过程装备与控制工程专业英语翻译
过程装备与控制工程相关书籍
过程装备与控制工程相关书籍
与过程装备与控制工程相关的书籍有《过程设备与工业应用丛书》。
该丛书共6个分册，包括《反应过程、设备与工业应用》、《燃烧技术、设备与工业应用》、《传热技术、设备与工业应用》、《输送技术、设备与工业应用》、《分离技术、设备与工业应用》和《工业过程设备维护与检修》。
此外，还有《过程装备与控制工程专业基础课教程》等书籍，这些书籍涵盖了过程装备与控制工程的相关知识，有助于读者深入了解该领域。
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过程装备与控制工程专业英语翻译6
Reading Material 6Stainless SteelStainless steels do not rust in the atmosphere as most other steels do. The term "stainless" implies a resistance to staining, rusting, and pitting in the air, moist and polluted as it is, and generally defines a chromium content in excess of 11 % but less than 30%. And the fact that the stuff is "steel" means that the base is iron.Stainless steels have room-temperature yield strengths that range from 205 MPa (30 ksi) to more than 1725 MPa (250 ksi). Operating temperatures around 750 C (1400 F) are reached. At the other extreme of temperature some stainless steels maintain their toughness down to temperatures approaching absolute zero.With specific restrictions in certain types, the stainless steels can be shaped and fabricated in conventional ways. They can be produced and used in the as-cast condition; shapes can be produced by powder-metallurgy techniques; cast ingots can be rolled or forged (and this accounts for the greatest tonnage by far). The rolled product can be drawn, bent, extruded, or spun. Stainless steel can be further shaped by machining, and it can be joined by soldering, brazing, and welding. It can be used as an integral cladding on plain carbon or low-alloy steels.The generic term "stainless steel" covers scores of standard compositions as well as variations bearing company trade names and special alloys made for particular applications. Stainless steels vary in their composition from a fairly simple alloy of, essentially, iron with 11% chromium, to complex alloys that include 30% chromium, substantial quantities of nickel, and half a dozen other effective elements. At the high-chromium, high-nickel end of the range they merge into other groups of heat-resisting alloys, and one has to be arbitrary about a cutoff point. If the alloy content is so high that the iron content is about half, however, the alloy falls outside the stainless family. Even with these imposed restrictions on composition, the range is great, and naturally, the properties that affect fabrication and use vary enormously. It is obviously not enough to specify simply a "stainless steel.”Classification the various specifying bodies categorize stainless steels according to chemical composition and other properties. However, all the stainless steels, whatever specifications they conform to, can be conveniently classified into six major classes that represent three distinct types of alloy constitution, or structure. These classes are ferritic, martensitic, austenitic, manganese-substituted austenitic, duplex austenitic ferritic, and precipitation-hardening. Each class is briefly described below.(1) Ferrous stainless steels: This class is so named because the crystal structure of the steel is the same as that of iron at room temperature. The alloys in the class are magnetic at room temperature and up to their Curie temperature (about 750 C; 1400 F). Common alloys in the ferrous class contain between 11% and 29% chromium, no nickel, and very little carbon in the wrought condition.(2)Martensitic stainless steels: Stainless steels of this class, whichnecessarily contain more than 11 % chromium, have such a great hardenability that substantial thickness will harden during air cooling, and nothing more drastic than oil quenching is ever required. The hardness of the as-quenched martensitic stainless steel depends on its carbon content. However, the development of mechanical properties through quenching and tempering is inevitably associated with increased susceptibility to corrosion.(3)Austenitic stainless steels: The traditional and familiar austeniticstainless steels have a composition that contains sufficient chromium to offer corrosion resistance, together with nickel to ensure austenite at room temperature and below. The basic austenitic composition is the familiar l8% chromium, 8% nickel alloy. Both chromium and nickel contents can be increased to improve corrosion resistance, and additional elements (most commonly molybdenum) can be added to further enhance corrosion resistance.(4)Manganese-substituted austenitic stainless steels: The austeniticstructure can be encouraged by elements other than nickel, and the substitution of manganese and nitrogen produces a c1ass that we believe is sufficiently different in its properties to be separated from the chromium-nickel austenitic class just described. The most important difference lies in the higher strength of the manganese-substituted alloys.(5) Duplex austenitic-ferrous stainless steels: The structure of these steels isa hybrid of the structures of ferrite and austenite; and the mechanical properties likewise combine qualities of each component steel type. The duplex steels combine desirable corrosion and mechanical properties, and their use is as a result increasing in both wrought and cast form.(6) Precipitation-hardening stainless steels: Stainless steels can be designed so that their composition is amenable to precipitation hardening. This class cuts across two of the other c1asses, to give us martensitic and austenitic precipitation-hardening stainless steels. In this class we find stainless steels with the greatest useful strength as well as the highest useful operating temperature.Properties In selection of stainless steels, three kinds of properties have to be considered: (1) Physical properties: density, thermal conductivity, electrical resistivity, and so on; (2) Mechanical properties: strength, ductility, hardness, creep resistance, fatigue, and so on; and (3) corrosion-resistant properties. Note that properties of stainless steels are substantially influenced by chemica1 composition and microstructure. Hence specifications include chemical composition, or, more correctly, an analysis of the most important elements (traces of unreported elements also may be present) as well as a heat treatment that provides the optimum structure.Applications Since stainless steels were first used in cutlery industry, the number of applications has increased dramatically. The relative importance of the major fields of application for flat and long stainless steel products is shown in Table 1. Chemical and power engineering is the largest market for both long and flat products. It began in about 1920 with the nitric acid industry. Today, it includesan extremely diversified range of service conditions, including nuclear reactor vessels, heat exchangers, oil industry tubular, components for the chemical processing and pulp and paper industries, furnace parts, and boilers used in fossil fuel electric power plants.Table 1阅读材料 6不锈钢不锈钢就像其他大多数的钢在空气中不会生锈，“不锈的”这个术语暗示了在空气中抵抗污点，生锈和腐蚀，还具有抵抗潮湿和腐蚀。
