大气热力学Atmospheric Thermodynamics
气象常用专业英语词汇
主题辞表English Chinese1.大气atmospheric science 大气科学meteorology 气象学atmosphere 大气atmospheric impurity 大气杂质atmospheric suspended matter 大气悬浮物atmospheric composition 大气成分atmospheric mass 大气质量 atmosphericdensity 大气密度 atmospheric subdivision大气分层 homosphere 均质层heterosphere 非均质层standard [pressure] level 标准层isothermal layer等温层lower atmosphere 低层大气middle atmosphere 中层大气upper atmosphere 高层大气troposphere 对流层tropopause 对流层顶stratosphere 平流层stratopause 平流层顶mesosphere 中间层mesopause 中间层顶thermosphere 热层exosphere 外 [逸 ] 层ionosphere 电离层magnetosphere 磁层ozonosphere 臭氧层free atmosphere 自由大气planetary atmosphere 行星大气standard atmosphere(reference atmosphere) 标准大气（参照大气）homogeneous atmosphere 均质大气isothermal atmosphere 等温大气polytropic atmosphere 多元大气scale height 大气标高meteorological element 气象因素air temperature 气温wet-bulb temperature 湿球温度dry-bulb temperature干球温度atmospheric pressure 气压standard atmosphere pressure 标准大气压 station pressure 本站气压sea-level pressure 海平面气压pressure gradient 气压梯度barometric height formula 压高公式pressure gradient force 气压梯度力Coriolis force 科里奥利力water vapor 水[ 蒸] 汽water vapor pressure 水汽压humidity 湿度relative humidity 相对湿度absolute humidity 绝对湿度specific humidity 比湿mixing ratio 混杂比dew point [temperature] 露点 (温度 ) depression of the dew point （温度）露点差super-saturated air 过饱和空气saturation specific humidity 饱和比湿saturation vapor pressure 饱和水汽压saturation deficit 饱和差cloud 云low cloud 低云middle cloud 中云high cloud 高云cloud amount 云量cloud height 云高cloud genera 云属cloud etage 云族cloud species 云种cloud variety 云类cloud form 云状cirrus, Ci 卷云cirrostratus, Cs 卷层云cirrocumulus, Cc 卷积云altocumulus, Ac 高积云altostratus, As 高层云cumulus, Cu 积云cumulus humilis, Cu hum 淡积云cumulus congestus, Cu con 浓积云cumulonimbus, Cb 积雨云cumulus fractus, Cu fra 碎积云stratocumulus, Sc 层积云stratus, St 层云nimbostratus, Ns 雨层云stratiform cloud 层状云cumuliform cloud 积状云cold cloud 冷云warm cloud 暖云ice cloud 冰云wind 风wind direction 风向wind speed, wind velocity 风速maximum wind speed最狂风速extreme wind speed 极狂风速wind speed profile风速廓线wind force风力wind force scale风级Beaufort [wind] scale蒲福风级calm 0 级风light air 1 级风light breeze 2 级风gentle breeze 3 级风moderate breeze 4 级风fresh breeze 5 级风strong breeze 6 级风near gale 7 级风gale 8 级风strong gale 9 级风storm 10 级风violent storm 11 级风hurricane 12 级风gust 阵风local wind地方性风surface wind 地面风foehn 焚风mountain-valley breeze山谷风sea-land breeze 海陆风on-shore wind 向岸风off-shore wind离岸风gorge wind 峡谷风predominant wind direction 主导风向prevailing wind 流行风wind pressure 风压wind energy 风能wind energy resources 风能资源wind energy rose 风能玫瑰 [图 ] visibility能见度clear sky 晴日partly cloudy少云cloudy 多云overcast 阴天blue of the sky 天空蓝度sky condition 天空情况precipitation 降水amount of precipitation 降水量precipitation intensity 降水强度showery precipitation 阵性降水convective precipitation 对流性降水orographic precipitation 地形降水rain 雨rain drop 雨滴rain shadow 雨影glaze 雨凇rain day 雨日rainfall [amount]雨量continuous precipitation连续性降水intermittent precipitation间歇性降水showery rain 阵雨freezing rain冻雨drizzle 毛毛雨light rain毛毛雨moderate rain 中雨heavy rain 大雨torrential rain暴雨local precipitation地方性降水orographic rain地形雨storm 风暴sandstorm, duststorm 沙 [ 尘 ] 暴hail storm 雹暴haze 霾dust 浮尘dew 露frost 霜frost point霜点first frost初霜latest frost 终霜tornado 龙卷dust devil 尘卷风snow 雪sleet 雨夹雪showery snow 阵雪snow crystal 雪晶snowflake 雪花snow grains 米雪snowstorm 雪暴snow cover 积雪snowfall [amount]雪量snow depth 雪深snow day 雪日icing 积冰hail 冰雹thunder 雷thunderstorm 雷暴thunder shower 雷阵雨lightning闪电fog 雾mist 轻雾wet fog湿雾sea fog 海雾ice fog 冰雾frontal fog锋面雾advection fog 平流雾radiation fog辐射雾advection-radiation fog 平流辐射雾mixing fog 混杂雾evaporation fog 蒸发雾supercooled fog 过冷却雾ground fog 地面雾upslope fog 上坡雾air-mass fog 气团雾tropical air fog热带气团雾rime 雾凇graupel 霰percentage of sunshine 日照百分率sunshine duration 日照时数duration of possible sunshine可照时数2.大气探测atmospheric sounding and observing 大气探测meteorological observation 气象察看 surface observation 地面察看visual observation目测background pollution observation 本底污染察看field observation 外场察看conventional observation 惯例察看sounding 探空upper air observation 高空察看aircraft sounding飞机探测rocket sounding 火箭探测radio sounding 无线电探空surface data 地面资料upper air data 高空资料 observation site 察看场 meteorological platform 气象察看平台automatic meteorological station 自动气象站meteorological instrument 气象仪器screen,instrument shelter 百叶箱thermometer 温度表telethermometer 遥测温度表thermograph 温度计geothermometer 地温表surface geothermometer 地面温度表angle geothermometer 曲管地温表 tube-typed geothermometer 直管地温表maximum thermometer 最高温度表minimum thermometer 最低温度表mercury thermometer 水银温度表Lyman- αhygrometer 莱曼-α湿度表bimetallic thermograph 双金属片温度计barograph 气压计aneroid barograph 空盒气压计mountain barograph 顶峰气压计barometer 气压表aneroid barometer 空盒气压表ship-barometer 船用气压表mountain barometer 顶峰气压表pressure altimeter 气压测高表normal barometer 标准气压表mercury barometer 水银气压表Fortin barometer 福丁气压表Kew pattern barometer寇乌气压表hygrograph 湿度计hygrometer 湿度表psychrometer 干湿表aspirated psychrometer 通风干湿表Assmann psychrometer 阿斯曼干湿表dew-point hygrometer 露点湿度表 hairhygrometer 毛发湿度表hair hygrograph 毛发湿度计black and white bulb thermometer 黑白球温度表barothermograph 气压温度计dry-bulb thermometer干球温度表wet-bulb thermometer湿球温度表sunshine recorder 日照计Jordan sunshine recorder 乔唐日照计 Campbell-Stokes sunshine recorder 康培尔 -司托克日照计 pyrheliometer 直接辐射表pyranometer 总辐射表sky radiometer diffusometer 天空辐射表albedometer 反照率表pyranometer 净辐射表evaporograph 蒸发计evaporation pan 小型蒸发器evaporation tank 大型蒸发器standard pan 标准蒸发器ceiling projector云幂灯visibility meter,visiometer能见度表raingauge 雨量器pluviograph,recording raingauge雨量计accumulative raingauge 累计雨量器tilting bucket raingauge 翻斗 [ 式 ]雨量计electric conductivity raingauge 水导 [式 ] 雨量计siphon rainfall recorder 虹吸 [ 式 ]雨量计 rainfall intensity recorder 雨强计 telemeteringpluviograph 遥测雨量计wind vane 风向标anemometer 风速表contact anemometer 电接风速表cup anemometer 转杯风速表propeller anemometer 螺旋桨 [式 ] 风速表anemorumbometer 风向风速表anemograph 风速计meteorological rocket气象火箭sounding rocket 探空火箭weather radar 天气雷达meteorological radar气象雷达lidar 激光雷达sodar, acoustic radar 声 [雷 ] 达Doppler radar 多普勒天气雷达atmospheric remote sensing 大气遥感meteorological satellite 气象卫星synoptic data 天气资料real time data 及时资料radiation transfer equation 辐射传输方程atmospheric transmission model 大气传输模式3.