法律英语——Law of Torts
沙丽金法律英语
Examples
A defendant refused to inform a plaintiff of the whereabouts of the plaintiff's child for several years, though that defendant knew where the child was the entire time.
Assault
Definition
(in common law) an intentional act that creates an apprehension of an imminent harmful or offensive contact
Assault and battery
As distinguished from battery, assault need not involve actual contact—it only needs intent and the resulting apprehension.
General
Underlying policy considerations
maintenance of a peaceful society deterrence social responsibility the balancing of economic interests
against societal benefits
wielding a kng the word snake to a person whom you know is in fear of snakes
法律英语专题：侵权法(tort law)资料讲解
Actual fear on the plaintiff’s part is not required.
Examples
Assault
swinging a baseball bat at someone holding a rock and threatening to throw
Subcategories
torts against the person
assault battery false imprisonment intentional infliction of emotional distress
General
property torts
trespass to land trespass to chattels (personal property) conversion
dignitary torts
defamation invasion of privacy
Torts Against the Person
Assault
Definition
an intentional act that causes an apprehension of immediate harmful or offensive contact
法律英语专题：侵权法(tort law)
General
to deter others from committing the same act
US tort law
Tort law in the U. S. is largely common law.
法律英语法律术语
1、TWO MAIN LEGAL FAMILIESCommon/English/English-American Law (Legal) System/Family普通法系- case law system- Anglo-Saxon case-law system- Anglo-American legal systemContinental/Roman/Civil Law (Legal) System/Family大陆法系- civilian legal system- civil-law system2、civil law民法、国内法、罗马法、大陆法3、substantive Law（实体法）VS procedural Law（程序法）4、case law（案例法）vs. statutory law（成文法）statutory / written / codified / enacted law制定法、成文法5、adversary trial system（对抗制）vs. inquisitorial system （纠问制）6、jury trial system陪审团制度7、The reports of the United States Supreme Court联邦最高法院判例汇编The reports of some States州法院判例汇编8、legal cases法律案例9、private law and / vs. public law10、the statutory law continues to be subject to binding interpretation through case law（其成文法继续适用通过判例法(注：即先例)进行的有约束力的解释）11、Common law (in narrow sense):- common general law- local law- itinerant judges of the English royal court- enforcement of a claim- special form of action: writ- classical Roman law- Provisions of Oxford (1258)牛津条例- “writ upon the case”本案令状12、enforcement 强制执行；claim 请求；action 诉讼行为；writ 法院令状；recourse 追索权；追索，追偿13、Equity law衡平法- “ equity ”——doing equity- chancellor- relief 救济- judiciary- Court of Chancery （衡平法院）and / vs. ordinary common law courts-maxim- fixed, inflexible- equitable doctrines (e.g. law of salvage at sea)- In a conflict between law & equity,equity should prevail.14、awardcompensatory, compensatedamagesspecific performance特定履行|实际履行injunction强制令real/immoveable property（不动产）and / vs. personal/moveable property （动产）15、c ommon law remedy/relief:普通法救济- (compensatory) damages金钱赔偿16、e quity/equitable remedies/relief:衡平法救济- injunction ( a temporary or final order to do or not to do a specific act)强制令- specific performance (a party to an agreement is ordered by the court to perform his obligations according to the terms of the agreement)- restitution17、judicialexpress （明示）vs. implied （默示）provision, providejurisdiction 管辖区域,法域; (司法）管辖权civil suit民事诉讼titlethe law of property财产法before the judge在法庭上17、a pply/applicable/available适用于be subject to受。
法律英语专题：侵权法(tort-law)
Tort Law
General
Tort
a civil wrong which unfairly causes someone else to suffer loss or harm
★It does not include breach of contract or trust. (A civil wrong can be a tort, breach of contract or breach of trust.)
Many judges utilize the Restatement of Torts (2nd) as an influential guide.
The Restatement is an influential treatise issued by the American Law Institute, which summarizes the general principles of common law United States tort law.
With the tort of assault, a perceived threat by the victim is paramount.
Assault
＊A defendant who throws a rock at a sleeping victim and misses can only be guilty of the attempted battery assault, since the victim would not be aware of the possible harm.
