理international freight forwarding agent接受进出口货物收货人、发货人的委托,以委托人或自己的名义,为委托人办理国际货物运输及相关业务,并收取劳务报酬的经济组织;5.38 理货tally货物装卸中,对照货物运输票据进行的理点数、计量、检查残缺、指导装舱积载、核对标记、检查包装、分票、分标志和现场签证等工作;5.39 国际货物运输保险international transportation cargo insurance在国际贸易中,以国际运输中的货物为保险标的的保险,以对自然灾害和意外事故所造成的财产损失获得补偿;5.40 报关customs declaration由进出口货物的收发货人或其代理人向海关办理进出境手续的全过程;5.41 报关行customs broker专门代办进出境保管业务的企业;5.42 进出口商品检验commodity inspection确定进出口商品的品质、规格、重量、数量、包装、安全性能、卫生方面的指标及装运技术和装运条件等项目实施检验和鉴定,以确定其是否与贸易合同、有关标准规定一致,是否符合进出口国有关法律和行政法规的规定;简称"商检";物流管理术语6.1 物流战略logistics strategy为寻求物流的可持续发展,就物流发展目标以及达成目标的途径与手段而制定的长远性、全局性的规划与谋略;6.2 物流战略管理logistics strategy management物流组织根据已制定的物流战略,付诸实施和控制的过程;6.3 仓库管理warehouse management对库存物品和仓库设施及其布局等进行规划、控制的活动;6.4仓库布局warehouse layout在一定区域或库区内,对仓库的数量、规模、地理位置和仓库设施、道路等各要素进行科学规划和总体设计;6.5 库存控制inventory control在保障供应的前提下,使库存物品的数量最少进行的有效管理的技术经济措施;6.6 经济订货批量economic order quantity EOQ通过平衡采购进货成本和保管仓储成本核算,以实现总库存成本最低的最佳订货量;6.7定量订货方式fixed-quantity system FQS当库存量下降到预定的最低的库存数量订货点时,按规定数量一般以经济订货批量为标准进行订货补充的一种库存管理方式;6.8 定期订货方式fixed-quantity system FIS按预先确定的订货间隔期间进行订货补充的一种库存管理方式;6.9 ABC分类管理ABC classification将库存物品按品种和占用资金的多少分为特别重要的库存A类、一般重要的库存B类和不重要的库存C类三个等级,然后针对不同等级分别进行管理与控制;6.10 电子订货系统Electronic order system EOS不同组织间利用通讯网络和终端设备以在线联结方式进行订货作业与订货信息交换的体系; 6.11 准时制just in time JIT在精确测定生产各工艺环节作业效率的前提下按订单准确的计划,消除一切无效作业与浪费为目标的一种管理模式;6.12 准时制物流just-in-time logistics一种建立在JIT管理理念基础上的现代物流方式;6.13 零库存技术zero-inventory logistics在生产与流通领域按照JIT组织物资供应,使整个过程库存最小化的技术的总称;6.14 物流成本管理logistics cost control对物流相关费用进行的计划、协调与控制;6.15 物料需要计划material requirements planning MRP一种工业制造企业内的物资计划管理模式;根据产品结构各层次物品的从属和数量关系,以每个物品为计划对象,以完工日期为时间基准倒排计划,按提前期长短区别各个物品下达计划时间的先后顺序;6.16 制造资源计划manufacturing resource planning MRP II从整体最优的角度出发,运用科学的方法,对企业的各种制造资源和企业生产经营各环节实行合理有效地计划、组织、控制和协调,达到既能连续均衡生产,又能最大限度地降低各种物品的库存量,进而提高企业经济效益的管理方法;6.17 配送需要计划distribution requirements planning DRP一种既保证有效地满足市场需要,又使得物流资源配置费用最省的计划方法,是MRP原理与方法在物品配送中的运用;6.18 配送资源计划distribution resource planning DRP II一种企业内物品配送计划系统管理模式;是在DRP的基础上提高各环节的物流能力,达到系统优化运行的目的;6.19 物流资源计划logistics resource planning LRP以物流为基础手段,打破生产与流通界限,集成制造资源计划、分销需要计划以及功能计划而形成的物资资源优化配置方法;6.20 企业资源计划enterprise resource planning ERP在MRP II 的基础上,通过反馈的物流和反馈的信息流、资金流,把客户需要和企业内部的生产经营活动以及供应商的资源整合在一起,体现完全按用户需要进行经营管理的一种全新的管理方法;6.21 