大气物理学atmospheric physics 大气物理 [学 ]cloud physics 云物理学advection 平流convection 对流aerosol 气溶胶cloud droplet-size distribution云滴谱raindrop size distribution雨滴谱fog-drop 雾滴cloud droplet 云滴supercooled cloud droplet过冷云滴drop spectrum 滴谱collision碰撞coagulation 碰并ice crystal 冰晶ice point 冰点condensation 凝固evaporation 蒸发solidification凝固deposition 凝华sublimation升华freezing 冻结condensation nucleus 凝固核salt nucleus 盐核weather modification 人工影响天气cloud dissipation 消云 salt-seeding盐粉播撒frost prevention 防霜artificial precipitation 人工降水cloud cluster 云团tropical cloud cluster 热带云团cloud system 云系comma cloud system 逗点云系banded cloud system 带状云系vortex cloud system 涡旋云系atmospheric radiation 大气辐射solar radiation 太阳辐射solar constant 太阳常数outgoing long-wave radiation, OLR 向外长波辐射visible light 可见光radiation balance 辐射均衡global radiation总辐射direct radiation直接辐射effective radiation有效辐射scattered radiation 散射辐射diffuse radiation漫射辐射sky radiation天空辐射upward [tatal] radiation 向上 [ 全 ]辐射downward [total] radiation 向下 [ 全] 辐射incoming radiation 入射辐射albedo of the earth-atmosphere system 地气系统反照率albedo of underlying surface 下垫面反照率atmospheric counter radiation 大气逆辐射radiance 辐射率albedo 反照率planetary temperature 行星温度atmospheric window大气窗[atmospheric] absorptivity [ 大气 ]汲取率primary scattering一次散射Mie scattering米散射multiple scattering多次散射Rayleigh scattering瑞利散射sky brightness, sky luminance天空亮度atmospheric optical thickness, atmospheric optical depth 大气光学厚度[atmospheric] transparency [ 大气 ]透明度atmospheric optical phenomena 大气光学现象atmospheric turbidity 大气浑浊度mirage 蜃景twilight曙暮光aurora australis 南极光aurora borealis 北极光halo 晕46° halo 46 度晕22° halo 22 度晕solar halo 日晕lunar halo 月晕solar corona 日华lunar corona 月华rainbow虹secondary rainbow 霓corona 华twilight colors霞aurora 极光glory宝光[环]magnetic storm 磁暴4.大气化学atmospheric chemistry 大气化学atmospheric photolysis 大气光解作用atmospheric ozone 大气臭氧atmospheric trace gas 大气痕量气体photochemical reaction 光化反响photochemical smog 光化烟雾precipitation chemistry 降水化学atmospheric background 大气本底 [值 ] atmospheric pollution 大气污染air pollution空气污染primary pollutant原生污染物secondary pollutant 次生污染物atmospheric cleaning 大气净化floating dust飘尘dustfall降尘greenhouse gasses 温室气体atmospheric pollutant 大气污染物smog aerosol 烟雾气溶胶ash cloud 烟灰云smog 烟雾smoke screen 烟幕acid rain 酸雨smoke 烟smoke plume 烟羽plume rise 烟羽抬升fallout沉降物5.动力气象学dynamic meteorology 动力气象学atmospheric thermodynamics 大气热力学sensible heat 感热latent heat 潜热reversible adiabatic process 可逆绝热过程irreversible adiabatic process 不行逆绝热过程moisture inversion 逆湿thermodynamic equation热力学方程temperature inversion 逆温turbulence inversion湍流逆温surface inversion 地面逆温radiation inversion辐射逆温capping inversion 覆盖逆温subsidence inversion 下沉逆温frontal inversion锋面逆温inversion layer逆温层temperature gradient 温度梯度temperature advection 温度平流adiabatic ascending 绝热上涨adiabatic sinking绝热下沉adiabatic cooling绝热冷却adiabatic heating 绝热增温pseudo-adiabatic process 假绝热过程diabatic process 非绝热过程convective condensation level, CCL 对流凝固高度mixing condensation level 混杂凝固高度temperature lapse rate 气温直减率dry adiabatic lapse rate 干绝热直减率moist adiabatic lapse rate 湿绝热直减率condensation level, CL 凝固高度virtual temperature虚温dry adiabatic process 干绝热过程moist adiabatic process 湿绝热过程potential temperature 位温equation of motion运动方程continuity equation连续方程equation of state 状态方程vorticity equation涡度方程divergence equation 散度方程hydrostatic equation 流体静力方程ω-equation ω方程perturbation equation 扰动方程thermal wind equation热成风方程advective equation 平流方程balance equation 均衡方程baroclinic process 斜压过程geostrophic adjustment 地转适应available potential energy有效位能geopotential meter 位势米geopotential height 位势高度inertial instability惯性不稳固free convection level自由对流高度[atmospheric] stability [ 大气 ]稳固度static stability静力稳固度absolute stability绝对稳固absolute instability绝对不稳固neutral stability中性稳固conditional instability 条件 [ 性] 不稳固barotropic instability 正压不稳固baroclinic instability 斜压不稳固latent instability潜伏不稳固conservation of potential vorticity位涡守恒z-coordinate z 坐标p-coordinate p 坐标σ-coordinate σ坐标θ -coordinate 位温坐标convergence 辐合divergence 辐散divergence 散度horizontal divergence水平散度vorticity涡度Rossby wave 罗斯贝波stationary wave 定常波cyclostrophic wind旋衡风gradient wind梯度风thermal wind热成风veering wind顺转风geostrophic wind地转风antitriptic wind摩擦风jet stream 急流northern branch jet stream 北支急流southern branch jet stream 南支急流basic flow 基本气流subtropical jet stream 副热带急流axis of jet stream 急流轴warm advection 暖平流cold advection 冷平流upward flow上涨气流downward flow下沉气流geostrophic motion地转运动quasi-geostrophic motion 准地转运动Ekman layer 埃克曼层Ekman spiral 埃克曼螺线atmospheric circulation 大气环流meridional circulation 经向环流zonal circulation 纬向环流 Hadleycell 哈得来环流 Walker cell 沃克环流direct circulation直接环流indirect circulation 间接环流 [ 圈 ]trade-wind circulation 信风环流circulation cell环流圈local circulation局地环流three-cell [meridional] circulation 三圈经向环流circulation index 环流指数high index 高指数low index 低指数index cycle 指数循环circulation theorem 环流定理Kelvin's theorem of circulation 开尔文环流定理Bjerknes circulation theorem 皮叶克尼斯环流定理cross-equatorial flow 越赤道气流atmospheric center of action 大气活动中心scaling 尺度解析synoptic scale 天气尺度planetary scale 行星尺度meso scale 中尺度mesoscale model 中尺度模式general circulation model, GCM 大气环流模式barotropic model 正压模式baroclinic model 斜压模式6.天气学synoptic meteorology天气学weather 天气synoptic chart天气图weather symbol 天气符号barb 风速羽wind shaft风矢杆wind arrow风矢present weather 此刻天气past weather 过去天气upper air chart 高空 [ 天气 ]图surface chart 地面 [ 天气 ]图isobaric surface 等压面standard isobaric surface, mandatory level 标准等压面contour chart 等压面图rainfall chart雨量图isoline 等值线isotherm 等温线isodrosotherm 等露点线isallotherm等变温线isobar 等压线topographic isobar地形等压线isallobar 等变压线contour line等高线shear line 切变线squall line 飑线pressure field 气压场wind field风场allobaric field变压场anallobaric center 正变压中心katallobaric center负变压中心humidity field湿度场wet tongue 湿舌dry tongue 干舌dry line干线temperature field温度场cold tongue 冷舌warm tongue 暖舌pressure system 气压系统low [pressure], depression 低 [ 气 ]压deepening of a depression 低压加深cold low冷低压warm low暖低压mesoscale low 中尺度低压thermal low热低压cut-off low切断低压orographic depression 地形低压trough 低压槽trough line槽线inverted trough倒槽cold trough 冷槽long-wave trough长波槽East Asia major trough 东亚大槽cyclone 