《沙丘2000(DUNE2000)》简易攻略
岬湾海滩岬角沙丘过路输沙研究现状
2024年 第2期海洋开发与管理115岬湾海滩岬角沙丘过路输沙研究现状罗时龙1,靳瑞芳2(1.海南热带海洋学院海洋科学技术学院 三亚 572022;2.海南热带海洋学院理学院 三亚 572022)收稿日期:2023-08-14;修订日期:2024-01-10基金项目:海南省自然科学基金项目(421M S 052);海南省引进人才启动基金项目(R H D R C 202106).作者简介:罗时龙,高级工程师,博士,研究方向为海岸动力地貌㊁海滩生态养护和近海沉积环境摘要:文章从岬湾海滩㊁岬角沙丘以及岬角沙丘过路输沙的概念出发,引出岬角沙丘过路输沙的概念模式,总结岬角沙丘过路输沙的常用研究方法和研究现状,指出岬角-海滩-沙丘系统在海岸带输沙中的重要作用;针对我国海岸风沙地貌研究的现状,提出应加快海岸风沙资源现状调查㊁加强海岸风沙地貌过程研究以及协调海岸风沙地貌资源开发利用与修复保护,为我国海岸沙丘相关研究明确方向㊂关键词:岬湾海滩;岬角沙丘;岬角沙丘过路输沙;海岸侵蚀与淤积;海岸沙丘资源中图分类号:P 737.1;P 748 文献标志码:A 文章编号:1005-9857(2024)02-0115-07AR e v i e wo fH e a d l a n dO v e r p a s s i n g i nH e a d l a n d -b a y Be a c h e s L U OS h i l o n g 1,J I N R u if a n g2(1.C o l l e g e o fM a r i n eS c i e n c e a n dT e c h n o l o g y ,H a i n a nT r o p i c a lO c e a nU n i v e r s i t y ,S a n ya 572022,C h i n a ;2.C o l l e g e o f S c i e n c e ,H a i n a nT r o p i c a lO c e a nU n i v e r s i t y ,S a n ya 572022,C h i n a )Ab s t r ac t :S t a r t i n g f r o m t h e c o n c e p t s o f h e ad l a n d -b a y be a c h ,h e a d l a n d d u n ef i e l d s a n d h e a d l a n d o v e r p a s s i ng ,thi s p a p e r i n t r o d u c e dt h ec o n c e p t u a lm o d e l o fh e a d l a n do v e r p a s s i n g ,s u mm a r i z e dt h ec o m -m o n l y u s e d r e s e a r c hm e t h o d s a n d r e s e a r c hs t a t u s o f h e a d l a n dd u n e t r a n s p o r t b y ro a d ,a n d p o i n t e do u t t h e i m p o r t a n t r o l e o f h e a d l a n d -b e a c h -d u n e s y s t e mi n c o a s t a l s e d i m e n t t r a n s p o r t .A c c o r d i n g t o t h e p r e s e n t s i t u -a t i o no f c o a s t a l d u n e r e s e a r c h i nC h i n a ,i tw a s s u g g e s t e d t h a t t h e i n v e s t i g a t i o no f c o a s t a l d u n e r e s o u r c e s s h o u l db e a c c e l e r a t e d ,t h es t u d y o f c o a s t a l a e o l i a ns a n d g e o m o r p h o l o g yp r o c e s ss h o u l db es t r e n g t h e n e d ,a n d t h e d e v e l o p m e n t ,u t i l i z a t i o n ,r e s t o r a t i o na n d p r o t e c t i o no f c o a s t a l d u n e r e s o u r c e s s h o u l db e c o o r d i n a -t e d ,s o a s t o c l a r i f y t h e d i r e c t i o no f r e l a t e d r e s e a r c ho n c o a s t a l s a n dd u n e s i nC h i n a .K e yw o r d s :H e a d l a n d -b a y b e a c h ,H e a d l a n d d u n e f i e l d s ,H e a d l a n d o v e r p a s s i n g ,C o a s t a l e r o s i o n a n d a c c r e t i o n ,C o a s t a l d u n e r e s o u r c e s0 引言全球约有30%的海岸线为砂质岸线,其中约有50%的砂质岸线以岬湾海岸地貌的形态呈现,这些海滩可称为岬湾海滩[1-2]㊂我国海滩资源的整体布局受新构造运动影响显著,亦以岬湾海岸为主要特征,构成复杂多样的砂质堆积地貌,岬湾海岸线约占总海岸线的66%,其中砂质岸线又占岬湾海岸线的近50%[3]㊂由此可见,无论是在全球还是在我国,岬湾海滩在规模上都占据重要位置㊂在岬湾海滩中,岬角构成自然的边界,在一定116海洋开发与管理2024年程度上限制沉积物的运移过程,其中岬角旁路输沙(H B)和岬角沙丘过路输沙(HO)是岬湾海滩沉积物运移的2种方式[4-5]㊂除此之外,岬湾海滩的沉积物运移还受海岸水动力㊁风沙动力以及沉积物特征等因素的影响,使得岬湾海滩的泥沙运移总是随着时间和空间变化,造成泥沙运移的不连续性和间歇性[5],在计算局部岸段年际沉积物收支过程时必须同时考虑这2种输沙方式㊂对于岬角沙丘过路输沙占主导地位的岬湾来说,岬角沙丘的地貌动力特征㊁地表覆被变化㊁土地利用变化以及其他人类活动影响决定沉积物源汇过程,表现为岬角上下游海滩的侵蚀或淤积㊂从20世纪90年代开始,岬角沙丘过路输沙研究从最初的野外观察发展到现阶段的遥感㊁监测和数值模拟相结合的手段,取得一系列新的理论成果,在海岸输沙理论和工程应用方面取得重大进展㊂本研究回顾岬湾海滩岬角沙丘过路输沙研究现状,梳理其近40年来的发展过程,提出我国在该领域研究的不足之处,以期促进海岸动力地貌学的发展和革新㊂1研究现状1.1岬湾海滩的分类岬湾海滩通常以天然或人工的岬头为界,包围一段弯曲的砂质岸线㊂岬湾海滩常被赋予不同的名称,如Z e t a(ζ)海滩㊁心形海滩㊁对数螺线海滩㊁锯齿形海滩㊁钩状海滩㊁袋状海滩㊂多数的岬湾海滩是不对称的,由上游弯曲的遮蔽段㊁中间微弯的过渡段和下游平直的切线段组成㊂S i l v e s t e r等[6-7]和H s u等[8]认为岬湾海滩存在静态平衡㊁动态平衡和不稳定3种状态㊂①静态平衡岬湾没有泥沙进入和输出,沿岸输沙率均为零,岬湾总输沙率为零㊂②动态平衡岬湾包括2种:一种是虽然存在不同方向的沿岸输沙,但全年2个方向的输沙率相等,则净输沙为零,海岸没有侵蚀和淤积;另一种是虽然海岸存在净输沙,但相邻2个端面的净输沙相等,海岸仍没有侵蚀和淤积㊂③不稳定岬湾的上下游输沙率在一定时空范围内不等,海岸出现侵蚀或淤积㊂通常情况下,可根据岬角的个数㊁海滩的形态㊁海湾的开敞与遮蔽情况对岬湾海滩进行分类㊂H s u 等[9]划分4种类型的岬湾海滩,即单型岬湾㊁复型岬湾㊁河口沙嘴型岬湾和连岛沙坝型岬湾㊂①单型岬湾在优势浪的作用下形成单曲线海滩,是最常见的岬湾海滩类型;通常下游无岬角或有突出的规模较小的岬角,海滩基本处于静态平衡状态(图1)㊂②复型岬湾又称凹形海湾,由2个岬角和2条曲线海滩构成,整体上近对称;上下游各有1个岬角,易受季节性的水动力影响,存在季节性的输沙,海滩处于静态或动态平衡状态(图2)㊂③河口沙嘴型岬湾形成于大型岬角的遮蔽段,河流输运物质通常由此入海;由于上游河流沉积物的输入,海滩通常处于动态平衡状态(图3)㊂④连岛沙坝型岬湾通常形成于海岛波影区,处于相对较弱的水动力环境,允许沙嘴和沙坝的发育,如山东芝罘岛以连岛沙坝与陆地相连而形成岬湾海滩(图4)㊂图1单型岬湾F i g.1 S i n g l eb a y w i t hs i n g l e c u r v a t u re图2复型岬湾F i g.2C o n c a v eb a y i nd o u b l e c u r v a t u r e s第2期罗时龙,等:岬湾海滩岬角沙丘过路输沙研究现状117图3 河口沙嘴型岬湾F i g .3 I n l e t s pi t s h e l t e r e db e h i n dh e a d l a nd 图4 连岛沙坝型岬湾F i g .4 T o m b o l oh e a d l a n d -b a y be a c h 1.2 岬角沙丘的概念T i n l e y [10]认为岬角沙丘是海岸沙丘的类型之一,属于地形阻碍沙丘;这种沙丘并不像海岸输沙那样绕过岬角,而是由岬角陆侧路过,是特殊的进积型海岸沙丘;而且其向海洋方向发展而不是向内陆延伸,最终为岬角下游的海滩供沙(图5)㊂J a c k s o n 等[11]认为岬角沙丘有独特的迁移方式,并将其列为海岸沙丘的类型之一㊂此外,在巴西南部海岸㊁南非海岸㊁澳大利亚海岸㊁西欧海岸以及非洲西部岛屿海岸都存在岬角沙丘,学者将其作为单独的海岸风沙地貌类型进行相关研究㊂图5 岬湾海滩岬角沙丘位置F i g .5 H e a d l a n do v e r p a s s i n g du n e f i e l d s a c r o s s t h eh e a d l a n d 1.3 岬角沙丘输沙的概念模型岬角沙丘过路输沙是指在岬湾海滩中通过岬角陆侧沙丘将沉积物从上游海滩输运到下游海滩的过程㊂岬角沙丘过路输沙的过程与岬角沿岸输沙有所区别:岬角沙丘过路输沙是沉积物通过岬角陆侧运移,输沙动力为风沙驱动;岬角沿岸输沙(也称岬角旁路输沙)是沉积物绕过岬角的滨海运移,输沙动力为沿岸流驱动㊂有学者认为岬角沙丘过路输沙应满足3个条件[5]:①岬角上游海滩有充足的物源供应;②岬角地形㊁海滩走向和优势风向满足沉积物运移的条件;③岬角下游海滩作为沉积物源汇有足够的容纳空间㊂一些学者分别提出岬角沙丘过路输沙和岬角旁路输沙的概念模式(图6)[12-15]㊂图6 岬角沙丘过路输沙与岬角旁路输沙的概念模式F i g .6 T h e c o n c e p t u a lm o d e l o f h e a d l a n do v e r p a s s i n g an d h e a d l a n db y p a s s i n g1.4 岬角沙丘过路输沙的相关研究岬角沙丘过路输沙的研究方法取决于研究目的和研究的时空尺度㊂①野外观察是最早的研究方法,同时是最常用的直观观测方法㊂例如:对岬湾海滩侵蚀地貌的野外观察能够看到侵蚀陡坎和陡崖㊁裸露的植被根系㊁倒塌在岸滩上的构筑物,据此可以推断岸滩侵蚀的时间和空间尺度㊂②借助地图软件,通过对比和处理长时间尺度的卫星影像资料,能够大致解释岸滩侵蚀和淤积的原因,计算岸线变化速率,甚至预测演变趋势㊂③通过沉积物测年,在时间框架下分析沉积物的粒度㊁矿物㊁古生物以及岩相特征,能够重建沉积过程,并了解沉积118海洋开发与管理2024年物的历史运移路径和源汇过程㊂④通过地形测量,能够揭示岬角-海滩-沙丘系统的地貌变化过程㊂海岸风沙地貌过程研究的测量设备包括R T K-G P S㊁无人机载光谱测量系统㊁激光雷达系统等,也有学者使用浅地层剖面仪研究沉积物的构造特征并反演沉积物的沉积建构㊂岬角沙丘过路输沙的主要研究方法及其优缺点如表1所示[5]㊂表1岬角沙丘过路输沙的主要研究方法及其优缺点T a b l e1T h em a i nm e t h o d s o f i n v e s t i g a t i o na n d i t s a d v a n t a g e s/d i s a d v a n t a g e s o fH O方法时间尺度空间尺度优点缺点野外观察周㊁月㊁年百米最早使用的观测方法,在不借用仪器设备的状况下是获取第一手资料的最直接方法对缺乏经验的野外工作者不适用遥感年㊁年代百米㊁千米对卫星影像㊁航空照片和视频监测资料进行地理空间信息分析,能够为岬角海滩系统演变提供大量可用信息只能提供某个时刻的影像,不连续沉积物采样月㊁年米㊁百米在潜在的沉积物运移路径上,若沉积物特征相似甚至对等,则很可能发生沿岸旁路或岬角过路输沙,从而了解沉积物的历史运移路径和源汇过程实验室分析时间较长,只能提供小范围的资料地形测量季㊁年百米㊁千米计算沉积物运移速率和沉积物通量需要长期连续观测M c L a c h l a n等[12]运用野外观察的方法最先关注岬角沙丘过路输沙,并报道南非海岸的3个岬角沙丘过路输沙案例,指出岬角沙丘过路输沙是海岸带沉积物输运系统的一部分,岬角沙丘能作为输沙走廊将风沙沉积物从上风向海滩输送到下风向海滩;同时,追溯岬角沙丘地貌的演化历史,指出人类活动造成的沙丘固化阻断沉积物运移通道以及改变海岸带沉积物系统输沙平衡,导致岬角下游产生严重的沉积物 赤字 ,引发岸滩侵蚀与岸线后退㊂有学者在研究南非海岸的岬角沙丘时提出应重视岬角沙丘过路输沙过程,并充分认识海岸带沉积物输运系统的完整性和重要性[16-17]㊂P i n t o等[13]利用遥感影像分析方法研究S a n t i n h o-I n g l e s e s岬角-沙丘-海滩系统中的沙丘变化过程,并对沙丘植被覆被变化㊁城镇化以及沙丘迁移进行统计分析;研究表明,1938-2013年研究区植被覆被增加58%,大面积活动沙丘已逐渐被植被覆盖,沙丘固化过程显著,2002 2014年输沙量减少17%,同时城镇化进程逐年加快,受二者影响,沙丘迁移速率明显降低,从而减少向下游的输沙量,引起岸滩侵蚀㊂B