北大版-线性代数第一章部分课后标准答案详解

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线性代数课后习题答案第一章行列式

第一章行列式1. 利用对角线法则计算下列三阶行列式:(1)381141102---;解381141102--- =2⨯(-4)⨯3+0⨯(-1)⨯(-1)+1⨯1⨯8 -0⨯1⨯3-2⨯(-1)⨯8-1⨯(-4)⨯(-1) =-24+8+16-4=-4.(2)ba c ac b c b a ; 解ba c a cbc b a=acb +bac +cba -bbb -aaa -ccc =3abc -a 3-b 3-c 3.(3)222111c b a cb a ; 解222111c b a c b a=bc 2+ca 2+ab 2-ac 2-ba 2-cb 2 =(a -b )(b -c )(c -a ).(4)y x y x x y x y yx y x +++.解 yx y x x y x y yx y x +++=x(x+y)y+yx(x+y)+(x+y)yx-y3-(x+y)3-x3=3xy(x+y)-y3-3x2y-x3-y3-x3=-2(x3+y3).2.按自然数从小到大为标准次序,求下列各排列的逆序数:(1)1 2 3 4;解逆序数为0(2)4 1 3 2;解逆序数为4:41, 43, 42, 32.(3)3 4 2 1;解逆序数为5: 3 2, 3 1, 4 2, 4 1, 2 1.(4)2 4 1 3;解逆序数为3: 2 1, 4 1, 4 3.(5)1 3 ⋅⋅⋅ (2n-1) 2 4 ⋅⋅⋅ (2n);解逆序数为2)1(-nn:3 2 (1个)5 2, 5 4(2个)7 2, 7 4, 7 6(3个)⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅(2n-1)2, (2n-1)4, (2n-1)6,⋅⋅⋅, (2n-1)(2n-2) (n-1个)(6)1 3 ⋅⋅⋅(2n-1) (2n) (2n-2) ⋅⋅⋅ 2.解逆序数为n(n-1) :3 2(1个)5 2, 5 4 (2个)⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅(2n-1)2, (2n-1)4, (2n-1)6,⋅⋅⋅, (2n-1)(2n-2) (n-1个)4 2(1个) 6 2, 6 4(2个) ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅(2n )2, (2n )4, (2n )6, ⋅ ⋅ ⋅, (2n )(2n -2) (n -1个) 3. 写出四阶行列式中含有因子a 11a 23的项. 解含因子a 11a 23的项的一般形式为(-1)t a 11a 23a 3r a 4s ,其中rs 是2和4构成的排列, 这种排列共有两个, 即24和42. 所以含因子a 11a 23的项分别是(-1)t a 11a 23a 32a 44=(-1)1a 11a 23a 32a 44=-a 11a 23a 32a 44, (-1)t a 11a 23a 34a 42=(-1)2a 11a 23a 34a 42=a 11a 23a 34a 42. 4. 计算下列各行列式:(1)7110025*******214; 解 7110251020214214010014231020211021473234-----======c c c c 34)1(143102211014+-⨯---=143102211014--=01417172001099323211=-++======c c c c .(2)2605232112131412-; 解 265232112131412-26503212213041224--=====cc 041203212213041224--=====rr000003212213041214=--=====r r .(3)efcf bf decd bd ae ac ab ---;解 ef cf bf de cd bd ae ac ab ---e c b ec b e c b ad f ---=a b c d e fa d fbc e 4111111111=---=.(4)dc b a 100110011001---.解dc b a100110011001---dc b a ab ar r 10011001101021---++=====d c a ab 101101)1)(1(12--+--=+01011123-+-++=====cdc ad a ab dc ccdad ab +-+--=+111)1)(1(23=abcd +ab +cd +ad +1. 5. 证明:(1)1112222b b a a b ab a +=(a -b )3;证明1112222b b a a b ab a +00122222221213ab a b a a b a ab ac c c c ------=====ab a b a b a ab 22)1(22213-----=+21))((a b a a b a b +--==(a -b )3. (2)yx z x z y zy x b a bz ay by ax bx az by ax bx az bz ay bx az bz ay by ax )(33+=+++++++++;证明bzay by ax bx az by ax bx az bz ay bxaz bz ay by ax +++++++++bz ay by ax x by ax bx az z bxaz bz ay y b bz ay by ax z by ax bx az y bx az bz ay x a +++++++++++++=bz ay y x by ax x z bxaz z y b y by ax z x bx az y z bz ay x a +++++++=22z y x y x z xz y b y x z x z y z y x a 33+=y x z x z y zy x b y x z x z y z y x a 33+=yx z x z y zy x b a )(33+=.(3)0)3()2()1()3()2()1()3()2()1()3()2()1(2222222222222222=++++++++++++d d d d c c c c b b b b a a a a ; 证明2222222222222222)3()2()1()3()2()1()3()2()1()3()2()1(++++++++++++d d d d c c c c b b b b a a a a (c 4-c 3, c 3-c 2, c 2-c 1得) 5232125232125232125232122222++++++++++++=d d d d c c c c b b b ba a a a (c 4-c 3, c 3-c 2得) 022122212221222122222=++++=d d c c b ba a .(4)444422221111d c b a d c b a d c b a=(a -b )(a -c )(a -d )(b -c )(b -d )(c -d )(a +b +c +d ); 证明444422221111d c b a d c b a d c b a)()()(0)()()(001111222222222a d d a c c a b b a d d a c c a b b a d a c a b ---------=)()()(111))()((222a d d a c c a b b dc b ad a c a b +++---=))(())((00111))()((a b d b d d a b c b c c bd b c a d a c a b ++-++------=)()(11))()()()((a b d d a b c c b d b c a d a c a b ++++-----= =(a -b )(a -c )(a -d )(b -c )(b -d )(c -d )(a +b +c +d ). (5)1221 1 000 00 1000 01a x a a a a x x x n n n +⋅⋅⋅-⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅-⋅⋅⋅--- =x n +a 1x n -1+ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ +a n -1x +a n .证明用数学归纳法证明.当n =2时, 2121221a x a x a x a x D ++=+-=, 命题成立. 假设对于(n -1)阶行列式命题成立, 即 D n -1=x n -1+a 1 x n -2+ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ +a n -2x +a n -1,则D n 按第一列展开, 有111 00 10 01)1(11-⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅-⋅⋅⋅--+=+-x x a xD D n n n n =xD n -1+a n =x n +a 1x n -1+ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ +a n -1x +a n . 因此, 对于n 阶行列式命题成立.6. 设n 阶行列式D =det(a ij ), 把D 上下翻转、或逆时针旋转90︒、或依副对角线翻转, 依次得nnnn a a a a D 11111 ⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅=,11112 n nnn a a a a D ⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅= ,11113 a a a a D n nnn ⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅=,证明DD D n n 2)1(21)1(--==, D 3=D .证明因为D =det(a ij ), 所以nnn n n n nnnn a a a aa a a a a a D 2211111111111 )1( ⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅-=⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅=-⋅⋅⋅=⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅--=-- )1()1(331122111121nnn n nn n n a a a a a a a a DD n n n n 2)1()1()2( 21)1()1(--+-+⋅⋅⋅++-=-=.同理可证nnn n n n a a a a D ⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅-=- )1(11112)1(2D D n n Tn n 2)1(2)1()1()1(---=-=.D D D D D n n n n n n n n =-=--=-=----)1(2)1(2)1(22)1(3)1()1()1()1(.7. 计算下列各行列式(D k 为k 阶行列式):(1)aaD n 11⋅⋅⋅=, 其中对角线上元素都是a , 未写出的元素都是0; 解a a a a a D n 0 0010 000 00 0000 0010 00⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅=(按第n行展开))1()1(10 00 000 0010 000)1(-⨯-+⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅-=n n n aa a )1()1(2 )1(-⨯-⋅⋅⋅⋅-+n n n a a a n n n nn a a a+⋅⋅⋅-⋅-=--+)2)(2(1 )1()1(=an-a n -2=a n -2(a 2-1).(2)xa a a x aa a xD n ⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅= ; 解将第一行乘(-1)分别加到其余各行, 得ax x a ax x a a x x a aa a x D n --⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅--⋅⋅⋅--⋅⋅⋅=000 0 00 0 ,再将各列都加到第一列上 , 得ax ax a x aaa a n x D n -⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅-⋅⋅⋅-⋅⋅⋅-+=0000 0 000 00 )1(=[x +(n -1)a ](x -a )n -1.(3)111 1 )( )1()( )1(1111⋅⋅⋅-⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅-⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅-⋅⋅⋅--⋅⋅⋅-=---+n a a a n a a a n a a a D n n n nn n n ; 解根据第6题结果, 有nnn n n n n n n n a a a n a a a na a aD )( )1()( )1( 11 11)1(1112)1(1-⋅⋅⋅--⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅-⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅-⋅⋅⋅-⋅⋅⋅-=---++此行列式为范德蒙德行列式. ∏≥>≥++++--+--=112)1(1)]1()1[()1(j i n n n n j a i a D∏≥>≥++---=112)1()]([)1(j i n n n j i∏≥>≥++⋅⋅⋅+-++-⋅-⋅-=1121)1(2)1()()1()1(j i n n n n n j i∏≥>≥+-=11)(j i n j i .(4)nnnnn d c d c b a b a D ⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅=11112;解nnnnn d c d c b a b a D ⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅=11112(按第1行展开)nn n n n nd d c d c b a b a a 00011111111----⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅=0)1(1111111112c d c d c b a b a b nn n n n nn ----+⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅-+.再按最后一行展开得递推公式D 2n =a n d n D 2n -2-b n c n D 2n -2, 即D 2n =(a n d n -b n c n )D 2n -2. 于是 ∏=-=ni i i i i n D c b d a D 222)(.而 111111112c b d a d c b a D -==, 所以 ∏=-=ni i i i i n c b d a D 12)(.(5) D =det(a ij ), 其中a ij =|i -j |; 解 a ij =|i -j |,4321 4 01233 10122 21011 3210)d e t (⋅⋅⋅----⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅-⋅⋅⋅-⋅⋅⋅-⋅⋅⋅-⋅⋅⋅==n n n n n n n n a D ij n4321 1 11111 11111 11111 1111 2132⋅⋅⋅----⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅----⋅⋅⋅---⋅⋅⋅--⋅⋅⋅--⋅⋅⋅-=====n n n n r r r r15242321 0 22210 02210 00210 0001 1213-⋅⋅⋅----⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅----⋅⋅⋅---⋅⋅⋅--⋅⋅⋅-+⋅⋅⋅+=====n n n n n c c c c =(-1)n -1(n -1)2n -2. (6)nn a a a D +⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅+⋅⋅⋅+=1 11 1 1111121, 其中a 1a 2 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ a n ≠0.解nn a a a D +⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅+⋅⋅⋅+=1 11 1 1111121n n n n a a a a a a a a a c c c c +-⋅⋅⋅-⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅-⋅⋅⋅-⋅⋅⋅-⋅⋅⋅-=====--10 0001 000 100 0100 0100 0011332212132 11113121121110 00011 000 00 11000 01100 001 ------+-⋅⋅⋅-⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅-⋅⋅⋅-⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅=n nn a a a a a a a a∑=------+⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅=n i i nn a a a a a a a a 1111131********0010000 10000 01000 001)11)((121∑=+=ni in a a a a .8. 用克莱姆法则解下列方程组:(1)⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧=+++-=----=+-+=+++01123253224254321432143214321x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x ;解因为14211213513241211111-=----=D , 142112105132412211151-=------=D , 2841120351*******1512-=-----=D , 426110135232422115113-=----=D , 14202132132212151114=-----=D , 所以 111==DD x , 222==DD x , 333==D D x , 144-==D D x .(2)⎪⎪⎩⎪⎪⎨⎧=+=++=++=++=+150650650651655454343232121x x x x x x x x x x x x x .解因为665510006510006510065100065==D ,15075100165100065100650000611==D , 114551010651000650000601000152-==D ,7035110065000060100051001653==D , 39551000601000051000651010654-==D ,2121105100065100651100655==D ,所以66515071=x , 66511452-=x , 6657033=x , 6653954-=x , 6652124=x .9. 问λ, μ取何值时, 齐次线性方程组⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧=++=++=++0200321321321x x x x x x x x x μμλ有非零解？解系数行列式为μλμμμλ-==1211111D .令D =0, 得 μ=0或λ=1.于是, 当μ=0或λ=1时该齐次线性方程组有非零解.10. 问λ取何值时, 齐次线性方程组⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧=-++=+-+=+--0)1(0)3(2042)1(321321321x x x x x x x x x λλλ有非零解？解系数行列式为λλλλλλλ--+--=----=101112431111132421D=(1-λ)3+(λ-3)-4(1-λ)-2(1-λ)(-3-λ)=(1-λ)3+2(1-λ)2+λ-3.令D=0,得λ=0,λ=2或λ=3.于是,当λ=0,λ=2或λ=3时,该齐次线性方程组有非零解.。