气旋cyclonic circulation气旋性环流cyclonic shear 气旋性切变extratropical cyclone温带气旋cyclone family气旋族occluded cyclone 锢囚气旋cyclogenesis 气旋生成cyclolysis气旋消失cold vortex冷涡warm vortex暖涡permanent depression 永久性低压 semi-permanent depression 半永久性低压Aleutian low 阿留申低压Icelandic low冰岛低压Changjiang-Huaihe cyclone江淮气旋Changjiang-Huaihe shear line江淮切变线South China Sea depression 南海低压Mongolian low蒙古低压Northeast China low 东北低压 mid-tropospheric cyclone 对流层中层气旋Southwest China vortex 西南 [ 低 ]涡 high pressure 高 [ 气 ]压cold high 冷高压warm high暖高压ridge 高压脊ridge line脊线warm ridge 暖脊col pressure field 鞍形气压场high pressure barrier 高压坝deformation field变形场anticyclone 反气旋anticyclonic circulation反气旋环流anticyclonic shear 反气旋切变anticyclogenesis 反气旋生成anticyclolysis反气旋消失permanent high 永久性高压semi-permanent high 半永久性高压subtropical high副热带高压Siberian high 西伯利亚高压South Asia high 南亚高压blocking high 堵塞高压blocking situation 堵塞形势Ural blocking high 乌拉尔山堵塞高压Okhotsk high 鄂霍次克海高压Pacific high 太平洋高压Azores high 亚速尔高压air mass 气团air-mass analysis 气团解析 air-mass source 气团源地 air-mass classification 气团分类 air-mass property 气团属性 air-mass transformation 气团变性 conservative property of air mass 气团守旧性 transformed air mass 变性气团warm air mass 暖气团cold air mass 冷气团arctic air mass 北极气团polar air mass 极地气团tropical air mass 热带气团equatorial air mass 赤道气团continental air mass 大陆气团maritime air mass 海洋气团tropical marine air mass 热带海洋气团front 锋frontal surface 锋面frontal zone锋区frontal slope 锋面坡度warm front暖锋cold front冷锋occluded front锢囚锋cold occluded front冷性锢囚锋warm occluded front 暖性锢囚锋neutral occluded front 中性锢囚锋rapidly moving cold front 快行冷锋slowly moving cold front 慢行冷锋stationary front 静止锋polar front 极锋arctic front 北极锋antarctic front 南极锋surface front 地面锋upper front 高空锋frontal analysis 锋面解析frontal weather 锋面天气warm front cloud system 暖锋云系cold front cloud system 冷锋云系frontal precipitation 锋面降水orographic occluded front地形锢囚锋North China occluded front华北锢囚锋orographic stationary front地形静止锋South China quasi-stationary front华南准静止锋Kunming quasi-stationary front昆明准静止锋Tianshan quasi-stationary front天山准静止锋synoptic analysis 天气解析synoptic situation天气形势synoptic process 天气过程synoptic system 天气系统planetary scale system 行星尺度系统synoptic scale system 天气尺度系统subsynoptic scale system 次天气尺度系统mesoscale system 中尺度系统 microscale system 小尺度系统cold wave 寒潮cold outburst 寒潮迸发intertropocal convergence zone, ITCZ 热带辐合带tropical easterlies jet 热带东风急流tropical high热带高压tropical monsoon热带季风easterly wave 东风波subtropical calms 副热带无风带tropical cyclone热带气旋tropical depression 热带低压tropical storm热带风暴severe tropical storm 强热带风暴typhoon 台风typhoon eye 台风眼storm center 风暴中心Meiyu, plum rain梅雨Meiyu front梅雨锋onset of Meiyu入梅ending of Meiyu出梅Meiyu period梅雨期El Nino厄尔尼诺ENSO恩索La Nina 拉尼娜southern oscillation, SO南方涛动sea surface temperature, SST 海面温度 brave west wind 吼怒西风带quasi-biennial oscillation, QBO 准两年振荡equatorial low 赤道低压equatorial calms 赤道无风带polar vortex极涡polar low极地低压weather forecast 天气预告severe weather warning 危险天气警报urban weather 城市天气foehn effect 焚风效应heat wave 热浪Qinghai-Xizang high青藏高压7.天气学climatology天气学climate 天气climatic element天气因素factors for climatic formation天气形成因子solar climate 太阳天气ideal climate理想天气global climate全世界天气global climate system全世界天气系统urban climate 城市天气indoor climate 室内天气continental climate 大陆性天气marine climate 海洋性天气arid climate 干旱天气semi-arid climate 半干旱天气humid climate 湿润天气warm-wet climate 湿热天气mountain climate 山地天气plateau climate 高原天气vertical climatic zone垂直天气带diurnal variation日变化departure 距平diurnal range 日较差annual range 年较差annual mean 年均匀annual amount 年总量season 季节seasonality 季节性frost peroid 霜期frost day 霜日rainy season 雨季hot season 热季cool season 凉季continentality大陆度oceanity 海洋度air-sea interaction 海气互相作用water cycle 水循环dry season 干季dry spell 干期aridity干燥度moisture index湿润度greenhouse effect 温室效应heat island effect 热岛效应heat sink 热汇heat source 热源heat balance 热量均衡pentad 候wind rose 风玫瑰图wind vector风矢量average wind velocity均匀风速resultant wind合成风firn永久积雪firn line永久雪线isohel 等日照线planetary wind system 行星风系trade winds 信风temperate westerlies 温带西风带monsoon 季风summer monsoon 夏天风winter monsoon冬季风East Asian monsoon 东亚季风plateau monsoon 高原季风monsoon burst 季风迸发monsoon onset 季风建立monsoon depression 季风低压monsoon circulation季风环流monsoon climate 季风天气monsoon region 季风区monsoon index 季风指数break monsoon 季风中断climatic type天气型climatic classification 天气分类climate regionalization 天气区划climatic region 天气区climatic belt, climaic zone天气带polar climate 极地天气subarctic climate 副极地天气temperate climate 温带天气subtropical climate 副热带天气tropical climate 热带天气equatorial climate 赤道天气K?ppen's climate classification 柯本天气分类tropical climate A 热带天气类tropical rainy climate 热带常湿天气亚类tropical winter dry climate 热带冬干天气亚类tropical monsoon rain climate 热带季风雨天气亚类arid climate 干燥天气类steppe climate 草原天气亚类desert climate 沙漠天气亚类winter moderate climate 冬温天气类winter moderate and winter dry climate 冬温冬干天气亚类winter moderate and summer dry climate 冬温夏干天气亚类winter moderate and rainy climate 冬温常湿天气亚类winter cold climate 冬冷天气类winter cold and rainy climate 冬寒常湿天气亚类winter cold and winter dry climate 冬严冬干天气亚类polar climate 极地天气类tundra climate 苔原天气亚类perpetual frost climate 永冻天气亚类Thornthwaite's climatic classification 桑思韦特天气分类climatic analysis 天气解析climatic data 天气资料climatic statistics 天气统计climate resources 天气资源climatic probability 天气概率climatic variability 天气变率interannual variability 年际变率nuclear winter 核冬季climatic variation 天气变迁climatic change 天气变化climatic oscillation 天气振荡climatic fluctuation 天气振动climatic revolution 天气演变climatic reconstruction 天气重修climate periodicity 天气周期性teleconnection 遥相关abrupt change of climate 天气突变climatic deterioration 天气恶化climatic trend 天气趋向climatic adaptation, acclimatization 天气适应climatic impact 天气影响climatic anomaly 天气异常climatic prediction 天气展望climate damage 天气灾祸wind energy potential 风能潜力climatic feedback mechanism 天气反响体系solar energy resources 太阳能资源historical climate 历史天气ice age 冰期little ice age 小冰期interglacial period 间冰期post-glacial climate 冰后期天气Quaternary climate 第四纪天气climate modification 人工影响天气duration of frost-free period 无霜期08. 应用气象学evapotranspiration 蒸散transpiration 蒸腾potential evapotranspiration 潜伏蒸散soil water balance 土壤水分均衡soil water content 土壤含水量surface temperature 地面温度ground temperature 地温soil temperature 土壤温度active temperature 活动温度effective temperature 有效温度optimum temperature 最适温度accumulated temperature 积温active accumulated temperature 活动积温effective accumulated temperature 有效积温agricultural threshold temperature农业界限温度frozen soil冻土light resources 光资源heat resources 热量资源agrometeorological model 农业气象模式twenty-four solar terms 二十四节气agrometeorological hazard 农业气象灾祸dry hot wind 干热风late spring cold 倒春寒freezing injury 冻害frost injury 霜冻wet damage 湿害hot damage 热害cool damage 冷害wind damage 风害chilling injury 寒害snow damage 雪灾hail damage 雹灾drought damage 旱灾drought 干旱sensible temperature 感觉温度wind-chill index 风寒指数comfort index 酣畅指数。
