英文论文及外文翻译
毕业论文(设计)外文文献翻译及原文
金融体制、融资约束与投资——来自OECD的实证分析R．SemenovDepartment of Economics，University of Nijmegen，Nijmegen（荷兰内梅亨大学，经济学院）这篇论文考查了OECD的11个国家中现金流量对企业投资的影响.我们发现不同国家之间投资对企业内部可获取资金的敏感性具有显著差异,并且银企之间具有明显的紧密关系的国家的敏感性比银企之间具有公平关系的国家的低.同时，我们发现融资约束与整体金融发展指标不存在关系.我们的结论与资本市场信息和激励问题对企业投资具有重要作用这种观点一致，并且紧密的银企关系会减少这些问题从而增加企业获取外部融资的渠道。
一、引言各个国家的企业在显著不同的金融体制下运行。
金融发展水平的差别(例如，相对GDP的信用额度和相对GDP的相应股票市场的资本化程度），在所有者和管理者关系、企业和债权人的模式中，企业控制的市场活动水平可以很好地被记录.在完美资本市场,对于具有正的净现值投资机会的企业将一直获得资金。
然而，经济理论表明市场摩擦，诸如信息不对称和激励问题会使获得外部资本更加昂贵，并且具有盈利投资机会的企业不一定能够获取所需资本.这表明融资要素，例如内部产生资金数量、新债务和权益的可得性，共同决定了企业的投资决策.现今已经有大量考查外部资金可得性对投资决策的影响的实证资料（可参考，例如Fazzari（1998）、 Hoshi(1991)、 Chapman（1996）、Samuel(1998））.大多数研究结果表明金融变量例如现金流量有助于解释企业的投资水平。
这项研究结果解释表明企业投资受限于外部资金的可得性。
很多模型强调运行正常的金融中介和金融市场有助于改善信息不对称和交易成本，减缓不对称问题,从而促使储蓄资金投着长期和高回报的项目,并且提高资源的有效配置（参看Levine（1997)的评论文章）。
因而我们预期用于更加发达的金融体制的国家的企业将更容易获得外部融资.几位学者已经指出建立企业和金融中介机构可进一步缓解金融市场摩擦。
本科毕业论文外文翻译
本科毕业论文外文翻译Undergraduate Thesis External Translation (700 Words)Title: The Impact of Social Media on Consumer Behavior Abstract:With the rapid development of social media, its influence on consumer behavior has drawn increasing attention from scholars and marketers. This paper aims to explore the impact of social media on consumer behavior from the perspective of information acquisition, interpersonal communication, and brand evaluation. Through a literature review and analysis, it is found that social media has a significant impact on consumer behavior by providing easy access to information, facilitating communication between consumers, and influencing brand perception. This research provides valuable insights for marketers in understanding and utilizing social media platforms to effectively engage with consumers and influence their purchasing decisions.1. IntroductionSocial media has become an integral part of people's daily lives, and its impact on consumer behavior cannot be ignored. This paper aims to investigate the impact of social media on consumer behavior and provide practical implications for marketers. The research question is: How does social media influence consumer behavior in terms of information acquisition, interpersonal communication, and brand evaluation?2. Information Acquisition2.1 Social media provides a platform for consumers to easilyaccess information about products and services. Through social media platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, and Twitter, consumers can obtain product reviews, comparisons, and recommendations from peers. This information influences consumers' purchasing decisions and enhances their knowledge about products.2.2 Social media also serves as a source of entertainment and inspiration, enabling users to discover new trends and products. Influencers and celebrities, who gain popularity through social media, often endorse products and create consumer desire for these items. This form of indirect advertising through social media has a significant impact on consumer behavior.3. Interpersonal CommunicationSocial media platforms enable users to interact with friends, family, and even strangers. This communication aspect of social media hasa direct influence on consumer behavior.3.1 Word-of-mouth (WOM) communication through social media is prevalent. Consumers often share their positive or negative experiences with products on social media platforms, which influence others' opinions and purchasing decisions. These online conversations have a wide reach and can greatly impact brand perception.3.2 Social media facilitates communication between consumers and brands. Consumers can directly communicate with brands through social media channels, providing feedback, asking questions, and seeking assistance. This two-way communicationimproves customer satisfaction and loyalty.4. Brand Evaluation4.1 Social media plays a crucial role in brand evaluation. Consumers often seek information about brands, their values, and their reputation on social media platforms. Positive or negative brand mentions and reviews on social media greatly influence consumers' perceptions of brands, leading to either increased or decreased brand trust and loyalty.4.2 Social media influencers and celebrities endorsing particular brands also impact brand evaluation. These individuals' recommendations and opinions can greatly influence consumers' perceptions and preferences for specific brands.5. ConclusionIn conclusion, social media has a significant impact on consumer behavior by influencing information acquisition, interpersonal communication, and brand evaluation. Marketers should utilize and engage with social media platforms to effectively reach and influence their target customers. This research provides insights for marketers to enhance their social media strategies and create effective brand-consumer interactions.。