法律英语
TortsTort law is usually described as the law of “civil wrongs” and it is hard to give a more exact definition. I commit a tort if I hit somebody accidentally but carelessly (with my fists or my car); if I falsely call somebody maliciously arrested, or invade somebody’s privacy or trespass on someone’s land without permission.This is a more or less ragbag collection of behaviors, which have little in common except that they are all defined as wrong and do not grow out of a contractual relationship between victim and “tortfeasor”. They are also “civil”wrongs, which means they are not crimes (at least not necessarily). If I wander onto somebody’s land by mistake and trample on something valuable, I may have to pay; but I have not committed a crime and I will not go to jail. It is not a crime for me to back out of a parking space and dent somebody else’s fender, unless I did it willfully and recklessly. But of course I have to pay. Some torts are crimes, especially if the behavior is reckless or malicious. The ordinary tort is not.A tort is conduct which causes injury and does not measure up to some standard which society has set. The heart of tort law is the action for personal injury a claim against a person or company for hurting my body in some way. Probably 95 percent of all tort claims are for personal injury. Auto accidents, nowadays, are responsible for most of them. Formerly, railroad and work accidents were the most prolific sources. Indeed, the law of torts was insignificant before the railroad age of the nineteenth century and no wonder. This branch of law deals above all with the wrenching, grinding effects of machines on human bodies. It belongs to the world of factories, railroads, and mines in other words, the world of the Industrial Revolution.Basically, then, the railroad created the law of torts. Not a single treatise on the law of torts was published before 1850, either in England or the United States. Early tort cases often came up out of railroad accidents. Nicholas Farwell, who worked for the Boston and Worcester Railroad, lost his hand in a switchyard accident, sued the railroad, and got nothing; but “Farwell v. Boston &Worcester Rr . Corp.”made legal history. In this case, the chief justice of Massachusetts, Lemuel Shaw, announced the American version of the “fellow-servant” rule. Under this rule, an employee could not sue his company for work injuries if the accident was caused by the carelessness of a coworker (a fellow-servant). This was, of course, the usual situation in a factory or mine or on the railroad. Hence the rule protected employers against almost all claims of injured workmen.Despite the rule, industrial accidents in which workers like Farwell were mangled by machines were the most fertile source of tort cases in the nineteenth century. In the twentieth century, the fellow-servant rule was replaced by an administrative system workmen’s compensation and the auto accident moved to center stage. Lately, two subfields of the law of torts have grown rapidly: medical malpractice and products liability (injuries caused by defective foods, toys appliances, drugs, or other commodities). These last two categories, however, make a noise in society; the rise in medical malpractice cases generated a sense of crisis in the profession and led to reform efforts in many states, including attempts to put a ceiling on the amount that plaintiffs can recover form doctors and hospitals.A fundamental concept of tort law is “negligence.”This means, toughly, carelessness, Basically, if somebody causes me harm, I can sue him for damages only if he was negligent. He has to be at fault, If he was as careful as he should have been (as careful as the imaginary“reasonable man”the yardstick for measuring negligence), then I cannot recover for my injury.Thousands of cases have turned on what does or does not amount to negligence. In the twentieth century, the concept has gone into something of a decline, especially in products liability cases. More and more, courts impose “strict liability”that is, a victim can recover even if there was no negligence and if the manufacturer was as careful as is humanly possible. If a company makes jars of pickles and has good quality control, it can still happen that one jar out of a million is bad, slips through the net, and makes someone sick. The company has not been negligent, in nineteenth-century terms. But modern cases insist that the company must pay.侵权行为法侵权行为法通常被称为“民事不法行为”的法律,很难给出一个较为精确的定义。
法律英语
1.a writ of execution
2.judgement creditor
3。garnishment
4.judgement debtor判决债务人
5.dispose of 处理
6.attachment财产保全
7.exempt from使。。。免受
8.set aside保全程序
20.federal question（jurisdiction）联邦问题（管辖权）
21.the us courts of appeals美国法院的上诉
22.the court of appeals for the district上诉法庭区
23.the court of appeals for the federal circuit联邦巡回上诉法院
erning law适用法律，准据法
23.the operation of the judicial process
司法过程的运行
lesson two
1.choice of law 法律的选择
2.multi—state transactions跨洲交易、事项
3.substantive rights实体权利
13.summons 传票
14.affirmative defense 积极抗辩
15.counter—claim 反诉
16.on one’s part就某人而言，在某人一方
17.give notice to 通知
18.under penalty of 违者以。。。惩治
19. in essence 实质上
4.choice of forum选择法院
The Law of Tort(m)
5. Damages: the object of awarding damages in contract is to put claimant in position would have been in had contract been performed. In tort, it is to put the claimant(要求者) in the position he would have been in had the tort not happened.