o e y i n g a等[18]的研究表明,如果S a n t i n h o沙丘停止对下游海滩供沙,20年后海滩将后退60m;植被固化和城镇化是引起岬角沙丘动力地貌过程的主要因素,其改变海岸带沉积物运移系统的输沙平衡㊂C a l v e n t o等[19]利用卫星图片和遥感影像研究海岛岬角输沙,认为海岛的海岸带输沙系统也符合岬角沙丘过路输沙理论,给出海岛沙丘系统沉积物运移的概念模式,指出应从整体观念出发把海岛看成单独系统来研究㊂C l a u d i n o-S a l e s等[20]运用遥感手段分析不同时期的卫星图片来获取岬角沙丘覆被变化状况,半定量地给出岬角上下游的海岸侵蚀和淤积量,指出人类活动是造成岬角-海滩-沙丘系统沉积物收支失衡和土地覆被变化的主要因素㊂为研究C r e s m i n a岬角沙丘过路输沙的过程, R e b e l o等[21]监测沙丘的地形变化,运用D G P S的R T K模式采集数据,分别于2000年和2001年测量沙丘地形,利用数字地形模型计算单宽输沙量;研究表明,C r e s m i n a海岸沙丘是向前进积的过路沙丘,以平均5m/年的速度向前进积,向下游的单宽输沙量达到40m3/年,形成下游海岸的持续沙源㊂K l e i n等[22]运用同样的方法研究巴西南部海岸的岬角沙丘过路输沙,给出沙丘的储沙量和输沙率,结合前人的研究指出岬角沙丘沉积物收入大于支出,沙丘将持续向下游海滩供沙㊂第2期罗时龙,等:岬湾海滩岬角沙丘过路输沙研究现状119自M c L a c h l a n等[12]对岬角沙丘过路输沙开展研究以来,世界范围内开展多项相关研究㊂D e r e l e等[5]总结前人的研究成果,提出 适应自然过程 的发展模式;近年来,学者们分别在各自著作中涉及岬角沙丘过路输沙的内容,指出岬角沙丘过路输沙的重要性[9,23-26]㊂国内学者董玉祥[27-28]和方海燕等[29]对我国海岸风沙地貌类型进行研究,但没有对岬角沙丘进行描述,目前我国仍未有该方面的研究成果发表㊂2我国海岸沙丘输沙现状2.1海岸沙丘固化严重,活动沙丘锐减乌戈特茉勒等[30]利用地形图和E T M影像数据研究近50年来河北昌黎黄金海岸的沙地变化,结果表明海岸沙地空间范围经历由初期的扩展到后期的缩减变化,如有林沙地的面积由1956年的1.23k m2扩展到2000年的58.44k m2,增加近60倍,而裸沙地面积则不断减少㊂王金华等[31]利用G I S技术分析福建海岸沙地利用的变化情况和驱动因素,结果亦表明海岸沙地总体呈减少趋势, 56年间共减少931.53h m2,缩减速度达到17h m2/年㊂廖继武[32]在研究海南西部沿海地区防护林演变规律时发现,自20世纪50年代以来,海南西部沿海风沙化土地呈减少趋势,到2000年减少到历史最低水平,而防护林面积则一直呈增加势头㊂自20世纪中期以来,典型的海岸带土地利用变化规律表明,从北方到南方的海岸带沙地的土地利用类型发生巨大变化,主要是由裸沙地转变成有林沙地或防护林㊂分析表明,治沙造林和城镇化是土地利用方式改变的主要驱动力,由此造成海岸风沙地貌植被覆被增加㊁沙丘固化率升高以及原本的活动沙丘变成固定沙丘㊂防护林具有固沙功能毋庸置疑,但同时也阻断风沙的运移路径,从而改变风沙地貌的自然演化规律㊂2.2沙丘海岸侵蚀和淤积严重,灾害地质现象频发根据文献研究可知,对于岬角沙丘过路输沙海岸,岬角陆侧输沙通道是沉积物运移的走廊,上游海滩的沉积物在风驱动下被搬运到下游海滩,并为下游海滩补充沉积物沙源㊂也就是说,岬角-沙丘-海滩组成有机联系的系统,该系统中存在自身的沉积物源㊁沉积物汇和沉积物运移路径,从而保证系统泥沙收支平衡;而泥沙收支平衡一旦被打破,在建立新平衡的过程中就会出现海岸侵蚀和淤积现象㊂通过研究海南峻壁角岬角-沙丘-海滩系统动力地貌过程可以发现,岬角上游的棋子湾海滩近年来有淤积现象,滨海地区遭受风沙的侵扰;为防止风沙进入生活区,人们筑起防沙栅栏,风沙在栅栏的向海侧逐渐积累,形成可见的沙堆并呈现风沙堆积地貌(图7);相应的,岬角下游小角湾海岸侵蚀严重,沿岸防护林被冲刷,木麻黄倒塌或根系裸露,甚至可见高近10m的侵蚀陡崖,显示典型的侵蚀地貌特征(图8)㊂图7岬角上游棋子湾防沙栅栏前的风沙堆积地貌F i g.7 T h e l a n d f o r mo fw i n d b l o w n s a n da c c u m u l a t i o n i n f r o n t o f t h e s a n d p r o o f f e n c e i nQ i z i B a y u p s t r e a mo f t h e c a pe图8岬角下游小角湾的海岸侵蚀地貌F i g.8 C o a s t a l e r o s i o n l a n d f o r m s o fX i a o j i a oB a yd o w n s t re a mof t h e c a p e3我国海岸风沙研究展望罗时龙等[33]和董玉祥等[34]指出现阶段我国须依托野外观测㊁分析实验㊁物理模拟和数值模拟 四位一体 多学科协同的技术方法,进行海岸风沙地貌与大气㊁波浪㊁海滩的综合研究㊂从保120海洋开发与管理2024年护海岸风沙地貌以及减少地质灾害的目的出发,开展海岸风沙资源开发利用与保护治理的协调研究㊂除此之外,针对我国海岸风沙地貌研究的现状和不足及其与国际研究成果的差距,在新时代背景下应在3个方面加以重视㊂①加快海岸风沙资源现状调查;②加强海岸风沙地貌过程研究;③协调海岸风沙地貌资源开发利用与修复保护㊂参考文献(R e f e r e n c e s):[1] L U I J E N D I J K A,HA G E N A A R SG,R A N A S I N G H ER,e t a l.T h e s t a t e o f t h ew o r l d's b e a c h e s[J].N a t.S c i e n t.R e p.,2018,8(6641):1-11.[2] S H O R T A D,MA S S E L I N K G.E m b a y e d a n d s t r u c t u r a l l y c o n t r o l l e db e a c h e s,h a n d b o o ko f b e a c h a n d s h o r e f a c em o r p h o d y n a m i c s[M].N e wY o r k:J o h n W i l e y a n dS o n s,1999.[3]蔡锋.中国海滩资源概述[M].北京:海洋出版社,2019.C A IF e n g.O v e r v i e wo f b e a c h r e s o u r c e s i nC h i n a[M].B e i j i n g:C h i n aO c e a nP r e s s,2019.[4] T H OM B G,E L I O TI,E L I O T M,e ta l.N a t i o n a l s e d i m e n tc o m p a r t m e n t f r a m e w o r kf o rA u s t r a l i a nc 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sb e t w e e nv a r i o u sh e a d l a n d s,b e a c h e s,a n dd u n e sa l o n g t h ec o a s to fC e a r aS t a t e,N o r t h e a s tB r a z i l[J].J o u r n a l o fC o a s t a lR e s e a r c h,2018,34(2):413-428.[21] R E B E L OLP,B R I T OPO,MO N T E I R OJH.M o n i t o r i n g t h e c r e s m i n ad u n e e v o l u t i o n(P o r t u g a l)u s i n g d i f f e r e n t i a lG P S[J].J o u r n a l o fC o a s t a lR e s e a r c h,2002,36(S1):591-604.[22] K L E I N A H F,V I E I R A DS,G U I L H E R M ES,e t a l.H e a d l a n d s e d i m e n t b y p a s s i n g a n do v e r p a s s i n g:e x a m p l e s f r o mS o u t h e r nB r a z i l[A].第2期罗时龙,等:岬湾海滩岬角沙丘过路输沙研究现状121 P r o c e e d i n g s o ft h e9t hi n t e r n a t i o n a lc o n f e r e n c ei nt h ec o a s t a ls e d i m e n t s:c o a s t a ls e d i m e n t s[C].S i n g a p o r e:W o r l d S c i e n t i f i c,2019: 2722-2734.[23] U T A T.J a p a n's b e a c he r o s i o n:r e a l i t y a n d f u t u r em e a s u r e s[M].S i n g a p o r e:W o r l dS c i e n t i f i c,2010.[24] K L E I N A H F,S H O R T A D.B r a z i l i a nb e a c hs y s t e m s[M].B e r l i n:S p r i n g e r,2016.[25]J A C K S O N D W T,S HO R T A D.S a n d y b e a c hm o r p h o d y n a m i c s[M].A m s t e r d a m:E l s e v i e r,2020.[26]S H O R T A D.A u s t r a l i a nc o a s t a l s y s t e m:b e a c h e s,b a r r i e r s a n d s e d i m e n t c o m p a r t m e n t s[M].B e r l i n:S p r i n g e r,2021.[27]董玉祥.中国温带海岸沙丘分类系统初步探讨[J].中国沙漠,2000,20(2):159-165.D O N G Y u x i a n g.C l a s s i f i c a t i o no f c o a s t a l d u n e s i n t e m p e r a t e z o n e i nC h i n a[J].J o u r n a l o fD e s e r tR e s e a r c h,2000,20(2):159-165.[28]董玉祥.中国海岸风沙地貌的类型及其分布规律[J].海洋地质与第四纪地质,2006,26(4):99-104.D O N G Y u x i a n g.T h e c o a s t a l a e o l i a n g e o m o r p h i c t y p e a n d t h e i r d i s t r i b u t i o n p a t t e r n i nC h i n a[J].M a r i n eG e o l o g y&Q u a t e r n a r y G e o l o g y,2006,26(4):99-104.[29]方海燕,俎瑞平,张克存.海岸风沙地貌分类研究现状[J].水土保持研究,2004,11(3):248-251.F A NGH a i y a n,Z U R u i p i n g,Z H A N G K e c u n.E x i s t i n g c o n d i t i o no f r e s e a r c ho nc o a s t a l s a n d g e o m o r p h o l o g i c a l c l a s s i f i c a t i o n[J].R e s e a r c ho f S o i l a n d W a t e rC o n s e r v a t i o n,2004,11(3):248-251.[30]乌戈特茉勒,董玉祥,哈斯,等.近50a来河北昌黎黄金海岸沙地变化[J].中国沙漠,2010,30(4):777-782.W u g e t e m o l e,D O N G Y u x i a n g,H AS i,e t a l.C o a s t a l s a n d y l a n d c h a n g e i nC h a n g l i G o l dC o a s t o fH e b e i P r o v i n c e i n t h e l a t e s t50y e a r s[J].J o u r n a l o fD e s e r tR e s e a r c h,2010,30(4):777-782.[31]王金华,董玉祥.1958-2013年华南海岸沙地利用变化及其驱动因素:以福建海岸为例[J].中国沙漠,2015,35(3):582-591.WA N GJ i n h u a,D O N GY u x i a n g.C o a s t a l s a n d y l a n d u s e c h a n g e i n s o u t hC h i n a c o a s t f r o m1958t o2013a n d i t s d r i v i n g f a c t o r s:t a k i n g F u-j i a n c o a s t a s a ne x a m p l e[J].J o u r n a l o fD e s e r tR e s e a r c h,2015,35(3):582-591.[32]廖继武.近百年来海南西部沿海防护林体系演变规律及优化研究[D].广州:华南师范大学,2005.L I A OJ i w u.T h e d e v e l o p m e n t l a w s o f t h e s h e l t e r b e l t n e t w o r ka n d i t s r a t i o n a l d i s t r i b u t i o n i nc o a s t a l a r e ao fw e s t e r n H a i n a n i nt h e l a s th u n d r e d y e a r s[D].G u a n g z h o u:S o u t hC h i n aN o r m a lU n i v e r s i t y,2005.[33]罗时龙,靳瑞芳,于帆,等.海岸沙丘风暴侵蚀研究现状与展望[J].海洋地质前沿,2016,32(2):1-7.L U OS h i l o n g,J I N R u i f a n g,Y U F a n,e t a l.Ar e v i e wo f s t o r m-i n d u c e dc o a s t a l d u n ee r o s i o n[J].M a r i n eG e o l o g y F r o n t i e r s,2016,32(2): 1-7.[34]董玉祥,李志忠.近40年中国海岸风沙地貌研究回顾[J].中国沙漠,2022,42(1):12-22.D O N G Y u x i a n g,L I Z h i z h o n g.R e v i e wo f c o a s t a l a e o l i a n g e o m o r p h o l o g y r e s e a r c h i nC h i n a i nt h e p a s t40r e a r s[J].J o u r n a l o fD e s e r tR e-s e a r c h,2022,42(1):12-22.。