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水平有限，希望大家在浏览的同时帮忙校正，不甚感激……化学化工学院College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering化学工程与工艺Chemical Engineering and Technics材料化学Materials Chemistry高分子材料Multimolecular Materials环境工程Environmental Engineering化学Chemical应用化学Applied Chemical过程装备与控制工程Processing Units and Control Engineering新闻与传播学院College of Journalism and Communication新闻学Journalism广告学Advertising广播电视新闻学Radio and TV Journalism生命科学与技术学院College of Life Science and Technology生物工程Bioengineering生物技术Biotechnology生物科学Biological Science食品科学与工程Food Science and Engineering数学与系统科学学院College of Mathematics and Systems Science数学与应用数学Mathematics and Applied Mathematics信息与计算科学Information and Computation Science资源与环境科学学院College of Resources and Environmental Science地理信息系统Geographic Information System资源环境与城乡规划管理Resources Environment and the Management of Urban and Rural Planning地理科学Geography生态学Ecology环境科学Environmental Science物理科学与技术学院College of Physical Science and Technology物理学Physics应用物理学Applied Physics信息科学与工程学院College of Information Science and Engineering电子信息科学与技术Sience and Technology of Electronic Information电子信息工程Electronic and Information Engineering通信工程Communication Engineering计算机科学与技术Computer Sience and Technology外国语学院College of Foreign Languages英语English俄语Russian日语Japanese人文学院College of Humanities文学Literature中国少数民族语言文学（维汉双语翻译）Chinese Minority Languages and Literatures (Uigur-Chinese Interpretation & Translation)中国少数民族语言文学（哈文学方向）Chinese Minority Linguistics & Literature (Kazakhstan Literature)中国少数民族语言文学（维文学方向）Chinese Minority Linguistics & Literature (Uigur Literature)中国少数民族语言文学（维现代文秘方向）Chinese Minority Linguistics & Literature (Uigur Modern Secretary)中国少数民族语言文学（维吾尔语言）Chinese Minority Linguistics & Literature(Uigur)汉语言文学（现代文秘方向）Chinese Linguistics & Literature (Modern Secretary)汉语言文学（文学方向）Chinese Linguistics & Literature (Literature)汉语言文学（影视文学方向）Chinese Linguistics & Literature (Television Literature)汉语言Chinese地质与勘察工程学院 College of Geosciences and Reconnaaissance Engineering资源勘察工程Resource Reconnaissance Engineering机械工程学院 College of Mechanical Engineering工业工程Industrial Engineering机械设计制造及其自动化 Mechanical Designing and Manufacturing Automation机械类Mechanical交通工程Traffic Engineering工业设计Industrial Designing电气工程学院College of Electrical Engineering电气工程及其自动化Electrical Engineering and Automation电子信息工程Electronic Information Engineering热能与动力工程Heat Energy and Dynamical Engineering自动化Automation建筑工程学院College of Civil Engineering and Architecture工程管理Engineering Management城市规划Urban Planning建筑学Architecture土木工程（交通土建）Civil Engineering(Civil Traffic)建筑环境与设备工程 Architectural Environment Equipment Engineering土木工程（建筑工程方向）Civil Engineering(Architecture Engineering)艺术设计学院Colleage of Arts Design服装设计与工程（服装设计）Fashion Design and Engineering(Fashion Design) 艺术设计（装潢艺术设计）Arts Design (Decorative Painting Arts Design)艺术设计（电脑艺术设计）Arts Design (Computer Arts Design)软件学院College of Software计算机科学与技术Computer Science and Technology高等职业与技术学院College of Altitude V ocation and Technology汉语Chinese计算机网络技术Computer Network Technology旅游管理Tourism Management社区管理与服务Community Management and Services文秘Secretary英语English市场营销Marketing经济与管理学院College of Economic and Management工商管理Business Administration国际经济与贸易International economic and trade金融学Finance经济学Economics信息管理与信息系统Information Management and Information System市场营销Marketing法学院College of law法学Law Study政治与公共管理学院College of Politics and Public Management行政管理Administration公共管理Public Management社会工作Social Work社会学Sociology政治学Political Science旅游学院College of Tourism旅游管理Tourism Management。
过程装备与控制工程专业英语翻译14
Reading material 14Evaporation1． IntroductionThe objective of evaporation is to concentrate a solution consisting of a nonvolatile solute and a volatile solvent. In the overwhelming majority of evaporations the solvent is water. Evaporation is conducted by vaporizing a portion of the solvent to produce a concentrated solution of thick liquor. Evaporation differs from drying in that the residue is a liquid-sometimes is highly viscous one-rather than a solid; it differs from distillation in that the vapor usually is a single component, and even when the vapor is a mixture, no attempt is made in the evaporation step to separate the vapor into fractions; it differs from crystallization in that emphasis is placed on concentrating a solution rather than forming and building crystals. In certain situations, e.g., in the evaporation of brine to produce common salt, the line between evaporation and crystallization is far from sharp. Evaporation sometimes produces a slurry of crystal in a saturated mother liquor.Normally, in evaporation the thick liquor is the valuable product and the vapor is condensed and discarded. In one specific situation, however, the reverse is true. Mineral-bearing water often is evaporated to give a solid-free product for boiler feed, for special process requirements, or for human consumption. This technique is often called water distillation, but technically it is evaporation. Large-scale evaporation processes have been developed and used for recovering potable water from seawater. Here the condensed water is the desired product. Only a fraction of the total water in the feed is recovered, and the remainder is returned to the sea.2. Liquid CharacteristicsThe practical solution of an evaporation problem is profoundly affected by the character of the liquor to be concentrated. It is the wide variation in liquor characteristics (which demands judgment and experience in designing and operating evaporators) that broadens this operation from simple heat transfer to a separate art. Some of the most important properties of evaporating liquids are as follows. Concentration Although the thin liquor fed to an evaporator may be sufficiently dilute to have many of the physical of water, as the concentration increases, the solution becomes more and more individualistic. The density and viscosity increase with solid content until either the solution becomes saturated or the liquor becomes too viscous for adequate heat transfer. Continued boiling of a saturated solution causes crystals to form; these must be removed or the tubes clog. The boiling point of the solution may also rise considerably as the solid content increases, so that the boiling temperature of a concentrated solution may be much higher than that of water at the same pressure.FoamingSome materials, especially organic substances, foam during vaporization. A stable foam accompanies the vapor out of the evaporator, causing heavy entertainment. In the extreme cases, the entire mass of liquid may boil over into the vapor outletand be lost.Temperature sensitivity Many fine chemicals pharmaceutical products, and foods are damaged when heated to moderate temperatures for relatively short times. In concentrating such materials special techniques are needed to reduce both the temperature of the liquid and the time of heating.Scale Some solutions deposit scale on the heating surface. The overall coefficient then steadily diminished, until the evaporator must be shut down and the tubes cleaned. When the scale is hard and insoluble, the cleaning is difficult and expensive.Materials of construction Whenever possible, evaporator are made of some kind of steel. Many solutions, however, attack ferrous metals or are contaminated by them. Special materials such as copper, nickel, stainless steel, aluminum, imperious graphite, and lead are then used. Since these materials are expensive, high heat transfer rates become especially desired to minimize the first cost of the equipment. Many other liquid characteristics must be considered by the designer of an evaporator. Some of these are specific heat, heat of concentration, freezing point, gas liberation on boiling, toxicity, explosion