线性代数课后习题答案

线性代数课后题详解第一章行列式1.利用对角线法则计算下列三阶行列式：相信自己加油（1）381141102---；（2）b a c a c b cb a（3）222111c b a c b a ；（4）yxy x x y x y y x y x +++.解注意看过程解答（1）=---38114112811)1()1(03)4(2⨯⨯+-⨯-⨯+⨯-⨯)1()4(18)1(2310-⨯-⨯-⨯-⨯-⨯⨯- =416824-++- =4-（2）=ba c a c bcb a ccc aaa bbb cba bac acb ---++ 3333c b a abc ---=（3）=222111c b a c b a 222222cb ba ac ab ca bc ---++ ))()((a c c b b a ---=（4）yxyx x y x y y x y x+++yx y x y x yx y y x x )()()(+++++=333)(x y x y -+-- 33322333)(3x y x x y y x y y x xy ------+= )(233y x +-=2.按自然数从小到大为标准次序，求下列各排列的逆序数：耐心成就大业（1）1 2 3 4；（2）4 1 3 2；（3）3 4 2 1；（4）2 4 1 3；（5）1 3 …)12(-n 2 4 …)2(n ；（6）1 3 …)12(-n )2(n )22(-n … 2.解（1）逆序数为0（2）逆序数为4：4 1，4 3，4 2，3 2 （3）逆序数为5：3 2，3 1，4 2，4 1,2 1 （4）逆序数为3：2 1，4 1，4 3 （5）逆序数为2)1(-n n ：3 2 1个 5 2，54 2个 7 2，7 4，7 6 3个 …………………)12(-n 2，)12(-n 4，)12(-n 6，…，)12(-n )22(-n)1(-n 个（6）逆序数为)1(-n n3 2 1个 5 2，54 2个 …………………)12(-n 2，)12(-n 4，)12(-n 6，…，)12(-n )22(-n)1(-n 个4 2 1个 6 2，6 4 2个 …………………)2(n 2，)2(n 4，)2(n 6，…，)2(n )22(-n )1(-n 个3.写出四阶行列式中含有因子2311a a 的项.解由定义知，四阶行列式的一般项为43214321)1(p p p p t a a a a -，其中t 为4321p p p p 的逆序数．由于3,121==p p已固定，4321p p p p 只能形如13□□，即1324或1342.对应的t 分别为10100=+++或22000=+++∴44322311a a a a -和42342311a a a a 为所求.4.计算下列各行列式：多练习方能成大财（1）⎥⎥⎥⎥⎦⎥⎢⎢⎢⎢⎣⎢71100251020214214；（2）⎥⎥⎥⎥⎦⎥⎢⎢⎢⎢⎣⎢-2605232112131412；（3）⎥⎥⎥⎦⎥⎢⎢⎢⎣⎢---ef cf bfde cd bd ae ac ab ；（4）⎥⎥⎥⎥⎦⎥⎢⎢⎢⎢⎣⎢---d cb a100110011001 解(1)7110025102021421434327c c c c --0100142310202110214---=143102211014--321132c c c c ++1417172001099-=0(2)2605232112131412-24c c -2605032122130412-24r r -0412032122130412-14r r -0000032122130412-=0(3)ef cfbfde cd bdae acab ---=ecbe c be cb adf ---=111111111---adfbce =abcdef 4(4)dc b a 100110011001---21ar r +d cb a ab 100110011010---+=12)1)(1(+--dca ab 101101--+23dc c +010111-+-+cd c ad a ab=23)1)(1(+--cdadab +-+111=1++++ad cd ab abcd5.证明:(1)1112222b b a a b ab a +=3)(b a -;(3)0)3()2()1()3()2()1()3()2()1()3()2()1(2222222222222222=++++++++++++d d d d c c c cb b b b a a a a ;(4)444422221111d c b a d c b a d c b a))()()()((d b c b d a c a b a -----=))((d c b a d c +++-⋅; (5)1221100000100001a x a a a a x x x n n n +----- n n n n a x a x a x ++++=--111 . 证明(1)00122222221312a b ab a a b a ab ac c c c ------=左边a b ab a b a ab 22)1(22213-----=+21))((ab a a b a b +--=右边=-=3)(b a(2)bzay by ax z by ax bx az y bx az bz ay x a ++++++分开按第一列左边bz ay by ax x by ax bx az z bxaz bz ay y b +++++++ ++++++002y byax z x bx az yzbz ay xa 分别再分bzay y x by ax x z bxaz z yb +++ zyxy x zx z y b yxzx z yz y x a 33+分别再分(3)2222222222222222)3()2()12()3()2()12()3()2()12()3()2()12(++++++++++++++++=d d d d d c c c c c b b b b b a a a a a 左边9644129644129644129644122222141312++++++++++++---d d d d c c c c b b b b a a a a c c c c c c964496449644964422222++++++++d d dd c c c cb b b b a a a a 分成二项按第二列964419644196441964412222+++++++++d d d c c c b b b a a a949494949464222224232423d d c c b b a a c c c c c c c c ----第二项第一项06416416416412222=+d d d cc c bb b aa a(4) 444444422222220001a d a c a b a a d a c a b a ad a c a b a ---------=左边=)()()(222222222222222a d d a c c a b b a d a c a b a d a c a b --------- =)()()(111))()((222a d d a c c a b b ad ac ab a d ac a b++++++---=⨯---))()((a d a c a b)()()()()(00122222a b b a d d a b b a c c a b b bd b c a b +-++-++--+ =⨯-----))()()()((b d b c a d a c a b=))()()()((d b c b d a c a b a -----))((d c b a d c +++-(5) 用数学归纳法证明.,1,2212122命题成立时当a x a x a x a x D n ++=+-==假设对于)1(-n 阶行列式命题成立，即,122111-----++++=n n n n n a x a x a x D:1列展开按第则n D1110010001)1(11----+=+-xx a xD D n n n n右边=+=-n n a xD 1所以，对于n 阶行列式命题成立.6.设n 阶行列式)det(ij a D =,把D 上下翻转、或逆时针旋转 90、或依副对角线翻转，依次得nnnn a a a a D 11111=，11112n nnn a a a a D= ，11113a a a a D n nnn=，证明D D D D D n n =-==-32)1(21,)1(.证明 )det(ij a D =nnn n n n nnnn a a a a a a a a a a D 2211111111111)1(--==∴=--=--nnn n nnn n a a a a a a a a 331122111121)1()1( nnn nn n a a a a111121)1()1()1(---=--D D n n n n 2)1()1()2(21)1()1(--+-+++-=-=D D D D D n n n n n n n n =-=--=-=----)1(2)1(2)1(22)1(3)1()1()1()1(7.计算下列各行列式（阶行列式为k D k ）：(1)aaD n11=,其中对角线上元素都是a ，未写出的元素都是0；(2)xa aa x a a a xD n=;(3) 1111)()1()()1(1111n a a a n a a a n a a a D n n n nnnn ------=---+;提示：利用德蒙德行列式的结果．(4) nnnnnd c d c b a b a D000011112=;(5)j i a a D ij ij n -==其中),det(;(6)nna a a D +++=11111111121,021≠n a a a 其中.解)1()1(10000000010000)1(-⨯-+-n n n a a a)1)(1(2)1(--⋅-+n n n a a a(再按第一行展开) n n n nn a a a+-⋅-=--+)2)(2(1)1()1(2--=n n a a )1(22-=-a a n(2)将第一行乘)1(-分别加到其余各行，得a x xa a x xa a x x a a aa xD n ------=0000000再将各列都加到第一列上，得ax a x a x a a a an x D n ----+=00000)1()(])1([1a x a n x n --+=-(3)从第1+n行开始，第1+n 行经过n 次相邻对换，换到第1行，第n行经)1(-n 次对换换到第2行…，经2)1(1)1(+=++-+n n n n 次行交换，得此行列式为德蒙德行列式∏≥>≥++++--+--=112)1(1)]1()1[()1(j i n n n n j a i a D∏∏≥>≥+++-++≥>≥++-•-•-=---=1121)1(2)1(112)1()][()1()1()]([)1(j i n n n n n j i n n n j i j i∏≥>≥+-=11)(j i n j i(4)nnnnn d c d c b a b a D 011112=nn n n n nd d c d c b a b a a 000000011111111----展开按第一行0)1(1111111112c d c d c b a b a b nn n n n nn ----+-+2222---n n n n n n D c b D d a 都按最后一行展开由此得递推公式：222)(--=n n n n n n D c b d a D即 ∏=-=ni i i i i nD c b d a D 222)(而 111111112c bd a d c b a D -==得 ∏=-=ni i i i i n c b d a D 12)((5)ji a ij-=432140123310122210113210)det( --------==n n n n n n n n a D ij n,3221r r r r --0432111111111111111111111--------------n n n n ,,141312c c c c c c +++1524232102221002210002100001---------------n n n n n =212)1()1(----n n n(6)nna a a D +++=11111111121,,433221c c c c c c ---))(1(121-+n n a a a a nn n a a a a a a a a a --------0000000000000000000000022433221n n n a a a a a a a a ----+--000000000000000001133221 ++ nn n a a a a a a a a -------0000000000000001143322n n n n n n a a a a a a a a a a a a 322321121))(1(++++=---)11)((121∑+==n i in a a a a8.用克莱姆法则解下列方程组：⎪⎪⎩⎪⎪⎨⎧=+++-=----=+-+=+++;01123,2532,242,5)1(4321432143214321x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x⎪⎪⎪⎩⎪⎪⎪⎨⎧=+=++=++=++=+.15,065,065,065,165)2(5454343232121x x x x x x x x x x x x x解 (1)11213513241211111----=D812073503211111------=145008130032101111---=1421420005410032101111-=---=112105132412211151------=D 112105132********----=1121023313090509151------=2331309050112109151------= 1202300461000112109151-----=14200038100112109151----=142-=11235122412111512-----=D 81150731203271151-------=31390011230023101151-=28428401910023101151-=----=14202132132212151114=-----=D 1,3,2,144332211-========∴DD x DD x D D x D D x(2)5100065100065100065100065=D 展开按最后一行6100051065100655-'D D D ''-'=65 D D D ''-'''-''=6)65(5D D '''-''=3019 D D ''''-'''=1146566551141965=⨯-⨯=(,11的余子式中为行列式a D D ',11的余子式中为a D D ''''类推D D ''''''',)51001651000651000650000611=D 展开按第一列6510065100650006+'D 46+'=D 460319+''''-'''=D 1507=51010651000650000601000152=D 展开按第二列5100651006500061-6510065000610005-365510651065⨯-=1145108065-=--=51100650000601000051001653=D 展开按第三列51006500061000516500061000510065+6100510656510650061+=703114619=⨯+=51000601000051000651010654=D 展开按第四列61000510065100655000610005100651--51065106565--=395-=11000051000651000651100655=D 展开按最后一列D '+10005100651006512122111=+=665212;665395;665703;6651145;665150744321=-==-==∴x x x x x ． 9.齐次线性方程组取何值时问,,μλ⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧=++=++=++0200321321321x x x x x x x x x μμλ有非零解？解μλμμμλ-==12111113D ，齐次线性方程组有非零解，则03=D即 0=-μλμ得10==λμ或不难验证，当,10时或==λμ该齐次线性方程组确有非零解.10.齐次线性方程组取何值时问,λ⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧=-++=+-+=+--0)1(0)3(2042)1(321321321x x x x x x x x x λλλ有非零解？解λλλ----=111132421D λλλλ--+--=101112431)3)(1(2)1(4)3()1(3λλλλλ-------+-= 3)1(2)1(23-+-+-=λλλ齐次线性方程组有非零解，则0=D得 32,0===λλλ或不难验证，当32,0===λλλ或时，该齐次线性方程组确有非零解.第二章矩阵与其运算1．已知线性变换：⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧++=++=++=,323,53,22321332123211y y y x y y y x y y y x 求从变量321,,x x x 到变量321,,y y y 的线性变换．解由已知：⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛221321323513122y y y x x x 故 ⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-3211221323513122x x x y y y ⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛----=321423736947y y y ⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧-+=-+=+--=321332123211423736947xx x y x x x y x x x y2．已知两个线性变换⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧++=++-=+=,54,232,232133212311y y y x y y y x y y x ⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧+-=+=+-=,3,2,3323312211z z y z z y z z y 求从321,,zz z 到321,,x x x 的线性变换．解由已知⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛221321514232102y y y x x x ⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-=321310102013514232102z z z ⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛----=321161109412316z z z所以有 ⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧+--=+-=++-=3213321232111610941236zz z x z z z x z z z x3．设⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--=111111111A , ,150421321⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--=B求.23B A A AB T及-解A AB 23-⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--=1504213211111111113⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛---1111111112⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=0926508503⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛---1111111112⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛----=22942017222132⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--=150421321111111111B A T⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=0926508504．计算下列乘积：(1)⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-127075321134; (2)()⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛1233,2,1; (3)()2,1312-⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛; (4)⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛---⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-20413121013143110412;(5)⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛321332313232212131211321),,(x x x a a a a a a a a a x x x ;(6)⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛---⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛3003200121013013000120010100121. 解(1)⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-127075321134⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⨯+⨯+⨯⨯+⨯-+⨯⨯+⨯+⨯=102775132)2(71112374⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛=49635 (2)()⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛123321)10()132231(=⨯+⨯+⨯=(3)()21312-⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⨯-⨯⨯-⨯⨯-⨯=23)1(321)1(122)1(2⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛---=632142 (4)⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛---⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-20413121013143110412⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛---=6520876(5)()⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛321332313232212131211321x x x a a a a a a a a a x x x ()333223113323222112313212111x a x a x a x a x a x a x a x a x a ++++++= ⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⨯321x x x 322331132112233322222111222x x a x x a x x a x a x a x a +++++= (6)⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛---⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛30003200121013013000120010100121⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛---=90003400421025215．设⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=3121A ,⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛=2101B ，问：(1)BA AB =吗?(2)2222)(B AB A B A ++=+吗?(3)22))((B A B A B A -=-+吗?解(1)⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=3121A ,⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=2101B 则⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=6443AB ⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=8321BA BA AB ≠∴ (2)⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=+52225222)(2B A ⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛=2914148 但=++222B AB A ⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛+⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛+⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛43011288611483⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛=27151610 故2222)(B AB A B A ++≠+(3)=-+))((B A B A =⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛10205222⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛9060而=-22B A =⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛430111483⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛7182 故22))((B A B A B A -≠-+6．举反列说明下列命题是错误的:（１）若02=A ,则0=A ; （２）若A A =2,则0=A 或E A =;（３）若AY AX =,且0≠A ,则Y X =.解 (1) 取⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=0010A 02=A ,但0≠A(2) 取⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=0011A A A =2,但0≠A 且E A ≠(3) 取⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=0001A ⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=1111X ⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛=1011YAYAX =且0≠A 但YX ≠7．设⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=101λA ,求k A A A ,,,32 . 解 ⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=12011011012λλλA ⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛==1301101120123λλλA A A利用数学归纳法证明:⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=101λk A k当1=k时,显然成立,假设k 时成立,则1+k 时⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛+=⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛==1)1(01101101λλλk k A A A kk 由数学归纳法原理知:⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=101λk A k8．设⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛=λλλ001001A ,求k A .解首先观察⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=λλλλλλ0010010010012A ⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=222002012λλλλλ⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=⋅=3232323003033λλλλλλA A A由此推测 ⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-=---k k k k k k k k k k k A λλλλλλ0002)1(121)2(≥k用数学归纳法证明: 当2=k时,显然成立.假设k 时成立，则1+k 时，⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=⋅=---+λλλλλλλλλ0010010002)1(1211k k k k k k k k k k k k A A A ⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛+++=+-+--+11111100)1(02)1()1(k k k k k k k k k k λλλλλλ 由数学归纳法原理知:⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=---k k k k k k k k k k k A λλλλλλ0002)1(1219．设B A ,为n 阶矩阵，且A 为对称矩阵，证明AB B T 也是对称矩阵.证明已知：A A T=则 AB B B A B A B B AB B T T T TT T T T ===)()(从而 AB B T也是对称矩阵.10．设B A ,都是n 阶对称矩阵，证明AB 是对称矩阵的充分必要条件是BA AB =.证明由已知：A A T =B B T=充分性：BA AB =⇒A B AB TT =⇒)(AB AB T = 即AB 是对称矩阵.必要性：AB AB T =)(⇒AB A B TT =⇒AB BA =.11．求下列矩阵的逆矩阵：(1)⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛5221； (2)⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-θθθθcos sin sin cos ； (3)⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛---145243121; (4)⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛4121031200210001; (5)⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛2500380000120025; (6)⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛n a a a 0021)0(21≠a a a n解(1)⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛=5221A 1=A1),1(2),1(2,522122111=-⨯=-⨯==A A A A⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--=⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=*122522122111A A A A A *-=A A A 11 故 ⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛--=-12251A(2)01≠=A 故1-A 存在θθθθcos sin sin cos 22122111=-===A A A A从而 ⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=-θθθθcos sin sin cos 1A (3)2=A , 故1-A 存在024312111==-=A A A 而 1613322212-==-=A A A21432332313-==-=A A A故 *-=A A A 11⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-----=1716213213012(4)⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=4121031200210001A24=A 0434232413121======A A A A A A 68122444332211====A A A A12411032001)1(312-=-=A 12421012021)1(413-=-=A3121312021)1(514=-=A 4421012001)1(523-=-=A5121312001)1(624-=-=A 2121021001)1(734-=-=A*-=A AA 11 故⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-----=-4112124581031612100212100011A(5)01≠=A 故1-A 存在而002141312111==-==A A A A005242322212===-=A A A A 320043332313-====A A A A 850044342414=-===A A A A从而⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛----=-85003200005200211A(6)⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=n a a a A0021由对角矩阵的性质知 ⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛=-n a a a A 1001121112．解下列矩阵方程：(1)⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-=⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛12643152X ; (2) ⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛--234311*********X ;(3)⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-101311022141X ; (4)⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛---=⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛021102341010100001100001010X .