供应链管理supply chain management SCM利用计算机网络技术全面规划供应链中的商流、物流、信息流、资金流等,并进行计划、组织、协调与控制;6.22 快速反映Quick response QR物流企业面对多品种、小批量的买方市场,不是储备了"产品",而是准备了各种"要素",在用户提出要求时,能以最快速度抽取"要素",及时"组装",提供所需服务或产品;6.23 有效客户反映efficient customer responseECR以满足顾客要求和最大限度降低物流过程费用为原则,能及时做出准确反应,使提供的物品供应或服务流程最佳化的一种供应链管理战略;6.24 连续库存补充计划continuous replenishment program CRP利用及时准确的销售时点信息确定已销售的商品数量,根据零售商或批发商的库存信息和预先规定的库存补充程序确定发货补充数量和配送时间的计划方法;6.25 计算机付诸订货系统computer assisted ordering CAO基于库存和客户需要信息,利用计算机进行自动订货管理的系统;6.26 供应商管理库存vendor managed inventory VMI供应商等上游企业基于其下游客户的生产经营、库存信息,对下游客户的库存进行管理与控制;6.27 业务外包outsourcing企业为了获得不单纯利用不、内部资源更多的竞争优势,将其非核心业务交由合作企业完成; 资料来源:http://vip.6to23/our56/study/html/tjzl/wlbz/wlglsy.htm。
Trackingmore常见问题汇总(中英文)

一、国外客户常见问题1. My package doesn't have any updates for 5 days, where is my package?Please kindly note the international shipping takes time, for registered mail it usually takes about 2-4 weeks and 1-3 weeks by EMS. It may don't have any updates on the internet, but actually your package is still on the move, just be patient and track your package a few days later.2. Could I get estimated time of arrival to final destination?We can't provide the estimated time. Regarding shipping times, it is depend on the shipping carrier and service you use. Some courier such as DHL/UPS and other commercial courier is very fast, usually take only a few days to reach the sender. However, if your package is shipping through postal mail, you may need to wait longer. Besides, there are some other factors such as customs processing efficiency and weather.3. What's the difference between registered mail and surface mail?Registered mail is trackable and more expensive, the surface mail is non-registered mail which doesn't provide the full tracking info. Sometimes you may see "yanwen tracks end" or "yunexpress's track end" in your tracking info, because it is a surface mail which only provide origin country tracking info.4. What does "Exception" means in Trackingmore?Exception means custom hold, undelivered, returned shipment to sender or any shipping exceptions.5. My item was supposed to be shipped to USA, why does it show destination country "Canada"?The destination showed in Trackingmore