毕业论文英文参考文献与译文
Inventory managementInventory ControlOn the so-called "inventory control", many people will interpret it as a "storage management", which is actually a big distortion.The traditional narrow view, mainly for warehouse inventory control of materials for inventory, data processing, storage, distribution, etc., through the implementation of anti-corrosion, temperature and humidity control means, to make the custody of the physical inventory to maintain optimum purposes. This is just a form of inventory control, or can be defined as the physical inventory control. How, then, from a broad perspective to understand inventory control? Inventory control should be related to the company's financial and operational objectives, in particular operating cash flow by optimizing the entire demand and supply chain management processes (DSCM), a reasonable set of ERP control strategy, and supported by appropriate information processing tools, tools to achieved in ensuring the timely delivery of the premise, as far as possible to reduce inventory levels, reducing inventory and obsolescence, the risk of devaluation. In this sense, the physical inventory control to achieve financial goals is just a means to control the entire inventory or just a necessary part; from the perspective of organizational functions, physical inventory control, warehouse management is mainly the responsibility of The broad inventory control is the demand and supply chain management, and the whole company's responsibility.Why until now many people's understanding of inventory control, limited physical inventory control? The following two reasons can not be ignored:First, our enterprises do not attach importance to inventory control. Especially those who benefit relatively good business, as long as there is money on the few people to consider the problem of inventory turnover. Inventory control is simply interpreted as warehouse management, unless the time to spend money, it may have been to see the inventory problem, and see the results are often very simple procurement to buy more, or did not do warehouse departments .Second, ERP misleading. Invoicing software is simple audacity to call it ERP, companies on their so-called ERP can reduce the number of inventory, inventory control, seems to rely on their small software can get. Even as SAP, BAAN ERP world, the field ofthese big boys, but also their simple modules inside the warehouse management functionality is defined as "inventory management" or "inventory control." This makes the already not quite understand what our inventory control, but not sure what is inventory control.In fact, from the perspective of broadly understood, inventory control, shouldinclude the following:First, the fundamental purpose of inventory control. We know that the so-called world-class manufacturing, two key assessment indicators (KPI) is, customer satisfaction and inventory turns, inventory turns and this is actually the fundamental objective of inventory control.Second, inventory control means. Increase inventory turns, relying solely on the so-called physical inventory control is not enough, it should be the demand and supply chain management process flow of this large output, and this big warehouse management processes in addition to including this link, the more important The section also includes: forecasting and order processing, production planning and control, materials planning and purchasing control, inventory planning and forecasting in itself, as well as finished products, raw materials, distribution and delivery of the strategy, and even customs management processes.And with the demand and supply chain management processes throughout the process, it is the information flow and capital flow management. In other words, inventory itself is across the entire demand and supply management processes in all aspects of inventory control in order to achieve the fundamental purpose, it must control all aspects of inventory, rather than just manage the physical inventory at hand.Third, inventory