解 (1)⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=-126431521X ⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--=12642153⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-=80232 (2)1111012112234311-⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛--⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=X ⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛---⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=03323210123431131 ⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛---=32538122 (3)11110210132141--⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=X ⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-=210110131142121 ⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=21010366121⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛=04111 (4)11010100001021102341100001010--⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛---⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=X⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛---⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=010100001021102341100001010⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛---=20143101213．利用逆矩阵解下列线性方程组:(1)⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧=++=++=++;353,2522,132321321321x x x x x x x x x (2)⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧=-+=--=--.0523,132,2321321321x x x x x x x x x解 (1)方程组可表示为 ⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛=⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛321153522321321x x x故 ⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛=⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-0013211535223211321x x x 从而有 ⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧===001321x x x (2) 方程组可表示为 ⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-----012523312111321x x x 故 ⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-----=⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-3050125233121111321x x x 故有 ⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧===305321x x x14．设O A k =(k 为正整数),证明121)(--++++=-k A A A E A E .证明一方面，)()(1A E A E E --=-另一方面，由O A k=有)()()(1122k k k A A A A A A A E E -+--+-+-=-- ))((12A E A A A E k -++++=-故 )()(1A E A E ---))((12A E A A A E k -++++=-两端同时右乘1)(--A E就有121)(--++++=-k A A A E A E15．设方阵A 满足O E A A =--22,证明A 与E A 2+都可逆,并求1-A 与1)2(-+E A .证明由O E A A =--22得E A A 22=-两端同时取行列式:22=-A A即 2=-E A A ,故 0≠A所以A 可逆,而22A E A =+0222≠==+A A E A 故E A 2+也可逆.由O E A A =--22E E A A 2)(=-⇒E A E A A A 112)(--=-⇒)(211E A A -=⇒-又由O E A A =--22E E A A E A 4)2(3)2(-=+-+⇒ E E A E A 4)3)(2(-=-+⇒11)2(4)3)(2()2(--+-=-++∴E A E A E A E A)3(41)2(1A E E A -=+∴-16．设⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=321011330A ,B A AB 2+=,求B . 解由B A AB 2+=可得A B E A =-)2(故A E A B 1)2(--=⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛---=-3210113301210113321⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-=01132133017．设Λ=-AP P 1,其中⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--=1141P ,⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=Λ2001,求11A .解 Λ=-AP P 1故1-Λ=P P A 所以11111-Λ=P P A3=P ⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=*1141P ⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--=-1141311P而 ⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=Λ11111120012001故⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--=31313431200111411111A ⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--=6846832732273118．设m 次多项式m m x a x a x a a x f ++++= 2210)(,记m m A a A a A a E a A f ++++= 2210)()(A f 称为方阵A 的m 次多项式.(1)设⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=Λ2100λλ,证明:⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=Λk k k2100λλ,⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛=Λ)(00)()(21λλf f f ; (2)设1-Λ=P P A ,证明:1-Λ=P P A k k ,1)()(-Λ=P Pf A f . 证明(1) i)利用数学归纳法.当2=k时⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=Λ212120000λλλλ⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=222100λλ命题成立,假设k 时成立,则1+k 时⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=ΛΛ=Λ+212110000λλλλk k k k ⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛=++121100k k λλ 故命题成立. ii)左边m m a a a E a f Λ++Λ+Λ+=Λ= 2210)( ⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛++⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛+⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛=m m m a a a 21211000001001λλλλ⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛++++++++=m m m m a a a a a a a a 2222210121211000λλλλλλ ⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=)(00)(21λλf f =右边 (2) i) 利用数学归纳法.当2=k 时12112---Λ=ΛΛ=P P P P P P A 成立假设k 时成立,则1+k 时11111-+--+Λ=ΛΛ=⋅=P P P P P P A A A k k k k 成立,故命题成立,即 1-Λ=P P A k kii) 证明右边1)(-Λ=P Pf12210)(-Λ++Λ+Λ+=P a a a E a P m m11221110----Λ++Λ+Λ+=P P a P P a P P a PEP a m m m m A a A a A a E a ++++= 2210)(A f ==左边19．设n 阶矩阵A 的伴随矩阵为*A ，证明：(1) 若0=A ,则0=*A ;(2)1-*=n AA .证明(1) 用反证法证明．假设0≠*A 则有E A A =-**1)(由此得O A E A A AA A ===-*-**11)()(O A =∴*这与0≠*A 矛盾，故当0=A 时有0=*A(2) 由于*-=A AA11, 则E A AA =*取行列式得到:nAA A =* 若0≠A 则1-*=n AA若0=A 由(1)知0=*A 此时命题也成立故有1-*=n AA20．取⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛==-==1001D C B A ,验证DCB A DC B A ≠检验: =D C BA =--10100101101001011010010100200002--410012002==而01111==D C B A故 DCB A DCBA ≠21．设⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-=22023443O O A ,求8A 与4A解 ⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=22023443O O A ，令⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=34431A ⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=22022A 则⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=21A O O A A故8218⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=A OO A A ⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛=8281A O O A 1682818281810===A A A A A⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛=⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=464444241422025005O O A OO A A22．设n 阶矩阵A 与s 阶矩阵B 都可逆,求1-⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛O B A O ．解将1-⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛O B A O 分块为⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛4321C C C C其中 1C 为n s ⨯矩阵,2C 为s s ⨯矩阵3C 为n n ⨯矩阵,4C 为s n ⨯矩阵则⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⨯⨯O B A Os s n n ⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛4321C C C C ==E ⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛s n E O O E由此得到⎪⎪⎩⎪⎪⎨⎧=⇒==⇒==⇒==⇒=----122111144133)()(B C E BC B O C O BC A O C O AC A C E AC s n 存在存在故 ⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛---O A B O O B A O 111．第三章矩阵的初等变换与线性方程组1．把下列矩阵化为行最简形矩阵：(1)⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛--340313021201; (2) ⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛----174034301320;(3)⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛---------12433023221453334311; (4) ⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛------34732038234202173132.解(1) ⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--3403130212011312)3()2(~r r r r -+-+⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛---020********* )2()1(32~-÷-÷r r ⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--01003100120123~r r -⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛--300031001201 33~÷r ⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--100031001201323~r r +⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-1000010012013121)2(~r r r r +-+⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛100001000001(2) ⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛----1740343013201312)2()3(2~r r r r -+-+⨯⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛---310031001320 21233~r r r r ++⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛000031001002021~÷r ⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛000031005010 (3)⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛---------12433023221453334311141312323~r r r r r r ---⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛--------101050663*******34311 )5()3()4(432~-÷-÷-÷r r r ⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-----221002210022100343112423213~r r r r r r ---⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛---0000000000221003211(4)⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛------34732038234202173132242321232~r r r r r r ---⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-----1187701298804202111110 141312782~r r r r r r --+⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛--4100041000202011111034221)1(~r r r r r --⨯↔⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛----00000410001111020201 32~r r +⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛--000004100030110202012．在秩是r 的矩阵中,有没有等于0的1-r 阶子式?有没有等于0的r 阶子式?解在秩是r的矩阵中,可能存在等于0的1-r阶子式,也可能存在等于0的r阶子式.例如，⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=00000000010000100001α 3)(=αR 同时存在等于0的3阶子式和2阶子式.3．从矩阵A 中划去一行得到矩阵B ,问B A ,的秩的关系怎样?解 )(A R ≥)(B R设r B R =)(，且B 的某个r 阶子式0≠D r .矩阵B 是由矩阵A 划去一行得到的，所以在A 中能找到与D r 一样的r 阶子式D r ，由于0≠=D D r r ，故而)()(B R A R ≥.4．求作一个秩是4的方阵,它的两个行向量是)0,0,1,0,1(,)0,0,0,1,1(-解设54321,,,,ααααα为五维向量,且)0,0,1,0,1(1=α,)0,0,0,1,1(2-=α,则所求方阵可为,54321⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=αααααA 秩为4,不妨设⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧===)0,0,0,0,0(),0,0,0,0()0,,0,0,0(55443αααx x 取154==x x 故满足条件的一个方阵为⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-00000100000100000011001015．求下列矩阵的秩,并求一个最高阶非零子式：(1)⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛---443112112013; (2) ⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-------815073131213123； (3)⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛---02301085235703273812.解 (1) ⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛---443112112013r r 21~↔⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛---443120131211 ⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛------564056401211~12133r r r r 2000056401211~23秩为⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛----r r 二阶子式41113-=-．(2)⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-------815073131223123⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛---------15273321059117014431~27122113r r r r r r 200000591170144313~23秩为⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-----r r .二阶子式71223-=-．(3)⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛---02301085235703273812434241322~r r r r r r ---⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛------02301024205363071210 131223~r r r r ++⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-0230114000016000071210344314211614~r r r r r r r r -÷÷↔↔⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-00000100007121002301秩为3 三阶子式07023855023085570≠=-=-．6．求解下列齐次线性方程组:(1)⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧=+++=-++=-++;0222,02,02432143214321x x x x x x x x x x x x (2)⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧=-++=--+=-++;05105,0363,02432143214321x x x x x x x x x x x x(3) ⎪⎪⎩⎪⎪⎨⎧=-+-=+-+=-++=+-+;0742,0634,0723,05324321432143214321x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x (4)⎪⎪⎩⎪⎪⎨⎧=++-=+-+=-+-=+-+.0327,01613114,02332,075434321432143214321x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x解 (1) 对系数矩阵实施行变换:⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--212211121211⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛---3410013100101~即得⎪⎪⎪⎩⎪⎪⎪⎨⎧==-==4443424134334x x x x x x x x故方程组的解为⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-=⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛1343344321k x x x x(2)对系数矩阵实施行变换:⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛----5110531631121⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-000001001021~即得⎪⎪⎩⎪⎪⎨⎧===+-=4432242102x x x x x x x x故方程组的解为⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛+⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛10010012214321k k x x x x(3)对系数矩阵实施行变换:⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-----7421631472135132⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛1000010*********~即得⎪⎪⎩⎪⎪⎨⎧====00004321x x x x故方程组的解为⎪⎪⎩⎪⎪⎨⎧====00004321x x x x(4)对系数矩阵实施行变换:⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-----3127161311423327543⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛--000000001720171910171317301~ 即得⎪⎪⎪⎩⎪⎪⎪⎨⎧==-=-=4433432431172017191713173x x x x x x x x x x故方程组的解为⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--+⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛1017201713011719173214321k k x x x x7．求解下列非齐次线性方程组:(1)⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧=+=+-=-+;8311,10213,22421321321x x x x x x x x (2)⎪⎪⎩⎪⎪⎨⎧-=+-=-+-=+-=++;694,13283,542,432z y x z y x z y x z y x(3)⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧=--+=+-+=+-+;12,2224,12w z y x w z y x w z y x (4)⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧-=+-+=-+-=+-+;2534,4323,12w z y x w z y x w z y x解 (1) 对系数的增广矩阵施行行变换,有⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛----⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--60003411100833180311102132124~2)(=A R 而3)(=B R ,故方程组无解．(2) 对系数的增广矩阵施行行变换:⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-----69141328354214132⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛--0000000021101201~即得⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧=+=--=zz z y z x 212亦即⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-+⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛021112k z y x(3) 对系数的增广矩阵施行行变换:⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛----111122122411112⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-000000100011112~ 即得⎪⎪⎪⎩⎪⎪⎪⎨⎧===++-=0212121w z z y y z y x 即⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛+⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛+⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-=⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛00021010210012121k k w z y x(4) 对系数的增广矩阵施行行变换:⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛----⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-----000007579751025341253414312311112~⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛----00007579751076717101~即得⎪⎪⎪⎩⎪⎪⎪⎨⎧==--=++=w w z z w z y w z x 757975767171 即⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-+⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-+⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛00757610797101757121k k w z y x8．λ取何值时,非齐次线性方程组⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧=++=++=++2321321321,,1λλλλλx x x x x x x x x (1)有唯一解；(2)无解；(3)有无穷多个解?解 (1)0111111≠λλλ,即2,1-≠λ时方程组有唯一解.(2))()(B R A R <⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=21111111λλλλλB ⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛+-+----22)1)(1()2)(1(00)1(11011~λλλλλλλλλλ由0)1)(1(,0)2)(1(2≠+-=+-λλλλ得2-=λ时,方程组无解.(3)3)()(<=B R A R ,由0)1)(1()2)(1(2=+-=+-λλλλ,得1=λ时,方程组有无穷多个解.9．非齐次线性方程组⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧=-+=+--=++-23213213212,2,22λλx x x x x x x x x 当λ取何值时有解？并求出它的解．解 ⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛+-----⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛----=)2)(1(000)1(321101212111212112~2λλλλλλB方程组有解，须0)2)(1(=+-λλ得2,1-==λλ当1=λ时,方程组解为⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛+⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛001111321k x x x当2-=λ时,方程组解为⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛+⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛022111321k x x x10．设⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧--=-+--=--+=-+-,1)5(42,24)5(2,122)2(321321321λλλλx x x x x x x x x问λ为何值时,此方程组有唯一解、无解或有无穷多解？并在有无穷多解时求解．解⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛---------154224521222λλλλ 初等行变换~⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛---------2)4)(1(2)10)(1(00111012251λλλλλλλλ当0≠A ,即02)10()1(2≠--λλ1≠∴λ且10≠λ时，有唯一解.当02)10)(1(=--λλ且02)4)(1(≠--λλ，即10=λ时，无解.当02)10)(1(=--λλ且02)4)(1(=--λλ，即1=λ时，有无穷多解.此时，增广矩阵为⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-000000001221原方程组的解为⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛+⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛+⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛00110201221321k k x x x (R k k ∈21,)11．试利用矩阵的初等变换，求下列方阵的逆矩阵：(1)⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛323513123; (2) ⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-----1210232112201023. 解（1）⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛100010001323513123⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛---101011001200410123~ ⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛----10121121023200010023~⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛----2102121129227100010003~⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛----21021211233267100010001~ 故逆矩阵为⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛----21021211233267。