地牢围攻2全攻略(附图)
第一幕第一章葛瑞琳沙滩包围战这个任务属于教学任务，教会玩家最基本的操作和系统。
这一任务只有在佣兵难度才会出现。
一路砍杀弱小的敌人树精灵升级，到海岸神殿即可触发下一任务。
注意：很多玩家在到达海岸神殿后出现BUG，出现主角裸身其他什么都不能发生的情况。
一般由于中止CG发生。
只要存盘退出在进入即可解决问题。
第二章战俘这一任务开始时在伊露兰监狱中，和典狱长瑟莉亚对话触发任务。
坐吊篮来到商人露台问铁匠拿磨刀石，坐朝北的吊篮下到北葛瑞琳丛林。
新手可以在那里接受一下圣堂门、魔法神坛和采集药剂的训练。
往东走没多远就发现哨所失守。
打败几个魔登恶棍，救出精灵茉莲恩，瑟莉亚不失时机出现，给你一些最基础的装备并交给你魔登塔的任务。
注意：一开始神坛右方的洞穴不要急着进。
还没接到任务。
而且怪等级略高。
伊露兰城镇可以试着熟悉一下，按Tab健看大地图一目了然。
商人露台魔导士卢米拉处接支线“卢米拉的药膏”和“护甲工匠的学徒”，宠物露台接“蕾拉妮的悲伤”“魔狼”和“失落的精灵蓝宝石”，大会堂里有书，大会堂旁边的屋子接“塔尔的调查行动”，冒险家露台接“丝莉雅神殿的秘密”，客栈里面的士兵乔德汉和莱佛斯夫人都是支线的一部分。
只有冒险家露台能下到的大瀑布入口屋子（靠近魔法神坛的那个）是“蕾拉妮的悲伤”支线一部分，瀑布正前方有个圣灵，瀑布另一边的塔玛莉处接“柯莱亚皇后”支线。
第三章魔登塔从哨所出去就正式开始任务。
走出去没多久就会遇到一扇门，对话Pass，两旁都有道路，有怪物和宝箱。
尤其是西面的小山坳，启动一个隐藏的开关（像图腾的那个），会升起一个宝箱，里面有最基本的Set〔自然的警惕〕手套｛警惕手套｝。
过栅栏门不久就碰到第一座魔登塔，把怪搞死，击碎旁边的牢笼，捡起牢笼碎片，装备，到火堆上点燃，再点燃魔登塔。
如法炮制，直到到西葛瑞琳丛林烧完最后一个魔登塔。
注意：北葛瑞琳丛林传送站东北方那一小堵墙后面的确能过去，但那是“芬娜拉的仇恨”地点之一（此时你还不认识芬娜拉……）。
沙丘桌游规则
沙丘桌游规则如下：
1. 游戏开始时，每人选择一个领袖作为本局代表你的人物开展游戏。
领袖具有两个技能，左边描述的是
一般技能，达到触发条件即可触发；右边描述的是戒指技能，当你打出你手里的戒指牌时，才可以触发。
2. 每人起始10张基本牌，这10张牌每个人都是一样的。
起始牌放在领袖牌左侧，作为抽牌堆，领袖牌右
侧作为弃牌堆。
每人起始两个小人，就是开始所能驱使的工人了。
3. 每人从抽牌堆抽取5张牌，作为这一回合的手牌，起始玩家就可以开始行动了。
手牌左侧画的符号，代
表你的工人能去的地方（如果某个地方已有工人，则不能再去，除非一些特殊的情况），打出你想去的地方对应的手牌，置于领袖牌的上方，代表你本回合打出的牌，然后把你的工人放到对应区域的行动格上。
4. 行动格左上角区域图标下方若有符号，则代表你去这个地方所要支付的费用（白色圆圈表示钱，橙色
正六边形表示香料，水滴就是水滴），如果费用不够，是不能去的哦。
如果能够到达某个区域，则可以拿取区域右侧画的对应的资源。
5. 起始玩家的第一个工人放好后，则顺时针的下一位玩家开始他的行动轮，直到每个人行动一次后，起
始玩家开始他本回合的第二个行动轮，派出他的第二个工人，以此类推。
当再到自己的行动轮时，若已没有可派出的工人，则开始自己本回合的结算环节。
6. 所有玩家都结算完毕后，开始结算战斗奖励和进行香料产出。
当某位玩家率先到达10分时（版图上画
的金灿灿的那个东西就是分了），如果没有其他玩家的得分能够超过他，则该玩家获得胜利。
沙丘2000如何联机
2个方法.1. 网线直连. 需要双绞线(这个不用担心, 现在电脑城卖出来的普通网线都属于双绞线) ....... 先连接上,然后右键我的电脑-属性-计算机名- 把2台机器的工作组名改为一样的.重起然后一台做主机(A机), 设置本地连接IP: 192.168.0.1 子网默认, 网关无, DNS无然后B机,设置IP: 192.168.0.2 ,子网默认, 网关无. DNS无.这样就可以了, 就建立了网线直连, 然后玩游戏把防火墙关了就行.2. 使用陆游器............没什么技术含量,关闭防火墙就行了.1、工作组要相同。
具体操作：右键我的电脑属性计算机名更改工作组。
游戏天堂编辑2、禁用“GUEST”帐户。
具体操作：右键我的电脑管理本地用户和组双击用户点GUEST 右键属性账户已停用前勾上。
3、更改本地帐户的安全和共享模式为经典。
具体操作：开始设置控制面板性能和维护管理工具本地安全策略安全选项网络访问：本地账号的共享和安全模式选“经典：本地用户以自己的身份验证”。
支持四人以上联机对战1.网线直连. 需要双绞线(这个不用担心, 现在电脑城卖出来的普通网线都属于双绞线) .......先连接上,然后右键我的电脑-属性-计算机名- 把2台机器的工作组名改为一样的.重起然后一台做主机(A机), 设置本地连接IP: 192.168.0.1 子网默认, 网关无, DNS无然后B机,设置IP: 192.168.0.2 ,子网默认, 网关无. DNS无.这样就可以了, 就建立了网线直连, 然后玩游戏把防火墙关了就行.2. 使用陆游器............没什么技术含量,关闭防火墙就行了.《沙丘魔堡》是美国著名科幻小说作家弗兰克·赫伯特的成名作，在全世界的发行量超过300万部。
很多年前，当Westwood还是一个很小的制作组的时候，将其改编成了一个冒险游戏，但反响不大。
1993年，Westwood实力猛增的时候，首创一种在当时看来惊世骇俗的游戏方式，从而使《DUNEⅡ》成为“即时战略”游戏的开山鼻祖。
人教版九年级英语下册阅读理解10篇(含答案)
九年级英语下册阅读理解10篇【一】If you were born in the 2000s, you are called the oh-ohs. Maybe you feel proud of yourselves? But what do other people think about your generation(代)?Some adults think of you as the “face-down generation” because you use your phones so much. They wonder how you will deal with school, friends and family.Other adults worry that today’s youth are spoilt and don’t want to face the challenges of adult life on their own. Many children born in the 1990s and 2000s were raised by “helicopter parents”. They were always there to guide and help their children with a busy program filled with homework and after-school activities such as dancing , drawing, or sports. With parents who do everything for them，today’s youth seem to prefer to live like teenagers even when they are in their 20s or 30s.Does the face-down generation need a heads-up? Well, probably not. The fact is that many of today’s teenagers are better educated and more creative than past generations. More young people volunteer to help their neighborhoods. There are also brave young people such as MalalaYousafzai, the teenager who won the 2014 Nobel Peace Prize for pushing girls’ rights of going to school in poor areas.So if you’re one of the oh-ohs, there’s reason to be hopeful about the future. Things are looking up for the face-down generation. Chances are that you do great and laugh out loud.1.Which of the following is an oh-oh?2. A girl who is good-looking.3. B. A girl who is smart.4. C. A boy who was born in 2004.5.The oh-ohs are thought as the "face-down generation” because they___________.6. A. use their phones too much7. B. need to study hard in school8. C. are more creative than their parents9.What does the underline word “spoilt” mean in the third paragraph?A. 独立的B. 溺爱的C. 顺从的4. What do "helicopter parents” do for their children?A. They help their children to face all the challenges.B. They keep their children away from after-school activities.C. They guide and plan everything for them.5.What does the passage tell us?A. Young people should be better educated.B. The neighborhoods should care about teenagers.C. The oh-ohs should be hopeful about the future.