混合层厚度的经验计算及与探空观测对比分析
混合层厚度的经验计算及与探空观测对比分析马金;郑向东【摘要】根据Nozaki计算混合层厚度的经验参数化方法,利用部分时段的北京、黑龙江龙凤山、浙江临安、新疆阿勒泰、海南三亚、青海西宁、云南腾冲7个站的地面常规气象观测资料,计算14:00(北京时)的混合层厚度,并与短期的臭氧探空资料中的Vaisala RS-80气象探空仪观测资料(位温廓线和折射系数梯度)分别确定的混合层厚度作对比分析.结果表明:由气象探空资料位温廓线和折射系数梯度分别确定的混合层厚度一致性很好,同时用这两种方法可以较为准确地确定混合层厚度.Nozaki方法可以较好地揭示混合层厚度日变化特征；但是当混合层厚度大于2000 m时,该方法计算值偏小,而小于1000m时稍偏大；该方法计算值在北方站点(北京、龙凤山、阿勒泰、西宁)偏高,南方站点(三亚、临安、腾冲)偏低,而且计算值在无云时误差较大,多云时误差较小.%Mixing layer is one typical type of atmosphere boundary layer, and it is named after strong vertical mixing which leads to the nearly constant variables, such as potential temperature and water vapor in this layer. The depth of mixing layer is an important parameter to identify features of thermodynamics and atmospheric dynamics in the boundary layer, and also a key to monitor the air quality. Mixing layer has very distinct daily variation as different meteorological conditions and synoptic processes largely influence the structure of boundary layer. Mixing layer becomes thicker under clear sky conditions, while remains physically stable and almost invariant during a single day under cloudy or raining weather conditions. Therefore, measurements and calculation of mixing layer depth are worth studying.The depths of mixinglayer at 14:00 of Beijing, Longfengshan, Lin'an, Aletai, Sanya, Xining and Tengchong are compared using two kinds of datasets: The Nozaki empirical method and the radiosonde observational data reduced by vertical profiles of potential temperature and refractivity. It shows that the two observational depths are in good agreement, and the radiosonde measurements of mixing layer can be seen as criteria in the comparison with the Nozaki empirical method. Few bad linear correlation points of mixing layer depth from potential temperature profiles and refractivity profiles indicate that depth of mixing layer determined by refractivity profiles sometimes cannot find out the actual mixing layer, possibly due to dramatic variation of refractivity profiles under stable atmosphere vertical structure conditions.The comparisons illustrate that the Nozaki method may reflect the daily variations of mixing layer as those shown in observational dataset. However, the Nozaki method underestimates mixing layer depth when the mixing layer is above 2000 m. On the contrary, it overestimates mixing layer depth when the mixing layer is lower than 1000 m. Nozaki method also overestimates mixing layer depth at the sites (Beijing, Longfengshan, Aleitai, Xining) located at higher latitudes, but underestimates mixing layer depth in the sites (Sanya, Lin'an, Tengchong) at lower latitudes. Errors of Nozaki method are smaller under cloudy (total cloud amount is about 3-7) weather conditions, while larger in clear days. The lack of considering terrain effect and the simplifying of physical process maybe sources of comparative error of Nozaki method.These results suggest that the empirical determination of mixing layer depth need more subtle consideration before extensive use.【期刊名称】《应用气象学报》【年(卷),期】2011(022)005【总页数】10页(P567-576)【关键词】混合层厚度;Nozaki方法;位温廓线法;折射系数法【作者】马金;郑向东【作者单位】中国气象科学研究院,北京100081;中国气象科学研究院,北京100081【正文语种】中文根据Nozaki计算混合层厚度的经验参数化方法，利用部分时段的北京、黑龙江龙凤山、浙江临安、新疆阿勒泰、海南三亚、青海西宁、云南腾冲7个站的地面常规气象观测资料，计算14：00（北京时）的混合层厚度，并与短期的臭氧探空资料中的Vaisala RS－80气象探空仪观测资料（位温廓线和折射系数梯度）分别确定的混合层厚度作对比分析。
大气热力学
（3）在静力平衡情况下，任意高度z处的气压， 等于该高度单位位截面上所承受的铅直气柱的 重量，这就是气压的静力学意义。即
P gdz
z
A、若海平面（z=0）处气压为p，则由上式 得到：
p0 gdz
0
B、任意单位截面上下界的气压差（p-p）等 于该气层的重量
p1 p2
dp p2 p1 gdz, p2 p1 gdz
PV nR T
*
(3.6)
R P T RT (3.2) M
*
R*：universal gas constant(通用气体常数或 普适气体常数）
R* R m: mass M M: gram-molecular weight, unit: kg/mol n : mole
: density, unit: kg/m3
均质大气的重要特征：
（1）P随Z呈线性递减； （2）T随Z呈线性递减，直减率 r=3.42/100m,是空气产生自动对流的 一个临界值，r可作为判据； （3）随Z不变。 （4）气层上限高度H仅是地面T的函数。
2.isothermal atmosphere(等温大气）
1、概念：气温不随高度变化（ γ =0,即T=常数)的 大气称为等温大气
g Rd
（2.13）
(2.13)多元大气的压高公式。将上式稍加整理得
p z z 0 [1 ( ) p0
多元大气上界高度 由（2.14）知，当 Z
Z
0
T0
A
பைடு நூலகம்
]
(2.14)
0 时，大气上界为
T0
多元大气与等温大气、均质大气的关系
大气热力学知识
12、3、4、实际大气不是绝热的，空气运动时，能够通过湍流交换、辐射和分子热传导等与周围环境大气交换热量5、对于运动着的空气，特别是做垂直运动时，由于气压随高度变化很快，气体温度短期内就发生很大变化，热量交换对空气温度的影响远小于由空气压缩或膨胀所造成的影响，此时可忽略热交换作用，假设气块是绝热的。
6、在一些情况下，不可认作绝热。
如：近地层大气，湍流交换强，气块从地面获得热量；平流层中，气块主要受辐射过程控制；当过程进行的时间较长，热量交换的累积效应不可忽略7、干绝热递减率：0.98℃/100m .实际工作取18、状态曲线：气块在作垂直运动时，其温度随高度的变化曲线称为状态曲线干绝热线：干绝热过程的状态曲线称为干绝热线湿绝热线：湿绝热过程的状态曲线称为湿绝热线层结曲线：环境空气温度随高度的分布曲线称为层结曲线。
由于干绝热过程中位温和熵守恒的性质，干绝热线又称为等位温线或等熵线。
它表示干空气或未饱和湿空气在绝热升降过程中的状态变化曲线。
9、比湿q为单位质量湿空气内的水汽质量，常用单位为g/kg 在数值上比湿≈混合比1.饱和水汽压 es只和温度有关，饱和混合比 ws 和饱和比湿 qs都只与气压和温度有关，与空气中的水汽含量无关。
2.抬升凝结高度指未饱和湿空气绝热抬升至相对于平纯水面饱和时所达到的高度。
在此高度上，气块的温度等于露点温度3.温度不发生变化，物质发生相变时吸收或放出的热量称为“潜热4.假绝热过程：气块上升过程是湿绝热过程，下沉时为干绝热过程，因此当气块下降到原来起始高度时，温度比原来的高5.热上升到水汽全部凝结降落后，再沿着干绝热线下降到1000 hPa 时所具有的温度称为假相当位温θse（欧美国家称为相当位温θe）6.因为假相当位温θse在湿绝热过程中守恒，因此湿绝热线也称为假相当位温线.7.气块法有如下假定:绝热、准静态、静力平衡8.气象中所指的对流是指由于浮力作用导致的垂直方向的热量传输。
流体力学英语词汇