control, organizational structure and assessment.Since inventory control is the demand and supply chain management processes, output, inventory control to achieve the fundamental purpose of this process must be compatible with a rational organizational structure. Until now, we can see that many companies have only one purchasing department, purchasing department following pipe warehouse. This is far short of inventory control requirements. From the demand and supply chain management process analysis, we know that purchasing and warehouse management is the executive arm of the typical, and inventory control should focus on prevention, the executive branch is very difficult to "prevent inventory" for the simple reason that they assessment indicatorsin large part to ensure supply (production, customer). How the actual situation, a reasonable demand and supply chain management processes, and thus set the corresponding rational organizational structure and is a question many of our enterprisesto exploreThe role of inventory controlInventory management is an important part of business management. In the production and operation activities, inventory management must ensure that both the production plant for raw materials, spare parts demand, but also directly affect the purchasing, sales of share, sales activities. To make an inventory of corporate liquidity, accelerate cash flow, the security of supply under the premise of minimizing Yaku funds, directly affects the operational efficiency. Ensure the production and operation needs of the premise, so keep inventories at a reasonable level; dynamic inventory control, timely, appropriate proposed order to avoid over storage or out of stock; reduce inventory footprint, lower total cost of inventory; control stock funds used to accelerate cash flow.Problems arising from excessive inventory: increased warehouse space andinventory storage costs, thereby increasing product costs; take a lot of liquidity, resultingin sluggish capital, not only increased the burden of payment of interest, etc., would affect the time value of money and opportunity income; finished products and raw materials caused by physical loss and intangible losses; a large number of enterprise resource idle, affecting their rational allocation and optimization; cover the production, operation of the whole process of the various contradictions and problems, is not conducive to improve the management level.Inventory is too small the resulting problems: service levels caused a decline in the profit impact of marketing and corporate reputation; production system caused by inadequate supply of raw materials or other materials, affecting the normal production process; to shorten lead times, increase the number of orders, so order (production) costs; affect the balance of production and assembly of complete sets.NotesInventory management should particularly consider the following two questions:First, according to sales plans, according to the planned production of the goods circulated in the market, we should consider where, how much storage.Second, starting from the level of service and economic benefits to determine howto ensure inventories and supplementary questions.The two problems with the inventory in the logistics process functions.In general, the inventory function:(1)to prevent interrupted. Received orders to shorten the delivery of goods fromthe time in order to ensure quality service, at the same time to prevent out of stock.(2)to ensure proper inventory levels, saving inventory costs.(3)to reduce logistics costs. Supplement with the appropriate time interval compatible with the reasonable demand of the cargo in order to reduce logistics costs, eliminate or avoid sales fluctuations.(4)ensure the production planning, smooth to eliminate or avoid sales fluctuations.(5)display function.(6)reserve. Mass storage when the price falls, reduce losses, to respond to disasters and other contingencies.About the warehouse (inventory) on what the question, we must consider the number and location. If the distribution center, it should be possible according to customer needs, set at an appropriate place; if it is stored in central places to minimize the complementary principle to the distribution centers, there is no place certain requirements. When the stock base is established, will have to take into account are stored in various locations in what commodities.库存管理库存控制在谈到所谓“库存控制”的时候，很多人将其理解为“仓储管理”，这实际上是个很大的曲解。