hazards, radioactivity, and necessity for sterile operation. Because of the variation in liquor properties, many different evaporator designers have been developed. The choice for any specific problem depends primarily on the characteristics of the liquid.3. Single and multiple-effect operationMost evaporators are heated by steam condensing on the metal tubes. Nearly always the material to be evaporated flows inside the tubes. Usually the steam is at low pressure, below 3 atm abs; often the boiling liquid is under moderate vacuum, at pressure down to about 0.05 atm abs. Reducing the boiling temperature of the liquid increase the temperature difference between the steam and the boiling liquid and thus increase the heat transfer rate in the evaporator.When a single evaporator is used, the vapor from the boiling liquid is condensed and discarded. This method is called single-effect evaporation, and although it is simple, it utilizes steam ineffectively. To evaporate 1 kg water from a solution call for from 1 to 1.3 kg of steam. If the vapor from one evaporator is fed into steam chest of a second evaporator and the vapor from second is then sent to a condenser, the operation becomes double-effect. The heat in the original steam is reused in the second effect, and the evaporation achieved by a unit mass of steam fed to the first effect is approximately doubled. Additional effects can be added in the same manner. The general method of increasing the evaporation per kilogram of steam by using a series of evaporator between the steam supply and the condenser is called multiple-effect evaporation.4. General types of evaporatorHorizontal-tube natural circulation evaporator the horizontal bundle of heating tubes is similar to the bundle of tubes in a heat exchanger. The steam enters into the tubes, where it condenses. The steam condensate leaves at the other end of the tubes. The boiling liquid solution covers the tubes. The vapor leaves the liquid surface, often goes through some deentraining device such as a baffle to preventcarryover of liquid droplets, and leaves out the top. This type is relatively cheap and is used for no viscous liquid having high heat transfer coefficients and liquids that do not deposit scale. Since liquid circulation is poor, they are unsuitable for viscous liquid. In almost all cases, this evaporator and the types discussed below are operating continuously, where the feed enters at a constant rate and the concentrate leaves at a concentrate rate.Vertical-type natural circulation evaporator in this type of evaporator, vertical rather than horizontal tubes are used, and the liquid is inside the tubes and the steam condenses outside the tubes. Because of boiling and decreases in density, the liquid rises in the tubes by natural circulation and flows downward through a large central open space or downcomer. This natural circulation increases the heat transfer coefficient. It is not used with viscous liquid. This type is often called the short-tube evaporator. A variation of this is the basket type. Where vertical tubes are used, but the heating element is held suspended in the body so there is an annular open space as the downcomer. The basket type differs from the vertical natural circulation evaporator, which has a central instead of annular open space as the downcomer, this type is widely used in the sugar, salt, and caustic soda industries.Long-tube vertical-type evaporator since the heat transfer coefficient on the steam side is very high compared to that on the evaporating liquid side, high liquid velocities are desirable. In a long-tube vertical-type evaporator the liquid is inside the tubes. The tubes are 3 to 10 m long and the formation of vapor bubbles inside the tubes causes a pumping action giving quite high liquid velocities. Generally, the liquid passes through the tubes only once and is not reticulated. Contact times can be quite low in this type. In some case,as when the ratio of the feed to evaporation rate is low.Natural recirculation of the product through the evaporators done by adding a large pipe connection between the outlet concentrate line and the feed line. This is widely used for producing condensed milk. Falling-film evaporator a variation of the long tube type is the falling-film evaporator, wherein the liquid is fed to the top of the tubes and flows down the walls as a thin film. Vapor-liquid separation usually takes place at the bottom. This type is widely used for concentrating heat-sensitive material such as orange juice and the other fruit juices, because the holdup time is very small (5 to 10 s or more).and the heat-transfer coefficients are high.Forced-circulation type evaporator this liquid film heat transfer coefficient can be increased by pumping to cause forced circulation of the liquid inside the tubes. This could be done in the long tube vertical type by adding a pipe concentrate with a pump between the outlet concentrate line and the feed line. However, usually in a forced-circulation type, the vertical tubes are shorter than in the long-tube type. Also, in other cases a separate and external horizontal heat exchanger is used. This type is very useful for viscous liquids.阅读材料14蒸发1、介绍蒸发的目的是浓缩不易挥发的溶质和易挥发的溶剂组成的溶液。
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Biology植物学 Botany动物学 Zoology生理学 Physiology水生生物学 Hydrobiology微生物学 Microbiology神经生物学 Neurobiology遗传学 Genetics发育生物学 Developmental Biology细胞生物学 Cell Biology生物化学与分子生物学 Biochemistry and Molecular Biology 生物物理学 Biophysics生态学 Ecology系统科学 Systems Science系统理论 Systems Theory系统分析与集成 Systems Analysis and Integration科学技术史 History of Science and Technology工学 Engineering力学 Mechanics一般力学与力学基础 General and Fundamental Mechanics固体力学 Solid Mechanics流体力学 Fluid Mechanics工程力学 Engineering Mechanics机械工程 Mechanical Engineering机械制造及其自动化 Mechanical Manufacture and Automation 机械电子工程 Mechatronic Engineering机械设计与理论 Mechanical Design and Theory车辆工程 Vehicle Engineering光学工程 Optical Engineering仪器科学与技术 Instrument Science and Technology精密仪器及机械 Precision Instrument and Machinery测试计量技术及仪器 Measuring and Testing Technologies and Instruments材料科学与工程 Materials Science and Engineering材料物理与化学 Materials Physics and Chemistry材料学 Materialogy材料加工工程 Materials Processing Engineering冶金工程 Metallurgical Engineering冶金物理化学 Physical Chemistry of Metallurgy钢铁冶金 Ferrous Metallurgy有色金属冶金 Non-ferrous Metallurgy动力工程及工程热物理 Power Engineering and Engineering Thermophysics工程热物理 Engineering Thermophysics热能工程 Thermal Power Engineering动力机械及工程 Power Machinery and Engineering流体机械及工程 Fluid Machinery and Engineering制冷及低温工程 Refrigeration and Cryogenic Engineering化工过程机械 Chemical Process Equipment电气工程 Electrical Engineering电机与电器 Electric Machines and Electric Apparatus电力系统及其自动化 Power System and its Automation高电压与绝缘技术 High Voltage and Insulation Technology 电力电子与电力传动 Power Electronics and Power Drives电工理论与新技术 Theory and New Technology of Electrical Engineering电子科学与技术 Electronics Science and Technology物理电子学 Physical Electronics电路与系统 Circuits and Systems微电子学与固体电子学 Microelectronics and Solid State Electronics电磁场与微波技术 Electromagnetic Field and Microwave Technology信息与通信工程 Information and Communication Engineering 通信与信息系统 Communication and Information Systems信号与信息处理 Signal and Information Processing控制科学与工程 Control Science and Engineering控制理论与控制工程 Control Theory and Control Engineering检测技术与自动化装置 Detection