Definitions
TORT “Tortious liability arises from the breach of a duty primarily fixed by law: this duty is towards persons generally and its breach is redressible by an action for damages” (侵权责任是因违反法定责任而产生 的,任何人违反该法定责任,受害人可提起诉讼 得到救济----赔偿金) CONTRACT “Most contracts take the form of an agreement, that is to say, each party agrees to accept the promise or promises of the other in return for the promise or promises made by itself”
The Law of Tort
A. DEFINITION OF TORT
1. Torts are civil wrongs, other than a breach of contract, for which the law will provide a remedy.
Law of Torts
So what does Negligence involve?
Leading case: Donoghue v Stevenson (1932)
The House of Lords extracted four requirements:
Duty of care Breach of that duty of care Injury or damage to the plaintiff Connection between that breach and the injury
Private Nuisance
Байду номын сангаас
Continuous indirect interference over a period of time with the plaintiff‟s use or enjoyment of land Indirect interference includes: smoke and fumes; noise and vibrations; tree branches and roots; pollution cf trespass which covers only direct entry onto land, and negligence, which encompasses both direct and indirect acts
Tort
Duties imposed by law
Parties often previously unconnected Privity of contract is irrelevant Concerned with protecting interests and compensating wrongs Emphasis on fault Concerned with unsafe products Rules of remoteness of damage based on foresight of the type of harm Aims to restore the plaintiff to pre-tort position Equitable remedies available in appropriate circumstances For limitations, time begins to run from the date the damage occurred
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一.介绍
侵权法概念
侵权法是一个很难表述的概念，这个词语在平日交流中不常使用。
虽然它描述了一项法律中的重要分类，这个概念也已经否定了很多试图阐明出有用定义的尝试。
令人困惑的是任何一种广泛到能包含所有侵权行为的定义都太过于笼统而几乎没有意义。
所有侵权法中有一项常见的元素是一方会由于另一方实施的行为或不作为所产生的后果而受到损失或伤害。
除此以外，加速普遍化变成了不可能的任务。
事实上所有无限的多样的人类活动——比如说骑车，从事生意，谈话，写作，拥有并且使用真的或者个人财产，性行为——都有可能成为一种侵权行为的赔偿责任来源。
这种行为的多样性抵抗住了大面积的普遍性，这也是侵权行为的赔偿责任所赖以存在的基础。
如果对侵权的定义是必要的，它就会具有以下的性质：民事违法行为，一方的行为会对另一方造成人身财产伤害，或者是认识到另一方的利益想违背法律强制规定的责任。