《线性代数》课后习题答案

《线性代数》课后习题答案第一章行列式习题1.11. 证明：（1）首先证明)3(Q 是数域。

因为)3(Q Q ?，所以)3(Q 中至少含有两个复数。

任给两个复数)3(3,32211Q b a b a ∈++，我们有3)()3()3)(3(3)()()3()3(3)()()3()3(21212121221121212211212122 11b a a b b b a a b a b a b b a a b a b a b b a a b a b a +++=++-+-=+-++++=+++。

因为Q 是数域，所以有理数的和、差、积仍然为有理数，所以)3(3)()3()3)(3()3(3)()()3()3()3(3)()()3()3(2121212122112121221 121212211Q b a a b b b a a b a b a Q b b a a b a b a Q b b a a b a b a ∈+++=++∈-+-=+-+∈+++=+++。

如果0322≠+b a ，则必有22,b a 不同时为零，从而0322≠-b a 。

又因为有理数的和、差、积、商仍为有理数，所以)3(33)(3)3()3)(3()3)(3(332222212122222121222222112211Q b a b a a b b a b b a a b a b a b a b a b a b a ∈--+--=-+-+=++。

综上所述，我们有)3(Q 是数域。

（2）类似可证明)(p Q 是数域，这儿p 是一个素数。

（3）下面证明：若q p ,为互异素数，则)()(q Q p Q ?。

（反证法）如果)()(q Qp Q ?，则q b a p Q b a +=?∈?,，从而有q ab qb a p p 2)()(222++==。

由于上式左端是有理数，而q 是无理数，所以必有02=q ab 。

所以有0=a 或0=b 。

线性代数课后习题答案全解.pdf

第一章行列式1. 利用对角线法则计算下列三阶行列式: (1)381141102−−−;解 381141102−−−=2×(−4)×3+0×(−1)×(−1)+1×1×8 −0×1×3−2×(−1)×8−1×(−4)×(−1) =−24+8+16−4=−4. (2)b a c a c b cb a ;解 ba c a cb cb a=acb +bac +cba −bbb −aaa −ccc =3abc −a 3−b 3−c 3. (3)222111c b a c b a ;解 222111c b a c b a=bc 2+ca 2+ab 2−ac 2−ba 2−cb =(a −b )(b −c )(c −a ). 2(4)y x y x x y x y yx y x +++.解 yx y x x y x y yx y x +++=x (x +y )y +yx (x +y )+(x +y )yx −y 3−(x +y )3−x =3xy (x +y )−y 3 3−3x 2 y −x 3−y 3−x =−2(x 3 3+y 3 2. 按自然数从小到大为标准次序, 求下列各排列的逆序数:).(1)1 2 3 4; 解逆序数为0 (2)4 1 3 2;解逆序数为4: 41, 43, 42, 32. (3)3 4 2 1;解逆序数为5: 3 2, 3 1, 4 2, 4 1, 2 1. (4)2 4 1 3;解逆序数为3: 2 1, 4 1, 4 3. (5)1 3 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ (2n −1) 2 4 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ (2n );解逆序数为2)1(−n n : 3 2 (1个) 5 2, 5 4(2个) 7 2, 7 4, 7 6(3个)⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅(2n −1)2, (2n −1)4, (2n −1)6, ⋅ ⋅ ⋅, (2n −1)(2n −2) (n −1个)(6)1 3 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ (2n −1) (2n ) (2n −2) ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ 2. 解逆序数为n (n −1) : 3 2(1个) 5 2, 5 4 (2个) ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅(2n −1)2, (2n −1)4, (2n −1)6, ⋅ ⋅ ⋅, (2n −1)(2n −2) (n −1个) 4 2(1个) 6 2, 6 4(2个) ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅(2n )2, (2n )4, (2n )6, ⋅ ⋅ ⋅, (2n )(2n −2) (n −1个) 3. 写出四阶行列式中含有因子a 11a 23 解含因子a 的项. 11a 23(−1)的项的一般形式为t a 11a 23a 3r a 4s 其中rs 是2和4构成的排列, 这种排列共有两个, 即24和42. ,所以含因子a 11a 23 (−1)的项分别是t a 11a 23a 32a 44=(−1)1a 11a 23a 32a 44=−a 11a 23a 32a 44 (−1), t a 11a 23a 34a 42=(−1)2a 11a 23a 34a 42=a 11a 23a 34a 42 4. 计算下列各行列式:.(1)71100251020214214; 解 71100251020214214010014231020211021473234−−−−−======c c c c 34)1(143102211014+−×−−−= 143102211014−−=01417172001099323211=−++======c c c c .(2)2605232112131412−; 解 2605232112131412−26053212213041224−−=====c c 041203212213041224−−=====r r 0000003212213041214=−−=====r r . (3)efcf bf de cd bd aeac ab −−−;解 ef cf bf de cd bd ae ac ab −−−ec b e c b ec b adf −−−=abcdef adfbce 4111111111=−−−=.(4)dc b a 100110011001−−−. 解d c b a 100110011001−−−dc b aab ar r 10011001101021−−−++===== d c a ab 101101)1)(1(12−−+−−=+01011123−+−++=====cd c ada ab dc ccdad ab +−+−−=+111)1)(1(23=abcd +ab +cd +ad +1. 5. 证明:(1)1112222b b a a b ab a +=(a −b )3 证明;1112222b b a a b ab a +00122222221213a b a b a a b a ab a c c c c −−−−−−=====ab a b a b a ab 22)1(22213−−−−−=+21))((a b a a b a b +−−==(a −b )3 (2) . y x z x z y zy x b a bz ay by ax bx az by ax bx az bz ay bx az bz ay by ax )(33+=+++++++++;证明bzay by ax bx az by ax bx az bz ay bxaz bz ay by ax +++++++++bz ay by ax x by ax bx az z bxaz bz ay y b bz ay by ax z by ax bx az y bx az bz ay x a +++++++++++++=bz ay y x by ax x z bxaz z y b y by ax z x bx az y z bz ay x a +++++++=22z y x y x z xz y b y x z x z y z y x a 33+=y x z x z y zy x b y x z x z y z y x a 33+=y x z x z y zy x b a )(33+=.(3)0)3()2()1()3()2()1()3()2()1()3()2()1(2222222222222222=++++++++++++d d d d c c c c b b b b a a a a ; 证明 2222222222222222)3()2()1()3()2()1()3()2()1()3()2()1(++++++++++++d d d d c c c c b b b b a a a a (c 4−c 3, c 3−c 2, c 2−c 1 得) 5232125232125232125232122222++++++++++++=d d d d c c c c b b b b a a a a (c 4−c 3, c 3−c 2得)022122212221222122222=++++=d d c c b b a a . (4)444422221111d c b a d c b a d c b a =(a −b )(a −c )(a −d )(b −c )(b −d )(c −d )(a +b +c +d ); 证明 444422221111d c b a d c b a d c b a )()()(0)()()(001111222222222a d d a c c a b b a d d a c c a b b ad a c a b −−−−−−−−−=)()()(111))()((222a d d a c c a b b dc b ad a c a b +++−−−= ))(())((00111))()((a b d b d d a b c b c c bd b c a d a c a b ++−++−−−−−−= )()(11))()()()((a b d d a b c c b d b c a d a c a b ++++−−−−−= =(a −b )(a −c )(a −d )(b −c )(b −d )(c −d )(a +b +c +d ). (5)12211 000 00 1000 01a x a a a a x x xn n n+⋅⋅⋅−⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅−⋅⋅⋅−−− =x n +a 1x n −1+ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ +a n −1x +a n .证明用数学归纳法证明.当n =2时, 2121221a x a x a x a x D ++=+−=, 命题成立. 假设对于(n −1)阶行列式命题成立, 即 D n −1=x n −1+a 1 x n −2+ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ +a n −2x +a n −1则D , n 按第一列展开, 有 11100 100 01)1(11−⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅−⋅⋅⋅−−+=+−x x a xD D n n n n =xD n −1+a n =x n +a 1x n −1+ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ +a n −1x +a n 因此, 对于n 阶行列式命题成立. .6. 设n 阶行列式D =det(a ij ), 把D 上下翻转、或逆时针旋转90°、或依副对角线翻转, 依次得n nn n a a a a D 11111 ⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅=, 11112 n nnn a a a a D ⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅= , 11113 a a a a D n n nn ⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅=,证明D D D n n 2)1(21)1(−−==, D 3 证明因为D =det(a =D .ij ), 所以 nnn n n n nnnn a a a a a a a a a a D 2211111111111 )1( ⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅−=⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅=−⋅⋅⋅=⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅−−=−− )1()1(331122111121nnn n nn n n a a a a a a a a D D n n n n 2)1()1()2( 21)1()1(−−+−+⋅⋅⋅++−=−=.同理可证 nnn n n n a a a a D ⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅−=− )1(11112)1(2D D n n T n n 2)1(2)1()1()1(−−−=−=. D D D D D n n n n n n n n =−=−−=−=−−−−)1(2)1(2)1(22)1(3)1()1()1()1(.7. 计算下列各行列式(D k (1)为k 阶行列式): aa D n 1 1⋅⋅⋅=, 其中对角线上元素都是a , 未写出的元素都是0; 解 aa a a a D n 010 000 00 000 0010 00⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅=(按第n 行展开) )1()1(10 000 00 000 0010 000)1(−×−+⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅−=n n n aa a )1()1(2 )1(−×−⋅⋅⋅⋅−+n n n a a an n n n n a a a+⋅⋅⋅−⋅−=−−+)2)(2(1)1()1(=a n −a n −2=a n −2(a 2−1).(2)xa aa x a a a xD n ⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅= ; 解将第一行乘(−1)分别加到其余各行, 得 ax x a ax x a a x x a aa a x D n −−⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅−−⋅⋅⋅−−⋅⋅⋅=000 0 00 0, 再将各列都加到第一列上, 得ax ax a x aaa a n x D n −⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅−⋅⋅⋅−⋅⋅⋅−+=0000 0 000 00 )1(=[x +(n −1)a ](x −a )n −1 (3). 111 1 )( )1()( )1(1111⋅⋅⋅−⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅−⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅−⋅⋅⋅−−⋅⋅⋅−=−−−+n a a a n a a a n a a a D n n n n nn n ; 解根据第6题结果, 有 nnn n n n n n n n a a a n a a a n a a aD )( )1()( )1( 11 11)1(1112)1(1−⋅⋅⋅−−⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅−⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅−⋅⋅⋅−⋅⋅⋅−=−−−++此行列式为范德蒙德行列式.∏≥>≥++++−−+−−=112)1(1)]1()1[()1(j i n n n n j a i a D∏≥>≥++−−−=112)1()]([)1(j i n n n j i∏≥>≥++⋅⋅⋅+−++−⋅−⋅−=1121)1(2)1()()1()1(j i n n n n n j i∏≥>≥+−=11)(j i n j i .(4)nnnnn d c d c b a b a D ⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅=11112; 解nnnnn d c d c b a b a D ⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅=11112(按第1行展开) nn n n n nd d c d c b a b a a 00011111111−−−−⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅=0)1(1111111112c d c d c b a b a b nn n n n nn −−−−+⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅−+. 再按最后一行展开得递推公式D 2n =a n d n D 2n −2−b n c n D 2n −2, 即D 2n =(a n d n −b n c n )D 2n −2于是 . ∏=−=ni i i i i n D c b d a D 222)(.而 111111112c b d a d c b a D −==,所以 ∏=−=ni i i i i n c b d a D 12)(.(5) D =det(a ij ), 其中a ij 解 a =|i −j |; ij =|i −j |, 043214 01233 10122 21011 3210)det(⋅⋅⋅−−−−⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅−⋅⋅⋅−⋅⋅⋅−⋅⋅⋅−⋅⋅⋅==n n n n n n n n a D ij n 04321 1 11111 11111 11111 1111 2132⋅⋅⋅−−−−⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅−−−−⋅⋅⋅−−−⋅⋅⋅−−⋅⋅⋅−−⋅⋅⋅−=====n n n n r r r r15242321 0 22210 02210 00210 0001 1213−⋅⋅⋅−−−−⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅−−−−⋅⋅⋅−−−⋅⋅⋅−−⋅⋅⋅−+⋅⋅⋅+=====n n n n n c c c c =(−1)n −1(n −1)2n −2 (6).nn a a a D +⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅+⋅⋅⋅+=1 11 1 1111121, 其中a 1a 2 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ a n≠0.解nn a a a D +⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅+⋅⋅⋅+=1 11 1 1111121 nn n n a a a a a a a a a c c c c +−⋅⋅⋅−⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅−⋅⋅⋅−⋅⋅⋅−⋅⋅⋅−=====−−100001 000 100 0100 0100 0011332212132 1111312112111000011 000 00 11000 01100 001 −−−−−−+−⋅⋅⋅−⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅−⋅⋅⋅−⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅=nn n a a a a a a a a∑=−−−−−−+⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅⋅=n i i n n a a a a a a a a 1111131******** 00010 000 00 10000 01000 001)11)((121∑=+=ni i n a a a a .8. 用克莱姆法则解下列方程组: (1) =+++−=−−−−=+−+=+++01123253224254321432143214321x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x ;解因为 14211213513241211111−=−−−−=D , 142112105132412211151−=−−−−−−=D , 284112035122412111512−=−−−−−=D , 426110135232422115113−=−−−−=D , 14202132132212151114=−−−−−=D , 所以 111==D D x , 222==D Dx , 333==DD x , 144−==D D x .(2)=+=++=++=++=+150650650651655454343232121x x x x x x x x x x x x x .解因为 665510006510006510065100065==D , 15075100165100065100065000611==D , 114551010651000650000601000152−==D , 703511650000601000051001653==D , 39551601000051000651010654−==D , 2121100005100065100651100655==D , 所以66515071=x , 66511452−=x , 6657033=x , 6653954−=x , 6652124=x .9. 问λ, µ取何值时, 齐次线性方程组 =++=++=++0200321321321x x x x x x x x x µµλ有非零解？解系数行列式为µλµµµλ−==1211111D .令D =0, 得 µ=0或λ=1.于是, 当µ=0或λ=1时该齐次线性方程组有非零解.10. 问λ取何值时, 齐次线性方程组 =−++=+−+=+−−0)1(0)3(2042)1(321321321x x x x x x x x x λλλ有非零解？解系数行列式为λλλλλλλ−−+−−=−−−−=101112431111132421D=(1−λ)3 =(1−λ)+(λ−3)−4(1−λ)−2(1−λ)(−3−λ) 3+2(1−λ)2 令D =0, 得+λ−3. λ=0, λ=2或λ=3.于是, 当λ=0, λ=2或λ=3时, 该齐次线性方程组有非零解.第二章矩阵及其运算1. 已知线性变换:++=++=++=3213321232113235322y y y x y y y x y y y x , 求从变量x 1, x 2, x 3到变量y 1, y 2, y 3 解由已知:的线性变换.= 221321323513122y y y x x x ,故= −3211221323513122x x x y y y−−−−=321423736947y y y ,−+=−+=+−−=321332123211423736947x x x y x x x y x x x y .2. 已知两个线性变换++=++−=+=32133212311542322y y y x y y y x y y x ,+−=+=+−=323312211323z z y z z y z z y , 求从z 1, z 2, z 3到x 1, x 2, x 3 解由已知的线性变换.−= 221321514232102y y y x x x−− −=321310102013514232102z z z−−−−=321161109412316z z z ,所以有 +−−=+−=++−=3213321232111610941236z z z x z z z x z z z x .3. 设 −−=111111111A ,−−=150421321B , 求3AB −2A 及A T 解 B .−−− −− −−=−1111111112150421321111111111323A AB−−−−= −−− −=2294201722213211111111120926508503,−= −− −−=092650850150421321111111111B A T.4. 计算下列乘积: (1)−127075321134;解 −127075321134 ×+×+××+×−+××+×+×=102775132)2(71112374=49635.(2)123)321(;解123)321(=(1×3+2×2+3×1)=(10).(3))21(312−;解 )21(312−×−××−××−×=23)1(321)1(122)1(2−−−=632142. (4)−−−−20413121013143110412 ; 解−−− −20413121013143110412 −−−=6520876. (5)321332313232212131211321)(x x x a a a a a a a a a x x x ;解321332313232212131211321)(x x x a a a a a a a a a x x x=(a 11x 1+a 12x 2+a 13x 3 a 12x 1+a 22x 2+a 23x 3a 13x 1+a 23x 2+a 33x 3321x x x )322331132112233322222111222x x a x x a x x a x a x a x a +++++=.5. 设 =3121A ,=2101B , 问: (1)AB =BA 吗? 解 AB ≠BA . 因为=6443AB ,=8321BA , 所以AB ≠BA .(2)(A +B )2=A 2+2AB +B 2 解 (A +B )吗? 2≠A 2+2AB +B 2 因为.