Technology and Automatic Equipment系统工程 Systems Engineering模式识别与智能系统 Pattern Recognition and Intelligent Systems导航、制导与控制 Navigation, Guidance and Control计算机科学与技术 Computer Science and Technology计算机软件与理论 Computer Software and Theory计算机系统结构 Computer Systems Organization计算机应用技术 Computer Applied Technology建筑学 Architecture建筑历史与理论 Architectural History and Theory建筑设计及其理论 Architectural Design and Theory城市规划与设计（含风景园林规划与设计） Urban Planning and Design (including Landscape Planning and Design)建筑技术科学 Building Technology Science土木工程 Civil Engineering岩土工程 Geotechnical Engineering结构工程 Structural Engineering市政工程 Municipal Engineering供热、供燃气、通风及空调工程 Heating, Gas Supply, Ventilating and Air Conditioning Engineering防灾减灾工程及防护工程 Disaster Prevention and Reduction Engineering and Protective Engineering桥梁与隧道工程 Bridge and Tunnel Engineering水利工程 Hydraulic Engineering水文学及水资源 Hydrology and Water Resources水力学及河流动力学 Hydraulics and River Dynamics水工结构工程 Hydraulic 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Engineering纺织材料与纺织品设计 Textile Material and Textiles Design纺织化学与染整工程 Textile Chemistry and Dyeing and Finishing Engineering服装设计与工程 Clothing Design and Engineering轻工技术与工程 The Light Industry Technology and Engineering 制浆造纸工程 Pulp and Paper Engineering制糖工程 Sugar Engineering发酵工程 Fermentation Engineering皮革化学与工程 Leather Chemistry and Engineering交通运输工程 Communication and Transportation Engineering道路与铁道工程 Highway and Railway Engineering交通信息工程及控制 Traffic Information Engineering & Control 交通运输规划与管理 Transportation Planning and Management载运工具运用工程 Vehicle Operation Engineering船舶与海洋工程 Naval Architecture and Ocean Engineering船舶与海洋结构物设计制造 Design and Construction of Naval Architecture and Ocean Structure轮机工程 Marine Engine Engineering水声工程 Underwater Acoustics Engineering航空宇航科学与技术 Aeronautical and Astronautical Science and Technology飞行器设计 Flight Vehicle Design航空宇航推进理论与工程 Aerospace Propulsion Theory and Engineering航空宇航器制造工程 Manufacturing Engineering of Aerospace Vehicle人机与环境工程 Man-Machine and Environmental Engineering兵器科学与技术 Armament Science and Technology武器系统与运用工程 Weapon Systems and Utilization Engineering 兵器发射理论与技术 Armament Launch Theory and Technology火炮、自动武器与弹药工程 Artillery, Automatic Gun and Ammunition Engineering军事化学与烟火技术 Military Chemistry and Pyrotechnics核科学与技术 Nuclear Science and Technology核能科学与工程 Nuclear Energy Science and Engineering核燃料循环与材料 Nuclear Fuel Cycle and Materials核技术及应用 Nuclear Technology and Applications辐射防护及环境保护 Radiation and Environmental Protection农业工程 Agricultural Engineering农业机械化工程 Agricultural Mechanization Engineering农业水土工程 Agricultural Water-Soil Engineering农业生物环境与能源工程 Agricultural Biological Environmental and Energy Engineering农业电气化与自动化 Agricultural Electrification and Automation林业工程 Forestry Engineering森林工程 Forest Engineering木材科学与技术 Wood Science and Technology林产化学加工工程 Chemical Processing Engineering of Forest Products环境科学与工程 Environmental Science and Engineering环境科学 Environmental Science环境工程 Environmental Engineering生物医学工程 Biomedical Engineering食品科学与工程 Food 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Breeding森林培育学 Silviculture森林保护学 Forest Protection森林经理学 Forest Management野生动植物保护与利用 Wildlife Conservation and Utilization 园林植物与观赏园艺 Ornamental Plants and Horticulture水土保持与荒漠化防治 Soil and Water Conservation and Desertification Combating水产学 Fisheries Science水产养殖学 Aquaculture Science捕捞学 Fishing Science渔业资源学 Science of Fisheries Resources医学 Medicine基础医学 Basic Medicine人体解剖与组织胚胎学 Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology 免疫学 Immunology病原生物学 Pathogenic Organisms病理学与病理生理学 Pathology and Pathophysiology法医学 Forensic Medicine放射医学 Radiation Medicine航空航天与航海医学 Aerospace and Nautical medicine临床医学 Clinical Medicine内科学（含心血管病学、血液病学、呼吸系病学、消化系病学、内分泌与代谢病学、肾脏病学、风湿病学、传染病学） Internal medicine (including Cardiology, Hematology, Respiratory, Gastroenterology, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Nephrology, Rheuma-tology, Infectious Diseases)儿科学 Pediatrics老年医学 Geriatrics神经病学 Neurology精神病与精神卫生学 Psychiatry and Mental Health皮肤病与性病学 Dermatology and Venereology影像医学与核医学 Imaging and Nuclear Medicine临床检验诊断学 Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics护理学 Nursing外科学（含普通外科学、骨外科学、泌尿外科学、胸心血管外科学、神经外科学、整形外科学、烧伤外科学、野战外科学） Surgery (General Surgery, Orthopedics, Urology, Cardiothoracic Surgery, Neurosurgery, Plastic Surgery, Burn Surgery, Field Surgery)妇产科学 Obstetrics and Gynecology眼科学 Ophthalmic Specialty耳鼻咽喉科学 Otolaryngology肿瘤学 Oncology康复医学与理疗学 Rehabilitation Medicine & Physical Therapy 运动医学 Sports Medicine麻醉学 Anesthesiology急诊医学 Emergency Medicine口腔医学 Stomatology口腔基础医学 Basic Science of Stomatology口腔临床医学 Clinical Science of Stomatology公共卫生与预防医学 Public Health and Preventive Medicine 流行病与卫生统计学 Epidemiology and Health Statistics劳动卫生与环境卫生学 Occupational and Environmental Health 营养与食品卫生学 Nutrition and Food Hygiene儿少卫生与妇幼保健学 Maternal, Child and Adolescent Health 卫生毒理学 Hygiene Toxicology军事预防医学 Military Preventive Medicine中医学 Chinese Medicine中医基础理论 Basic Theories of Chinese Medicine中医临床基础 Clinical Foundation of Chinese Medicine中医医史文献 History and Literature of Chinese Medicine方剂学 Formulas of Chinese Medicine中医诊断学 Diagnostics of Chinese Medicine中医内科学 Chinese Internal Medicine中医外科学 Surgery of Chinese Medicine中医骨伤科学 Orthopedics of Chinese Medicine中医妇科学 Gynecology of Chinese Medicine中医儿科学 Pediatrics of Chinese Medicine中医五官科学 Ophthalmology and Otolaryngoloy of Chinese Medicine针灸推拿学 Acupuncture and Moxibustion and Tuina of Chinese medicine民族医学 Ethnomedicine中西医结合医学 Chinese and Western Integrative Medicine中西医结合基础医学 Basic Discipline of Chinese and Western Integrative中西医结合临床医学 Clinical Discipline of Chinese and Western Integrative Medicine药学 Pharmaceutical Science药物化学 Medicinal Chemistry药剂学 Pharmaceutics生药学 Pharmacognosy药物分析学 Pharmaceutical Analysis微生物与生化药学 Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy药理学 Pharmacology中药学 Science of Chinese Pharmacology军事学 Military Science军事思想学及军事历史学 Military Thought and Military History 军事思想学 Military Thought军事历史学 Military History战略学 Science of Strategy军事战略学 Military Strategy战争动员学 War Mobilization战役学 Science of Operations联合战役学 Joint Operation军种战役学（含第二炮兵战役学） Armed Service Operation (including Operation of Strategic Missile Force)战术学 Science of Tactics合同战术学 Combined-Arms Tactics兵种战术学 Branch Tactics军队指挥学 Science of Command作战指挥学 Combat Command军事运筹学 Military Operation Research军事通信学 Military Communication军事情报学 Military Intelligence密码学 Cryptography军事教育训练学（含军事体育学） Military Education and Training (including Military Physical Training)军制学 Science of Military System军事组织编制学 Military Organizational System军队管理学 Military Management军队政治工作学 Science of Military Political Work军事后勤学与军事装备学 Science of Military Logistics and Military Equipment军事后勤学 Military Logistics后方专业勤务 Rear Special Service军事装备学 Military Equipment管理学 Management Science管理科学与工程 Management Science and Engineering工商管理学 Science of Business Administration会计学 Accounting企业管理学（含财务管理、市场营销学、人力资源管理学） Corporate Management (including Financial Management, Marketing, and Human Resources Management)旅游管理学 Tourist Management技术经济及管理学 Technology Economy and Management农林经济管理学 Agricultural and Forestry Economics & Management农业经济管理学 Agricultural Economics & 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企业经营战略00151管理学原理00054金融理论与实务00150质量管理（一）00153 组织行为学00152工商企业管理（工业管理方向）020202A WTO基础知识05159宏微观经济学05168中小企业质量管理05169中小企业战略管理05171企业信息管理05173会计020204 市场营销学00058 金融理论与实务审计学00160 资产评估0015800150市场营销020208 