is not always right. It is auto detect by our tracking system. You can even modify the destination country if you found the destination is not correct.6. My item was delivered to a wrong address; can you change the address for me?If the address is wrong, please contact the courier directly, we are third-party tracking platform, so we can't help you change the delivery address.7. The courier tried to deliver the package but I wasn't at home, what should I do?Please contact the courier. Usually they will resent your package on the next working day, but sometimes they just ask you to pick up your package at their office.8. My package has arrived at the destination country, I want to know the local courier and the local exchange number.If your package is carried by a postal service, usually the local courier is the local postal service. The same tracking number is trackable by through the destination country's postal services. If your package is carried by an express company, you need to check whether they have a local website, sometimes they do provide an exchange number and the local courier name.二、国内客户常见问题1. 我的包裹已经5天没有更新信息了,包裹现在在哪里呢?请注意国际运输通常需要较长的时间,一般来说邮政包裹需要2-4周,EMS包裹需要1-3周。
数学建模——邮件送递问题
邮件送递问题【摘要】本文的主要思想,是将邮件送递问题转化为图论中的旅行商问题,求最佳哈密尔顿回路,在此基础上,结合重量、体积、时间这三个约束条件,对送递路线进行调整,找到最佳的送递路线。
问题一,用Floyd算法计算51个地点任意两点之间的最短距离,然后采用二边逐次修正法求21个送达地点构成的最佳H圈。
为减小二次逐边修正法对初始圈的敏感,每次随机搜索1000个初始圈。
为提高计算速度;我们采用在MATLAB 环境中,用矩阵翻转的方法来实现二边逐次修正的过程。
最终我们求得序号分别为3和150的两条总路程最短的送递路径。
两条路径的总长度均为54.708km,总时间3.149小时。
问题二,在第一问的基础上,我们对1000条近似最短路径进行时间检验,计算每条路径上每一点邮件送达的时间是否早于要求的时间,从而判断该路径是否符合时间要求。
我们从1000条近似最短路径中筛选出48条符合时间要求的路径,再从中找出总长度最短的路径,得到序号为150的路径为本问题的最佳方案。
问题三,本问题相比第一问,增加了分组的问题。
由于邮件重量和体积的约束,100个邮件需分批次送递,我们制定了衡量分组优劣的标准——均衡度 ,以此为准则,我们对Prim算法求出的50点最小生成树做适当调整,并结合重量、体积两个约束条件,确定分组。
完成分组后,求解每一组地点的送递路径,与第一问相同。
最终我们得到均衡度为0.026的分组方案及各组的送递路径,并求出送完所有邮件的最短时间为6.728h。
问题四针对第一小问,在第一问基础上增加检验邮递员到达每一地点的重量和体积,我们求出分2组的送递路径。
针对第二小问,在第一小问基础上增加检验邮递员到达每一地点的实际时间,提出以准点率为标准衡量路径优劣,求出准点率为76.2%的最佳路径。
针对第三小问,由于邮件增多带来的重量、体积的上升,分组数目相应增加,最终我们求出分6组,准点率为72.0%的送递路径。
【关键词】最优H圈,二边逐次修正法,矩阵翻转,最小生成树,均衡度一、问题的提出现有一邮局在图1中的O 点,一邮递员需将邮件送至城市内多处。
邮递员问题