=+5222B A ,=+52225222)(2B A=2914148,但 + +=++43011288611483222B AB A=27151610,所以(A +B )2≠A 2+2AB +B 2 (3)(A +B )(A −B )=A . 2−B 2 解 (A +B )(A −B )≠A 吗? 2−B 2 因为.=+5222B A ,=−1020B A ,==−+906010205222))((B A B A ,而= −=−718243011148322B A ,故(A +B )(A −B )≠A 2−B 2 6. 举反列说明下列命题是错误的:.(1)若A 2 解取=0, 则A =0;=0010A , 则A 2 (2)若A =0, 但A ≠0. 2 解取=A , 则A =0或A =E ;=0011A , 则A 2 (3)若AX =AY , 且A ≠0, 则X =Y .=A , 但A ≠0且A ≠E . 解取=0001A , −=1111X ,=1011Y , 则AX =AY , 且A ≠0, 但X ≠Y .7. 设=101λA , 求A 2, A 3, ⋅ ⋅ ⋅, A k 解 . ==12011011012λλλA , ===1301101120123λλλA A A , ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅,=101λk A k . 8. 设=λλλ001001A , 求A k 解首先观察. =λλλλλλ0010010010012A=222002012λλλλλ,=⋅=3232323003033λλλλλλA A A ,=⋅=43423434004064λλλλλλA A A ,=⋅=545345450050105λλλλλλA A A , ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅,=k A k k k k k k k k k k λλλλλλ0002)1(121−−−−. 用数学归纳法证明:当k =2时, 显然成立.假设k 时成立，则k +1时，−=⋅=−−−+λλλλλλλλλ0010010002)1(1211k k k k k k k k k k k k A A A+++=+−+−−+11111100)1(02)1()1(k k k k k k k k k k λλλλλλ, 由数学归纳法原理知:−=−−−k k k k k k k k k k k A λλλλλλ0002)1(121. 9. 设A , B 为n 阶矩阵，且A 为对称矩阵，证明B T 证明因为A AB 也是对称矩阵.T (B =A , 所以T AB )T =B T (B T A )T =B T A T B =B T 从而B AB ,T 10. 设A , B 都是n 阶对称矩阵，证明AB 是对称矩阵的充分必要条件是AB =BA .AB 是对称矩阵.证明充分性: 因为A T =A , B T (AB )=B , 且AB =BA , 所以 T =(BA )T =A T B T 即AB 是对称矩阵.=AB ,必要性: 因为A T =A , B T =B , 且(AB )T AB =(AB )=AB , 所以T =B T A T 11. 求下列矩阵的逆矩阵:=BA .(1)5221; 解=5221A . |A |=1, 故A −1 存在. 因为−−= =1225*22122111A A A A A ,故 *||11A A A =−−−=1225. (2)−θθθθcos sin sin cos ; 解−=θθθθcos sin sin cos A . |A |=1≠0, 故A −1 存在. 因为−= =θθθθcos sin sin cos *22122111A A A A A , 所以 *||11A A A =−−=θθθθcos sin sin cos . (3)−−−145243121; 解−−−=145243121A . |A |=2≠0, 故A −1 存在. 因为−−−−−= =214321613024*332313322212312111A A A A A A A A A A , 所以 *||11A A A =−−−−−−=1716213213012. (4)n a a a 0021(a 1a 2⋅ ⋅ ⋅a n ≠0) .解=n a a a A 0021, 由对角矩阵的性质知=−n a a a A 10011211 . 12. 解下列矩阵方程:(1) −=12643152X ; 解 −=−126431521X − −−=12642153 −=80232. (2) −=−−234311*********X ; 解 1111012112234311−−− −=X−−− −=03323210123431131 −−−=32538122. (3) −= − −101311022141X ;解 11110210132141−− − − −=X− −=210110131142121 =21010366121=04111. (4)−−−= 021102341010100001100001010X . 解 11010100001021102341100001010−−−−− =X −−− =010100001021102341100001010 −−−=201431012. 13. 利用逆矩阵解下列线性方程组:(1) =++=++=++3532522132321321321x x x x x x x x x ; 解方程组可表示为= 321153522321321x x x , 故 = = −0013211535223211321x x x ,从而有 ===001321x x x . (2) =−+=−−=−−05231322321321321x x x x x x x x x . 解方程组可表示为=−−−−−012523312111321x x x , 故 =−−−−−= −3050125233121111321x x x , 故有 ===305321x x x . 14. 设A k =O (k 为正整数), 证明(E −A )−1=E +A +A 2+⋅ ⋅ ⋅+A k −1 证明因为A . k =O , 所以E −A k E −A =E . 又因为k =(E −A )(E +A +A 2+⋅ ⋅ ⋅+A k −1所以 (E −A )(E +A +A ),2+⋅ ⋅ ⋅+A k −1由定理2推论知(E −A )可逆, 且)=E ,(E −A )−1=E +A +A 2+⋅ ⋅ ⋅+A k −1.证明一方面, 有E =(E −A )−1 另一方面, 由A (E −A ).k E =(E −A )+(A −A =O , 有2)+A 2−⋅ ⋅ ⋅−A k −1+(A k −1−A k )=(E +A +A 2+⋅ ⋅ ⋅+A k −1故 (E −A ))(E −A ),−1(E −A )=(E +A +A 2+⋅ ⋅ ⋅+A k −1两端同时右乘(E −A ))(E −A ),−1 (E −A ), 就有−1(E −A )=E +A +A 2+⋅ ⋅ ⋅+A k −1.15. 设方阵A 满足A 2−A −2E =O , 证明A 及A +2E 都可逆, 并求A −1及(A +2E )−1 证明由A .2 A −A −2E =O 得2或 −A =2E , 即A (A −E )=2E ,E E A A =−⋅)(21, 由定理2推论知A 可逆, 且)(211E A A −=−. 由A 2 A −A −2E =O 得2或 −A −6E =−4E , 即(A +2E )(A −3E )=−4E ,E A E E A =−⋅+)3(41)2( 由定理2推论知(A +2E )可逆, 且)3(41)2(1A E E A −=+−.证明由A 2−A −2E =O 得A 2 |A −A =2E , 两端同时取行列式得 2即 |A ||A −E |=2,−A |=2,故 |A |≠0,所以A 可逆, 而A +2E =A 2, |A +2E |=|A 2|=|A |2由 A ≠0, 故A +2E 也可逆. 2 ⇒A −A −2E =O ⇒A (A −E )=2E−1A (A −E )=2A −1)(211E A A −=−E ⇒,又由 A 2 ⇒ (A +2E )(A −3E )=−4 E ,−A −2E =O ⇒(A +2E )A −3(A +2E )=−4E所以 (A +2E )−1(A +2E )(A −3E )=−4(A +2 E )−1 ,)3(41)2(1A E E A −=+−.16. 设A 为3阶矩阵, 21||=A , 求|(2A )−1 解因为−5A *|.*||11A A A =−, 所以 |||521||*5)2(|111−−−−=−A A A A A |2521|11−−−=A A=|−2A −1|=(−2)3|A −1|=−8|A |−1 17. 设矩阵A 可逆, 证明其伴随阵A *也可逆, 且(A *)=−8×2=−16.−1=(A −1 证明由)*.*||11A A A =−, 得A *=|A |A −1 |A *|=|A |, 所以当A 可逆时, 有n |A −1|=|A |n −1从而A *也可逆.≠0,因为A *=|A |A −1 (A *), 所以−1=|A |−1又A .*)(||)*(||1111−−−==A A A A A , 所以(A *)−1=|A |−1A =|A |−1|A |(A −1)*=(A −1 18. 设n 阶矩阵A 的伴随矩阵为A *, 证明:)*.(1)若|A |=0, 则|A *|=0;(2)|A *|=|A |n −1 证明.(1)用反证法证明. 假设|A *|≠0, 则有A *(A *)−1 A =A A *(A *)=E , 由此得 −1=|A |E (A *)−1所以A *=O , 这与|A *|≠0矛盾，故当|A |=0时, 有|A *|=0.=O ,(2)由于*||11A A A =−, 则AA *=|A |E , 取行列式得到 |A ||A *|=|A |n 若|A |≠0, 则|A *|=|A |.n −1 若|A |=0, 由(1)知|A *|=0, 此时命题也成立.;因此|A *|=|A |n −1.19. 设−=321011330A , AB =A +2B , 求B . 解由AB =A +2E 可得(A −2E )B =A , 故− −−−=−=−−321011330121011332)2(11A E A B −=011321330. 20. 设 =101020101A , 且AB +E =A 2+B , 求B .解由AB +E =A 2 (A −E )B =A +B 得 2即 (A −E )B =(A −E )(A +E ).−E , 因为01001010100||≠−==−E A , 所以(A −E )可逆, 从而=+=201030102E A B .21. 设A =diag(1, −2, 1), A *BA =2BA −8E , 求B . 解由A *BA =2BA −8E 得 (A *−2E )BA =−8E , B =−8(A *−2E )−1A =−8[A (A *−2E )]−1 =−8(AA *−2A )−1 =−8(|A |E −2A )−1 =−8(−2E −2A )−1 =4(E +A )−1 =4[diag(2, −1, 2)]−1−1)21 ,1 ,21(diag 4−==2diag(1, −2, 1).22. 已知矩阵A 的伴随阵−=8030010100100001*A , 且ABA −1=BA −1+3E , 求B .解由|A *|=|A |3 由ABA =8, 得|A |=2. −1=BA −1 AB =B +3A ,+3E 得 B =3(A −E )−1A =3[A (E −A −1)]−1 A 11*)2(6*)21(3−−−=−=A E A E−=−−=−1030060600600006603001010010000161. 23. 设P −1 −−=1141P AP =Λ, 其中,−=Λ2001, 求A 11 解由P . −1AP =Λ, 得A =P ΛP −1, 所以A 11= A =P Λ11P −1 |P |=3, .−=1141*P ,−−=−1141311P ,而−= −=Λ11111120 012001,故−− −−−=31313431200111411111A −−=68468327322731. 24. 设AP =P Λ, 其中−−=111201111P ,−=Λ511,求ϕ(A )=A 8(5E −6A +A 2 解 ϕ(Λ)=Λ). 8(5E −6Λ+Λ2 =diag(1,1,5)8)[diag(5,5,5)−diag(−6,6,30)+diag(1,1,25)]=diag(1,1,58 ϕ(A )=P ϕ(Λ)P )diag(12,0,0)=12diag(1,0,0).−1 *)(||1P P P Λ=ϕ−−−−−− −−−=1213032220000000011112011112=1111111114.25. 设矩阵A 、B 及A +B 都可逆, 证明A −1+B −1 证明因为也可逆, 并求其逆阵.A −1(A +B )B −1=B −1+A −1=A −1+B −1而A ,−1(A +B )B −1是三个可逆矩阵的乘积, 所以A −1(A +B )B −1可逆, 即A −1+B −1 (A 可逆.−1+B −1)−1=[A −1(A +B )B −1]−1=B (A +B )−1 26. 计算A .−−−30003200121013013000120010100121. 解设 =10211A , =30122A , −=12131B ,−−=30322B ,则 2121B O B E A O E A+=222111B A O B B A A ,而 −= −−+−=+4225303212131021211B B A ,−−= −− =90343032301222B A , 所以 2121B O B E A O E A +=222111B A O B B A A−−−=9000340042102521, 即−−−30003200121013013000120010100121−−−=9000340042102521. 27. 取==−==1001D C B A , 验证|||||||| D C B A D C B A ≠.解 4100120021010*********0021010010110100101==−−=−−=D C B A , 而 01111|||||||| ==D C B A ,故 ||||||||D C B A D C B A ≠. 28. 设 −=22023443O O A , 求|A 8|及A 4解令. −=34431A ,=22022A , 则=21A O O A A ,故 8218=A O O A A=8281A O O A ,1682818281810||||||||||===A A A A A .= =464444241422025005O O A O O A A . 29. 设n 阶矩阵A 及s 阶矩阵B 都可逆, 求 (1)1−O B A O ; 解设 =−43211C C C C O B A O , 则O B A O 4321C C C C = =s n E O O E BC BC AC AC 2143. 由此得====s n EBC OBC O AC E AC 2143⇒ ====−−121413B C O C O C A C ,所以= −−−O A B O O B A O 111. (2)1−B C O A . 解设 =−43211D D D D B C O A , 则 = ++= s nE O O E BD CD BD CD AD AD D D D D B C O A 4231214321.由此得=+=+==s nEBD CD O BD CD O AD E AD 423121⇒ =−===−−−−14113211B D CA B D O D A D ,所以−= −−−−−11111B CA B O A BC O A . 30. 求下列矩阵的逆阵: (1)2500380000120025; 解设 =1225A , =2538B , 则−−= =−−5221122511A ,−−==−−8532253811B .于是 −−−−= = =−−−−850032000052002125003800001200251111B A B A .(2)4121031200210001. 解设 =2101A ,=4103B ,=2112C , 则−= =−−−−−−1111114121031200210001B CA B O A BC O A−−−−−=411212458103161210021210001.第三章矩阵的初等变换与线性方程组1. 把下列矩阵化为行最简形矩阵: (1)−−340313021201;解−−340313021201(下一步: r 2+(−2)r 1, r 3+(−3)r 1 ~. )−−−020*********(下一步: r 2÷(−1), r 3 ~÷(−2). )−−010*********(下一步: r 3−r 2 ~. )−−300031001201(下一步: r 3 ~÷3. )−−100031001201(下一步: r 2+3r 3 ~. )−100001001201(下一步: r 1+(−2)r 2, r 1+r 3 ~. )100001000001.(2)−−−−174034301320;解−−−−174034301320(下一步: r 2×2+(−3)r 1, r 3+(−2)r 1 ~. )−−−310031001320(下一步: r 3+r 2, r 1+3r 2 ~. )0000310010020(下一步: r 1 ~÷2. )000031005010.(3)−−−−−−−−−12433023221453334311;解−−−−−−−−−12433023221453334311(下一步: r 2−3r 1, r 3−2r 1, r 4−3r 1~. )−−−−−−−−1010500663008840034311(下一步: r 2÷(−4), r 3÷(−3) , r 4~÷(−5). )−−−−−22100221002210034311(下一步: r 1−3r 2, r 3−r 2, r 4−r 2~. )−−−00000000002210032011.(4)−−−−−−34732038234202173132. 解−−−−−−34732038234202173132(下一步: r 1−2r 2, r 3−3r 2, r 4−2r 2~. )−−−−−1187701298804202111110(下一步: r 2+2r 1, r 3−8r 1, r 4−7r 1 ~. )−−41000410002020111110(下一步: r 1↔r 2, r 2×(−1), r 4−r 3~. )−−−−00000410001111020201(下一步: r 2+r 3~. )−−00000410003011020201. 2. 设= 987654321100010101100001010A , 求A .解100001010是初等矩阵E (1, 2), 其逆矩阵就是其本身.100010101是初等矩阵E (1, 2(1)), 其逆矩阵是E (1, 2(−1))−=100010101.− =100010101987654321100001010A= − =287221254100010101987321654.3. 试利用矩阵的初等变换, 求下列方阵的逆矩阵: (1)323513123;解 100010001323513123~−−−101011001200410123~ −−−−1012002110102/102/3023~−−−−2/102/11002110102/922/7003~−−−−2/102/11002110102/33/26/7001故逆矩阵为−−−−21021211233267.(2)−−−−−1210232112201023.解−−−−−10000100001000011210232112201023~−−−−00100301100001001220594012102321~−−−−−−−−20104301100001001200110012102321~ −−−−−−−106124301100001001000110012102321 ~−−−−−−−−−−10612631110`1022111000010000100021 ~−−−−−−−106126311101042111000010000100001故逆矩阵为−−−−−−−10612631110104211. 4. (1)设 −−=113122214A ,−−=132231B , 求X 使AX =B ;解因为−−−−=132231 113122214) ,(B A−−412315210 100010001 ~r ,所以−−==−4123152101B A X .(2)设−−−=433312120A , −=132321B , 求X 使XA =B . 解考虑A T X T =B T . 因为−−−−=134313*********) ,(T T B A−−−411007101042001 ~r ,所以−−−==−417142)(1T T T B A X ,从而−−−==−4741121BA X . 5. 设−−−=101110011A , AX =2X +A , 求X .解原方程化为(A −2E )X =A . 因为−−−−−−−−−=−101101110110011011) ,2(A E A−−−011100101010110001~,所以−−−=−=−011101110)2(1A E A X .6. 在秩是r 的矩阵中,有没有等于0的r −1阶子式? 有没有等于0的r 阶子式?解在秩是r 的矩阵中, 可能存在等于0的r −1阶子式, 也可能存在等于0的r 阶子式. 例如,=010*********A , R (A )=3.0000是等于0的2阶子式, 010001000是等于0的3阶子式. 7. 从矩阵A 中划去一行得到矩阵B , 问A , B 的秩的关系怎样?解 R (A )≥R (B ).这是因为B 的非零子式必是A 的非零子式, 故A 的秩不会小于B 的秩.8. 求作一个秩是4的方阵, 它的两个行向量是(1, 0, 1, 0, 0), (1, −1, 0, 0, 0).解用已知向量容易构成一个有4个非零行的5阶下三角矩阵:−0000001000001010001100001, 此矩阵的秩为4, 其第2行和第3行是已知向量.9. 求下列矩阵的秩, 并求一个最高阶非零子式: (1)−−−443112112013;解−−−443112112013(下一步: r 1↔r 2 ~. )−−−443120131211(下一步: r 2−3r 1, r 3−r 1 ~. )−−−−564056401211(下一步: r 3−r 2 ~. )−−−000056401211, 矩阵的2秩为, 41113−=−是一个最高阶非零子式.(2)−−−−−−−815073*********;解−−−−−−−815073*********(下一步: r 1−r 2, r 2−2r 1, r 3−7r 1 ~. )−−−−−−15273321059117014431(下一步: r 3−3r 2~. )−−−−0000059117014431, 矩阵的秩是2, 71223−=−是一个最高阶非零子式.(3)−−−02301085235703273812. 解−−−02301085235703273812(下一步: r 1−2r 4, r 2−2r 4, r 3−3r 4~. )−−−−−−023*********63071210(下一步: r 2+3r 1, r 3+2r 1~. )−0230114000016000071210(下一步: r 2÷16r 4, r 3−16r 2. )~−02301000001000071210 ~−00000100007121002301, 矩阵的秩为3, 070023085570≠=−是一个最高阶非零子式.10. 设A 、B 都是m ×n 矩阵, 证明A ~B 的充分必要条件是R (A )=R (B ).证明根据定理3, 必要性是成立的.充分性. 设R (A )=R (B ), 则A 与B 的标准形是相同的. 设A 与B 的标准形为D , 则有A ~D , D ~B .由等价关系的传递性, 有A ~B .11. 设−−−−=32321321k k k A , 问k 为何值, 可使(1)R (A )=1; (2)R (A )=2; (3)R (A )=3.解 −−−−=32321321k k k A+−−−−−)2)(1(0011011 ~k k k k k r . (1)当k =1时, R (A )=1; (2)当k =−2且k ≠1时, R (A )=2;(3)当k ≠1且k ≠−2时, R (A )=3.12. 求解下列齐次线性方程组: (1) =+++=−++=−++02220202432143214321x x x x x x x x x x x x ;解对系数矩阵A 进行初等行变换, 有 A = −−212211121211~ −−−3/410013100101,于是 ==−==4443424134334x x x x x x x x ,故方程组的解为−= 1343344321k x x x x (k 为任意常数).(2) =−++=−−+=−++05105036302432143214321x x x x x x x x x x x x ;解对系数矩阵A 进行初等行变换, 有 A = −−−−5110531631121~−000001001021,于是 ===+−=4432242102x x x xx x x x ,故方程组的解为+−= 10010*********k k x x x x (k 1, k 2 (3)为任意常数).=−+−=+−+=−++=+−+07420634072305324321432143214321x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x ;解对系数矩阵A 进行初等行变换, 有 A =−−−−−7421631472135132~1000010000100001,于是 ====0004321x x x x ,故方程组的解为 ====00004321x x x x .(4) =++−=+−+=−+−=+−+03270161311402332075434321432143214321x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x .解对系数矩阵A 进行初等行变换, 有 A =−−−−−3127161311423327543~−−000000001720171910171317301,于是 ==−=−=4433432431172017191713173x x x x x x x xx x ,故方程组的解为−−+= 1017201713011719173214321k k x x x x (k 1, k 2为任意常数).13. 求解下列非齐次线性方程组: (1) =+=+−=−+83111021322421321321x x x x x x x x ;解对增广矩阵B 进行初等行变换, 有。