【二】Penguins always live close to ocean waters since they spend three quarters of their lifetime there. They come onto land only to lay eggs and look after their chicks. Each spring, the penguins will return to the same place to lay their eggs.The largest penguins stand to 1.1 m tall and can weigh more than 41 kg. The penguin’s body is good for swimming. So they are the birds who can’t fly, but are fantastic swimmers. They have great eyesight which helps them catch fish in the darkness of the ocean. Besides, some penguins sleep standing up.How do penguins live in such cold ocean waters?They have special glands (腺).Penguins drink salty seawater and eat food full of salt. Most animals (including humans) would become ill after eating so much salt. But penguins have special glands (腺) which are above their eyes. These glands can put salt out of their insides and send it through their nose. All they have to do is to sneeze or shake their heads, and salty water will be taken out. They sometimes look like they have runny noses. They wear the great winter coat.Each penguin feather (皮毛) keeps the birds warm and dry in more than one way. The part at the bottom holds in body heat, while the part at the top prevents the water from touching them.They have strong feet.Since penguins can’t fly, they depend on their pink feet to get them to places. Their feet have nails (指甲) that help the birds in climbing the rock where they often build their nests with rocks and stones to lay their eggs. The birds also use their nails to push themselves forward on snow and ice. Along with their small wings, they use their feet to move themselves when they are swimming in cold waters.1.Penguins come onto land to lay their eggs ________.A. in springB. in summerC. in autumn2. The writer wrote the first two paragraphs to _________.A. introduce a topicB. give examplesC. show a result3.Penguins often build their nests ________.A. in the waterB. in the treeC. on the rock4.Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?A. It takes penguins half of their lifetime to live in the water.B. Penguins’ feather can prevent the water from touching them.C. Penguins have runny noses because they are ill.5.What is the main idea of this passage?A. The knowledge about penguins.B. The place where penguins live.C. The ways that penguins keep warm.【三】After touring the Mogao Grottoes(莫高窟) yesterday, we got up early this morning and headed outto the Mingsha Sand Dunes(沙丘). We were very surprised when we saw them in front of us through the car window — they towered like mountains! Later, I read in my guidebook that some of the dunes are up to 250 meters in height. Amazing!The name “Mingsha” means “singing sand,” because when the wind blows over the sand it sounds like a musical instrument being played. We didn’t hear anything that sounded like a musical instrument while we were there, however. What we did hear were the sounds of camels right inside the gates — there were hundreds of them all sitting there with their handlers. We decided to take a camel ride, and were soon glad we did, as it was the most wonderful experience of our lives.The camels were calm and gentle(温和的) and the ride was actually quite comfortable. With their wide feet, they easily climbed up a sandy dune. At the top of the dune we saw mile upon mile of dunes stretch(绵延) out before us.We stopped at one large dune with wooden steps on it, and we went sledding(滑雪橇). It reminded me of when I was a kid sledding in the snow, but this was down a hill of warm sand. It was so fun that we tried it over and over again, until we were too tired to walk up the dune.Finally, hot and tired, we decided to leave the dunes so that we could eat some cold spicy(香辣的) noodles. It was a perfect ending to a day we’ll never forget.1. They went to the Mingsha Sand Dunes _______.A. by carB. on footC. by bus2. When they got to the Mingsha Sand Dunes, they heard _______.A. the sound of singing sandB. a musical instrument being playedC. the sounds of camels3. What do they think of the camels?A. big and strongB. calm and gentleC. big and tall10.What did they do when they stopped at one large dune with wooden steps on it?11. A. They took a camel ride.12. B. They went sledding.13. C. They ate some cold spicy noodles.14.The writer wants to tell us that _______.15. A. their trip to the Mingsha Dunes is wonderful and unforgettable16. B. the Mingsha Dunes is a right place to ride camels and go sledding17. C. they’ll never forget the day because it’s hot and they were tired【四】It’s a breathtaking picture. The sun, the moon and other planets (without Earth) of our solar system(太阳系) stand side by side as a loving family.Taken by Wang Zhipu, a 17-year-old Chinese boy, it won the top prize in the Young Competition category(组别) at the 2021 Astronomy Photographer of the Year, the world’s biggest astrophotography(天文摄影) competition.Wang loved stargazing when he was a little kid. In Grade 8, he got his first telescope(文望远镜). That was when he became a die-hard fan of astrophotography. “Astrophotography needs lots of time and effort. You may need to take hundreds or even thousands of photos, then edit(编辑) them to make one picture,” said Wang.In 2019, Wang started to take pictures of Saturn(土星) and Jupiter(木星). He got up early in the morning to get the best shots. In 2020, he got pictures of all the planets in the solar system.“I tried three times to photograph Mercury(水星). The first two tries were not satisfactory because they were not clear enough,” said Wang. The last time he took more than 10,000 pictures of Mercury and chose thousands of them to edit.“I couldn’t believe that I could win the top prize,” Wang said. “That was certainly a great honor and it encourages me to take better pictures in the future!”1. What does the word “it” refer to(指代) in Paragraph 2?A. The breathtaking picture.B. Our solar system.C. A loving family.2. What does the underlined word “stargazing” mean in Chinese?A. 收集星星B. 仰望星空C. 拍摄星球3. Wang Zhipu got his first telescope _______.A. when he won the top prizeB.when he was a little boyC. when he was in Grade 84. Which of the following is right?A. He took the picture when the sun, the moon and other planets stood side by side.B. He took more than 10,000 pictures of Mercury and chose thousands of them to edit.C. He believed that he could win the top prize because he had tried three times.5. What is the best title of the passage?A. A breathtaking pictureB. A die-hard fan of telescopeC. A Chinese boy won the top prize【五】When Wang Haiyan was young, her favorite toys weren’t Barbie dolls. Instead, she started learning to make shadow puppets(皮影) from her father at 13. Now 43, Wang has spent 30 years practicing and spreading the art.Shadow puppetry is a form of theater that uses puppets made from leather(皮) or paper, accompanied(伴随) by music and singing. Invented during the Western Han Dynasty (206 BC— AD 24), it tells us about folklore(民间传说) and historical stories,passing down culture and customs over thousands of years.Shadow puppetry is all about creating the puppets and performing with them. Wang’s hometown of Hua County, Shaanxi, is