流体力学英语词汇acceleration 加速度average velocity 平均速度Bernoulli 伯努力boundary layer 边界层calculus 微积分coefficient of viscosity 粘性系数compressible(incompressible) (不)可压的conservation of mass(momentum, energy) 质量(动量,能量)守恒continuum 连续介质control-volume 控制体density(mass per unit volume) 密度differential 微分dimension 量刚尺度dynamics 动力学Euler 欧拉eulerian (lagrangian) method of description欧拉(拉格郎日)观点,方法field of flow 流场flow pattern 流型(谱)fluid mechanics 流体力学function 函数inertia 惯性, 惯量integral 积分kinematics 运动学kinetic (potential, internal) energy 动(势,内)能Lagrange 拉格郎日liquid 流体Newtonian fluids 牛顿流体(non)linear (非)线性(non)uniform (非)均匀one-dimensional 一维pathline 迹线perfect-gas law 理想气体定律pressure 压力压强Reynolds 雷诺shear(normal) stress 剪(正)应力solution 解答statics 静力学steady(unsteady) (非)定常strain 应变streamline(tube) 流线(管)thermal conductivity 热传导thermodynamics 热力学variable 变量vector 矢量velocity distribution 速度分布velocity field 速度场velocity gradient 速度梯度viscous(inviscid) (无)粘性的volume rate of flow 体积流量CHAPTER -2absolute (gage,vacuum) pressure 绝对(表,真空)压力area moment of inertia 惯性面积矩atmospheric pressure 大气压力barometer 气压计body force 体力Cartesian [rectangular] coordinates 直角坐标(系)centroid 质心elliptic 椭圆的equilibrium 平衡horizontal 水平的hydrostatic 水静力学,流体静力学hyperbolic 双曲线的mercury 水银moment 矩parabolic 抛物线plane (curved) surface 平(曲)面plate 板pressure center 压力中心pressure distribution(gradient) 压力分布(梯度) reservoir 水库rigid-body 刚体scalar 标量specific weight 比重surface force 表面力vertical 垂直的, 直立的CHAPTER -3Bernoulli equation 伯努力方程Boundaries 边界Conservation of mass 质量Control volume 控制体Energy(hydraulic) grade line 能级线Flux 流率Free body 隔离体Heat transfer 热传到Imaginary 假想Inlet, outlet 进,出口Integrand 被积函数Jet flow 射流Linear(Angular)-momentum relation 线(角)动量关系式Momentum(energy)-flux 动量(能量)流量Net force 合力No slip 无滑移Nozzle 喷嘴Rate of work 功率Reynolds transport theorem 雷诺输运定理Shaft work 轴功Stagnation enthalpy 制止焓Surroundings 外围System 体系Time derivative 时间导数Vector sum 矢量合Venturi tube 文图里管Volume(mass) flow 体积(质量)流量Volume(mass) rate of flow体积(质量)流率CHAPTER -4Soomth 平滑Laminar 层流Transition 转捩Roughness 粗糙度Random fluctuations 随机脉动Reynolds number 雷诺数(Re)Instability 不稳定性Breakdown 崩溃Mean value 平均值Drag 阻力Osborne ReynoldsDye filament 染色丝Internal (external) flow 内(外)流Cartesian 笛卡坐标Infinitesimal 无限小local acceleration 当地加速度dot product 点乘total derivative 全导数convective acceleration 对流加速度substantial(material) derivative 随体(物质)导数operator 算子partial differential equation 偏微分方程Newtonian fluid 牛顿流体Navier-Stokes Equations N-S方程Second-order 二阶Similarity 相似Nondimensionalization 无量纲化Flat-plate boundary layer 平板边界层Thermal conductivity 热传导Heat flow 热流量Fourier's law 傅立叶定律Couette Flow 库塔流动Channel 槽道Parallel plates 平行平板Pressure gradient 压力梯度No-slip condition 无滑移条件Poiseuille flow 伯肖叶流动Parabola 抛物线Wall shear stress 壁面剪应力Prandtl 普朗特Karman 卡门Momentum-integral relation 动量积分关系Momentum thickness 动量厚度Skin-friction coefficient 壁面摩擦系数Displacement thickness 排移厚度Blasius equation 布拉修斯方程Coordinate transformation 坐标变换Composite dimensionless variable 组合无量纲变量Shape factor 形状因子Velocity profile 速度剖面流体动力学 fluid dynamics连续介质力学 mechanics of continuous media介质 medium流体质点 fluid particle无粘性流体 nonviscous fluid, inviscid fluid连续介质假设 continuous medium hypothesis流体运动学 fluid kinematics水静力学 hydrostatics液体静力学 hydrostatics支配方程 governing equation伯努利方程 Bernoulli equation伯努利定理 Bernonlli theorem毕奥-萨伐尔定律 Biot-Savart law欧拉方程 Euler equation亥姆霍兹定理 Helmholtz theorem开尔文定理 Kelvin theorem涡片 vortex sheet库塔-茹可夫斯基条件 Kutta-Zhoukowski condition 布拉休斯解 Blasius solution达朗贝尔佯廖 d'Alembert paradox雷诺数 Reynolds number施特鲁哈尔数 Strouhal number随体导数 material derivative不可压缩流体 incompressible fluid质量守恒 conservation of mass动量守恒 conservation of momentum能量守恒 conservation of energy动量方程 momentum equation能量方程 energy equation控制体积 control volume液体静压 hydrostatic pressure 涡量拟能 enstrophy压差 differential pressure流[动] flow流线 stream line流面 stream surface流管 stream tube迹线 path, path line流场 flow field流态 flow regime流动参量 flow parameter流量 flow rate, flow discharge 涡旋 vortex涡量 vorticity涡丝 vortex filament涡线 vortex line涡面 vortex surface涡层 vortex layer涡环 vortex ring涡对 vortex pair涡管 vortex tube涡街 vortex street卡门涡街 Karman vortex street 马蹄涡 horseshoe vortex对流涡胞 convective cell卷筒涡胞 roll cell涡 eddy涡粘性 eddy viscosity环流 circulation环量 circulation速度环量 velocity circulation 偶极子 doublet, dipole驻点 stagnation point总压[力] total pressure总压头 total head静压头 static head总焓 total enthalpy能量输运 energy transport速度剖面 velocity profile库埃特流 Couette flow单相流 single phase flow单组份流 single-component flow均匀流 uniform flow非均匀流 nonuniform flow二维流 two-dimensional flow三维流 three-dimensional flow准定常流 quasi-steady flow非定常流 unsteady flow, non-steady flow 暂态流 transient flow周期流 periodic flow振荡流 oscillatory flow分层流 stratified flow无旋流 irrotational flow有旋流 rotational flow轴对称流 axisymmetric flow不可压缩性 incompressibility不可压缩流[动] incompressible flow浮体 floating body定倾中心 metacenter阻力 drag, resistance减阻 drag reduction表面力 surface force表面张力 surface tension毛细[管]作用 capillarity来流 incoming flow自由流 free stream自由流线 free stream line外流 external flow进口 entrance, inlet出口 exit, outlet扰动 disturbance, perturbation分布 distribution传播 propagation色散 dispersion弥散 dispersion附加质量 added mass ,associated mass收缩 contraction镜象法 image method无量纲参数 dimensionless parameter 几何相似 geometric similarity运动相似 kinematic similarity动力相似[性] dynamic similarity平面流 plane flow势 potential势流 potential flow速度势 velocity potential复势 complex potential复速度 complex velocity流函数 stream function源 source汇 sink速度[水]头 velocity head拐角流 corner flow空泡流 cavity flow超空泡 supercavity超空泡流 supercavity flow空气动力学 aerodynamics低速空气动力学 low-speed aerodynamics 高速空气动力学 high-speed aerodynamics 气动热力学 aerothermodynamics亚声速流[动] subsonic flow跨声速流[动] transonic flow超声速流[动] supersonic flow锥形流 conical flow楔流 wedge flow叶栅流 cascade flow非平衡流[动] non-equilibrium flow细长体 slender body细长度 slenderness钝头体 bluff body钝体 blunt body翼型 airfoil翼弦 chord薄翼理论 thin-airfoil theory构型 configuration后缘 trailing edge迎角 angle of attack失速 stall脱体激波 detached shock wave波阻 wave drag诱导阻力 induced drag诱导速度 induced velocity临界雷诺数 critical Reynolds number 前缘涡 leading edge vortex附着涡 bound vortex约束涡 confined vortex气动中心 aerodynamic center气动力 aerodynamic force气动噪声 aerodynamic noise气动加热 aerodynamic heating离解 dissociation地面效应 ground effect气体动力学 gas dynamics稀疏波 rarefaction wave热状态方程 thermal equation of state喷管 Nozzle普朗特-迈耶流 Prandtl-Meyer flow瑞利流 Rayleigh flow可压缩流[动] compressible flow可压缩流体 compressible fluid绝热流 adiabatic flow非绝热流 diabatic flow未扰动流 undisturbed flow等熵流 isentropic flow匀熵流 homoentropic flow兰金-于戈尼奥条件 Rankine-Hugoniot condition 状态方程 equation of state量热状态方程 caloric equation of state完全气体 perfect gas拉瓦尔喷管 Laval nozzle马赫角 Mach angle马赫锥 Mach cone马赫线 Mach line马赫数 Mach number马赫波 Mach wave当地马赫数 local Mach number 冲击波 shock wave激波 shock wave正激波 normal