关于中国邮递员问题的最优完全子图算法李念祖(上海第二工业大学经济管理学院,上海201209)摘要:利用线图的概念,把中国邮递员问题转化成求顶点赋权图的最优完全子图的问题关键词:最优邮递路线;最短路;最优匹配;线图;最优完全子图中图分类号:O157、5 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1000.5137(2006)04-0026-04 O 引言一个邮递员的工作是:在邮局里挑选出他所负责的街区的各条街道的邮件,并按一定次序加以排列,然后按一定路线递送这些邮件,最后返回邮局.自然,邮递员必须走过他负责的街区的每一条街道至少一次,并希望选择一条总路程最短的递送路线.寻找这样的一条最短递送路线的问题,在国际学术界称之为中国邮递员问题,因为它首先是由中国数学家提出并加以研究的.用图论的语言来描述中国邮递员问题,就是:设在边带权的有限连通赋权图G:( ,E)中,各条边ei∈E的权Z(e )≥0;G中任意一条包含G的每条边至少一次的闭链W:roe ⋯enuo.称为G的一条环游,其权z( )定义为z(W)=Σz(ei).则中国邮递员问题就是在G中求一条具有最小权的环游i‘。
一= 1W ,即:求环游,使得z( )=min z( ),是环游.这种环游称为G的最优邮递路线,或最优环游.1 预备知识对于没有奇点的连通赋权图G,可以利用Fleury算法求得G的一条最优邮递路线⋯.对于有奇点的连通赋权图G,1956年我国数学家管梅谷教授提出通常被称为“奇偶点图上作业法”的算法来求G的最优邮递路线J.1973年Edmonds和Johnson给出一个比较有效的算法,把求有奇点的连通赋权图的最优邮递路线问题转化为求最短路及最优匹配问题[3].本文作者把他们的算法叙述为下列J.定理1 设G=( ,E)是一个有2后个奇点(后>O)的连通赋权图,边e∈E的权为Z(e)≥0,所有奇点的集合为Vo= 。
,,⋯,}∈V.作以为顶点集的赋权完全图(G)=( ,E。
运筹学-邮递员问题
值得注意的是,这个方法主要困难在于检查判定标准2。它要求对于图中的每一个圈都检查一遍。当一个连通图所包含的圈数比较多时,将会大大提高运算的工作量,比如“田”字型的图就有13个圈。
到目前为止,关于中国邮递员问题,已经找到了更好的算法,由于篇幅所限,我们就不去介绍它了。
当q=3时,显然G是欧拉图。假设q=n时成立,看q=m+1的情形:由于G是无奇点的连通图,并且G的点数p>=3,因此存在三个点μ,v,w,使得[μ,v],[w,v]∈E。从G中去掉边[μ,v],[w,v],增加新的边[μ,w],得到一个新的多重图G1,G1有q-1条边,且仍不含奇点,G1至多有两个分图。
推论 一个多重连通图G有欧拉链的充分必要条件是G有且仅有两个奇点。
这个推论的证明留给读者作为习题。
从这个定理的证明可以看出,识别一个连通图能否一笔画出的条件是它是否有奇点。若有奇点,就不能一笔画出。若没有奇点,就能够一笔画出,并回到原出发地。
比如前面提到的哥尼斯堡七桥问题,欧拉把它抽象成具有四个项点,并且都是奇点的图8.26的形状。很明显,一个漫步者无论如何也不可能重复的走完七座桥,并最终回到原出发地。图8.27。仅有两个奇点,可以一笔画出。
v1-v2-v4-v3-v2-v4-v6-v5-v4-v6-v5-v3-v1, 总长是12。 也可以按照另一条路线走: v1-v2-v3-v2-v4-v5-v6-v4-v3-v5-v3-v1, 总长是11。 按照第1条路线走,在边[v2,v4],[v4,v6],[v6,v5]上各走3两次,按照第2条路线走,在边[v3,v2],[v3,v5]上各走了两次。
图8.26
B
A
D
C
图8.27
v5
v6
v4
NOIP2007提高组初赛试题和答案
第十三届全国青少年信息学奥林匹克联赛初赛试题(提高组Pascal 语言二小时完成)●●全部试题答案均要求写在答卷纸上,写在试卷纸上一律无效●●一、单项选择题(共10 题,每题1.5 分,共计15 分。
每题有且仅有一个正确答案.)。
1. 在以下各项中。
()不是CPU 的组成部分。
A. 控制器B. 运算器C. 寄存器D. 主板E. 算术逻辑单元(ALU)2. 在关系数据库中, 存放在数据库中的数据的逻辑结构以( )为主。
A. 二叉树B. 多叉树C. 哈希表D. B+树E. 二维表3.在下列各项中,只有()不是计算机存储容量的常用单位。
A. ByteB. KBC. MBD. UBE. TB4.ASCII码的含义是()。
A. 二—十进制转换码B. 美国信息交换标准代码C. 数字的二进制数码D. 计算机可处理字符的唯一编码E. 常用字符的二进制编码5.在Pascal 语言中,表达式(23 or 2 xor 5)的值是()A. 18B. 1C.23D.32E.246.在Pascal 语言中,判断整数a 等于0 或b等于0或c等于0 的正确的条件表达式是()A. not ((a<>0) or (b<>0) or (c<>0))B. not ((a<>0) and (b<>0) and (c<>0))C. not ((a=0) and (b=0)) or (c=0)D.(a=0) and (b=0) and (c=0)E. not ((a=0) or (b=0) or (c=0))7. 地面上有标号为A、B、C的3根细柱, 在A柱上放有10个直径相同中间有孔的圆盘, 从上到下次依次编号为1, 2, 3, ……,将A柱上的部分盘子经过B柱移入C柱, 也可以在B柱上暂存。