known as the birthplace of the folk art.Puppet-makers must follow 24 steps to make the puppets, including washing the leather, carving(雕刻), and painting, according to Wang. Carving is the most difficult part. “We have a special carving technique — moving the leather under the knife,” Wang said. “You have to hold the knife still in your right hand and only move the leather in your left hand.”It took Wang three years to master this skill. She used a brick(砖块) to strengthen her left hand while practicing. It takes about 3,000 carves to make a shadow puppet. “The complicated(复杂的) steps make it hard to hand down the folk art,” she said.But Wang has found a way to do so. In 2016, she made shadow puppets based on the cartoon series HuyaoXiaohongniang(《狐妖小红娘》) and gave a livestreaming performance. She used colors like blue and purple that are hardly seen in shadow puppetry and added more sticks to the puppets to make the performance livelier.1. What does the second paragraph explain?A. Why Wang is interested in shadow puppetry.B. When shadow puppetry became popular.C. What shadow puppetry is.2. Which is the hardest step in making a puppet?A. Washing the leather.B. Carving the leather.C. Painting the leather.3. According to Wang, why is it difficult to spread shadow puppetry?A. It’s difficult to learn to make puppets.B. This art is only known in a small county.C. It requires people of great strength to perform the art.4. What is the last paragraph about?A. The difficulties in performing this art online.B. Improvements in making puppets.C. The efforts Wang made to spread this art.5. What do we know from the passage?A. Wang spent 13 years learning to carve puppets.B. Wang enjoys getting young people interested in this art.C. Wang has set up a company to make and sell shadow puppets.【六】The first people to go into space only went for short trips to see what it was like. Today, astronauts can spend weeks or even months living and working in space. We all know that living in space is very different from living on earth. So, what’s astronauts’ daily life like?Brushing teethAstronauts brush their teeth in the normal way as we do, but there is a difference! On the International Space Station (ISS), there is no weight pulling things downwards like on earth, so everything including the water and toothpaste floats(漂浮) around. The toothpaste(牙膏) which astronauts use can be swallowed after they brush their teeth and the mouth is then cleaned with a wet paper napkin. The astronauts have to do it with their mouths as closed as possible to prevent the toothpaste floating out!EatingNutrition(营养) plays an important role in keeping the health of the astronauts. However, not all the food can be taken to space. For example, American astronaut John Young took a sandwich into space in 1965. If its tiny pieces had got into space plane’s electronics, it could have caused considerable malfunction(故障). So, astronauts’ food is specially prepared. The food trays(盘子) are prepared on the ground for each astronaut and sent to the ISS before he/she arrives. Red food trays contain foods from Russia and blue ones contain food from American/European countries.ExerciseThe absence of weight leads to health problems such as bone and muscle loss. So, on the ISS there is a running machine and a special exercise bicycle. Astronauts have to do at least 2 hours of exercise every day to keep in good shape. There are also some pulleys(滑轮) and ropes. All these help them maintain the condition of their bones and muscles.1. Astronauts brush their teeth differently than we do mainly because _______.A. water is not enoughB. everything in space becomes lighterC. there is no weight in space2. The underlined word “swallow” probably means “_______”.A. 蒸发B. 吞咽C. 扔弃3. Why does the author mention the case of John Young in Paragraph 3?A. To describe the use of different food trays.B. To explain why not all food can go into space.C. To introduce how astronauts’ food is prepared.4. Which of the following is TRUE according to the last paragraph?A. Space environment has an influence on astronauts’ health.B. Astronauts exercise no more than two hours a day.C. The space station has no room for astronauts to exercise.5. What’s the best tittle of the passage?A. The problems in space.B. The life in space.C. The challenges in space.【七】Classic books never go out of fashion. The Outsider first came out in 1967. But even though the book is old, it is still worth reading. The book is written by US writer S.E. Hinton.The book tells the story of a 14-year-old boy called Ponyboy Curtis. He struggles with (挣扎于)right and wrong in a society where he believes he is an outsider. The story took place in Oklahoma, US, in 1965.In the book, the children are divided into two groups. One includes Curtis and Greasers, which are mostly made up of poor kids. They have longer hair and often smoke at a young age. The other group is called the Socs, which is made up of rich children. They wear expensive clothes and drive high-tech cars. Those two groups do not get along well. The book only shows us two weeks of the boy’s life. But unexpected things happen and change the boy’s life forever.I was touched by the friendship among the boys. When any of them had a problem, the others would help. Although they are not well-educated, they are kind and brave. For example, when Johnny was hurt and in hospital, his friends visited him almost every day. They brought him food and told him interesting stories. I always dreamed of having kind and strong friendships like this.This book shows the beautiful personalities in those ordinary people. I advise that teenagers read this book and I hope they can enjoy it.1. What does the writer mean by saying “Classic books never go out of fashion.”