毕业论文外文翻译(中英文)
译文交通拥堵和城市交通系统的可持续发展摘要:城市化和机动化的快速增长,通常有助于城市交通系统的发展，是经济性，环境性和社会可持续性的体现,但其结果是交通量无情增加，导致交通拥挤。
道路拥挤定价已经提出了很多次，作为一个经济措施缓解城市交通拥挤，但还没有见过在实践中广泛使用，因为道路收费的一些潜在的影响仍然不明。
本文首先回顾可持续运输系统的概念,它应该满足集体经济发展,环境保护和社会正义的目标.然后,根据可持续交通系统的特点，使拥挤收费能够促进经济增长，环境保护和社会正义。
研究结果表明,交通拥堵收费是一个切实有效的方式，可以促进城市交通系统的可持续发展。
一、介绍城市交通是一个在世界各地的大城市迫切关注的话题。
随着中国的城市化和机动化的快速发展,交通拥堵已成为一个越来越严重的问题,造成较大的时间延迟,增加能源消耗和空气污染，减少了道路网络的可靠性．在许多城市,交通挤塞情况被看作是经济发展的障碍.我们可以使用多种方法来解决交通挤塞,包括新的基础设施建设，改善基础设施的维护和操作,并利用现有的基础设施,通过需求管理策略,包括定价机制,更有效地减少运输密度.交通拥堵收费在很久以前就已提出，作为一种有效的措施,来缓解的交通挤塞情况。
交通拥堵收费的原则与目标是通过对选择在高峰拥挤时段的设施的使用实施附加收费,以纾缓拥堵情况．转移非高峰期一些出行路线,远离拥挤的设施或高占用车辆，或完全阻止一些出行,交通拥堵收费计划将在节省时间和降低经营成本的基础上,改善空气中的质量，减少能源消耗和改善过境生产力。
此计划在世界很多国家和地方都有成功的应用。
继在2０世纪70年代初和8０年代中期挪威与新加坡实行收费环,在20０３年2月伦敦金融城推出了面积收费；直至现在,它都是已经开始实施拥挤收费的大都市圈中一个最知名的例子。
然而,交通拥堵收费由于理论和政治的原因未能在实践中广泛使用。
道路收费的一些潜在的影响尚不清楚,和城市发展的拥塞定价可持续性,需要进一步研究。
企业可持续发展战略研究论文中英文外文翻译文献
企业可持续发展战略研究论文中英文外文翻译文献文献1：Sustainable Development Strategies for Businesses该研究论文介绍了企业可持续发展战略的重要性以及相关的实施策略。
可持续发展不仅关注经济利益，还需兼顾社会和环境的利益。
本文提出了几种实施可持续发展战略的方法，包括资源管理、供应链管理和利益相关者合作。
企业应该采取综合性的战略，以确保其经营活动对社会和环境带来积极影响。
文献2：The Role of Corporate Governance in Sustainable Development该文献探讨了公司治理在可持续发展中的作用。
有效的公司治理可以确保企业在经济、社会和环境层面上实现可持续发展目标。
文章讨论了几个与公司治理相关的因素，包括股东权益保护、透明度和问责制。
作者强调了公司治理在促进可持续发展中的重要性，并提出了一些改善公司治理的建议。
文献3：Innovation Strategies for Sustainable Development该研究论文研究了创新战略在可持续发展中的作用。
创新可以推动经济发展，并帮助解决环境和社会问题。
本文提出了几种创新策略，包括技术创新、商业模式创新和社会创新。
作者认为，企业应该将创新作为实现可持续发展的关键策略，并呼吁政府和社会各界提供支持。
文献4：The Importance of Stakeholder Engagement in Sustainable Development该文献强调了利益相关者参与在可持续发展中的重要性。
利益相关者包括员工、股东、政府、社区和其他利益相关的组织。
作者认为，企业应该积极参与利益相关者，并尊重他们的权益和意见。
文章提出了一些有效的利益相关者参与策略，包括沟通、合作和共同决策。
该文献强调了利益相关者参与对企业可持续发展的重要性。
文献5：Measuring and Reporting Sustainability Performance of Businesses该研究论文研究了测量和报告企业可持续发展绩效的方法和指标。
毕业设计论文外文文献翻译
毕业设计(论文）外文文献翻译院系：财务与会计学院年级专业：201＊级财务管理姓名:学号：132148*＊*附件: 财务风险管理【Abstract】Although financial risk has increased significantly in recent years risk and risk management are not contemporary issues。
The result of increasingly global markets is that risk may originate with events thousands of miles away that have nothing to do with the domestic market。
Information is available instantaneously which means that change and subsequent market reactions occur very quickly。
The economic climate and markets can be affected very quickly by changes in exchange rates interest rates and commodity prices。
Counterparties can rapidly become problematic。
As a result it is important to ensure financial risks are identified and managed appropriately. Preparation is a key component of risk management。
【Key Words】Financial risk，Risk management，YieldsI. Financial risks arising1.1What Is Risk1.1.1The concept of riskRisk provides the basis for opportunity. The terms risk and exposure have subtle differences in their meaning. Risk refers to the probability of loss while exposure is the possibility of loss although they are often used interchangeably。
会计学毕业论文中英文资料外文翻译文献
会计学中英文资料外文翻译外文原文Title:Future of SME finance（Background – the environment for SME finance has changedFuture economic recovery will depend on the possibility of Crafts, Trades and SMEs to exploit their potential for growth and employment creation.SMEs make a major contribution to growth and employment in the EU and are at the heart of the Lisbon Strategy, whose main objective is to turn Europe into the most competitive and dynamic knowledge-based economy in the world. However, the ability of SMEs to grow depends highly on their potential to invest in restructuring, innovation and qualification. All of these investments need capital and therefore access to finance.Against this background the consistently repeated complaint of SMEs about their problems regarding access to finance is a highly relevant constraint that endangers the economic recovery of Europe.Changes in the finance sector influence the behavior of credit institutes towards Crafts, Trades and SMEs. Recent and ongoing developments in the banking sector add to the concerns of SMEs and will further endanger their access to finance. The main changes in the banking sector which influence SME finance are:•Globalization and internationalization have increased the competition and the profit orientation in the sector;•worsening of the economic situations in some institutes (burst of the ITC bubble, insolvencies) strengthen the focus on profitability further;•Mergers