线性代数第一章习题参考答案

解：4234231142342311)1342(4432231144322311)1324()1()1(a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a =--=-ττ4.计算abcdef abcdef abcdef abcdef efcf bfde cd bdae ac ab r r r r c c c r f r d r a c ec c c b 420020111111111111111111111)1(12133213213211,1,11,1,1-=--=--=---=-----++5．求解下列方程10132301311113230121111112121)1(12322+-++-++=+-++-+=+-+-+++x x x x x x x x x x x x c c r r 1132104201)3(113210111)3(21+-+--++=+-+-++=-x x x x x x x x x r r 3,3,30)3)(3(11421)3(3212-==-==-+=+---++=x x x x x x x x x 得二列展开cx b x a x b c a c a b x c x b x a c b a x c b a x c b a x ====------=32133332222,,0))()()()()((1111)2(得四阶范得蒙行列式6.证明322)(11122)1(b a b b a a b ab a -=+右左证明三行展开先后=-=-=-----=----=+=+--323322222)(11)()()()1(100211122)1(:2132b a b a b a ba ba b a b b a a b b a b a b b ab ab a b b a ab ab ac c c c1432222222222222222222222222(1)(2)(3)(1)2369(1)(2)(3)(1)2369(3))(1)(2)(3)(1)2369(1)(2)(3)(1)2369c c c ca a a a a a a ab b b b b b b b cc c c cc c cd d d d d d d d --++++++++++++==++++++++++++二三列成比例))()()()()()((1111)4(44442222d c b a d c d b c b d a c a b a d c b a dcbad c b a D +++------==44444333332222211111)(x d c b a xdcbax d c b a x d c b a x f 五阶范得蒙行列式解考虑函数=（5）))()()()()()(())()()()()()(()()())()()()()()()()()((454545453453d c d b c b d a c a b a d c b a A M D d c d b c b d a c a b a d c b a A ，A x x f ，Ｍx x f D a b b c a b c d b d a d d x c x b x a x ------+++-==------+++-=----------=于是的系数是中而对应的余子式中是（5）n n a a a a a xx x x 12101000000000100001----解：nn n n n n n n n n nn x a x a a x a x a a a a a a a xx x x D +++=-++--+--=---=+++-++++-10)1()1(1211110121)1()1()1()1()1(1000000000100001按最后一行展开7、设n 阶行列式)det(ij a D =把D 的上下翻转、或逆时针旋转090、或依副对角线翻转、依次得111131111211111,,a a a a D a a a a D a a a a D n n nn n nn n nnnn=== 证明D D D D D n n =-==-32)1(21,)1(证明：将D 上下翻转，相当于将对D 的行进行)1(21-n n 相邻对换得1D ，故D D n nn 2)1(1)1(--=将D 逆时针旋转090相当于将T D 上下翻转，故D n n D n n D T 2)1(2)1(2-=-=D 依副对角线翻转相当于将D 逆时针旋转090变为2D ，然后再2D 左右翻转变为3D ，故D D D D n n n n n n =--=-=---2)1(2)1(22)1(3)1()1()1(8、计算下列行列式（k D 为k 阶行列式）（1）aa D n 11=，其中对角线上元素都是a ，未写出的元素都是0；解：)1()1(0100)1(1122211111-=-+=-+==--++-+a a a a a aa a a D n n n n n n n n n n 列展开按行展开按（2）x a a a x a a a x D n=解：xaa x a a a n x x a aa x a a a x D nc c c n111])1([21-+==+++12)]()1([0001])1([1--≥--+=---+=n r r k a x a n x ax a x a a a n x k(3)111111)()1()1()()1()1(11111n a n a a a n a n a a a n a n a a a D n n n n n nnm n -+---+---+--=----+解：11111(1)(1)22111111(1)(1)()(1)(1)()111111111111()()()((1)(1)()(1)(1)()n nnn n n n n n n n n n n j i n n n n mnnna a a n a n a a a n a n D a a a n a n a a a n a n j i a a a n a n a a a n a n ----++++≥>≥------+---+-=--+---+-=-=--=--+---+-∏上下翻11)n j i i j +≥>≥-∏（4）n n nnn d c d c b a b a D11112=（未写出的均为0）解：)1(2)1(211112)(02232--↔↔-===n n n n n n n nnn r r c c nnnnn D c b d a D d c b a d c d c b a b a D mn得递推公式)1(22)(--=n n n n n n D c b d a D ，而11112c b d a D -=递归得∏=-=ni i i i i n c b d a D 12)((5)det(),||n ij ij D a a i j ==-解111,2,,1120121111110121111210311111230123010001200(1)(1)211201231i i j r r n i n c c n n n n D n n n n n n n n n n n n +-=-+-------==-------------==---------解:11211*222,3,,1111111(6)1111111111101111000111100:01111i n nr r n i n nna a D a a a a a D D a a -=+++=++-+-===+-解111211121,2,,12111(1)1110001(1)0000i inc c na n i ni ina a a a a a a a a a ++==++++==+∑9．设3351110232152113-----=D ，D 的),(j i 元的代数余子式为ij A ，求44333231223A A A A +-+解：24335122313215211322344333231=-----=+-+A A A A。

《线性代数》课后习题集与答案第一章B组题

《线性代数》课后习题集与答案第一章B组题基础课程教学资料第1章矩阵习题一(B)1、证明：矩阵A 与所有n 阶对角矩阵可交换的充分必要条件是A 为n 阶对角矩阵. 证明：先证明必要性。

若矩阵A 为n 阶对角矩阵. 即令n 阶对角矩阵为：A =??n a a a 00000021,任何对角矩阵B 设为n b b b0000021，则AB=??n n b a b a b a000002211，而BA =??n n a b a b a b000002211，所以矩阵A 与所有n 阶对角矩阵可交换。

再证充分性，设 A =??nn n n n n b b b b b b b b b 212222111211，与B 可交换，则由AB=BA ，得：nn n n n n n n n b a b a b a b a b a b a b a b a b a 221122222111122111=nn n n n n n n n b a b a b a b a b a b a b a b a b a 212222221211121111，比较对应元素，得0)(=-ij j i b a a ，)(j i ≠。

又j i a a ≠，)(j i ≠，所以0=ij b ，)(j i ≠，即A 为对角矩阵。

2、证明：对任意n m ?矩阵A ，T AA 和A A T均为对称矩阵. 证明：(TAA )T =(A T )T A T =AA T，所以，TAA 为对称矩阵。

(A A T)T =A T (A T )T =A T A ，所以，A A T 为对称矩阵。

3、证明：如果A 是实数域上的一个对称矩阵，且满足O A =2 ，则A =O . 证明：设A =??nn n n n n a a a a a a a a a 212222111211，其中，ij a 均为实数，而且ji ij a a =。

由于O A =2，故A 2=AA T =nn n n n n a a a a a a a a a 212222111211nn nnn n a a a a a a a a a 212221212111=0。