如果B柱上的操作记录为:“进,进,出,进,进,出,出,进,进,出,进,出,出”。
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maxR=0; maxint =Integer.MAX_VALUE; maxl=maxll; bestx=xx; x=new int[n+1]; y=new int[maxl+1]; for (int i=0; i<=n; i++) x[i]=0; for (int i=1; i<=maxl; i++) y[i]=maxint; x[1]=1;
if (y[j]+k< y[j+x[i-1]*k]) y[j+x[iy[j+x[iy[j+x[i-1]*k]=y[j]+k;
while (y[r]<maxint) r++; if (i>n) if (r-1 >maxR){ (rmaxR=rmaxR=r-1; for (int j=1; j<=n; j++) bestx[j]=x[j]; } return; } int [ ]z=new int [max1+1];
maxint, //大整数 //大整数 maxl; //邮资上界 //邮资上界 static int[ ] x; //当前解 //当前解 static int[ ] y; //各种邮资所需最少邮票数 //各种邮资所需最少邮票数 static int[ ] bestx; //当前最优解 //当前最优解 Public static int maxStamp(int nn, int mm, int [ ] xx) { int maxll=1500; n=nn; m=mm;
当i<=n时,当前扩展节点z是解空间中的内 i<=n时,当前扩展节点z 部节点。 算法描述: public class Stamps { static int n, //邮票面值数 //邮票面值数 m, //每张信封允许的最多邮票数 //每张信封允许的最多邮票数 maxR, //当前最优值 //当前最优值
y[0]=0; backtrack(2,1); return maxR; } private static void backtrack(int I, int r) { for (int j=0; j<=x[i-2]*(m-1); j++) j<=x[i-2]*(mif ( y[j]<m) for (int k=1; k<=m-y[j]; k++) k<=m-
算法分析
对于连续邮资问题,用n元组x[1:n]表 对于连续邮资问题,用n元组x[1:n]表 示n种不同的邮票面值,并约定它们从小 到大排列。 x[1]=1是惟一的选择。此时的最大连续 x[1]=1是惟一的选择。此时的最大连续 邮资区间是[1:m]。 邮资区间是[1:m]。 x[2]的可取值范围是[2:m+1]。 x[2]的可取值范围是[2:m+1]。 在一般情况下,已选定x[1:i-1],最大 在一般情况下,已选定x[1:i-1],最大 连续邮资区间是[1:r],则x[i]的可取值 连续邮资区间是[1:r],则x[i]的可取值 范围是[x[i-1]+1:r+1]。 范围是[x[i-1]+1:r+1]。
由此可以看出,在用回溯法解连续邮资问 题时,可用树表示其解空间。 该解空间树中各结点的度随x 该解空间树中各结点的度随x的不同取值而 变化。
连续邮资问题的回溯法 类Stamps: 记录解空间中节点信息。 Stamps: maxvalue:记录当前已找到的最大连续区间。 maxvalue:记录当前已找到的最大连续区间。 bestx:相应的当前最优解。 bestx:相应的当前最优解。 数组y:记录当前已选定的邮票面值x[1:i]能贴出各 数组y:记录当前已选定的邮票面值x[1:i]能贴出各 种邮资所需的最少邮票数。 在算法中: 当i>n时,搜索到叶节点,得到新邮票面值设计方 i>n时,搜索到叶节点,得到新邮票面值设计方 案。
连续邮资问题
问题描述
假设国家发行了n 假设国家发行了n种不同面值的邮票,并 且规定每张信封上最多只允许m张邮票。连续 且规定每张信封上最多只允许m张邮票。连续பைடு நூலகம்邮资问题要求对于给定的n 邮资问题要求对于给定的n和m的值,给出邮 票面值的最佳设计,即在1 票面值的最佳设计,即在1张信封上可贴出从 邮资1开始,增量为1 邮资1开始,增量为1的最大连续邮资区间。例 如,当n=5和m=4时,面值为(1,3,11,15,32)的 如,当n=5和m=4时,面值为(1,3,11,15,32)的5 种邮票可以贴出邮资的最大连续邮资区间是1 种邮票可以贴出邮资的最大连续邮资区间是1 -70。 70。
for (int k=1; k<=maxl; k++) z[k]=y[k]; for (int j=x[i-1]+1; j<=r; j++) j=x[iif (y[r-j]<m) { (y[rx[i]=j; backtrack(i+1,r+1); for (int k=1; k<= maxl; k++) y[k]=z[k]; } } }