and restructuring created larger structures and many local branches, which had direct and personalized contacts with small enterprises, were closed;•up-coming implementation of new capital adequacy rules (Basel II) will also change SME business of the credit sector and will increase its administrative costs;•Stricter interpretation of State-Aide Rules by the European Commission eliminates the support of banks by public guarantees; many of the effected banks arevery active in SME finance.All these changes result in a higher sensitivity for risks and profits in the finance sector.The changes in the finance sector affect the accessibility of SMEs to finance.Higher risk awareness in the credit sector, a stronger focus on profitability and the ongoing restructuring in the finance sector change the framework for SME finance and influence the accessibility of SMEs to finance. The most important changes are: •In order to make the higher risk awareness operational, the credit sector introduces new rating systems and instruments for credit scoring;•Risk assessment of SMEs by banks will force the enterprises to present more and better quality information on their businesses;•Banks will try to pass through their additional costs for implementing and running the new capital regulations (Basel II) to their business clients;•due to the increase of competition on interest rates, the bank sector demands more and higher fees for its services (administration of accounts, payments systems, etc.), which are not only additional costs for SMEs but also limit their liquidity;•Small enterprises will lose their personal relationship with decision-makers in local branches –the credit application process will become more formal and anonymous and will probably lose longer;•the credit sector will lose more and more its “public function” to provide access to finance for a wide range of economic actors, which it has in a number of countries, in order to support and facilitate economic growth; the profitability of lending becomes the main focus of private credit institutions.All of these developments will make access to finance for SMEs even more difficult and / or will increase the cost of external finance. Business start-ups and SMEs, which want to enter new markets, may especially suffer from shortages regarding finance. A European Code of Conduct between Banks and SMEs would have allowed at least more transparency in the relations between Banks and SMEs and UEAPME regrets that the bank sector was not able to agree on such a commitment.Towards an encompassing policy approach to improve the access of Crafts, Trades and SMEs to financeAll analyses show that credits and loans will stay the main source of finance forthe SME sector in Europe. Access to finance was always a main concern for SMEs, but the recent developments in the finance sector worsen the situation even more. Shortage of finance is already a relevant factor, which hinders economic recovery in Europe. Many SMEs are not able to finance their needs for investment.Therefore, UEAPME expects the new European Commission and the new European Parliament to strengthen their efforts to improve the framework conditions for SME finance. Europe’s Crafts, Trades and SMEs ask for an encompassing policy approach, which includes not only the conditions for SMEs’ access to lending, but will also strengthen their capacity for internal finance and their access to external risk capital.From UEAPME’s point of view such an encompassing approach should be based on three guiding principles:•Risk-sharing between private investors, financial institutes, SMEs and public sector;•Increase of transparency of SMEs towards their external investors and lenders;•improving the regulatory environment for SME finance.Based on these principles and against the background of the changing environment for SME finance, UEAPME proposes policy measures in the following areas:1. New Capital Requirement Directive: SME friendly implementation of Basel IIDue to intensive lobbying activities, UEAPME, together with other Business Associations in Europe, has achieved some improvements in favour of SMEs regarding the new Basel Agreement on regulatory capital (Basel II). The final agreement from the Basel Committee contains a much more realistic approach toward the real risk situation of SME lending for the finance market and will allow the necessary room for adaptations, which