线性代数课后习题答案第1——5章习题详解

前言解肖斌因能力有限，资源有限，现粗略整理了《工程数学线性代数》课后习题，希望对您的了解和学习线性代数有参考价值。

第一章行列式1.利用对角线法则计算下列三阶行列式：（1）381141102---；（2）b a c a c b c b a ; （3）222111c b a c b a ；（4）y x y x x y x yyx y x +++. 解（1）=---381141102811)1()1(03)4(2⨯⨯+-⨯-⨯+⨯-⨯)1()4(18)1(2310-⨯-⨯-⨯-⨯-⨯⨯-=416824-++-=4-（2）=ba c a cb cb a ccc aaa bbb cba bac acb ---++3333c b a abc ---=（3）=222111c b a c b a 222222cb ba ac ab ca bc ---++))()((a c c b b a ---=（4）yx y x x y x y yx y x +++yx y x y x yx y y x x )()()(+++++=333)(x y x y -+-- 33322333)(3x y x x y y x y y x xy ------+= )(233y x +-=2.按自然数从小到大为标准次序，求下列各排列的逆序数：（1）1 2 3 4；（2）4 1 3 2；（3）3 4 2 1；（4）2 4 1 3；（5）1 3 … )12(-n 2 4 … )2(n ；（6）1 3 … )12(-n )2(n )22(-n … 2. 解（1）逆序数为0（2）逆序数为4：4 1，4 3，4 2，3 2 （3）逆序数为5：3 2，3 1，4 2，4 1,2 1 （4）逆序数为3：2 1，4 1，4 3 （5）逆序数为2)1(-n n ： 3 2 1个 5 2，5 4 2个 7 2，7 4，7 6 3个 ……………… …)12(-n 2，)12(-n 4，)12(-n 6，…，)12(-n )22(-n )1(-n 个（6）逆序数为)1(-n n3 2 1个 5 2，54 2个 ……………… …)12(-n 2，)12(-n 4，)12(-n 6，…，)12(-n )22(-n )1(-n 个4 2 1个 6 2，6 4 2个 ……………… …)2(n 2，)2(n 4，)2(n 6，…，)2(n )22(-n )1(-n 个3.写出四阶行列式中含有因子2311a a 的项.解由定义知，四阶行列式的一般项为43214321)1(p p p p t a a a a -，其中t 为4321p p p p 的逆序数．由于3,121==p p 已固定，4321p p p p 只能形如13□□，即1324或1342.对应的t 分别为10100=+++或22000=+++∴44322311a a a a -和42342311a a a a 为所求.4.计算下列各行列式：（1）⎥⎥⎥⎥⎦⎥⎢⎢⎢⎢⎣⎢7110025*********4；（2）⎥⎥⎥⎥⎦⎥⎢⎢⎢⎢⎣⎢-265232112131412；（3）⎥⎥⎦⎥⎢⎢⎣⎢---ef cf bf de cd bd ae ac ab ；（4）⎥⎥⎥⎥⎦⎥⎢⎢⎢⎢⎣⎢---d c b a100110011001解(1)7110025102021421434327c c c c --0100142310202110214---=34)1(143102211014+-⨯---=143102211014-- 321132c c c c ++1417172001099-=0(2)2605232112131412-24c c -2605032122130412-24r r -0412032122130412- 14r r -0000032122130412-=0(3)ef cf bf de cd bd ae ac ab ---=e c b e c b e c b adf ---=111111111---adfbce =abcdef 4(4)d c b a 100110011001---21ar r +dc b a ab 100110011010---+=12)1)(1(+--dc a ab 10111--+23dc c +010111-+-+cd c ada ab =23)1)(1(+--cdadab +-+111=1++++ad cd ab abcd5.证明: (1)1112222b b a a b ab a +=3)(b a -; (2)bz ay by ax bx az by ax bx az bz ay bx az bz ay by ax +++++++++=y x z x z y z y x b a )(33+;(3)0)3()2()1()3()2()1()3()2()1()3()2()1(2222222222222222=++++++++++++d d d d c c c c b b b b a a a a ;(4)444422221111d c b a d c b a d c b a ))()()()((d b c b d a c a b a -----=))((d c b a d c +++-⋅;(5)1221100000100001a x a a a a x x x n n n +-----n n n n a x a x a x ++++=--111 . 证明(1)00122222221312a b a b a a b a ab a c c c c ------=左边a b a b a b a ab 22)1(22213-----=+21))((a b a a b a b +--= 右边=-=3)(b a(2)bz ay by ax z by ax bx az y bx az bz ay x a ++++++分开按第一列左边bzay by ax x by ax bx az z bxaz bz ay y b +++++++ ++++++002y by ax z x bx az y z bz ay x a 分别再分bz ay y x by ax x z bx az z y b +++zy x y x z xz y b y x z x z y z y x a 33+分别再分右边=-+=233)1(yx z x z y zy x b y x z x z y z y x a(3) 2222222222222222)3()2()12()3()2()12()3()2()12()3()2()12(++++++++++++++++=d d d d d c c c c c b b b b b a a a a a 左边9644129644129644129644122222141312++++++++++++---d d d d c c c c b b b b a a a a c c c c c c 964496449644964422222++++++++d d d d c c c c b b b b a a a a 分成二项按第二列964419644196441964412222+++++++++d d d c c c b b b a a a949494949464222224232423d d c c b b a a c c c c c c c c ----第二项第一项06416416416412222=+dd d c c c bb b a a a (4) 444444422222220001ad a c a b a ad a c a b a a d a c a b a ---------=左边=)()()(222222222222222a d d a c c a b b a d a c a b ad a c a b --------- =)()()(111))()((222a d d a c c a b b a d a c ab a d ac a b ++++++--- =⨯---))()((ad a c a b )()()()()(00122222a b b a d d a b b a c c a b b bd b c a b +-++-++--+ =⨯-----))()()()((b d b c a d a c a b )()()()(112222b d a b bd d b c a b bc c ++++++++=))()()()((d b c b d a c a b a -----))((d c b a d c +++-(5) 用数学归纳法证明.,1,2212122命题成立时当a x a x a x a x D n ++=+-==假设对于)1(-n 阶行列式命题成立，即,122111-----++++=n n n n n a x a x a x D:1列展开按第则n D1110010001)1(11----+=+-x xa xD D n n n n 右边=+=-n n a xD 1 所以，对于n 阶行列式命题成立.6.设n 阶行列式)det(ij a D =,把D 上下翻转、或逆时针旋转 90、或依副对角线翻转，依次得n nn n a a a a D 11111 =， 11112n nn n a a a a D = ，11113a a a a D n nnn =，证明D D D D D n n =-==-32)1(21,)1(.证明 )det(ij a D =nnnn nn n nn n a a a a a a a a a a D 2211111111111)1(--==∴ =--=--nnn n nnn n a a a a a a a a 331122111121)1()1( nnn n n n a a a a 111121)1()1()1(---=--D D n n n n 2)1()1()2(21)1()1(--+-+++-=-= 同理可证nnn n n n a a a a D 11112)1(2)1(--=D D n n Tn n 2)1(2)1()1()1(---=-= D D D D D n n n n n n n n =-=--=-=----)1(2)1(2)1(22)1(3)1()1()1()1(7.计算下列各行列式（阶行列式为k D k ）：(1)aaD n 11=,其中对角线上元素都是a ，未写出的元素都是0；(2)xa a ax aa a x D n =; (3) 1111)()1()()1(1111n a a a n a a a n a a a D n n n nn n n ------=---+; 提示：利用范德蒙德行列式的结果． (4) nnn nn d c d c b a b a D000011112=; (5)j i a a D ij ij n -==其中),det(;(6)nn a a a D +++=11111111121 ,021≠n a a a 其中.解(1) aa a a a D n 00010000000000001000 =按最后一行展开)1()1(1000000000010000)1(-⨯-+-n n n aa a)1)(1(2)1(--⋅-+n n n a a a(再按第一行展开)n n n nn a a a+-⋅-=--+)2)(2(1)1()1(2--=n n a a )1(22-=-a a n(2)将第一行乘)1(-分别加到其余各行，得ax x a ax x a a x x a aa a x D n ------=0000000 再将各列都加到第一列上，得ax ax a x aaa a n x D n ----+=000000000)1( )(])1([1a x a n x n --+=- (3) 从第1+n 行开始，第1+n 行经过n 次相邻对换，换到第1行，第n 行经)1(-n 次对换换到第2行…，经2)1(1)1(+=++-+n n n n 次行交换，得 nnn n n n n n n n a a a n a a a n a a aD )()1()()1(1111)1(1112)1(1-------=---++此行列式为范德蒙德行列式∏≥>≥++++--+--=112)1(1)]1()1[()1(j i n n n n j a i a D∏∏≥>≥+++-++≥>≥++-∙-∙-=---=111)1(2)1(112)1()][()1()1()]([)1(j i n n n n n j i n n n j i j i∏≥>≥+-=11)(j i n j i(4) nn nnn d c d c b a b a D 011112=nn n n n nd d c d c b a b a a 0000000011111111----展开按第一行0000)1(1111111112c d c d c b a b a b nn n n n nn ----+-+2222 ---n n n n n n D c b D d a 都按最后一行展开由此得递推公式：222)(--=n n n n n n D c b d a D即 ∏=-=ni i i iin D c b da D 222)(而 111111112c b d a d c b a D -==得 ∏=-=ni i i i i n c b d a D 12)((5)j i a ij -=432140123310122210113210)det( --------==n n n n n n n n a D ij n ,3221r r r r --0432111111111111111111111 --------------n n n n,,141312c c c c c c +++152423210222102210002100001---------------n n n n n =212)1()1(----n n n(6)nn a a D a +++=11111111121 ,,433221c c c c c c ---n n n n a a a a a a a a a a +-------10000100010000100010001000011433221展开（由下往上）按最后一列))(1(121-+n n a a a a nn n a a a a a a a a a --------00000000000000000000000000022433221 nn n a a a a a a a a ----+--000000000000000001133221 ++ nn n a a a a a a a a -------000000000000000001143322n n n n n n a a a a a a a a a a a a 322321121))(1(++++=---)11)((121∑=+=ni in a a a a8.用克莱姆法则解下列方程组：⎪⎪⎩⎪⎪⎨⎧=+++-=----=+-+=+++;01123,2532,242,5)1(4321432143214321x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x ⎪⎪⎪⎩⎪⎪⎪⎨⎧=+=++=++=++=+.15,065,065,065,165)2(5454343232121x x x x x x x x x x x x x解 (1)11213513241211111----=D 8120735032101111------=145008130032101111---=1421420005410032101111-=---= 112105132412211151------=D 11210513290501115----=1121023313090509151------=2331309050112109151------=1202300461000112109151-----=14200038100112109151----=142-= 112035122412111512-----=D 811507312032701151-------=3139011230023101151-=2842840001910023101151-=----=426110135232422115113-=----=D ; 14202132132212151114=-----=D1,3,2,144332211-========∴DDx D D x D D x D D x (2) 510006510006510065100065=D 展开按最后一行61000510065100655-'D D D ''-'=65 D D D ''-'''-''=6)65(5D D '''-''=3019D D ''''-'''=1146566551141965=⨯-⨯=(,11的余子式中为行列式a D D ',11的余子式中为a D D ''''类推D D ''''''',) 5100165100065100650000611=D 展开按第一列6510065100650006+'D 46+'=D 460319+''''-'''=D 1507=5101065100065000601000152=D 展开按第二列5100651006500061-6510065000610005-365510651065⨯-= 1145108065-=--= 51100650000601000051001653=D 展开按第三列5100650006100051650061000510065+6100510656510650061+= 703114619=⨯+= 51000601000051000651010654=D 展开按第四列61000510065100655000610005100651--51065106565--=395-= 110051000651000651100655=D 展开按最后一列D '+10005100651006512122111=+= 665212;665395;665703;6651145;665150744321=-==-==∴x x x x x ． 9.齐次线性方程组取何值时问,,μλ⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧=++=++=++0200321321321x x x x x x x x x μμλ有非零解？解 μλμμμλ-==12111113D ，齐次线性方程组有非零解，则03=D即 0=-μλμ 得 10==λμ或不难验证，当,10时或==λμ该齐次线性方程组确有非零解.10.齐次线性方程组取何值时问,λ⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧=-++=+-+=+--0)1(0)3(2042)1(321321321x x x x x x x x x λλλ 有非零解？解λλλ----=111132421D λλλλ--+--=101112431)3)(1(2)1(4)3()1(3λλλλλ-------+-=3)1(2)1(23-+-+-=λλλ齐次线性方程组有非零解，则0=D 得 32,0===λλλ或不难验证，当32,0===λλλ或时，该齐次线性方程组确有非零解.第二章矩阵及其运算1. 已知线性变换:⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧++=++=++=3213321232113235322y y y x y y y x y y y x , 求从变量x 1, x 2, x 3到变量y 1, y 2, y 3的线性变换.解由已知:⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛221321323513122y y y x x x ,故 ⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-3211221323513122x x x y y y ⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛----=321423736947y y y , ⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧-+=-+=+--=321332123211423736947x x x y x x x y x x x y .2. 已知两个线性变换⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧++=++-=+=32133212311542322y y y x y y y x y y x , ⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧+-=+=+-=323312211323z z y z z y z z y ,求从z 1, z 2, z 3到x 1, x 2, x 3的线性变换.解由已知⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛221321514232102y y y x x x ⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=321310102013514232102z z z⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛----=321161109412316z z z ,所以有⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧+--=+-=++-=3213321232111610941236z z z x z z z x z z z x .3. 设⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--=111111111A , ⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛--=150421321B , 求3AB -2A 及A TB .解 ⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛---⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--=-1111111112150421321111111111323A AB⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛----=⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛---⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=2294201722213211111111120926508503,⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--=092650850150421321111111111B A T .4. 计算下列乘积:(1)⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-127075321134;解 ⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-127075321134⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⨯+⨯+⨯⨯+⨯-+⨯⨯+⨯+⨯=102775132)2(71112374⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=49635.(2)⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛123)321(;解 ⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛123)321(=(1⨯3+2⨯2+3⨯1)=(10).(3))21(312-⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛;解 )21(312-⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⨯-⨯⨯-⨯⨯-⨯=23)1(321)1(122)1(2⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛---=632142. (4)⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛---⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-20413121013143110412 ; 解 ⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛---⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-20413121013143110412⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛---=6520876.(5)⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛321332313232212131211321)(x x x a a a a a a a a a x x x ;解⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛321332313232212131211321)(x x x a a a a a a a a a x x x=(a 11x 1+a 12x 2+a 13x 3 a 12x 1+a 22x 2+a 23x 3 a 13x 1+a 23x 2+a 33x 3)⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛321x x x 322331132112233322222111222x x a x x a x x a x a x a x a +++++=.5. 设⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=3121A , ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=2101B , 问:(1)AB =BA 吗? 解 AB ≠BA .因为⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=6443AB , ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=8321BA , 所以AB ≠BA .(2)(A +B)2=A 2+2AB +B 2吗? 解 (A +B)2≠A 2+2AB +B 2.因为⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=+5222B A ,⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=+52225222)(2B A ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=2914148,但⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛+⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛+⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=++43011288611483222B AB A ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=27151610,所以(A +B)2≠A 2+2AB +B 2.(3)(A +B)(A -B)=A 2-B 2吗? 解 (A +B)(A -B)≠A 2-B 2.因为⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=+5222B A , ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=-1020B A ,⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=-+906010205222))((B A B A ,而⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=-718243011148322B A ,故(A +B)(A -B)≠A 2-B 2.6. 举反列说明下列命题是错误的: (1)若A 2=0, 则A =0;解取⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=0010A , 则A 2=0, 但A ≠0. (2)若A 2=A , 则A =0或A =E ;解取⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=0011A , 则A 2=A , 但A ≠0且A ≠E . (3)若AX =AY , 且A ≠0, 则X =Y . 解取⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=0001A , ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=1111X , ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=1011Y ,则AX =AY , 且A ≠0, 但X ≠Y .7. 设⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=101λA , 求A 2, A 3, ⋅ ⋅ ⋅, A k.解⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=12011011012λλλA ,⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛==1301101120123λλλA A A , ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅,⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=101λk A k .8. 设⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛=λλλ001001A , 求A k.解首先观察⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=λλλλλλ0010010010012A ⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=222002012λλλλλ,⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=⋅=3232323003033λλλλλλA A A ,⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛=⋅=43423434004064λλλλλλA A A ,⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛=⋅=545345450050105λλλλλλA A A ,⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅,⎝⎛=kA kk kk k k k k k k λλλλλλ0002)1(121----⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫. 用数学归纳法证明: 当k =2时, 显然成立. 假设k 时成立，则k +1时，⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=⋅=---+λλλλλλλλλ0010010002)1(1211k k k k k k k k k k k k A A A⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛+++=+-+--+11111100)1(02)1()1(k k k k k k k k k k λλλλλλ, 由数学归纳法原理知:⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=---k k k k k k k k k k k A λλλλλλ0002)1(121.9. 设A , B 为n 阶矩阵，且A 为对称矩阵，证明B TAB 也是对称矩阵. 证明因为A T=A , 所以(B TAB)T=B T(B TA)T=B T A TB =B TAB ,从而B T AB 是对称矩阵.10. 设A , B 都是n 阶对称矩阵，证明AB 是对称矩阵的充分必要条件是AB =BA . 证明充分性: 因为A T=A , B T=B , 且AB =BA , 所以 (AB)T=(BA)T=A T B T=AB ,即AB 是对称矩阵.必要性: 因为A T=A , B T=B , 且(AB)T=AB , 所以AB =(AB)T =B T A T=BA . 11. 求下列矩阵的逆矩阵:(1)⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛5221; 解⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=5221A . |A|=1, 故A -1存在. 因为⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=1225*22122111A A A A A ,故*||11A A A =-⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--=1225.(2)⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-θθθθcos sin sin cos ; 解⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=θθθθc o s s i n s i n c o s A . |A|=1≠0, 故A -1存在. 因为⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=θθθθcos sin sin cos *22122111A A A A A ,所以*||11A A A =-⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=θθθθcos sin sin cos .(3)⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛---145243121;解⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛---=145243121A . |A|=2≠0, 故A -1存在. 因为⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-----=⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=214321613024*332313322212312111A A A A A A A A A A ,所以 *||11A A A =-⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-----=1716213213012. (4)⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛n a a a 0021(a 1a 2⋅ ⋅ ⋅a n≠0) .解 ⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=n a a a A 0021, 由对角矩阵的性质知⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=-n a a a A 10011211 . 12. 解下列矩阵方程:(1)⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛12643152X ; 解 ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=-126431521X ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--=12642153⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=80232. (2)⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--234311*********X ; 解 1111012112234311-⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=X⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛---⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=03323210123431131⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛---=32538122. (3)⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-101311022141X ; 解 11110210132141--⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=X⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=210110131142121 ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=21010366121⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=04111. (4)⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛---=⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛021102341010100001100001010X . 解 11010100001021102341100001010--⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛---⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=X⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛---⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=010100001021102341100001010⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛---=201431012. 13. 利用逆矩阵解下列线性方程组:(1)⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧=++=++=++3532522132321321321x x x x x x x x x ;解方程组可表示为⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛321153522321321x x x , 故 ⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-0013211535223211321x x x ,从而有 ⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧===001321x x x .(2)⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧=-+=--=--05231322321321321x x x x x x x x x .解方程组可表示为⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-----012523312111321x x x , 故 ⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-----=⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-3050125233121111321x x x , 故有 ⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧===305321x x x .14. 设A k =O (k 为正整数), 证明(E -A)-1=E +A +A 2+⋅ ⋅ ⋅+A k -1.证明因为A k =O , 所以E -A k =E . 又因为E -A k =(E -A)(E +A +A 2+⋅ ⋅ ⋅+A k -1), 所以 (E -A)(E +A +A 2+⋅ ⋅ ⋅+A k -1)=E ,由定理2推论知(E -A)可逆, 且(E -A)-1=E +A +A 2+⋅ ⋅ ⋅+Ak -1.证明一方面, 有E =(E -A)-1(E -A).另一方面, 由A k =O , 有E =(E -A)+(A -A 2)+A 2-⋅ ⋅ ⋅-A k -1+(Ak -1-A k ) =(E +A +A 2+⋅ ⋅ ⋅+A k -1)(E -A),故 (E -A)-1(E -A)=(E +A +A 2+⋅ ⋅ ⋅+A k -1)(E -A),两端同时右乘(E -A)-1, 就有(E -A)-1(E -A)=E +A +A 2+⋅ ⋅ ⋅+A k -1.15. 设方阵A 满足A 2-A -2E =O , 证明A 及A +2E 都可逆, 并求A -1及(A +2E)-1. 证明由A 2-A -2E =O 得A 2-A =2E , 即A(A -E)=2E , 或 E E A A =-⋅)(21, 由定理2推论知A 可逆, 且)(211E A A -=-. 由A 2-A -2E =O 得A 2-A -6E =-4E , 即(A +2E)(A -3E)=-4E , 或 E A E E A =-⋅+)3(41)2( 由定理2推论知(A +2E)可逆, 且)3(41)2(1A E E A -=+-.证明由A 2-A -2E =O 得A 2-A =2E , 两端同时取行列式得|A 2-A|=2, 即 |A||A -E|=2,故 |A|≠0,所以A 可逆, 而A +2E =A 2, |A +2E|=|A 2|=|A|2≠0, 故A +2E 也可逆.由 A 2-A -2E =O ⇒A(A -E)=2E⇒A -1A(A -E)=2A -1E ⇒)(211E A A -=-, 又由 A 2-A -2E =O ⇒(A +2E)A -3(A +2E)=-4E⇒ (A +2E)(A -3E)=-4 E ,所以 (A +2E)-1(A +2E)(A -3E)=-4(A +2 E)-1,)3(41)2(1A E E A -=+-.16. 设A 为3阶矩阵, 21||=A , 求|(2A)-1-5A*|. 解因为*||11A A A =-, 所以 |||521||*5)2(|111----=-A A A A A |2521|11---=A A =|-2A -1|=(-2)3|A -1|=-8|A|-1=-8⨯2=-16. 17. 设矩阵A 可逆, 证明其伴随阵A*也可逆, 且(A*)-1=(A -1)*.证明由*||11A A A =-, 得A*=|A|A -1, 所以当A 可逆时, 有 |A*|=|A|n |A -1|=|A|n -1≠0,从而A*也可逆.因为A*=|A|A -1, 所以(A*)-1=|A|-1A . 又*)(||)*(||1111---==A A A A A , 所以 (A*)-1=|A|-1A =|A|-1|A|(A -1)*=(A -1)*.18. 设n 阶矩阵A 的伴随矩阵为A*, 证明:(1)若|A|=0, 则|A*|=0;(2)|A*|=|A|n -1.证明(1)用反证法证明. 假设|A*|≠0, 则有A*(A*)-1=E , 由此得A =A A*(A*)-1=|A|E(A*)-1=O , 所以A*=O , 这与|A*|≠0矛盾，故当|A|=0时, 有|A*|=0.(2)由于*||11A A A =-, 则AA*=|A|E , 取行列式得到 |A||A*|=|A|n .若|A|≠0, 则|A*|=|A|n -1;若|A|=0, 由(1)知|A*|=0, 此时命题也成立.因此|A*|=|A|n -1.19. 设⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-=321011330A , AB =A +2B , 求B . 解由AB =A +2E 可得(A -2E)B =A , 故⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛---=-=--321011330121011332)2(11A E A B ⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=011321330. 20. 设⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=101020101A , 且AB +E =A 2+B , 求B . 解由AB +E =A 2+B 得(A -E)B =A 2-E , 即 (A -E)B =(A -E)(A +E).因为01001010100||≠-==-E A , 所以(A -E)可逆, 从而⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=+=201030102E A B . 21. 设A =diag(1, -2, 1), A*BA =2BA -8E , 求B .解由A*BA =2BA -8E 得(A*-2E)BA =-8E ,B =-8(A*-2E)-1A -1=-8[A(A*-2E)]-1=-8(AA*-2A)-1 =-8(|A|E -2A)-1 =-8(-2E -2A)-1=4(E +A)-1 =4[diag(2, -1, 2)]-1)21 ,1 ,21(diag 4-= =2diag(1, -2, 1).22. 已知矩阵A 的伴随阵⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=8030010100100001*A , 且ABA -1=BA -1+3E , 求B .解由|A*|=|A|3=8, 得|A|=2.由ABA -1=BA -1+3E 得AB =B +3A ,B =3(A -E)-1A =3[A(E -A -1)]-1A 11*)2(6*)21(3---=-=A E A E ⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--=-1030060600600006603001010010000161. 23. 设P -1AP =Λ, 其中⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--=1141P , ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=Λ2001, 求A 11. 解由P -1AP =Λ, 得A =P ΛP -1, 所以A 11= A=P Λ11P -1. |P|=3, ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=1141*P , ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--=-1141311P , 而 ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=Λ11111120 012001, 故 ⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--=31313431200111411111A ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--=68468327322731.24. 设AP =P Λ, 其中⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--=111201111P , ⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=Λ511, 求ϕ(A)=A 8(5E -6A +A 2).解 ϕ(Λ)=Λ8(5E -6Λ+Λ2)=diag(1,1,58)[diag(5,5,5)-diag(-6,6,30)+diag(1,1,25)]=diag(1,1,58)diag(12,0,0)=12diag(1,0,0).ϕ(A)=P ϕ(Λ)P -1 *)(||1P P P Λ=ϕ⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛------⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛---=1213032220000000011112011112 ⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛=1111111114. 25. 设矩阵A 、B 及A +B 都可逆, 证明A -1+B -1也可逆, 并求其逆阵. 证明因为A -1(A +B)B -1=B -1+A -1=A -1+B -1, 而A -1(A +B)B -1是三个可逆矩阵的乘积, 所以A -1(A +B)B -1可逆, 即A -1+B -1可逆. (A -1+B -1)-1=[A -1(A +B)B -1]-1=B(A +B)-1A . 26. 计算⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛---⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛30003200121013013000120010100121. 解设⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=10211A , ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=30122A , ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=12131B , ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--=30322B , 则 ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛2121B O B E A O E A ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛+=222111B A O B B A A , 而⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--+⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=+4225303212131021211B B A ,⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=90343032301222B A , 所以 ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛2121B O B E A O E A ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛+=222111B A O B B A A ⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛---=9000340042102521, 即 ⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛---⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛30003200121013013000120010100121⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛---=9000340042102521. 27. 取⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛==-==1001D C B A , 验证|||||||| D C B A D C B A ≠. 解 41001200210100101002000021010010110100101==--=--=D C B A , 而 01111|||||||| ==D C B A , 故|||||||| D C B A D C B A ≠. 28. 设⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=22023443O O A , 求|A 8|及A 4. 解令⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=34431A , ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=22022A , 则 ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=21A O O A A , 故8218⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=A O O A A ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=8281A O O A ,1682818281810||||||||||===A A A A A .⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=464444241422025005O O A O O A A . 29. 设n 阶矩阵A 及s 阶矩阵B 都可逆, 求(1)1-⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛O B A O ;解设⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-43211C C C C O B A O , 则 ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛O B A O ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛4321C C C C ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=s n E O O E BC BC AC AC 2143. 由此得 ⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧====s n E BC O BC O AC E AC 2143⇒⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧====--121413B C O C O C A C , 所以 ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛---O A B O O B A O 111. (2)1-⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛B C O A .解设⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-43211D D D D B C O A , 则 ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛++=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛s n E O O E BD CD BD CD AD AD D D D D B C O A 4231214321. 由此得 ⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧=+=+==s n E BD CD O BD CD O AD E AD 423121⇒⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧=-===----14113211B D CA B D O D A D , 所以 ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-----11111B CA B O A BC O A . 30. 求下列矩阵的逆阵:(1)⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛2500380000120025; 解设⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=1225A , ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=2538B , 则⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=--5221122511A , ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=--8532253811B .于是 ⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛----=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛----850032000052002125003800001200251111B A B A .(2)⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛4121031200210001. 解设⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=2101A , ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=4103B , ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=2112C , 则⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛------1111114121031200210001B CA B O A BC O A⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-----=411212458103161210021210001.第三章矩阵的初等变换与线性方程组1．把下列矩阵化为行最简形矩阵：(1) ⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--340313021201; (2)⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛----174034301320; (3) ⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛---------12433023221453334311; (4)⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛------34732038234202173132.解 (1) ⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--340313*********2)3()2(~r r r r -+-+⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛---020*********)2()1(32~-÷-÷r r ⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--01003100120123~r r -⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛--300031001201 33~÷r ⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--100031001201323~r r +⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-1000010012013121)2(~r r r r +-+⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛100001000001(2) ⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛----1740343013201312)2()3(2~r r r r -+-+⨯⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛---31003100132021233~r r r r ++⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛000031001002021~÷r ⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛000031005010 (3) ⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛---------12433023221453334311141312323~r r r r rr ---⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--------1010500663008840034311)5()3()4(432~-÷-÷-÷r r r ⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-----22100221002210034311 2423213~r r r r r r ---⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛---000000000022********(4) ⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛------34732038234202173132 242321232~r r r r rr ---⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-----1187701298804202111110141312782~rr r r r r --+⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛--410004100020201111134221)1(~r r r r r --⨯↔⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛----0000041000111102020132~rr +⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛--000004100030110202012.设⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛=⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛987654321100010101100001010A ，求A 。