明显地，侵权法是一块认识到并赔偿对受害人从身体，尊严和隐私的伤害到所拥有的财产和生意上的利益损失的法律领域。
侵权是一种民事违法行为——是遭受损失方（或者是共同起诉的多方）控告罪犯（侵权行为人）来使损害得到补偿或者是寻求一种禁令阻止伤害和民事违法行为的继续。
受害方必须证明侵权行为人犯罪。
侵权中的义务被强制当作法律遵行。
侵权法发作用，目的与正当理由
侵权法有三个主要作用和目标：（1）补偿受害方因为另一方的行为而蒙受的损失与伤害。
（2）置入应赔偿人的所应补偿的金额。
（3）防止未来的损失和伤害。
1．补偿
侵权行为中受害的一方所遭受的伤害和损失我们应该称之为“损害”。
侵权法是基于所有损失，无论是有形的还是无形的都能够用金钱衡量的基础上的。
最基本的侵权赔偿是要求侵权行为人来支付受害者一笔“有补偿的破坏”。
2．公正
（1）公平
从根本上，公正是当今对公平的社会标准的应用的结果。
（2）现实原因
因果关系，众所周知，是必要条件。
侵权责任仅仅是指行为人的行为是一个为被害人带来损失和伤害的实质的事实。
（3）过失
过失一般是构成侵权的一个必要因素，只是一个人对他人造成损害是不够的，伦理上，很难证明侵权，除非行为人的行为是某种程度上有过失的。
显然，如果一个人故意地伤害他人，或者知道（应当知道）他的行为造成了实质的伤害事实，责任便必然产生。
但是，过失同样包括那些无意的和不可预见的过失的行为，以及普通人理应预见到的可能造成对他人极大风险的伤害的行为。
（4）无过失责任
有一些情形是，行为人的行为是他人受害的原因，所有的过失需求都满足，但是由于公序良俗，不存在侵权责任。
（5）原告过失与同意
当受害人同意存在风险或者他本身对其伤害有过错时，受害人的侵权赔偿金额可能会被减少甚至驳回。
如果损失是在当事人真实同意或明知有风险的情况下发生的，拒绝任何赔偿可视为合理的。
3．对将来损失的预防
第三个主要的侵权法的作用和目标是控制人类行为表现来防止未来的侵权行为。
在这方面，法律起到了教育的作用。
以及在未来适用。
理论上，背负债务的罪犯自己也会在将来更加小心，来自侵权行为的赔偿责任的威胁也刺激了调整他们的行为与行为准则相一致。
二．过失
侵权行为的赔偿责任通常划分成故意，过失与严格上来说的侵权行为。
中心与重点是对过失行为引起侵权问题。
这种债务有几个元素：（1）被告人对原告负有的义务（2）因为被告人玩忽职守的错误符合行为要求（过失）（3）一个在过失行为和伤害结果之间的重要联系（4）公认的一种伤害或损失。
在分析过失引起的案例时，我们首先要考虑具有过失性质的行为本身。
我们要用哪种方法来决定被告的行为或者疏忽失职是否可以被视为过失呢？
一般过失的特征
根据已被接受的定义，“过失是低于法律对于防止他人收到原因不明的损害风险的标准的行为。
”在判断行为是否是过失时，行为人被指控他实际上知道什么或察觉了什么，以及他应该知道或察觉的。
明理的人的特征
知识，经验和领悟力。
物理伤害的侵权责任是基于被告对于风险和对于一定程度的应当意识到（对原告的损害）的可能性的知识（实际的或推定的）。
在过失中（与故意的侵权行为不同的），行为人并不希望由其行为造成的伤害性后果；他不知道它们很大程度上注定会发生，也不相信它们会发生。
因此，正常的行为人（原告或被告）依照他们实际的知识和领悟力参加指控，同样的，也包括一定的基本对社会的基本常识以及对他所在的环境的观察和理解的技能。
显然，行为必须依据行为人实际知道和观察到的事实来判断。
过失的证明
1.举证责任
从可能性（方面）考虑，举证责任由原告承担。
2.专家和舆论的证据
在侵权诉讼中，专家证人常常是必要或理想的。
他们在答辩中的主要作用是：（1）在陪审员的常识之外为陪审团提供信息，例如科学信息，计算，测试，实验，以及一些类似的东西；（2）通过他们对于案件的事实和（各方）呈递的观点，以他们的经验进行适用，为陪审团提供协助；（3)在涉及专业的过失案件中，设立案件的标准。
3.事实自证与简介证据
事实自证。
“事情为自己说话。
”首先，应该注意，这是个举证责任问题；其次，在援引这一规则以前，必须满足三个条件.
（1）如果没有过失，事故不可能发生。
情况必须是这样的，可以推论出被告方的某些过失是损害的起因。
（2）由被告控制的环境。
必须表现出在适当的时机，原告的伤害或损害起于有被告唯一管理或控制的某项工具或形势。
（3）被告没有其它辩解。
谨慎义务
（1）造成的伤害和被告人之间的紧密联系度（2）附属于被告人行为上的精神的谴责（3）防止未来伤害的政策
玩忽职守
（1）对危险的合理预见
（2）完成的客体
（3）预防措施的可行性
（4）普遍认可的惯例
因果关系
（1）“若非”标准
（2）多个连续原因
（3）介入原因
辩护
1、共同过失
2、相对过失。