商品流通概论00185金融理论与实务00150市场营销策划00184 消费经济学00183旅游管理020210 中外民俗00199导游学概论06123旅游市场营销04929中国城市史01248欧洲旅游文化01249诗文鉴赏与楹联掌故01252电子商务020216 电子商务法概论00996互联网数据库00911网络营销与策划00908数量方法（二）00994计算机网络安全04751电子商务与金融00913电子商务案例分析00902人力资源管理020218 管理思想史06088管理学原理00054劳动关系与劳动法06089人力资源开发与管理06093人员素质测评理论与方法06090中英合作商务管理020226 中国近现代史纲要03708马克思主义基本原理概论03709英语（二）00015物流管理020229物流运筹学07796 供应链物流学03364 国际物流05729劳动和社会保障020232 社会保险基金管理与监督03327公共管理03328 社会学概论00034项目管理020256 项目论证与评估05066 项目管理学05059 项目管理软件07171项目融资资源管理03811项目管理法规05065铁道财务会计020264 施工企业会计05290铁路旅客运输组织07109铁路会计报表编制05594铁路货运组织07108运输市场营销07269铁路运输经济学07106铁路运输安全管理05207铁路现代企业制度基础07141工程管理020279 建设监理01878房地产开发与经营管理00118施工组织与管理01879工程建设招标与投标04396采购与供应管理020282采购战术与运营03616财务管理020303 市场营销学00058 投资项目分析08309 审计学00160企业管理概论00144税法00233现代企业管理020309 现代物流学07114计算机财务管理08822现代企业管理信息系统08816经济学导论07520销售管理020314 管理系统中计算机应用00051消费经济学00183法律030106 国际私法00249中国法律思想史00264国际经济法概论00246西方法律思想史00265公证与律师制度00259劳动法00167保险法00258知识产权法00226税法00233经济法学030107 企业与公司法学07945税法原理07946商法总论05554金融法概论07947 环境法学07948行政法030114 外国行政法06912行政处罚法06908行政执法理论与实务06914行政管理学00277国家公务员法06913行政诉讼法06909社会工作与管理030203 团体社会工作00279个案社会工作00282社会救助00298中国福利思想00285家庭社会学00304社区社会工作00281社会调查方法00288机关管理与办公自动化030316 公共政策00318社会调查理论与方法00267现代管理学00107计算机网络基本原理03137办公自动化与电脑汉字处理04590多媒体技术及应用（一）04087学前教育040102 学前教育原理00398学前心理学00384学前游戏论00399学前卫生学00385学前教育史00402课程与教学论00467学前教育学00383心理健康教育040110 变态心理学（一）05626学校心理学05955儿童发展心理学03585临床心理学05622人格心理学04269健康心理学05956小学教育040112 大学数学06227心理卫生与心理辅导00465比较教育00472 课程与教学论00467电脑美术教育040306 Photoshop 5.0 01370 美术鉴赏00744青少年心理学06052工艺制作实践01369工艺美术设计01368秘书学050104 中国秘书史00523传播学概论00642文书学00524管理信息的收集与处理00528中外秘书比较00527档案管理学00511公文选读00525汉语言文学050105 美学00037现代汉语语法研究00821中国现当代作家作品专题研究00812中国古代文学史（一）00538中国古代作家作品专题研究00422中国现代文学史00537中国古代文论选读00814朝鲜语言文学050110 中国近现代史纲要（朝文卷）03708美学概论（朝）01291马克思主义基本原理概论（朝文卷）03709西方现代派文学（朝）01294汉朝翻译01292中国朝鲜族文学史01289汉语言文学教育050113 语文教育及课程研究05938文学评论研究01271二十世纪西方现代主义文学01270青少年心理学06052 古汉字学01268对外汉语050140 英美概况01212中国古代文学（二）01206对外汉语教学法01210中国古代文学（一）01205西方文化与礼仪01209英语050201 英语阅读（一）00595英语翻译00087英语科技文选00836综合英语（一）00794英语词汇学00832英语国家概况00522综合英语（二）00795英美文学选读00604日语050202 现代汉语00535旅游日语03417基础日语（一）00605日语句法篇章法00611高级日语（二）00610第二外语（俄语）00839第二外语（英语）00845外贸函电（日语）06044俄语050203 基础俄语（一）00613高级俄语（一）00617翻译技巧00619基础俄语（二）00614现代俄语概论00620俄罗斯概况00615第二外语（日语）00840第二外语（英语）00845朝鲜语050205 高级韩国语01111 韩国语阅读01113 韩国文学史与文学作品翻译（汉韩互译）（二）韩国语写作01117 选读01115 01118第二外语（日语）00840第二外语（英语）00845英语教育050206 英语语音学（一）07862高级英语精读（一）01257青少年心理学06052高级英语精读（二）01258英美文学选读00604商务英语050225 商务英语阅读（一）01312国际市场营销（英语）09129商务英语阅读（二）01313英语语法00831国际商务英语谈判09131商务英语精读（二）01311商务英语精读（一）01310英语国家概况00522国际商务会计01317商务英语写作（一）01316第二外语（日语）00840国际商务文化09130广告学050302 美学00037传播学概论00642现代管理学00107中国现代文学作品选00530社会学概论00034法学概论00040新闻学050305 传播学概论00642 中外新闻作品研究00661新闻评论写作00658播音与主持050310 艺术概论00504传播学概论00642播音与主持创作基础07173即兴口语表达07176新闻评论写作00658中国古代文学作品选（一）00532中国现代文学史00537音乐教育050408 音乐欣赏（二）07976音乐分析与创作00733学前儿童音乐教育00397中国音乐史07123歌曲分析与写作07127美术教育050410美术教育学00747 中学美术教学法00741动画设计（特教）050438 中国近现代史纲要03708（聋哑试卷）原画理论与创作01062马克思主义基本原理概论03709（聋哑试卷）计算机应用基础00018数字影视后期合成04513三维动画04511卡漫创作与短片制作01071服装设计与工程050443服装结构设计00680 成衣工艺设计03913 西洋服装史03907 服装材料学03908艺术设计050448 设计概论（一）03521艺术概论00504电气设计01383 预算01384 广告学原理03442应用心理学071502 普通心理学02106人体解剖生理学02068心理学史06056心理统计02110学习心理学07051实验心理学02108变态心理学06053心理咨询原理与技术07049心理学071504 变态心理学（一）05626教育原理00405团体心理辅导03372人格心理学03378工程心理学08669消费与广告心理学08670信息管理与服信息揭示02116 信息检索02118 信息咨询02140 信息用户与服务02119务071602 信息组织02117 计算机信息检索02139 信息系统设计与分析02134信息分析方法02124机械制造与自动化080302 电气传动与可编程控制器（PLC）02207自动化制造系统02211现代设计方法02200 经济管理02204光机电一体化工程080308 工程光学06012电子技术基础（一）02234传感器原理及应用06016计算机技术基础06014数控加工与模具设计080327 机械制造技术02191模具制造工艺学02222机床数控原理05661冲压工艺及模具设计02218数控编程05787工程力学与机械设计05799汽车车身数字化设计080332 车身三维数字化设计技术01903车身及零部件快速建模技术01899车身CAD与CAM基础01894汽车造型三维设计技术01901车身及零部件实验技术01898车身工程应用数学基础01891汽车车身设计01897测控技术与仪器080333 应用光学01905光学系统设计01913仪器零件设计01910传感器原理及应用06016微型计算机原理与接口技术02205过程装备与控制工程080342 工程力学（二）02391过程装备控制技术及应用08839机械设计基础02185化工原理（二）03146金属工艺学01666电厂热能动力工程080502 传热学（二）02261电力企业经济管理02268流体力学及泵与风机02259热力发电厂02266汽轮机原理及运行02265工业自动化080603 自动控制理论（一）02291计算机软件基础（一）02243电力拖动自动控制系统02297工业自动化仪表与过程控制02299企业管理概论00144控制系统数字仿真02296电力系统及其自动化080605 计算机软件基础（二）02365电磁场02305电力企业经济管理02268电力系统微型计算机继电保护02313电力电子变流技术02308高电压技术02653汽车电子控制技术080606 公差与测量06925单片机原理及应用02358汽车制造工艺学06930工程图学基础06918汽车机械基础06921汽车电工电子技术基础06931汽车营销管理学06933汽车构造06893电气工程与自动化（铁道电气化方向）080612 计算机控制系统08241 系统辨识基础08243 远动控制系统12323人工智能导论07844计算机仿真11041计算机软件技术11049计算机及应用080702离散数学02324 操作系统02326 计算机系统结构02325 计算机网络原理04741计算机网络080709 网络操作系统02335 计算机网络安全04751通信概论04742计算机网络原理04741计算机软件（编程技术方向）080711 Visual Basic程序设计07759计算机专业英语（一）07757C++语言03858WIN2000 07758计算机网络06540数据库原理02336信息技术教育080713 计算机组成原理02318操作系统02326计算机网络基本原理03137网页设计与制作00900青少年心理学06052数据库o及学校应用01263数控技术080741 模具与现代加工技术概论05665数控系统维护及调试05667模拟、数字及电力电子技术02238微型计算机原理与接口技术02205动画080746 计算机应用技术02316艺术概论00504多媒体技术应用05710网页动画设计04744三维动画04511 剪辑学04743网络管理080758 网络数据库技术07237网络资源规划与管理技术03719电子邮件系统构筑、管理及应用03717网络攻防技术与实践03720实用IT项目管理03715计算机网络工程设计07242计算机应用软件080762 汇编语言与微机原理01337计算机外围设备原理01352Visual C++ 05708计算机专业英语（一）07757编译技术06370计算机文化基础05829计算机安全技术01353计算机常用算法01339网络应用程序开发01350计算机应用数学01332建筑工程080806 结构力学（二）02439 建筑设备02446计算机基础与程序设计02275钢结构02442道路与桥梁工程080807 计算机应用与辅助设计07965工程数学（一）07961公路工程地质07966隧道工程06081公路施工组织与概预算06084测量学00113道路勘测设计02405道路建筑材料06280公路与城市道路工程080821 土力学与地基基础04057 城市道路设计05506 交通工程学05113结构设计原理（二）06287环境工程081102 有机化学（二）02066流体力学与水泵08831环境微生物学04892计算机基础与程序设计02275环境监测（一）02469环境影响评价08291化学工程与工艺081205 化工热力学02485 绿色化学概论08840化工安全生产与管理04882化工原理（二）03146工业化学02486应用化学081209 有机化学（二）02066 物理化学（二）02051 化工原理（二）03146精细化工过程与设备08829食品科学与工程081308 食品分析03277食品机械与设备03279生物化学（二）02634 食品营养学03286食品安全与品控081314 食品加工与保藏（本）05767食品工厂设计与环境保护03794有机/绿色食品概论03797食品营养学03286食品包装学04193汽车维修与检测081710 汽车车身电控技术06903维修企业管理06892汽车智能化检测技术06899工程图学基础06918汽车发动机电控技术06901汽车运用工程06898汽车电工电子技术基础06931机械设计基础02185汽车构造06893特种车辆06905汽车运行材料06906交通铁路运输081711 计算机在铁道工程中应用05589铁路集装运输05206铁路运输收入管理06348铁道概论06349铁路计划管理05596国际货物运输07113高速运输系统安全05597交通运输管理信息系统07299 铁路运输工程081712交通运输经济法规07111 铁路管理运筹学05588隧道工程06081液压及气动技术05598铁路运输安全管理05207 铁路运输经济学07106高速运输系统安全05597铁路运输能力计算07115 汽车营销与售后技术服务081727汽车售后服务管理05870 汽车维修技术05835 汽车服务企业管理03991 汽车消费心理学01320 汽车电子商务03977现代汽车新技术01322汽车消费信贷技术01319 旧机动车贸易01325 车辆工程基础05841 汽车营销技术05871汽车保险与理赔06904汽车营销商务谈判01330计算机信息管理082208运筹学基础02375 信息资源管理02378管理经济学02628操作系统概论02323 计算机网络原理04741 工程造价管理082231工程项目管理06087城市规划原理03305 房屋建筑构造与识图04617建设工程工程量清单计价实务04228 工程财务06961建设工程合同（含FIDIC ）条款04231 工程造价确定与控制06962汽车服务工程082232汽车智能化检测技术06899 汽车鉴定与评估04444 汽车营销与贸易04446汽车节能技术06895 汽车运用工程06898 汽车概论04442 汽车维修工程04447 汽车保险与理赔05873汽车电控新技术04438管理信息系统082237计算机信息处理04023 财务信息管理系统01365 竞争情报系统01355信息系统设计与分析02134 国际企业管理资讯01354 农学090102 作物栽培学（二）02670种子生产与经营管理02683作物育种学02672 农业推广学02678 植物生产概论02717生物化学（二）02634 农产品加工02680土壤肥料学02668 植物科学技术090122植物育种学05147现代生物学导论05146植物生理学02662 植物生产概论02717设施农业05148畜牧兽医090403动物遗传育种学02794 养牛学06714动物营养与代谢病防治02795农业推广学02678 小动物疾病诊断与防治07920养猪学06712 畜牧微生物学02798动物科学090407 家禽学06700 畜牧概论02788 羊生产学06702 猪生产学06701 牛生产学06698 畜牧微生物学02798 现代牧业生产090416配合饲料学01376禽生产学05945农业推广学02678 猪生产学06701畜产品加工02074牛生产学06698牧草加工与贮藏06723 护理学100702 内科护理学（二）03202 预防医学（二）03200护理学导论03201老年护理学04435 社区护理学（一）03004 急救护理学03007 社区护理学100705护理社会学概论03700 社区护理学导论03621 预防医学（二）03200 老年护理学04435社区健康评估03622 中医护理学基础03629中药学100802 药事管理学03034中药制药工程原理与设备03052 无机化学（三）02911 药理学（三）03050中药制剂分析03053生理学02899药物制剂药物制剂工程03747工业药剂学03750 生物药物分离纯化技术生物药剂学04960100806 药物制剂生产专用设备及车间工艺设计0374403746卫生事业管理100902 