?A. Books about fashion are always popular.B. Good books are worth reading all the time.C. Students should read some fashionable books.2. The story in the book took place ________.A. in 1965B. in 1967C. more than 14 years ago3. The writer divided the boys into two groups according to ________.A. their families’ wealthB. their looksC. their studies4. The writer always dreamed about ________ in his life.A. healthB. knowledgeC. friendship5. The writer wrote this text to ________.A. tell us his early lifeB.introduce a book to teenagersC. explain what classic is【八】Dogs have always been considered people’s best friends. However, as miniature pigs (小型猪) are becoming popular, will they win over people’s love?Since little is known about pigs’ social skills and their communicative behavior towards humans, experts decided to make a study to compare dogs and pigs. This experiment required solving a problem. Each animal was presented at first with a problem he could solve. In this case, it was a box with food that could be easily opened. Then, they were presented with the same box, which is the unsolvable problem.What did the researchers find out? When the box in the room was empty, both the pigs and the dogs turned to people for help. However, when opening the box with food inside became a challenge, dogs turned to people earlier and for longer periods of time. Pigs, on the other hand, were faster solving the problem and turned to people less often for help.So while pigs, behavior proved to be similar to dogs towards people, pigs were more independent when they had to solve a problem. Another interesting finding is that only dogs looked up at people’s faces when they didn’t expect to receive any food at all.According to The Science Times, pigs make great pets. Similar to dogs, they are social animals that like to live in groups. Miniature pigs are also known to be highly intelligent and clean. What’s more, they get along well with cats and can live long lives of up to 20 years.Still, there’s something important to consider. Pig owners should make sure that their pet pig will receive loving care. Pigs like to play with toys and can learn tricks. They also need exercise, or they can become too obese. No matter how big or small pigs are, they are still pigs and they require special attention.It seems both dogs and pigs can make friendly and social pets. However, according to science, the bond (纽带) between dogs and humans is still the strongest.1. What can be the purpose of the study?A. To see if pigs are as smart as dogs.B. To see if pigs get used to human society.C. To see if pigs are better friends with humans than dogs.2. When pigs and dogs faced the same challenge in the study, _________.A. only pigs went to ask people for helpB. dogs needed less help from people than pigsC. pigs were better at dealing with the challenge than dogs3. What does Paragraph 5 mainly talk about?A. Pig’s friendly behaviors.B.Reasons to keep a pet pig.C.Great abilities of pigs.4. The underlined word “obese” can be replaced by _________.A. fatB. stupidC. sleepy5. What is the best title for the passage?A. Advice on how to keep a pet pigB. Things to consider while keeping a petC. Are miniature pigs people’s new best friends?【九】Stephen CurryMy favorite basketball player is Stephen Curry.Physically, Curry looks younger than most other men. His baby face makes him look even cuter.Curry is gentle and good-tempered. Basketball matches are often so intense that there can be some conflicts(冲突) between the players. But when Curry meets conflicts, he always stays calm.At the same time, Curry is so hard-working that he practices basketball every day to improve his skills. Also, he is very determined(坚定的). He tries to be himself and never be easily influenced by others.Stephen Curry is the person I respect the most. He has inspired me a lot. I will work harder, trying to become a good person like him.Wang Kailin, 15, BeijingThe Kite RunnerMy favorite book is The Kite Runner.This story is mainly about Amir and Hasan’s friendship. Hasan is a good kite runner. When he went to catch a kite, a bad boy named Assef humiliated(羞辱) Hasan. Amir saw the bullying(欺侮), but he didn’t help Hasan because he was afraid. Later, feeling too sorry for Hasan, Amir drove away Hasan and his dad. Amir then went to America. Many years later, Amir’s uncle asked him to go back to Afghanistan and save Hasan’s son, Strabo. Later, Amir showed a great encouragement and tried his best to make up his mistakes. He went to Kabul and looked for Strabo. Finally, Amir got the salvation(拯救) of his own soul(灵魂).I was deeply moved by this story. We should try our best to run for the “kite”. The author also tells us to love peace and life.Wu Yulin, 14, GuangDong1.According to the first passage, Wang Kailin thinks Curry is _______.A. cute and good at physicsB. gentle but determinedC. bad-tempered but hard-working2. What does the underlined word “intense” mean?A. 精彩的B. 激烈的C. 震撼的3. What does the book The Kite Runner mainly talk about?A. Kiteflying.B. Friendship.C. Bullying.4. What can we infer(推断) from the second passage?A. The bad boy named Assef became a good kite runner later.B. Amir hardly regretted not helping Hasan.C. Amir went back to Afghanistan and saved Hasan’s son.5. What’s Wu Yulin’s main purpose of writing the last Paragraph(段落)?A. To introduce a topic.B. To give examples.C. To express feelings.【十】Recently, the term “carbon neutral(碳中和)” has been used frequently at some important meetings in many countries. Many countries have put forward the goal of striving(奋斗目标) to be carbon neutral. China is expected to be carbon neutral by 2060. So, as middle school students, what can we do to protect the environment and live a low carbon life? Here are some suggestions for you.Travel in a green way. Now more Chinese people have cars of their own. It has brought us a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well. So we’d better do more walking, cycling and less driving. By doing so, we can save energy and reduce pollution.Cut down white pollution. We should reduce the pollution of plastic bags. When you go to the supermarket, bring your own shopping bags.Save water. Lack(缺乏) of water resources will affect the ecological environment(生态环境). So please turn off the tap after using it.Sort(分类) the rubbish. Doing garbage classification(垃圾分类) in a right way can turn waste into wealth.Plant more trees. Planting more trees means cutting down and reducing the carbon footprint(碳足迹) and spreading of greenhouse gases(气体). For example, the trees planted in China are playing an important role. A report published in Nature shows that CO2 absorption(吸收) in two new forest areas in China is more than we thought. The two areas are located in China’s southwestern and northeastern provinces. They make up over 35 percent of China’s carbon sinks(碳汇). The main natural carbon sinks are trees and other plants.Use both sides of the paper. The paper production process uses a lot of trees.Now is the time that we should take up our responsibility to protect our environment from being polluted. Let’s join our hands and take actions immediately.1.How many suggestions does the writer give in the passage to be carbon neutral?A. 5.B. 6.C. 7.2. In order to protect the environment and live a low carbon life, we can _______.