respect the different regional traditions and institutional structures.However, the new regulatory system will influence the relations between Banks and SMEs and it will depend very much on the way it will be implemented into European law, whether Basel II becomes burdensome for SMEs and if it will reduce access to finance for them.The new Capital Accord form the Basel Committee gives the financial marketauthorities and herewith the European Institutions, a lot of flexibility. In about 70 areas they have room to adapt the Accord to their specific needs when implementing it into EU law. Some of them will have important effects on the costs and the accessibility of finance for SMEs.UEAPME expects therefore from the new European Commission and the new European Parliament:•The implementation of the new Capital Requirement Directive will be costly for the Finance Sector (up to 30 Billion Euro till 2006) and its clients will have to pay for it. Therefore, the implementation – especially for smaller banks, which are often very active in SME finance –has to be carried out with as little administrative burdensome as possible (reporting obligations, statistics, etc.).•The European Regulators must recognize traditional instruments for collaterals (guarantees, etc.) as far as possible.•The European Commission and later the Member States should take over the recommendations from the European Parliament with regard to granularity, access to retail portfolio, maturity, partial use, adaptation of thresholds, etc., which will ease the burden on SME finance.2. SMEs need transparent rating proceduresDue to higher risk awareness of the finance sector and the needs of Basel II, many SMEs will be confronted for the first time with internal rating procedures or credit scoring systems by their banks. The bank will require more and better quality information from their clients and will assess them in a new way. Both up-coming developments are already causing increasing uncertainty amongst SMEs.In order to reduce this uncertainty and to allow SMEs to understand the principles of the new risk assessment, UEAPME demands transparent rating procedures –rating procedures may not become a “Black Box” for SMEs:•The bank should communicate the relevant criteria affecting the rating of SMEs.•The bank should inform SMEs about its assessment in order to allow SMEs to improve.The negotiations on a European Code of Conduct between Banks and SMEs , which would have included a self-commitment for transparent rating procedures by Banks, failed. Therefore, UEAPME expects from the new European Commission andthe new European Parliament support for:•binding rules in the framework of the new Capital Adequacy Directive, which ensure the transparency of rating procedures and credit scoring systems for SMEs;•Elaboration of national Codes of Conduct in order to improve the relations between Banks and SMEs and to support the adaptation of SMEs to the new financial environment.3. SMEs need an extension of credit guarantee systems with a special focus on Micro-LendingBusiness start-ups, the transfer of businesses and innovative fast growth SMEs also depended in the past very often on public support to get access to finance. Increasing risk awareness by banks and the stricter interpretation of State Aid Rules will further increase the need for public support.Already now, there are credit guarantee schemes in many countries on the limit of their capacity and too many investment projects cannot be realized by SMEs.Experiences show that Public money, spent for supporting credit guarantees systems, is a very efficient instrument and has a much higher multiplying effect than other instruments. One Euro form the European Investment Funds can stimulate 30 Euro investments in SMEs (for venture capital funds the relation is only 1:2).Therefore, UEAPME expects the new European Commission and the new European Parliament to support:•The extension of funds for national credit guarantees schemes in the framework of the new Multi-Annual Programmed for Enterprises;•The development of new instruments for securitizations of SME portfolios;•The recognition of existing and well functioning credit guarantees schemes as collateral;•More flexibility within the European Instruments, because of national differences in the situation of SME finance;•The development of credit guarantees schemes in the new Member States;•The development of an SBIC-like scheme in the Member States to close the equity gap (0.2 – 2.5 Mio Euro, according to the expert meeting on PACE on April 27 in Luxemburg).