shock wave斜激波 oblique shock wave头波 bow wave附体激波 attached shock wave 激波阵面 shock front激波层 shock layer压缩波 compression wave反射 reflection折射 refraction散射 scattering衍射 diffraction绕射 diffraction出口压力 exit pressure超压[强] over pressure反压 back pressure爆炸 explosion爆轰 detonation缓燃 deflagration水动力学 hydrodynamics液体动力学 hydrodynamics泰勒不稳定性 Taylor instability 盖斯特纳波 Gerstner wave斯托克斯波 Stokes wave瑞利数 Rayleigh number自由面 free surface波速 wave speed, wave velocity 波高 wave height波列 wave train波群 wave group波能 wave energy表面波 surface wave表面张力波 capillary wave规则波 regular wave不规则波 irregular wave浅水波 shallow water wave深水波 deep water wave重力波 gravity wave椭圆余弦波 cnoidal wave潮波 tidal wave涌波 surge wave破碎波 breaking wave船波 ship wave非线性波 nonlinear wave孤立子 soliton水动[力]噪声 hydrodynamic noise 水击 water hammer空化 cavitation空化数 cavitation number空蚀 cavitation damage超空化流 supercavitating flow 水翼 hydrofoil水力学 hydraulics洪水波 flood wave涟漪 ripple消能 energy dissipation海洋水动力学 marine hydrodynamics 谢齐公式 Chezy formula欧拉数 Euler number弗劳德数 Froude number水力半径 hydraulic radius水力坡度 hvdraulic slope高度水头 elevating head水头损失 head loss水位 water level水跃 hydraulic jump含水层 aquifer排水 drainage排放量 discharge壅水曲线 back water curve压[强水]头 pressure head过水断面 flow cross-section明槽流 open channel flow孔流 orifice flow无压流 free surface flow有压流 pressure flow缓流 subcritical flow急流 supercritical flow渐变流 gradually varied flow急变流 rapidly varied flow临界流 critical flow异重流 density current, gravity flow 堰流 weir flow掺气流 aerated flow含沙流 sediment-laden stream降水曲线 dropdown curve沉积物 sediment, deposit沉[降堆]积 sedimentation, deposition 沉降速度 settling velocity流动稳定性 flow stability不稳定性 instability奥尔-索末菲方程 Orr-Sommerfeld equation 涡量方程 vorticity equation泊肃叶流 Poiseuille flow奥辛流 Oseen flow剪切流 shear flow粘性流[动] viscous flow层流 laminar flow分离流 separated flow二次流 secondary flow近场流 near field flow远场流 far field flow滞止流 stagnation flow尾流 wake [flow]回流 back flow反流 reverse flow射流 jet自由射流 free jet管流 pipe flow, tube flow内流 internal flow拟序结构 coherent structure 猝发过程 bursting process表观粘度 apparent viscosity 运动粘性 kinematic viscosity 动力粘性 dynamic viscosity泊 poise厘泊 centipoise厘沱 centistoke剪切层 shear layer次层 sublayer流动分离 flow separation层流分离 laminar separation 湍流分离 turbulent separation 分离点 separation point附着点 attachment point再附 reattachment再层流化 relaminarization起动涡 starting vortex驻涡 standing vortex涡旋破碎 vortex breakdown涡旋脱落 vortex shedding压[力]降 pressure drop压差阻力 pressure drag压力能 pressure energy型阻 profile drag滑移速度 slip velocity无滑移条件 non-slip condition壁剪应力 skin friction, frictional drag 壁剪切速度 friction velocity磨擦损失 friction loss磨擦因子 friction factor耗散 dissipation滞后 lag相似性解 similar solution局域相似 local similarity气体润滑 gas lubrication液体动力润滑 hydrodynamic lubrication浆体 slurry泰勒数 Taylor number纳维-斯托克斯方程 Navier-Stokes equation牛顿流体 Newtonian fluid边界层理论 boundary later theory边界层方程 boundary layer equation边界层 boundary layer附面层 boundary layer层流边界层 laminar boundary layer湍流边界层 turbulent boundary layer温度边界层 thermal boundary layer边界层转捩 boundary layer transition边界层分离 boundary layer separation边界层厚度 boundary layer thickness位移厚度 displacement thickness本文来自: 恒星英语学习网() 详细出处参考：/word/sxwl/2009-01-26/66896.html动量厚度 momentum thickness能量厚度 energy thickness焓厚度 enthalpy thickness注入 injection吸出 suction泰勒涡 Taylor vortex速度亏损律 velocity defect law形状因子 shape factor测速法 anemometry粘度测定法 visco[si] metry流动显示 flow visualization油烟显示 oil smoke visualization孔板流量计 orifice meter频率响应 frequency response油膜显示 oil film visualization阴影法 shadow method纹影法 schlieren method烟丝法 smoke wire method丝线法 tuft method氢泡法 nydrogen bubble method相似理论 similarity theory相似律 similarity law部分相似 partial similarity定理 pi theorem, Buckingham theorem 静[态]校准 static calibration动态校准 dynamic calibration风洞 wind tunnel激波管 shock tube激波管风洞 shock tube wind tunnel水洞 water tunnel拖曳水池 towing tank旋臂水池 rotating arm basin扩散段 diffuser测压孔 pressure tap皮托管 pitot tube普雷斯顿管 preston tube斯坦顿管 Stanton tube文丘里管 Venturi tubeU形管 U-tube压强计 manometer微压计 micromanometer多管压强计 multiple manometer静压管 static [pressure]tube流速计 anemometer风速管 Pitot- static tube激光多普勒测速计 laser Doppler anemometer, laser Doppler velocimeter 热线流速计 hot-wire anemometer热膜流速计 hot- film anemometer流量计 flow meter粘度计 visco[si] meter涡量计 vorticity meter传感器 transducer, sensor压强传感器 pressure transducer热敏电阻 thermistor示踪物 tracer时间线 time line脉线 streak line尺度效应 scale effect壁效应 wall effect堵塞 blockage堵寒效应 blockage effect动态响应 dynamic response响应频率 response frequency底压 base pressure菲克定律 Fick law巴塞特力 Basset force埃克特数 Eckert number格拉斯霍夫数 Grashof number努塞特数 Nusselt number普朗特数 prandtl number雷诺比拟 Reynolds analogy施密特数 schmidt number斯坦顿数 Stanton number对流 convection自由对流 natural convection, free convec-tion 强迫对流 forced convection热对流 heat convection质量传递 mass transfer传质系数 mass transfer coefficient热量传递 heat transfer传热系数 heat transfer coefficient对流传热 convective heat transfer辐射传热 radiative heat transfer动量交换 momentum transfer能量传递 energy transfer传导 conduction热传导 conductive heat transfer热交换 heat exchange临界热通量 critical heat flux浓度 concentration扩散 diffusion扩散性 diffusivity扩散率 diffusivity扩散速度 diffusion velocity分子扩散 molecular diffusion沸腾 boiling蒸发 evaporation气化 gasification凝结 condensation成核 nucleation计算流体力学 computational fluid mechanics 多重尺度问题 multiple scale problem伯格斯方程 Burgers equation对流扩散方程 convection diffusion equation KDU方程 KDV equation修正微分方程 modified differential equation 拉克斯等价定理 Lax equivalence theorem数值模拟 numerical simulation大涡模拟 large eddy simulation数值粘性 numerical viscosity。
热力学基本概念1状态参数、热力学温标
Walther Hermann Nernst • (1864-1941) • 德国 • 热化学，熵基准 • 1920年诺贝尔化 学奖
工程热力学
热力学方面获诺贝尔奖的科学家（4）
• L.昂萨格 Lars Onsager
• (1903-1976) • 美国 • 不可逆过程热力学理
论 • 1968年诺贝尔化学奖
工程热力学
能源转换利用的关系
生物质
风 能
水 能
化 学 能
燃
料 电 池
风 车
水水
轮 机
车
燃 烧
核 能
聚裂 变变
热
地太 热阳 能能
利 用
光转 热换
能 90%
一次能源 (天然存在)
光 电 转 换
机械能 发电 电动 机机
热机 电
直接利用 能
二次能源
工程热力学
Future Energy to Low-Carbon Town in China
New Energy Technologies
Renewable e nergy
Future energy
Conventional Energy clean
工程热力学
工程热力学与节能
工程热力学
是一门研究热能有效利用及 热能和其它形式能量转换规律 的科学
建立节能的理论基础
工程热力学
(1) 中国能源资源缺乏 (2) 中国能源利用效率低下 (3) 能源环境问题突出
注意：只有绝对压力 p 才是状态参数
工程热力学
U-tube manometer
示意图
Bourdon Tube
绝对压力与相对压力
absolute pressure relative pressure
专业英语单词汇总