卫生政策与法规03062医院管理学03059现代管理学00107高级卫生经济学03061预防医学（一）（含流行病学）02881人体解剖组织学02893组织行为学00152药学与药品营销100904 药物化学（一）07957现代生物制药技术03748药物经济学与新药研究开发07962药物分析03031生物制药100907 医学免疫学06792药学生物制品学01245微机基础及操作01242 基因工程原理01244园林090115 园林生态学07427 园林育种学05883 园林苗圃学06631 观赏植物栽培学06045公共关系050309 创新思维理论与方法03298公共政策00318公共关系口才03292企业文化03297现代谈判学03293公共关系案例03294组织行为学00152社会学概论00034英语翻译050134 英汉语言文化比较05349中级英语笔译05350英语语法00831英美文学选读00604第二外语（日语）00840视觉传达设计（装潢设计方向）050433 中国近现代史纲要03708马克思主义基本原理概论03709英语（二）00015专科及基础科段（48个专业）国际贸易020109 市场营销学00058国际商法00091国际贸易00089 基础会计学00041 国际技术贸易00093中英合作金融管理020116 毛泽东思想、邓小平理论和“三个代表”重要思想概论03707政治经济学（财经类）00009大学语文04729公司管理020168 市场营销学00058公司战略管理07525中国税制00146基础会计学00041 企业管理概论00144会计020203 管理会计（一）00157 中国税制00146 中级财务会计00155基础会计学00041企业管理概论00144市场营销020207 市场营销学00058谈判与推销技巧00179市场调查与预测00178基础会计学00041消费心理学00177企业管理概论00144中英合作商务管理020214 毛泽东思想、邓小平理论和“三个代表”重要思想概论03707政治经济学（财经类）00009大学语文04729物流管理020228物流数学05361 物流运输管理03365 物流企业会计05364 物流运作实务06997劳动和社会保障020231 劳动与社会保障法制建设03313采购与供应管理020265 物流数学05361商业组织与过程05734物流企业会计05364采购谈判与供应商选择05728销售管理020313 市场营销学00058商品流通概论00185计算机应用基础00018消费心理学00177概率论与数理统计（经管理学原理00054 管类）04183法律030112 宪法学05679国际法00247刑法学00245 刑事诉讼法学00260 法理学05677社会工作与管理030202 社会心理学（一）00266社会调查理论与方法00267社会保障概论00071行政管理学00277社会工作实务00273社会学概论00034机关管理及办公自动化030307 信息资源管理02378 办公室管理00344 行政管理学00277行政法与行政诉讼法00220心理健康教育040109 心理健康教育概论05615青少年心理卫生05618社会心理学04265特殊儿童心理与教育03518秘书050102 现代汉语基础00854 当代中国政治制度00315秘书实务00510社会学概论00034法学概论00040汉语言文学050114 现代汉语00535教育学（一）00429普通逻辑00024中国现代文学作品选00530写作（一）00506心理学00031中国古代文学作品选（一）00532朝鲜语言文学050119 毛泽东思想、邓小平理论和“三个代表”重要思想概论（朝文卷）03707现代朝鲜语00587思想道德修养与法律基础（朝文卷）03706古代朝鲜语00586文学概论（二）（朝文卷）00542朝语写作00828外国文学00598英语050207 英语语法00831综合英语（一）00794外贸函电00094英语国家概况00522综合英语（二）00795日语050208 基础日语（一）00605 日语语法00607 日语阅读（二）00844 商务日语06043 俄语050209 基础俄语（一）00613 俄罗斯概况00615 俄语语法00234朝鲜语050211 朝鲜语阅读00849 朝鲜语基础（二）00628朝鲜语基础（一）00627翻译（汉韩互译）（一）01108视觉传达设计050406设计概论（一）03521音乐教育050407 教育学（一）00429艺术概论00504基本乐理00721 心理学00031 和声06114美术教育050409 教育学（一）00429艺术概论00504中国美术史（二）07071心理学00031艺术设计（特教）050436 毛泽东思想、邓小平理论和“三个代表”重要思想概论（聋哑卷）03707思想道德修养与法律基础（聋哑卷）03706现代设计史05424 大学语文04729服装设计与工程050442 成衣制作工艺05409服装发展简史03902服装纸样原理05401服装材料00677服装生产管理03904服装企业督导管理03905地铁电动客车技术080312 电路理论基础07437 机械制图基础05463现代交流传动及其控制系统05468电力机车电器05470数控加工与模具设计080326 数控机床04114机械制图及AutoCad04068公差配合与测量04110机械设计基础02185金属材料与热处理05508数控加工编程与操作04118汽车车身数字化设计080331 汽车造型概论01887工程图学基础06918车身及零部件制造工艺01886三维数字化设计技术基础01888汽车构造06893电厂热能动力工程080501 机械制图（一）02183电厂汽轮机02255电工与电子技术02187热工测量及仪表02256工程流体力学02250微型计算机原理与接口技术02205电力系统及其自动化080604 电力系统继电保护02302 电机学02271计算机基础与程序设计02275电力系统自动装置02304电子技术基础（二）02273工程制图02151现代信息技术教育080725 数字图像处理04586数据库原理与程序设计05918创意图形设计03785计算机基础与程序设计02275计算机文化基础05829电脑动画07227创意网页设计05551数控技术应用080744 机械制图及AutoCad04068机械制造技术02191公差配合与测量04110数控原理与数控技术运用05785机械工程材料02561数控编程05787工程数学06268道路与桥梁工程080802 工程力学（二）02391桥梁工程02409道路施工与管理02411结构力学（一）02393土木工程制图02386路基路面工程02407建筑材料02389道路勘测设计02405公路与城市道路工程080815 工程招标与合同管理06289画法几何及工程制图00706线路工程（专）06529建筑力学04054高速公路06080道路建筑材料06280食品安全与品控081320 计算机在食品工程中的应用04186食品微生物学02517食品生物化学02516食品毒理学05764 食品分析与检验02521地铁运输与管理081721 电路理论基础07437 地铁行车组织05776 旅客运输07297铁路运营管理自动化05780汽车服务工程082229 汽车发动机构造与维修05875职业道德与礼仪05868汽车电气设备与维修05879汽车底盘构造与维修05877汽车营销技术05871兽医公共卫生090415 兽医微生物及免疫学07410食用动物传染病学01412动物性食品卫生管理学01419食用动物卫生病理学01414食用动物组织解剖学01410眼视光技术100310眼镜市场营销学03771 眼镜片工艺学03760 低视力康复学03768 眼视光器械学03764护理学100701 健康教育学00488护理学基础02997生物化学（三）03179营养学03000微生物学与免疫学基础02864生理学02899儿科护理学（一）03003社区护理学100704 健康教育学00488社区护理学导论03621营养学03000微生物学与免疫学基础02864社区健康评估03622生理学02899中药学100803 中药化学03038 中药药剂学03044 中药药理学03046 药用植物学03037 中药炮制学03042药学与药品营药物化学03023 网络药学07951 药事法规07956 网络广告实务07955销100903生物制药100906 有机化学（二）02066生物药理学01399无机化学（二）02173代谢与调控01398药事法规07956注射药品制剂学01406网络管理080757 计算机组成原理02318 信息安全工程07875 计算机网络06540HTML、XML语言与网页设计03712环境艺术设计050425 毛泽东思想、邓小平理论和“三个代表”重要思想概论03707思想道德修养与法律基础03706大学语文04729酒店管理与导游020290 现代酒店营销策划03960 导游基础知识01521酒店餐饮实务与操作01522酒店前厅与客房运行实务01523。
过程装备与控制工程专业U形管换热器毕业论文外文文献翻译及原文
毕业设计（论文）外文文献翻译文献、资料中文题目：U形管换热器文献、资料英文题目：文献、资料来源：文献、资料发表（出版）日期：院（部）：专业：过程装备与控制工程专业班级：姓名：学号：指导教师：翻译日期： 2017.02.14毕业设计（论文）外文翻译毕业设计（论文）题目： U形管式换热器设计外文题目： U-tube heat exchangers译文题目：指导教师评阅意见U-tube heat exchangersM. Spiga and G. Spiga, Bologna1 Summary:Some analytical solutions are provided to predict the steady temperature distributions of both fluids in U-tube heat exchangers. The energy equations are solved assuming that the fluids remain unmixed and single-phased. The analytical predictions are compared with the design data and the numerical results concerning the heat exchanger of a spent nuclear fuel pool plant, assuming distinctly full mixing and no mixing conditions for the secondary fluid (shell side). The investigation is carried out by studying the influence of all the usual dimensionless parameters (flow capacitance ratio, heat transfer resistance ratio and number of transfer units), to get an immediate and significant insight into the thermal behaviour of the heat Exchanger.More detailed and accurate studies about the knowledge of the fluid temperature distribution inside heat exchangers are greatly required nowadays. This is needed to provide correct evaluation of thermal and structural performances, mainly in the industrial fields (such as nuclear engineering) where larger, more efficient and reliable units are sought, and where a good thermal design can not leave integrity and safety requirements out of consideration [1--3]. In this view, the huge amount of scientific and technical informations available in several texts [4, 5], mainly concerning charts and maps useful for exit temperatures and effectiveness considerations, are not quite satisfactory for a more rigorous and local analysis. In fact the investigation of the thermomechanieal behaviour (thermal stresses, plasticity, creep, fracture mechanics) of tubes, plates, fins and structural components in the heat exchanger insists on the temperature distribution. So it should be very useful to equip the stress analysis codes for heat exchangers withsimple analytical expressions for the temperature map (without resorting to time consuming numerical solutions for the thermal problem), allowing a sensible saving in computer costs. Analytical predictions provide the thermal map of a heat exchanger, aiding in the designoptimization.Moreover they greatly reduce the need of scale model testing (generally prohibitively expensive in nuclear engineering), and furnish an accurate benchmark for the validation of more refined numerical solutions obtained by computer codes. The purpose of this paper is to present the local bulk-wall and fluid temperature distributions forU-tube heat exchangers, solving analytically the energy balance equations.122 General assumptionsLet m, c, h, and A denote mass flow rate (kg/s), specific heat (J/kg -1 K-l), heat transfer coefficient(Wm -2 K-l), and heat transfer surface (m2) for each leg, respectively. The theoretical analysis is based on classical assumptions [6] :-- steady state working conditions,-- equal flow distribution (same mass flow rate for every tube of the bundle),-- single phase fluid flow,-- constant physical properties of exchanger core and fluids,-- adiabatic exchanger shell or shroud,-- no heat conduction in the axial direction,-- constant thermal conductances hA comprehending wall resistance and fouling.According to this last assumption, the wall temperature is the same