•the development of a financial support scheme to encourage the internalizations of SMEs (currently there is no scheme available at EU level:termination of JOP, fading out of JEV).4. SMEs need company and income taxation systems, which strengthen their capacity for self-financingMany EU Member States have company and income taxation systems with negative incentives to build-up capital within the company by re-investing their profits. This is especially true for companies, which have to pay income taxes. Already in the past tax-regimes was one of the reasons for the higher dependence of Europe’s SMEs on bank lending. In future, the result of rating will also depend on the amount of capital in the company; the high dependence on lending will influence the access to lending. This is a vicious cycle, which has to be broken.Even though company and income taxation falls under the competence of Member States, UEAPME asks the new European Commission and the new European Parliament to publicly support tax-reforms, which will strengthen the capacity of Crafts, Trades and SME for self-financing. Thereby, a special focus on non-corporate companies is needed.5. Risk Capital – equity financingExternal equity financing does not have a real tradition in the SME sector. On the one hand, small enterprises and family business in general have traditionally not been very open towards external equity financing and are not used to informing transparently about their business.On the other hand, many investors of venture capital and similar forms of equity finance are very reluctant regarding investing their funds in smaller companies, which is more costly than investing bigger amounts in larger companies. Furthermore it is much more difficult to set out of such investments in smaller companies.Even though equity financing will never become the main source of financing for SMEs, it is an important instrument for highly innovative start-ups and fast growing companies and it has therefore to be further developed. UEAPME sees three pillars for such an approach where policy support is needed:Availability of venture capital•The Member States should review their taxation systems in order to create incentives to invest private money in all forms of venture capital.•Guarantee instruments for equity financing should be further developed.Improve the conditions for investing venture capital into SMEs•The development of secondary markets for venture capital investments inSMEs should be supported.•Accounting Standards for SMEs should be revised in order to ease transparent exchange of information between investor and owner-manager.Owner-managers must become more aware about the need for transparency towards investors•SME owners will have to realise that in future access to external finance (venture capital or lending) will depend much more on a transparent and open exchange of information about the situation and the perspectives of their companies.•In order to fulfil the new needs for transparency, SMEs will have to use new information instruments (business plans, financial reporting, etc.) and new management instruments (risk-management, financial management, etc.).外文资料翻译题目：未来的中小企业融资背景：中小企业融资已经改变未来的经济复苏将取决于能否工艺品，贸易和中小企业利用其潜在的增长和创造就业。
论文外文文献翻译
论文外文文献翻译以下是一篇700字左右的论文外文文献翻译：原文题目：The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Medical Diagnostics: A Review原文摘要：In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the use of artificial intelligence (AI) in the field of medical diagnostics. AI has the potential to improve the accuracy and efficiency of medical diagnoses, and can assist clinicians in making treatment decisions. This review aims to examine the current state of AI in medical diagnostics, and discuss its advantages and limitations. Several AI techniques, including machine learning, deep learning, and natural language processing, are discussed. The review also examines the ethical and legal considerations associated with the use of AI in medical diagnostics. Overall, AI has shown great promise in improving medical diagnostics, but further research is needed to fully understand its potential benefits and limitations.AI在医学诊断中发挥的作用：一项综述近年来，人工智能（AI）在医学诊断领域的应用引起了越来越多的关注。