第一单元1.Condensed matter physics 凝聚态物理2.Atomic, molecular and optical physics 原子、分子、光学物理3.Particle and nuclear physics 粒子与原子核物理4.Astrophysics and physical cosmology 天体物理学和物理宇宙学5.Current research frontiers 当前研究前沿6.natural philosophy 哲学7.natural science 自然科学8.matter 物质9.motion 运动10.space and time 时空11.energy 能量12.force 力13.the universe 宇宙14.academic disciplines 学科15.astronomy 天文学16.chemistry 化学17.mathematics 数学18.biology 生物19.Scientific Revolution 科学革命20.interdisciplinary各学科间的21.biophysics 生物物理22.quantum chemistry 量子化学23.mechanism 机制24.avenues 渠道；大街25.advances 前进26.electromagnetism电磁学27.nuclear physics原子核物理28.domestic appliances家用电器29.nuclear weapons核武器30.thermodynamics热力学31.industrialization工业化32.mechanics力学33.calculus微积分34.the theory of classical mechanics经典力学35.the speed of light 光速36.remarkable卓越的37.chaos混沌38.quantum mechanics量子力学39.statistical mechanics 统计力学40.special relativity狭义相对论41.acoustics声学42.statics静力学43.at rest静止44.kinematics运动学45.causes原因46.dynamics动力学47.solid mechanics 固体力学48.fluid mechanics 流体力学49.continuum mechanics 连续介质力学50.hydrostatics流体静力学51.hydrodynamics流体动力学52.aerodynamics气体动力学53.pneumatics气体力学54.sound 声音55.ultrasonics超声学56.sound waves 声波57.frequency 频率58.bioacoustics生物声学59.electroacoustics电声学60.manipulation操作61.audible听得见的62.electronics电子63.visible light 可见光64.infrared红外线65.ultraviolet radiation 紫外线辐射66.reflection 反射67.refraction折射68.interference干涉69.diffraction衍射70.dispersion色散71.polarization偏振72.Heat 热度73.the internal energy内能74.Electricity 电力75.magnetism磁学76.electric current电流77.magnetic field磁场78.Electrostatics静电学79.electric charges电荷80.electrodynamics电动力学81.magnetostatics静磁学82.poles磁极83.matter and energy 物质和能量84.on the very large or very small scale 非常大或非常小的规模85.atomic and nuclear physics 原子与核物理学86.chemical elements化学元素87.The physics of elementary particles基本粒子88.high-energy physics 高能物理学89.particle accelerators 粒子加速器90.Quantum theory 量子论91.discrete离散92.subatomic原子内plementary互补94.The theory of relativity 相对论95.a frame of reference参考系96.the special theory of relativity 狭义相对论97.general theory of relativity 广义相对论98.gravitation万有引力99.universal law 普遍规律100.absolute time and space 绝对的时间和空间101.space-time 时空ponents组成103.Max Planck 普朗克104.quantum mechanics 量子力学105.probabilistic概率性106.quantum field theory量子场107.dynamical动态的108.curved弯曲的109.massive巨大的110.candidate候选111.quantum gravity 量子重力112.macroscopic宏观113.properties属性114.solids 固体115.liquids 液体116.electromagnetic force电磁力117.atom 原子118.superconducting超导119.conduction electrons 传导电子120.ferromagnetic 铁磁体121.the ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic phases of spins铁磁和反铁磁的阶段的旋转122.atomic lattices原子晶格123.solid-state physics 固体物理124.subfields分区；子域125.nanotechnology纳米技术126.engineering工程学127.quantum treatments 量子治疗128.Atomic physics 原子物理129.electron shells电子壳层130.trap捕获131.ions离子132.collision碰撞133.nucleus原子核134.hyperfine splitting超精细分裂135.fission and fusion 分裂与融合136.Molecular physics 分子物理137.optical fields 光场138.realm范围139.properties属性140.distinct区别141.Particle physics 粒子物理142.elementary constituents基本成分143.interactions 相互作用144.detectors探测器puter programs程序146.Standard Model 标准模型147.quarks and leptons轻子-夸克148.gauge bosons规范波色子149.gluons胶子150.photons光子151.nuclear power generation核发电152.nuclear weaponsh核武器153.nuclear medicine 核医学154.magnetic resonance imaging磁共振成像155.ion implantation离子注入156.materials engineering 材料工程157.radiocarbon dating放射性碳测定年代158.geology 地质学159.archaeology考古学.160.Astrophysics天体物理学161.astronomy天文学162.stellar structure恒星结构163.stellar evolution恒星演化164.solar system太阳系165.cosmology宇宙学166.disciplines学科167.emitted射出168.celestial bodies天体169.Perturbations扰动170.interference干扰171.Physical cosmology 宇宙物理学172.Hubble diagram哈勃图173.steady state 定态，稳恒态174.Big Bang nucleo-synthesis核合成175.cosmic microwave background宇宙微波背景176.cosmological principle 宇宙论原理；宇宙论原则177.cosmic inflation宇宙膨胀178.dark energy 暗能量179.dark matter暗物质of high-temperature superconductivity 高温超导180.spintronics自旋电子学181.quantum computers 量子电脑182.the Standard Model 标准模型183.neutrinos中微子184.solar太阳185.the TeV万亿电子伏186.the super-symmetric particles 超对称粒子187.quantum gravity 量子重力188.superstring超弦189.theory and loop圈190.ultra-high energy cosmic rays高能宇宙射线,191.the baryon asymmetry重子不对称,192.the acceleration of the universe and the anomalous宇宙的加速和异常193.rotation旋转194.galaxies星系.195.turbulence动荡196.water droplets 水滴197.mechanisms of surface tension catastrophes表面紧张灾难198.heterogeneous多相的199.aerodynamics 气体力学第二单元所有的红色单词，重要的我标有星号1.classical mechanics 经典力学*2.physical laws 物理定律3.forces 力4.macroscopic 宏观的5.Projectiles 抛射体6.Spacecraft 太空飞船7.Planets 行星8.Stars 恒星9.Galaxies 星系,银河系10.gases, liquids, solids 气体,液体固体11.the speed of light 光速12.quantum mechanics 量子力学*13.the atomic nature of matter 物质的原子性质14.wave–particle duality 波粒二象性*15.special relativity 狭义相对论*16.General relativity 广义相对论*17.Newton's law of universal gravitation 牛顿万有引力*18.Newtonian mechanics 牛顿力学*grangian mechanics 拉格朗日力学*20.Hamiltonian mechanics 哈密顿力学*21.analytical mechanics 分析力学*22.as point particles 质点*23.Negligible 微不足道的可忽略的24.position, mass 位置,质量25.Forces 力26.non-zero size 不计形状27.the electron 电子*28.quantum mechanics 量子力学*29.degrees of freedom 自由度*30.Spin 旋转posite 组合的32.center of mass 质心33.the principle of locality 局部性原理34.Position 位置35.reference point 参照点(参照物)*36.in space 在空间37.Origin 原点*38.the vector 矢量39.Particle 质点*40.Function 函数41.Galilean relativity 伽利略相对性原理*42.Absolute 绝对43.time interval 时间间隔44.Euclidean geometry 欧几里得几何学45.Velocity 速度46.rate of change 变化率47.Derivative 倒数*48.Vector 矢量49.Speed 速度50.Acceleration 加速度*51.second derivative 二阶导*52.Magnitude 大小(量级)53.the direction 方向54.or both55.Deceleration 加速度56.Observer 观察者57.reference frames 参考系*58.inertial frames 惯性系*59.at rest60.in a state of uniform motion 运动状态一致61.Straight 直的62.physical laws 物理学定理63.non-inertial 非惯性系64.accelerating 加速65.fictitious forces 虚拟力(达朗贝尔力)*66.equations of motion 运动学方程*67.the distant stars 遥远的恒星68.Newton 牛顿69.force and momentum 力和动量70.Newton's second law of motion 牛顿第二定律*71.