for the primary and secondary flow. However the heat transfer balance between the fluids is quite respected, since the fluid-wall conductances are appropriately reduced to account for the wall thermal resistance and thefouling factor [6]. The dimensionless parameters typical of the heat transfer phenomena between the fluids arethe flow capacitance and the heat transfer resistance ratiosand the number of transfer units, commonly labaled NTU in the literature,where (mc)min stands for the smaller of the two values (mc)sand (mc)p.In (1) the subscripts s and p refer to secondary and primary fluid, respectively. Only three of the previous five numbers are independent, in fact :The boundary conditions are the inlet temperatures of both fluids3 Parallel and counter flow solutionsThe well known monodimensional solutions for single-pass parallel and counterflow heat exchanger,which will be useful later for the analysis of U-tube heat exchangers, are presented below. If t, T,νare wall, primary fluid, and secondary fluid bulk temperatures (K), and ξ and L represent the longitudinal space coordinate and the heat exchanger length (m), the energy balance equations in dimensionless coordinate x = ξ/L, for parallel and counterflow respectivelyread asM. Spiga and G. Spiga: Temperature profiles in U-tube heat exchangersAfter some algebra, a second order differential equation is deduced for the temperature of the primary (or secondary) fluid, leading to the solutionwhere the integration constants follow from the boundary conditions T(0)=T i , ν(0)≒νifor parallel T(1) = Ti ,ν(0) = νifor counter flow. They are given-- for parallel flow by - for counterflow byWishing to give prominence to the number of transfer units, it can be noticed thatFor counterflow heat exchangers, when E = 1, the solutions (5), (6) degenerate and the fluidtemperatures are given byIt can be realized that (5) -(9) actually depend only on the two parametersE, NTU. However a formalism involving the numbers E, Ns. R has been chosen here in order to avoid the double formalism (E ≤1 and E > 1) connected to NTU.4 U-tube heat exchangerIn the primary side of the U-tube heat exchanger, whose schematic drawing is shown in Fig. 1, the hot fluid enters the inlet plenum flowing inside the tubes, and exits from the outlet plenum. In the secondary side the fluid flows in the tube bundle (shell side). This arrangement suggests that the heat exchanger can be considered as formed by the coupling of a parallel and a counter-flow heat exchanger, each with a heigth equal to the half length of the mean U-tube. However it is necessary to take into account the interactions in the secondary fluid between the hot and the cold leg, considering that the two flows are not physically separated. Two extreme opposite conditions can be investigated: no mixing and full mixing in the two streams of the secondary fluid. The actual heat transfer phenomena are certainly characterized by only a partial mixing ofthe shell side fluid between the legs, hence the analysis of these two extreme theoretical conditions will provide an upper and a lower limit for the actual temperature distribution.4.1 No mixing conditionsIn this hypothesis the U-tube heat exchanger can be modelled by two independent heat exchangers, a cocurrent heat exchanger for the hot leg and a eountercurrent heat exchanger for the cold leg. The only coupling condition is that, for the primary fluid, the inlet temperature in the cold side must be the exit temperature of the hot side. The numbers R, E, N, NTU can have different values for the two legs, because of thedifferent values of the heat transfer coefficients and physical properties. The energy balance equations are the same given in (2)--(4), where now the numbers E and Ns must be changed in E/2 and 2Ns in both legs, if we want to use in their definition the total secondary mass flow rate, since it is reduced in every leg to half the inlet mass flow rate ms. Of course it is understood that the area A to be used here is half of the total exchange area of the unit, as it occurs for the length L too. Recalling (5)--(9) and resorting to the subscripts c and h to label the cold and hot leg, respectively, the temperature profile is given bywhere the integration constants are:M. Spiga and G. Spiga: Temperature profiles in U-tube heat exchangersIf E, = 2 the solutions (13), (14) for the cold leg degenerate into4.2 Full mixing conditionsA different approach can be proposed to predict the temperature distributions in the core wall and fluids of the U-tube heat exchanger. The assumption of full mixing implies that the temperaturesof the secondary fluid in the two legs, at the same longitudinal section, are exactly coinciding. In this situation the steady state energy balance equations constitute the following differential set :The bulk wall temperature in both sides is thenand (18)--(22) are simplified to a set of three equations, whose summation gives a differential equation for the secondary fluid temperature, withgeneral solutionwhere # is an integration constant to be specified. Consequently a second order differential equation is deduced for the primary fluid temperature in the hot leg :where the numbers B, C and D are defined asThe solution to (24) allows to determine the temperaturesand the number G is defined asThe boundary conditions for the fluids i.e. provide the integration constantsAgain the fluid temperatures depend only on the numbers E and NTU.5 ResultsThe analytical solutions allow to deduce useful informations about temperature profiles and effectiveness. Concerning the U-tube heat exchanger, the solutions (10)--(15) and (25)--(27) have been used as a benchmark for the numerical predictions of a computer code [7], already validated, obtaining a very satisfactory agreement.M. Spiga and G. Spiga: Temperature profiles in U-tube heat exchangers 163 Moreover a testing has been performed considering a Shutte & Koerting Co. U-tube heat exchanger, designed for the cooling system of a spent nuclear fuel storage pool. The demineralized water of the fuel pit flows inside the tubes, the raw water in the shell side. The correct determination of the thermal resistances is very important to get a reliable prediction ; for every leg the heat transfer coefficients have been evaluated by the Bittus-Boelter correlation in the tube side [8], by the Weisman correlation in the shell side [9] ; the wall material isstainless steel AISI 304.and the circles indicate the experimental data supplied by the manufacturer. The numbers E, NTU, R for the hot and the cold leg are respectively 1.010, 0.389, 0.502 and 1.011, 0.38~, 0.520. The difference between the experimental datum and the analytical prediction of the exit temperature is 0.7％ for the primary fluid, 0.9% for the secondary fluid. The average exit temperature of the secondary fluid in the no mixing model differs from the full mixing result only by 0.6%. It is worth pointing out the relatively small differences between the profiles obtained through the two different hypotheses (full and no mixing conditions), mainly for the primary fluid; the actual temperature distribution is certainly bounded between these upper and lower limits,hence it is very well specified. Figures 3-5 report the longitudinal temperaturedistribution in the core wall, τw = (t -- νi)/(Ti -- νi), emphasizing