①walk, cycle more and drive less ①use plastic bags while shopping①use only one side of the paper ①turn off the water after using it①do garbage classification in a right wayA. ①①①①①B. ①①①①C. ①①①3. China’s carbon sinks are mainly located in the _______.A. southeast and northeastB. southwest and northeastC. southeast and northwest4. The purpose of the passage is _______.A. to call us to cut down white pollutionB. to give advice on how to protect the environmentC. to advise us to travel in a green way5. What is the main idea of the passage?A. Live a low carbon life.B. Sort the rubbish.C. Travel in a green way.参考答案【一】CABCC【二】AACBA【三】ACBBA 【四】ABCBC【五】CBACB【六】CBBAB 【七】BAACB【八】CCBAC【九】BBBCC 【十】BCBBA第11页共11页。
泰拉瑞亚沙丘接机打法技巧分享
泰拉瑞亚-沙丘接机打法技巧分享
在泰拉瑞亚(Te r r a r i a)⼿机版中有各种各样的怪物等着我们，那么要如何让他们出现呢?下⾯来说说沙丘接机的出现条件和怪物掉落吧。
沙丘接机
I D:510/511/512
类型：⽳居敌⼈
A I类型：蠕⾍A I
环境：沙漠地下、沙尘暴
伤害：58/116头部|54/108⾝体|50/100尾巴
⽣命值上限：500/1000
防御：0头部|20⾝体|30尾巴
免疫：迷惑
击退抗性：100%
沙丘接机是在⾁⼭后沙漠地下⽣成的蠕⾍类怪物，沙暴期间会在沙漠地表⽣成。
它是升级版的古墓爬⾍。
掉落
击败沙丘接机只会掉落7银币。
你知道吗
沙丘接机明显⼤于其他的蠕⾍，最长时可以达到21段，最短的有12段。
沙丘接机⾮常敏捷，⽽且转的很快，这使得原本⾼伤害的它更加危险。
逗游⽹——中国2亿游戏⽤户⼀致选择的”⼀站式“游戏服务平台。
霜之哀伤1.09最全攻略
修正版+单通I 章H10 难度文字全完整攻略大全开局001 把英雄点到城主那里然后迅速选择铁匠（即山丘）按三下A（寒铁快捷键）002 迅速选上宝宝然后Ctrl+任意自己按着顺手的数字以便以后迅速拉宝宝（我个人习惯数字键2 这样用编队之后想要找宝宝直接按下数字键2 即可）编号之后把宝宝扔到买圆盾的那个NPC（即圣骑士）附近003 如果手速快做完以上这些英雄应该刚刚跑到城主那里可以领取任务人间美味选择领取004 TP 到秋风之原（即火蜥蜴任务处）的气球这样跑去人间美味任务NPC 比在直接从主城去要能节省几秒的时间（每次节省几秒多了就是一分钟+ 这对于初期发展很有利）过去到NPC 身边得到美味鸡汤TP 到城主附近那个气球跑到城主那里任务完成直接三级以及得到图纸秋-奔005 图纸扔在地上（不要买也不用管它）TP 到桃源村（即螃蟹任务村）右侧传送点领取任务收集蟹甲然后去杀螃蟹期间顺便把4 个寒铁点到武器上完成后回来交任务006 TP 到桃源村左侧传送点领取任务为民除害去打破蜘蛛卵然后迅速TP 回主城（现在还打不过那个蜘蛛打破卵是为了经验）现在至少要5 级了007 去接剧情任务1（魔化之泉）TP 到秋风之原然后泉水瓶子点中魔化之泉让英雄自己去提取样本同时按编号快捷键两次到宝宝的视野点圣骑士购买圆盾（1000）然后瞬移去探子（看见主城和刷怪口之间那些隐身的民兵没就是他）身上有圆盾的话可以选择以新换旧（2500）即可得到破甲盾（现在身上没那么多钱等英雄交了剧情任务1 迅速选择以旧换新并且把破甲盾宝宝用技能传送到英雄身上然后瞬移到城主那里等待换取第一次荣誉奖励）与此同时英雄的样本应该也采集完了TP 回主城交任务008 交完剧情任务1 迅速把英雄点到主城旁那个吉他手边然后两次快捷键到宝宝视野选择城主把10荣誉奖励领出来然后两次F1英雄视野点击吉他手选择用荣誉升级主城获得金币1W 然后用这1W 金币停怪009 主城一共三个门从上面那个门出去还有一个蜘蛛卵跑上去打破然后TP 到任意气球传送到龟岛练级快捷键宝宝到山丘那里把所有钱都买寒铁然后把寒铁和10 荣誉的那个奖励（春之套装组建之一）都用宝宝技能传送到英雄身上把寒铁强化到武器上然后就等着第一波怪到家门口吧——至此身上装备武器+6 护甲+0 春套装之一破甲盾第一波怪差不多能守住这里有个小窍门也属于一个常用BUG 从中间的城门出去可以接玛雅寻夫任务的NPC 那里有一个夹角可以卡住这样就只会受到最多两只怪攻击建议第一个怪引到这里击杀会轻松许多也不用担心被三个BOSS 玩死（BOSS 掉的东西建议卖掉换寒铁继续强化武器争取快点到+9 好升级铠甲）守住第一波怪同时第二波怪因为停怪被延迟了剩下的就是任务时间了010 TP 到长乐村（即地图右下角）领取任务收集狼皮完成后获得无用挂件附注：这里也能接猎杀狼王任务一起接了吧完成之后给希望种子建议种在火蜥蜴位置方便日后打魔戒组建（秋之战神套闪飞奔）TP 到桃源村领取任务收集狗牙完成后获得力量护腕TP 到精灵渔村领取任务猎杀塞斯特完成后获得幽灵头盔（顺便领取任务宝石迷踪）得到三个装备后放在身上自动合成骑士头盔两次快捷键宝宝在圣骑士旁边的骑士处买吸血面罩（2000）用技能把吸血面罩传送到英雄身上与骑士头盔合成邪恶头盔附注：因为邪恶的吸血是发球效果会覆盖破甲盾的发球效果所以要不要现在戴在身上随个人喜好是要破甲还是要吸血个人建议就是先带着骑士头盔不合成吸血面罩等春套凑齐直接合成吸血头巾011 TP 回主城领取任务丢失的幻羽玛雅寻夫剧情任务2（烧毁X）功夫密卷以及荣誉击杀012 TP 到桃源村领取任务猎杀狗头人顺便把烧毁X 任务也一并做了杀49（这里有个小BUG就是杀49/49是不能完成任务的要再次击杀一个提示你可以去交任务的时候才能完成）个狗头人（任务奖励无论是什么都卖掉 2.5W 初期金钱很重要）到这里运气再差也应该有春一套了（惜春与惜绿）把邪恶头盔和春一套放在一起合成吸血头巾（吸血效果变成光环了不再影响破甲盾效果初期小成）——必须强调的是到这里必须至少要武器+9（三洞）铠甲+9（铠甲+9 以后升级不要用石头了还记得那个卖圆盾的圣骑士吗在他那里可以直接用钱升级+9 到+12 用3W +12 到+15 用4W 绝对比自己用石头升级合适只要有钱就升级吧这个我后面就不说了）013 TP 到桃源村左侧传送点去杀蜘蛛完成任务给 2 点技能点然后去做荣誉击杀任务（同时宝宝到荣誉击杀任务NPC 处买双倍令牌这样完成任务后荣誉+16）完成后应去交剧情任务2 同时领取剧情任务3（荧光小草）附注：如果荣誉击杀任务杀的不是鹰女头领建议怪到门口之前杀一次（为了魔魂石因为接了宝石迷总任务）得到魔魂石不要交点到自己武器上（后期魔魂石多得是到时候再交如果你想得到S 积分的话最好不要忘了这个任务）若击杀任务的目标是鹰女的话那就再去击杀一次熊怪头领（丢失的幻羽任务2/4）另：令牌需要3 紫魂——至此身上装备武器+9（三孔至少镶嵌2 个魔魂石）铠甲+9（+12）吸血头巾破甲盾第二波轻松灭掉（从第二波开始小BOSS 处的装备就直接用分解要紫魂了）同时第一个BOSS 下级天魔到来无悬念击杀4W 钱到手建议升级铠甲铠甲越早+15 越好014 接荣誉击杀任务（自此每一天的荣誉击杀任务也不多说了谁都知道游戏中每一天过6:00 都能接不过要强调一下的是做荣誉击杀一定要买双倍荣誉能尽早让你荣誉80 另：丢失的幻羽任务3/4）顺便做了剧情任务3 完成后交了顺便领取剧情任务4（净化特使）015 TP 到气球传送到强盗击杀强盗头领（至此丢失的幻羽任务完成）然后进山洞玛雅寻夫任务（1/2）从僵尸洞上面的洞口出去就能找到玛雅的老公了到身边任务的上半部分就完成了然后去把火蜥蜴引成一群AOE 技能过去运气好功夫密卷任务完成还能弄出来个精英加上原来那个精英就两个了量力而行能杀就杀别太贪有的是时间因为这个时候第三波怪已经出来了如果怪到家门口你还没杀掉那就先回城吧附注：蜥蜴会掉火种（开娜迦门用的）如果你不是剑圣一类自带火机的英雄最好留着016 第三波怪清理干净去把翅膀任务交了给你初级翅膀再去找熊猫交功夫密卷任务得到秋之套装组建之一再去找玛雅给你风衣（用宝宝扔到玛雅老公旁边一会去交因为现在身上满的）然后TP 到气球还是强盗杀头目进山洞找尸霸聊聊天（就是用技能消耗他血要是打不过大技能也用了就TP 到秋风之原吧等技能好了再去找他为了魔血头盔以及骰子）017 上接TP 至秋风之原先去把剧情任务4 做了然后再次TP 到秋风之原捡起披风选择玛雅老公狂点对话直到他给你天外异石（直接扔在地上等以后合成黄金头）然后继续刷蜥蜴直到秋套凑齐（闪飞奔）此时你的荣誉应该至少也60+了吧宝宝去把能领取的荣誉奖励都领出来名器图纸卖掉然后会随机得到一个秋之套装组建和魔戒图纸实质上你只要有闪和飞就可以了因为奔有图纸（祥看步骤005）齐了之后加上50 荣誉换出来的魔戒图纸点击图纸合成魔戒然后用宝宝技能传送到英雄身上018 这时候20 大也好了吧如果你上一次没有一次性解决尸霸现在去弄死他运气好给你骰子武器强化+15 也就不是问题了附注：魔血头盔-魔血套装之一更是合成黄金头盔必备物品骰子-用1 点紫魂可以甩动一次出现豹子或顺子下一次强化武器100%成功武器+10 以后用金髓（2500）强化失败了会退回+10 用天外异石（1W）强化失败虽然不会掉级但是成功率只有50%耗钱不说哪辈子能成+15 还不一定呢所以只要有骰子+9 到+15 都可以用金髓骰子还有一个作用那就是黄金护腿的必备材料再次附注：杀尸霸那里的小僵尸头目掉战鼓一定要打出来是合成天魔战甲（神谕）夏之骄阳（魔王）冬之白雪（星芒）的必备物（即黄金铠甲必备物）另：夏之骄阳以及冬之白雪图纸在娜迦神殿出（变异娜迦守卫）需要一个战鼓天魔铠甲是战神铠甲+2 个战鼓自动合成——至此身上装备吸血头巾武器+10（最少）铠甲+15 魔戒普通翅膀破甲盾第四波怪应该来了吧如果没来就去杀杀四大头目（强盗头目熊怪头目鱼人头目鹰女头目）为了神秘四件套合成传送戒指（四个头目掉的除了神秘一套以及隐身戒指要留一份外其他的都可以用宝宝分解掉因为后期去虚空那里小怪会晕人很麻烦所以直接开隐身进去杀虚空小怪不管如果用的是剑圣就不用留隐身戒指了）清理掉第四波怪去接着找尸霸和食人魔头领（同样是爆魔血套装和骰子）——注意：这个时候应该快能第二次停怪了宝宝随时准备在停怪的位置且第二个下级天魔即将到来如果身上是以上的装备的话轻松击杀4W 钱到手这个时候荣誉应该80+了把黄金头盔图纸领出来是自己的就赶紧合成如果不是自己的就买了然后TP 去白虎那个气球去找恐惧魔王（白虎那个气球往右走是白虎往左就是恐惧魔王了）尽早出黄金头盔最后留30 荣誉升级神级翅膀其他的升级主城换钱附注：这个时候如果出现骰子了不要吝惜紫魂（以后到娜迦神殿紫魂绿魂很多）速度武器+15 并且镶嵌灵魂石（不要心疼15 金魂武器第一个三级觉醒奖励金魂+15）让武器3 级觉醒——第五波怪没停住注意别去刷BOSS 让老家玩完了并且到这里顺便说下以后就不说了注意时间到了晚上就去娜迦神殿转转为了图纸也为了娜迦女王爆的迅猛之鳍（觉醒真魔戒）以及泣血之石（解封霜之哀伤）019 用4W 钱在剧情任务那里买4 个X 药剂用宝宝给四圣兽喂食使四圣兽魔化（魔化后的四圣兽必爆宝珠-凑齐四个放在身上会自动合成即四象宝珠）同时英雄把剧情任务5（桃园先知）完成并领取任务6（以后做）然后去击杀魔化后四圣兽获得四象宝珠去找翅膀NPC 用普通翅膀+四象宝珠+15 金魂以及30 荣誉升级神级翅膀一般都用暗黑翅膀破甲效果（破甲盾退休）这个时候如果你的职业头图纸还没有就去找恐惧魔王吧同时也要杀四圣兽为了四圣套装（黄金护腿）以及天地无用（黄金铠甲）附注：天地无用是用四圣盾合成另：完成桃园先知任务后才能开通去右上角的岛屿即影魔所在如果不完成这个黄金腿就不要想了——至此身上装备黄金头盔武器+15（觉醒）铠甲+15（运气好的已经次黄金铠了即天魔战甲一类）魔戒神级翅膀天地无用（如果这个时候还没出天魔战甲一类的防具就最好有这个）不然第三个BOSS 可能就会让你GAME OVER ——解决第六波怪外加第三个BOSS 现在开始自己要注意身上随时准备2W（从第四个天魔开始只要蛋掉下来就用钱开蛋然后用技能耗他血不然出了个别强势英雄以外其他英雄都没有办法有效迅速杀死BOSS 只能用这个办法）附注：所谓个别英雄即恶魔猎手（变身+分身+闪避技能）以及刺客（变身+CD3 技能效果3 秒的刺客佩刀强制不可转身技术好的能让BOSS 死的不明不白）比较无奈的还有一个圣骑士（让人无奈的恢复能力比BOSS 还更像BOSS 虽然杀伤力很低但是生存能力绝对的第一能磨死任何BOSS 但需要极大的耐心）建议新手第一次玩H10 难度用这三个英雄不要一上来就像用剑圣或狂战一类的英雄你只会感到无力外加无力… 另：若是用这类英雄可以到第七个BOSS 都不需要用钱开蛋就可以顶住——从这里开始自此不再提示刷怪以及BOSS 到来因为已经没有意义了以下开始介绍处装备顺序现在身上装备黄金头盔武器+15（觉醒）铠甲（天魔战甲一级别的铠甲任意一件）神级翅膀魔戒天地无用020 