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南京工程学院英文论文及中文翻译英文论文题目:APPLICATION OFCOMPUTATIONAL AND DESIGNAPPROACHES TO IMPROVECARRIER STABILITY英文论文出处:P r o c e d i a E n g i n e e r i n gVo l.96中文翻译题目:运用计算和设计的方法来提高载体稳定性的应用专业:车辆工程（汽车技术）班级: 汽车技术112 学号:215110212学生姓名: 贾理想指导教师: 贺曙新副教授运用计算和设计的方法来提高载体稳定性的应用Alžbeta Sapietováa*,Vladimír Dekýšb,Milan Sapietac,Peter Pecháčd 摘要：本文的目的是提供理论和设计方法,其中包含金属碎片的小车输送机的机械装置的使用适用性的评估及其离散优化和设计修改。
运用Adams软件和在Matlab软件环境下建立的原始算法来解决这个问题。
关键词：机械装置，碎片运输机，优化，概率，液压装置，Adams，Matlab命名法f 目标函数i系统中框架成员的数量j 除去j自由度以外的几何约束的种类数n 自由度数目p point点估计的概率pα置信区间x 优化变量的向量希腊符号α 置信水平λ罚系数σmax最大主应力ω角速度1.引言轴承套圈加工线的设计需要改进具有特定参数的排屑输送机。
在一般的皮带输送机上，碎片的重心是不稳定，造成他们的传输问题。
因此碎片输送机车厢的开发应满足下列条件：a)有更大的力量和更高能力来把颗粒运输到相比其他的运输机更大的距离；b)运输不只是灵活，长和车削的碎片，而且大批量的的短小的密度大的碎片芯片具有更大的重量，体积单位；c)在生产大厅地面下工作，并要由其他输送机或工人按操作手册操作。
已经进行的测试和经验表明，如果输送机要满足给定的要求，必须选择最优设计参数。
在努力扩大这种运输机在行业应用上时，提出设计修改。
前面是几种类型的分析[1]。
2.小车式碎片输送机功能输送机用这样的方式设计，在 126. 63m轨道上，小车安装了一个附有耙的车厢(4)（如图1）。
其工作原理是基于车厢自重推动碎片到轨道(1)底部，同时向输送机的运动方向运动。
小车式输送机由两个液压缸(7) 及 (8) 通过下杆件(2) 和上杆件(3) 驱动。
图 1 显示安装耙子的车厢在最低的位置，埋在金属碎片下(6)，第二个耙子部分抬起并撕裂一堆金属屑，这些表明一个耙子不会干扰其他耙字和设备运动。
图1 小车式金属碎片输送机和液压设备用的原理图输送机的工作模式可以分为四个阶段： 1. 运输 (如图2.a)在碎片在轨道上运输的过程中，下杆件按速度v 21移动。
下杆件驱动上杆件缓慢移动。
当下杆件沿着指示速度的方向运动的时候，附着耙的车厢通过枢轴槽副连接运动，同时驱动通过旋转副连接的小车。
机械设备运动的这一阶段的工作模式计算公式 (1)：n = 3( i - 1) - ∑jdj 2j=1 = 3( 4 – 1 ) - 2*3 - 1*1 = 2 DOF (1)其中 3(i-1) 是一组自由部件的的自由度。
图2 碎片输送机工作模式：a )运输 b )车厢上升 c )系统移动 d )车厢下降2. 车厢上升接下来的工作模式是车厢在运输碎片上面的的上移。
下杆件保持静止。
上 杆件继续运动，推动小车，车厢通过旋转副和枢轴槽副连接升高到运输的碎片上面(如图2.b )。
车厢上升期间，下杆件保持静止，即我们认为作为一个框架，从而在这一阶段的工作模式的自由度是： n = 3 ( 4 – 1 ) - 2*3 - 1*2 = 1 DOF3. 系统的移动系统的移动是通过静止不动的上杆和向后移动的下杆，所以该系统移回的一个工作循环的开始（如图2.c ） 。
4. 车厢的下降液压缸(7) 向后推动上杆件，实现车厢下移到其初始位置，而下杆件静止不动。
在运动中，保险杠释放小车和车厢依靠自重返回到较低的位置。
车厢下降到初始位置，工作循环开始重复。
3. 优化过程的应用为了达到适当倾斜性能式输送机，必须正确设计车厢的重量。
如果车厢重量太小，与输送金属的接触是不够的。
如果体重太大，芯片的大电阻可以导致式输送机故障。
优化参数的选择可以参考公式[2]。
所选择的优化变量要尽可能减轻车厢的重量，而不大于最大约束应力（考虑疲劳寿命）[3][4]。
根据以前的经验分析，所选择的优化变量为车厢的外部直径D 和几何参数r 和r 3（如图3）。
然后优化变量的向量是：x =[x 1 x 2 x 3]T =[D r r 3]T (2)目标函数由车厢横截面面积组成，如下所示：F (x )=π∙(D 2−d 2)4=π∙[D 2−(0.87∙D 2)]4 (3)因为 σmax ≤35 MPa ，而且 F (x )=λ∙π∙(D 2−d 2)4=λ∙π∙[D 2−(0.87∙D 2)]4 (4)因为 σmax >35 MPa ，其中罚系数λ可以取2。
图3 优化变量示意图 图4 车厢在优化前的应力 σm a x参数r 和r 3在目标函数中的影响"隐藏"在罚系数中，即这些参数直接影响最大弯曲时刻的应力σmax 的大小（如图4）[5]。
起始值的选择上，从原始的r =150 mm 开始努力增加车厢拉杆的尺寸，以减少车厢工作部分的重量。
表1是在Matlab 环境中优化过程的结果和在ADAMS 中考虑到车厢的灵活性的分析结果。
表1 优化过程中的监测参数的值监测的参数Χ1 [mm ] Χ2 [mm ] Χ3 [mm ] 目标函数f [mm 2] 最大应力σmax [MPa ] 起始值50 240 575 536 30.02 最优值39.5 201.3 550.6 276.5 35 ADAMS 中计算的值 40 200 557 - *39.0 *在ADAMS/AutoFlex 环境中通过柔性体模型计算出的最大应力值。
图5 在ADAMS 中选择点压力的变化过程4. 不确定参数对小车式输送机使用适用性影响的评价前面的部分是所有输入的参数的确定。
然而由于制造公差，工作条件的变化（但还是可以接受的）和用户干预的结果，我们要考虑到所选参数变异性。
在第一次迭代中，我们认为这些参数是相应区间上均匀分布的随机变量。
其实际值是（如图6）：重量的杆 Q ∈（150，220）N ，磨擦系数 f 1∈(0.1,0.2),系数的关键摩擦 f p ∈(0.08,0.1)，碎片高度 A ∈(80,450)mm ，碎片的体积系数 W ∈(15,30)，车厢杠杆的长度 r ∈(150,200)mm ，压力车厢的倾斜角φ∈(90,135)mm，图6 负载和可变参数对于提到的输入值，有可能获得通过多个始于分析关系止于模拟方法的程序的概率描述。
为了避免复杂的解析关系，以及利用不同的概率密度函数直方图的直观性，我们选择Monte Carlo方法。
图7和8是产生的的力Y3、碎片摩擦力X3的概率密度函数图。
通过缩小Q 值和r值的范围，达到润滑要求的f1和f p值和优化生产大厅里的加工机器的设备，还有可能轨道深度的校核，来努力减小Y3值的不利区间。
图7概率表示的阻力X3与应力Y3之间的关系图最大化减小Y3的不利区间也就是最大化概率P，这样能够确定该设备具有的能力来实现（在轨道中运输碎片）和保证所有组件（机械、液压、电子）处于运行状态的功能。
上述的概率是：P=Prob{Y3≥0}. (5)且基于模拟仿真，我们可以确定其估计值[6]， -点估计p point和pα（´100.α-置信区间百分比）。
例如α=0.95p point=0.9235，p0.95=(0.923,0.924). (6)图8产生的阻力X3和应力Y3的概率密度图5.液压装置保证接触稳定如果由碎片造成的阻力上升高于可接受水平，设计允许车厢开始上升，以避免将设备超载(如图9)。
当车厢升高时，耙子划分输送的物料，因此荷载减小，随后耙子靠自重下降。
碎片包装的压实度和包装时候作用在上面力的大小决定运输的碎片包能够完全分成两部分。
为了防止过载或耙子不接触碎片，我们对此进行了分析[7]。
图9装载碎片时的位置图10液压装置本文介绍，运用在小车和上杆件之间的液压装置，可以解决目前的问题（如图10和图11）。
在碎片运输过程中，该装置按压耙子，在输送机过载时候，该装置放开耙子。
这可确保耙子时刻与输送物料接触[8][9]。
液压缸(10) 固定在上杆，活塞与活塞杆连接到手推车。
两个并行分开的液压支路从液压缸处引出。
液压控制回路的第一个分支与第一个液压阀(11) 连接，在第二个支路与第二个单向液压阀(12) 或溢流液压阀(13) 相连（如图11）。
在移动小车的一侧，液压缸的灌装孔与灌装箱通过液压油相连通。
当耙子耙住碎片，因为车厢负荷不断增加，液压缸内的压力也在不断上升。
如果单向液压阀(12) 的压力不超过允许的最大压力p max，耙子不会上升，而将碎片运输到在给定位置。
如果碎片产生的阻力很到，以至于超过单向液压阀的最大压力，即p1≥p max，液压油开始通过回路流进活塞的另一侧，耙子开始提升（如图11）。
耙子继续上升直到碎片和耙子之间的阻力不下降，然后将碎片分开。
大包碎片被分为几个部分后，液压缸内的压力下降到低于最大值,耙子下降，由其自身的质量和缸内的压力将液压油通过第一个液压阀推向活塞的另一侧(11) ，此时具有很小的开放压力p2（如图12）。
图11液压装置-耙子上升在抓耙期间，耙子的最大行程，受到在移动的小车上的液压缸中与上杆件连接的活塞的最大行程的限制。
当引入一个设备以防止小车运输机超载时，有一个装配必须要进行测试，以确定液压元件是否适合给定类型的金属碎片的运输的(6)[10]。
此测试可以通过溢流阀来实现(13) 。
图12液压装置-耙子下降6.总结在优化过程中，所设计的参数，努力减少车厢质量，而不违反应力约束。
当Y3是非负矩阵时，概率估计为测量设备正常功能的概率提供帮助，而设备的可靠性决定了测量的设备无故障概率（在给定的时间内）。
所用的Monte Carlo方法耗费时间，而是一般的可以简单地获得的数据集处理和演示文稿的广泛手段。
对防过载小车式金属碎片输送机的的设备可以方便地用于耙子输送机，机械工业中主要用于收集金属碎片。
经过一些修改，输送机可用于非机械行业的金属或非金属对象的运输。
在超载风险很明显，比如长途运输或者需要大功率小车的情况下，可以运用带有防超载设备的小车式输送机。
如有必要，该输送机可也用于斜坡上运输。
上述的优势主要适应对过载、独立功能的单个耙和耙子在碎片上面向后的运动的情况。
鸣谢这项工作得到了VEGA机构的VEGA1/1259年/12和VEGA1/1000年/12支持。