theeffects of the parameters E, NTU, R.As above discussed this profile can be very useful for detailed stress analysis, for instance as anM. Spiga and G. Spiga: Temperature profiles in U-tube heat exchangersinput for related computer codes. In particular the thermal conditions at the U-bend transitions are responsible of a relative movement between the hot and the cold leg, producing hoop stresses with possible occurrence of tube cracking . It is evident that the cold leg is more constrained than the hot leg; the axial thermal gradient is higher in the inlet region and increases with increasing values of E, NTU, R. The heat exchanger effectiveness e, defined as the ratio of the actual heat transfer rate(mc)p (Ti-- Tout), Tout=Tc(O), to the maximum hypothetical rateunder the same conditions (mc)min (Ti- νi), is shown in Figs. 6, 7respectively versus the number of transfer units and the flow capacitance ratio. As known, the balanced heat exchangers E = 1) present the worst behaviour ; the effectiveness does not depend on R and is the same for reciprocal values of the flow capacitance ratio.U形管换热器m . Spiga和g . Spiga,博洛尼亚摘要:分析解决方案提供一些两相流体在u形管换热器中的分布情况。
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Unit 19 Types of Heat ExchangersHeat exchangers are equipment primarily for transferring heat between hot and cold streams.They have separate passages for the two streams and operate continuously.The most versatile and widely used exchangers are the shell-and-tube types but various plate and other types are valuable and economically competitive or superior in some applications.These other types will be discussed briefly but most of the space following will be devoted to the shell-and-tube types primarily because of their importance but also because they are most completely documented in the literature.Thus they can be designed with a degree of confidence to fit into a process.The other types are largely proprietary and for the most part must be process designed by their manufacturers.Plate-and-Frame Exchangers Plate-and-frame exchangers are assemblies of pressed corrugated plates on a frame. Gaskets in grooves around the periphery contain the fluids and direct the flows into and out of the spaces between the plates.Close spacing and the presence of the corrugations result in high coefficients on both sides several times those of shell-and-tube equipment and fouling factors are low.he accessibility of the heat exchange surface for cleaning makes them particularly suitable for fouling services and where a high degree of sanitation is required as in food and pharmaceutical processing.Operating pressures and temperatures are limited by the natures of the available gasketing materials with usual maxima of 300 psig and 400 F.Since plate-and-frame exchangers are made by comparatively few concerns most process design information about them is proprietary but may be made available to serious engineers.Friction factors and heat transfer coefficients vary with the plate spacing and the kinds of corrugations.Pumping costs per unit of heat transfer are said to be lower than for shell-and-tube equipment.1n stainless steel construction the plate-and-frame construction cot is 50%-70% that of the shell-and-tube.Spiral Heat Exchangers In spiral heat exchangers the hot fluid enters at the center of the spiral element and flows to the periphery; flow of the cold liquid is countercurrent entering at the periphery and leaving at the center.Heat transfer coefficients are high on both sides and there is no correction to the log mean temperature difference because of the true countercurrent'action. These factors may lead to surface requirements 20% or so less than those of shell-and-tube exchangers. Spiral types generally may be superior with highly viscous fluids at moderate pressures.Compact (Plate-Fin) Exchangers Compact exchangers are used primarily for gas service.Typically they have surfaces of the order of 1200 m2 /m3 corrugation height 3.8-11.8 mm corrugation thickness 0.2-0.6 mm and fin density 230-700 fins/m.The large extended surface permits about four times the heat transfer rate per unit volume that can be achieved with shell-and-tube construction.Units have been designed for pressiIres up to 80 atm or so.The close spacings militate against fouling mercially compact exchangers are used in cryogenic services and also for heat recovery at high temperatures in connection with gas turbines.For mobile units asin motor vehicles compact exchangers have the great merits of compactness and light weight.Any kind of arrangement of cross and countercurrent flows is feasible and three or more different streams can be accommodated in the same equipment.Pressure drop heat transfer relations and other aspects of design are well documented.Air Coolers In such equipment the process fluid flows through finned tubes and cooling air is blown across them with fans. The economics of application of air coolers favors services that allow 25-40 1" temperature difference between ambient air and process outlet.In the range above 10 Mbtu/l air coolers can be economically competítíve with watercoolers when water of adequate quality is available in su Hicient amountDouble-Pipe Exchangers This kind of exchanger consísts of a central pipe supported withín a larger one by packíng glands. The straight length is limited to a maximum of about 20 ft;otherwise the center pipe wi1l sag and cause poor distribution in the annulus.It is customary to operate with the high pressure high temperature high density and corrosive fluid in the inner pipe and the less demanding one in the annulus. The inner surface can be provide with scrapers as in dewaxing of oils or crystallization from solutions.External longitudinal fins in the annular space can be used to improve heat transfer with gases or viscous fluids.When greater heat transfer surfaces are needed several double-pipes can be stacked in any combination of series or parallel.Double-pipe exchangers have largely lost out to shell-and-tube units in recent years.They may be worth considering in these situations:1. When the shell-side coefficient is less than half that of the tube side;the annularside coeHicient can be made comparable to the tube side.2. Temperature crosses that require multishell shell-and-tube units can be avoided by the inherent true countercurrent flow in double pipes.3. High pressures can be accommodated more economically in the annulus than they can in a larger diameter shell.4. At duties requiring only 100~200 sqft of surface the double-pipe may be more economical even in comparison with off-the-shell unts.Shell-and-Tube Exchangers This type of exchangers will be discussed in the following section.(Selected from: Stanley M.Walas Chemical Process Equiment Butterworth Publishers 1988.)Words and Expressions1.passage n.通道，通过2.versatile a.多用途的，通用的3.proprietary a.专利的，私有的4.corrugate v.成波纹状，起波纹;corrugation n5.groove n.沟，槽6.coefficient n.系数7.gasket n.密封垫片8.foul v.弄脏，堵塞;fouling factor 污垢系数9.sanitation n.卫生10.pharmaceutical a.制药的；药物的11.countercurrent n. ; a.逆流12.fin n.翅片;v.装翅片itate v.妨碍，起作用14.cryogenic a.冷冻的，低温的15.recovery n.恢复，回收，再生16.gland n.填料盖，密封套17.sag v.下垂，下沉18.annulus n.环状空间; annular a环形的.19.dewax v.脱蜡20.crystallization n.结晶，结晶体21.stack n.堆积，烟囱22.inherent α.内在的，固有的23.accommodate v.调节，适度，容纳Unit 19 换热器的种类换热器起初是为了在热流和冷流中传热。