(canonical) momentum 动量* force 净力73.ordinary differential equation 常微分方程*74.the equation of motion 运动学方程*75.gravitational force 重力*76.Lorentz force 洛伦兹力*77.Electromagnetism 电磁学*78.Newton's third law 牛顿第三定律*79.opposite reaction force 反作用力80.along the line 沿直线81.displacement 位移*82.work done 做功83.scalar product 标极*84.the line integral 线积分*85.path 路径86.conservative. 守恒*87.Gravity 重力88.Hooke's law 胡克定律*89.Friction 摩擦力*90.kinetic energy 动能*91.work–energy theorem 功能关系(动能定理)*92.the change in kinetic energy 动能改变量93.gradient 梯度*94.potential energy 势能*95.Conservative 保守的,守恒的96.potential energy 势能97.total energy 总能量(机械能)*98.conservation of energy 能量守恒**99.linear momentum 线动量100.translational momentum 平移动量101.closed system 封闭系统*102.external forces 外力*103.total linear momentum 总(线)动量线动量就是动量区别于角动量104.center of mass 质心*105.Euler's first law 欧拉第一定律106.elastic collision 弹性碰撞*107.inelastic collision 非弹性碰撞*108.slingshot maneuver 弹弓机动109.Rigidity 硬度(刚性)*110.Dissipation 损耗**111.inelastic collision 非弹性碰撞112.heat or sound 热或声113.new particles 新粒子114.angular momentum 角动量*115.moment of momentum 瞬时动量*116.rotational inertia 转动惯量*117.rotational velocity 转速*118.rigid body 刚体**119.moment of inertia 惯性力矩*120.angular velocity 角速度*121.linear momentum 线动量122.Crossed 叉乘*123.Position 位置124.angular momentum 角动量125.pseudo-vector 赝矢量*126.right-hand rule 右手规则 external torque 净外力转矩128.neutron stars 中子星129.angular momentum 角动量*130.Conservation 守恒131.Gyrocompass 陀螺罗盘132.no external torque 无外力炬133.Isotropy 各向同性*134.Torque 转矩135.central force motion 中心力移动136.white dwarfs, neutron stars and black holes 白矮星,中子星,黑洞第三单元ThermodynamicsThermodynamics: 热力学；热力的Heat ：热；热力；热度Work：功macroscopic variables：肉眼可见的；宏观的，粗观的，粗显的。
热能与动力工程专业英语（整理版）
热能与动力工程Thermal Energy and Power Engineering 材料与能源学院：Institute of Materials and Energy 空调制冷：refrigeration and air conditioning 热传导：thermol conduction 热对流：thermal convection 热辐射：thermal radiation 学生毕业后能胜任现代火力发电厂,制冷与低温工程及相关的热能与动力工程专业的技术与管理工作,并能从事其它能源动力领域的专门技术工作. The graduates may find employment of technology and management in the fields of the Thermal Energy &Power Engineering (TEPE) (TEPE) and and and its its its relevance, relevance, such such as as as modern modern modern power power power plant plant plant or or or the the the Refrigeration Refrigeration and and Cryogenics Cryogenics Engineering (RCE), (RCE), the the graduates may also engaged in the special technique in the fields related to TEPE. 现代空气动力学、流体力学、热力学、水力学以及航空航天工程、水利水电工程、热能工程、流体机械工程都提出了一系列复杂流动问题,其中包括高速流、低速流、管道流、燃烧流、冲击流、振荡流、涡流、湍流、旋转流、多相流等等A A series series series of of of complicated complicated complicated flow flow flow problems problems problems have have have been been been posed posed posed in in in modern modern modern fluid fluid fluid mechanics, mechanics, mechanics, aero aero dynamics, dynamics, thermodynamics, thermodynamics, thermodynamics, and and aeronautical aeronautical and and and aerospace aerospace aerospace engineering, engineering, engineering, water water water conservancy conservancy conservancy and and and hydropower hydropower hydropower engineering, engineering, engineering, heat heat heat energy energy energy engineering, engineering, engineering, fluid fluid machinery engineering, and so on, and they cover high-speed flow, low-speed flow, eddy flow, turbulent flow, burning flow, impact flow, oscillating flow, backflow, and two-phase flow, etc. In the thermal engineering, the studied objects normally are isolated from one another and then we try to analysis the change and interaction, the studied objects isolated is named thermodynamic system. 在热力工程中，通常将研究对象分离出来再分析其变化及（与外界）的相互作用，该对象即热力系统。
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3.2 The Hydrostatic equation ( 静力方程)
hydrostatic balance(静力平衡)
geopotential height Z(位势高度)
geopotential thickness
3.2.2 Scale Height and the Hypsometric Equation (均质大气高度和测高方程)
• isothermal atmosphere
H is the scale height
观测表明，除了少数情况（如雷暴、龙 卷风等强对流天气）外，气块的铅直加速度 通常不超过0.001ms-2，比g约小一万倍，一般 可以忽略这个加速度，而近似认为气块在铅 直方向的受力处于平衡状态，称此时大气处 于静力平衡状态。
(3.17)
大气静力方程具有很高的精度(有强对流运动的 区域除外)，在大气科学中得到广泛的应用
1 atmosphere (or 1 atm).
（3）在静力平衡情况下，任意高度z处的气压， 等于该高度单位位截面上所承受的铅直气柱的 重量，这就是气压的静力学意义。即
P z gdz
A、若海平面（z=0）处气压为p，则由上式 得到：
p0 0 gdz
B、任意单位截面上下界的气压差（p-p）等 于该气层的重量
e ： the pressure of water vapor（水汽压）
四．State equation of wet air and virtual temperature
Tv
T (1
0.378
e) P
virtual temperature(虚温）
例题
where ρd is the density of the dry air (1.275 kg m−3 at 273 K), Rd the gas constant for 1 kg of dry air (287.0 J K−1 kg−1) and T is 273.2 K.
Character 3
Atmospheric Thermodynamics
大气热力学
§3.1 Gas Laws
一.State equation(状态方程)
• 1662年，爱尔兰人Robert Boyle的Boyle定律：VP-1 • 1787年，法国人A. Charles的Charles定律： VT • 同时代，Gay-Bussac定律： PT • 合并前三定律，可得联合气体定律：
物理意义：
反应了在静力平衡条件下， 气压与高度的分布关系，即气压 随高度的增高而降低，随高度的 降低而增大。
（1）dp与dz总是反号的，当dz>0时，dp<0，表 示气压随高度增加而减少；相反，当dz<0时， dp>0，表示气压随高度减小而增大。
(2）气压随高度升高而减小的快慢程度，主要 取决于ρ和g，若g视为常量，则主要取决于ρ： ρ大，p递减快；ρ小，递减慢。
(3.6)
P R* T RT
M
(3.2)
R*：universal gas constant(通用气体常数或 普适气体常数）
: density, unit: kg/m3
m: mass
R R* M
M: gram-molecular weight, unit: kg/mol
Gas constant
where ρv is the density of the water vapor (4.770 × 10.3 kg m −3 at 273 K), Rv the gas constant for 1 kg of water vapor (461.5 J K-1 kg-1), and T is 273.2 K.
PiVi PjVj const
Ti
Tj
P : pressure , unit:Pa Ｖ: volume Ｔ: temperature (K)
•Avogadro定律： 在温度气压相同时,同样数量
的气体分子占有相同的体积。即 Vn
PiVi const nR* m R*
Ti
M
PV nR T*
n : moleP RT(3.2)P RT
(3.3)
1/
specific volume(比容）
二．State equation of dry air
Pd d RdT
(3.9)
(3.10)
三．State equation of water vapor
Dalton’s11 law of partial pressures(道尔顿分压定律）
由此推导：
A、高空ρ<低空ρ，高空递减较低空慢些；
B、当p相同的情况下，暖区ρ<冷区ρ，暖区 p递 减较慢。
• If the mass of the Earth’s atmosphere were uniformly distributed over the globe, the pressure at sea level would be 1.013 × 105 Pa, or 1013.25 hPa, which is referred to as
3.2.3 Thickness and heights of constant pressure surfaces
• 气压总是随高度增加而减小
高度 海平 1.5 3.0 5.5 9 12 16 20.5 24 31 (km) 面 气压 1000 850 700 500 300 200 100 50 30 10 (hPa)
p1dp p2
p2
p1
z2 z1
gdz,
p2
p1
z2 gdz
z1
3.2.1 Geopotential (位势)
• The geopotential Φ at any point in the Earth’s atmosphere is defined as the work that must be done against the Earth’s gravitational field to raise a mass of 1 kg from sea level to that point.