去刷苦难女王（熊怪首领身后的山洞进去看见岔路左边就是苦难女王）爆出护手图纸：护手图纸只刷两次（节省时间）能出最好不能出立即神水洗成自己要的然后宝宝去右上岛屿先知那里买护手需要的材料：灵魂石*1 传送戒指*1 萨满利爪or 食人鬼手套or 法术大师手套*1 及图谱附注：苦难还爆出痛苦之指（觉醒真魔戒）呜咽之石（解封霜之哀伤）以及水晶球（觉醒真魔戒以及进入黑暗深渊30 剧情任务有几率获得传说魔戒）另：注意同时也要去刷四圣兽如果没弄齐四圣套装（这个套装比较特别必须要全戴在英雄身上才给奖励如果想要S 积分那么这点注意）021 去刷深渊魔王（熊怪首领身后的山洞进去看见岔路左边是苦难女王右边是河道河道尽头是一个山洞进入山洞就可以见到深渊魔王了）出护甲图纸（只刷一次不是自己的立刻洗）：灵魂石*3 天地无用*1 夏之骄阳or 天魔铠甲or 冬之白雪*1 以及图谱附注：深渊还爆出坚韧之鳞（觉醒真魔戒）以及耶鞑之石（解封霜之哀伤）022 去刷影魔（做完剧情任务5 右上角岛屿传送点自动开启）出护腿图纸：骰子*1 四圣套装以及图纸附注：影魔同时爆出天瀑之石（解封霜之哀伤）023 去刷不死之灵（即虚空主城的三个城门最下面那个出了城门一直往右看见一个小河那里有一个山洞进去就是了建议带隐身戒指进-鹰女头领爆因为虚空处小怪经验金钱都不可观还会晕人所以没必要理会开隐身直接进去杀虚空）爆出虚空之墙（觉醒真魔戒）——先不要去管觉醒真魔戒和解封霜之哀伤的组件先把黄金套装凑齐不然你会很惨很惨附注：如果打BOSS 出了解封霜之哀伤组件的石头可以升级一次+15 觉醒的武器升级成圣剑没有霜之哀伤或者灵魂双刃之前就先用圣剑吧——到这里基本就没什么可说的了现在介绍下最终装备的成型黄金四件套就不说了相见步骤020 到022——魔戒：图纸（50 荣誉可换）+秋套分别是闪-飞-奔（30 荣誉可换一次功夫熊猫任务给还有就是杀蜥蜴爆）真魔戒：魔戒+痛苦之指（苦难女王）+虚空之墙（虚空爆出就是不死之灵）+坚韧之鳞（深渊魔王）+迅猛之鳍（娜迦女王）+水晶球=真魔戒（水晶球点击）附注：必须放在主号上宝宝身上无效如果身上绑定了翅膀那么找绑定翅膀那个给你解除绑定（1W 金币）关于传说级别的魔戒这个就不是合成的了要击杀冰巫的上面写的那个里面也说了怎么进冰巫（入方法杀痛苦女王出水晶戴在身上杀掉深渊开启去冰巫的通道只要身上带着水晶球站到那个像黑洞一样的地方就能进去了水晶只能放在自己身上不能在宝宝身上）附注：若是想得到传说级别的魔戒身上至少要有魔戒或者真魔戒否则要想冰巫借你传说魔戒玩玩那是开玩笑… 即身上至少要有魔戒去杀冰巫才会有可能拿到传说级别的魔戒神级翅膀：普通翅膀（翅膀任务上面那个简单攻略里也说了）+四象宝珠（魔化后的四圣兽爆出- 必爆物品）+15 个金魂以及30 荣誉（关于荣誉等80 荣誉以后把能换的都换出来然后用荣誉升级主城给1W 金币若是没出神翅膀要预留30 荣誉不然就悲剧了）神级武器：第一霜之哀伤获得方法：呜咽之石（苦难女王）+泣血之石（娜迦女王）+喇摩之石（不死之灵-虚空）+耶鞑之石（深渊魔王）+天瀑之石（影魔）可以放在宝宝身上飞到霜之哀伤剑封印的位置点底座上面有一个选项如果身上带着五个石头就可以选择解封了就在朱雀巢穴那里好好找找就能看见了大概就是朱雀BOSS的右上的位置吧解封之后过去A爆底座就可以拿到霜之哀伤了第二灵魂双刃获得方法：杀死灵魂守卫守卫是无敌的就在影魔正下方解封方法杀死三十级剧情任务目标-冰巫灵魂首位就可以击杀了附注：有的人经常过去就被一个技能直接拍死这种情况下身上带上虚空之墙（不死之灵-虚空）就可以解决了提高魔抗这个游戏集齐套装是给奖励的其中特殊一点的就是四圣套必须戴在主号身上才可以宝宝身上无效所以如果想H10 S 级别的话一些细节就不要忘了血魔套（血魔头+血魔链）这个一般人只打出血魔头就不大了只为了黄金头第一个觉醒武器+15 金魂（如果多人游戏就第一个把武器觉醒吧…买魂石15 金魂奖励15 个不亏的…）神级翅膀+6 金魂最后再说一下那个杀蜥蜴的地方有个末日使者只要持有魂石各60 个（紫绿金）可换全系数然后就是属性书了钱多了魂石多了就换吧还完之后就是属性+180。
沙丘2000攻略
（16）第九代科研中心：研究高科技武器的设施。必需的建筑物为雷达站和已升级的重工厂。第九代科研中心为建筑物和部队的升级提供技术支持。很多种高级武器的建造都需要该种设施。装甲轻型，可为大多数武器所破坏。
（17）皇宫（Palace）：这是游戏的主建筑物。必需的建筑物为第九代科研中心。皇宫是命令发布中心，可提供附加功能，包括支持建造很多种高级武器装备。装甲重型，可为大多数武器所破坏。阿特雷德家族的皇宫可制造弗里曼战士。奥多斯家族的皇宫制造破坏者。哈肯尼家族的神殿可制造核弹。
（5）沙杜拉（Sardauka）：地面武装部队。属于哈肯尼家族，必需的建筑物为兵营和皇宫。攻击范围中等，移动速度15公里/小时（步行）。装甲中等。沙杜卡对反坦克武器具有很好的防护能力，但对于高能爆炸型、火焰以及子弹武器的防护能力较弱。沙杜卡是国王的精英部队，他们都装备有两种武器，攻击敌人的装甲车辆时使用导弹，对敌人的士兵使用机枪扫射。
（6）工程师（Engineer）：机械师/特种部队。各家族均有，必需的建筑物为升级后的兵营。移动速度10公里/小时（步行）。装甲轻型，对反坦克武器有很好的防护能力，但对于高能爆炸型、火焰以及子弹武器的防护能力较弱。派遣工程师进入敌人的建筑物后，该建筑就会被工程师所占领，并使其为我所用。
（7）击键者（Thumpers）：对地防御部队。各家族均有（只在多人游戏中出现），必需的建筑物为升级后的兵营。移动速度15公里/小时（步行）。装甲轻型，对反坦克武器有很好的防护能力，但对于高能爆炸型、火焰以及子弹武器的防护能力较弱。击键者可生成富有韵律的节奏来吸引沙虫。
部队
（1）轻型步兵（Light Infantry）：手持机枪的地面武装部队。各家族均有，必需的建筑物为兵营。攻击范围近，移动速度10公里/小时（步行）。装甲轻型，对导弹和大口径的枪炮有很好的防护能力，但对于高能爆炸型、火焰以及子弹武器的防护能力较弱。轻型步兵具有轻型装甲，装备有9毫米口弃的步枪。适用于攻击敌人步兵和没有装甲保护的车辆。
MD大航海时代2超级详细秘籍
玩《大航海时代Ⅱ》很累，写它更累，但它在TOP TEN中不凡的表现让我不得不写。
每个主人公的故事都会让你浮想连篇，劝各位去图书馆查阅一下15世纪大航海家们的事迹吧！也许您的一生将为之改变。
航海2中的运气相信航海家们都不会陌生，虽然是隐藏属性，但作用极其重要。
昨天晚上我又new了一次，初始运气极差（就是恶运缠身，脸上有凶兆的），我捐了好多次钱，运气都没有明显提升，给我气坏了，终于下了决心彻底研究一下。
经过1个多小时的研究，得出以下研究结果：1．捐钱一次最少捐300块，并且是身上只带300块一次捐出的情况下，可以确保运气提升，基本上是9到10点。
2．如果身上带的钱比较多，基本上要一次捐出随身钱的10%以上并且大于1000块，才能确保运气提升，提升点数与钱数和比例相关。
3．其它捐法有时也会有效，如带600块，分2次捐300，但不能保证，就是说有可能捐了2次300块运气一点也没提升，当然如果600块1次捐出，肯定是会提升的。
4．很重要的一点：单单在教堂里祈祷，也有可能提升运气！不过每次进教堂只有一次祈祷有效，并且这一次祈祷大约50%的机率提升运气（1点）。
如果实在穷的要命运气又不好，可以多进几次教堂祈祷吧，hehe5．运气的范围是0到100。
最低档：0到24（恶运缠身，脸上有凶兆的），次低档：25到49（看来不太好，要事事小心），中档：50到74（运气一般，人生要自己开拓），高档：75到99（会交好运的，要有信心），最高档：100（好运常伴）6．海上的幽灵船事件减30运气（够狠！）7．海上的青光闪动，神在保佑的事件对运气没有任何影响！真是很奇怪，不过事实如此。
这个事件一直给我提升运气的错觉，不过如果它不是提升运气的话，到底是有什么效果呢？谁有兴趣研究一下吧。
人物的属性图标代表的意思；拳头是勇气羽毛笔是知识剑是剑术旗是统帅锚是航海心是魅力叹号是直感大炮是跑术罗盘是测量天平是会计手是交涉圆规是地图制作1.先去赚钱，（贸易或打劫）。
帝国时代2秘籍大全 帝王世纪、征服秘籍攻略
帝国时代2秘籍大全帝王世纪、征服秘籍攻略帝国时代2官方秘籍：帝国时代2征服者秘籍（黄金时代通用）ROCKONIooO石头LUMBERJACK1000木头ROBINHOOD1000黄金CHEESESTEAKJIMMY'S1000食物MARCO显示地图POLO去掉黑影AEGIS加快建筑速度NATURALWONDERS控制自然生物（但是无法控制自己人，而且变不回来！）RESIGN投降W IMPYWIMPYWIMPY自我毁灭I LOVETHEMONKEYHEAD获得VDMLHOWDOYOUTURNTHISON获得一辆眼镜蛇汽车T ORPEDON击败N号对手TOSMITHEREENS获得SaboteUrBLACKDEATH毁灭所有敌人IRWINNER获胜WOOFWOOF变出会飞的狗F URIOUSTHEMONKEYBOY获得狂暴的猴男孩MEDUSA:居民变成梅杜莎，当死一次会变成黑骑士（blackrideιj,dadsdsd；再死会变成heavyCatapultoRESIGN:管理权交给电脑E=MC2TROOPER:一个佩带核子弹的雷射警察DARKRAIN:compositebowmen变成隐形射手（不动时是树喔!）H OYOHOYO：牧师有6OOHP and变成整游戏最快的军种BIGBERTHA:catapults变成BigBerthas（+5杀伤力,+50HP）ICBM:Helopolis多90射程helepolisBLACKRIDER:horsearchers变成黑骑士blackriders（+22HB+armorbonus）JACKBENIMBLE:catapultslaunchpeopleGAIA:控制动物（你将无法控制自己人,变不会来）FLYINGDUTCHMAN:Juggernaughts变成FlyingDutchmanSTEROIDS:建筑物立即建好帝国时代2黄金时代专版秘籍CHEATMODE开关要勾上才能使用以下秘技。
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《沙丘2000(DUNE2000)》简易攻略
开始的几关通常是让我们练练兵，熟悉各兵种的长短。
沙虫的攻击对象主要是收集车，多留意它们的动静。
每关的开始兵力比较薄弱，敌人的进攻队形：一定是Raider打头阵，跟来的是Quad，接着是Combat，最后就是Siege Tank。
多么愚蠢的组合，制造几个Trooper打发他们。
每关开始用所有的钱升级重工厂，制造二手货市场。
买五辆以上收集车便可放心建设。
组成一支坦克部队把敌人打回老家吧。
防御：防御首选当然是火箭塔，但很容易被几个火箭兵轻易"搞定"。
最好用围墙把他围住，提高防御力。
最后几关要注意隐形士兵，停几辆车在重要建筑旁以防万一。
同样，敌方有时也会用围墙把火箭塔围住，这时我方应做几辆Missile Tank跟在部队后，专门应付这种情况。
建筑物与建筑物之间不宜靠的太近，如果遭到敌人原子弹、飞机的攻击，肯定损失惨重。
有几关会与盟军合作，但这些白痴每次都只带几辆坦克去找渣，肯定有去无回。
用围墙把他们通通围起来，最后统统放出来。
免得被敌人逐个
击破。
进攻时不宜使用同一兵种，各样都有，各自取长补短。
但要注意他们的行动速度，前方的不要跑的太快，后方的也要赶快跟上。
若想速战速决：先SAVE，做几辆Raider扫图，观察敌方收集车的行动范围，接着LOAD，把初期的兵力把收集车都干掉，敌人有5%的机会出来。
注意别让发现了，否则……很多时候敌方基地都有一些防守薄弱的地方，我方很用一从这些缺口中突入。
但不要太多人，两三辆坦克就够了。
突入后把电厂尽可能消灭干净，接着大队人马冲进总部，只打车辆和电厂，最后几个工程师慢慢地走进来……
DUNE2000建筑、兵种一览
建筑：
Concrete：四格的铁板，若无铁板建筑的防御相对减少。
Concrete：九格的铁板，若无铁板建筑的防御相对减少。
Wind Trap：发电厂，为建筑提供能量。
Barracks：兵营，制造士兵。
Wall：围墙，防止敌人的进攻，防御度高。
Refinery：精炼厂，提炼收集回来的香料。
Gun Turret：炮塔，攻击力一般，很容易被几个小兵打跨。
Qutpost：雷达，观察敌人动静，没有黑幕。
Silo：仓库，储存香料。
Rocket Turret：火箭塔，攻击力强，能对空。
High Teoh Factory：飞机控制塔，制造飞机。
Light Factory：轻工厂，制造轻型车辆。
Heavy Factory：重工厂：制造重型车辆。
Repair Pad：修理平台，维修车辆。
Ix Research Center：研究中心，研制强力武器。
Atreides High Tech Factory：Atreides飞机控制塔。
（Atreides 特有）
Atreides Palace：Atreides宫殿可制造隐形士兵。
（Atreides特有）
Harkonnen Palace：Harkonnen宫殿，可培破坏者。
（Harkonnen 特有）
Ordos Palace：Ordos宫殿，可发射原子弹。
（Ordos特有）兵种：
Light Infantry：最基本的兵种。
Trooper：对坦克特别有用，行动慢。
可攻击飞机。
Engineer：控制敌方建筑，行动慢。
Saboteur：破坏者，隐形，可彻底炸毁一座建筑。
（Ordos特有）
Sardankar：除了服装不同外，与别的士兵没什么区别。
（Harkonnen特有）
Raider：攻击力弱，行动快速。
Quad：攻击力一般，早期的主要武器。
Harvester：没有攻击力，收集香料。
Combat Tank：战斗坦克，常用攻击武器，能力平均。
MCV：基地车，打开后变成总部。
Missile Tank：攻击力强，防御能力差，是助攻的好兵种。
Deviator：远程发射，敌方中弹后会被我方控制一段时间。
（Ordos特有）
Siege Tank：高射炮，攻击范围大，对付士兵的好武器，行动缓慢。
Carryall：飞机，没有攻击力，用于运载车辆。
Devastator：双管坦克，攻击力强，行动缓慢。
（Harkonnen 特有）
Sonic Tank：音波坦克，直线的攻击，不分敌我。
（Atreides 特有）
Fremen：可以隐形的士兵，易被防御塔发现，没什么作用。
（Ordos特有）
Airstrike：飞机攻击，感觉比原子弹还要厉害。
（Atreides特
有）
Death Hand Missile：可发射原子弹。
（Harkonnen特有）。