(完整版)线性代数课后习题答案第1——5章习题详解

第一章行列式4.计算下列各行列式：（1）⎥⎥⎥⎥⎦⎥⎢⎢⎢⎢⎣⎢7110025*********4；（2）⎥⎥⎥⎥⎦⎥⎢⎢⎢⎢⎣⎢-265232112131412；（3）⎥⎥⎦⎥⎢⎢⎣⎢---ef cf bf de cd bd ae ac ab ；（4）⎥⎥⎥⎥⎦⎥⎢⎢⎢⎢⎣⎢---d c b a100110011001解(1)7110025102021421434327c c c c --0100142310202110214---=34)1(143102211014+-⨯---=143102211014-- 321132c c c c ++1417172001099-=0(2)2605232112131412-24c c -2605032122130412-24r r -0412032122130412- 14r r -0000032122130412-=0(3)ef cf bf de cd bd ae ac ab ---=ec b e c b ec b adf ---=111111111---adfbce =abcdef 4(4)d c b a 100110011001---21ar r +dc b a ab 100110011010---+=12)1)(1(+--dc a ab 10111--+23dc c +010111-+-+cd c ada ab =23)1)(1(+--cdadab +-+111=1++++ad cd ab abcd5.证明: (1)1112222b b a a b ab a +=3)(b a -; (2)bz ay by ax bx az by ax bx az bz ay bx az bz ay by ax +++++++++=y x z x z y z y x b a )(33+;(3)0)3()2()1()3()2()1()3()2()1()3()2()1(2222222222222222=++++++++++++d d d d c c c c b b b b a a a a ;(4)444422221111d c b a d c b a d c b a ))()()()((d b c b d a c a b a -----=))((d c b a d c +++-⋅;(5)1221100000100001a x a a a a x x x n n n +-----n n n n a x a x a x ++++=--111 . 证明(1)00122222221312a b a b a a b a ab a c c c c ------=左边a b a b a b a ab 22)1(22213-----=+21))((a b a a b a b +--=右边=-=3)(b a(2)bz ay by ax z by ax bx az y bx az bz ay x a ++++++分开按第一列左边bzay by ax x by ax bx az z bxaz bz ay y b +++++++ ++++++002y by ax z x bx az y z bz ay x a 分别再分bzay y x by ax x z bxaz z y b +++z y x y x z x z y b y x z x z y z y x a 33+分别再分右边=-+=233)1(yx z x z y zy x b y x z x z y z y x a(3) 2222222222222222)3()2()12()3()2()12()3()2()12()3()2()12(++++++++++++++++=d d d d d c c c c c b b b b b a a a a a 左边9644129644129644129644122222141312++++++++++++---d d d d c c c c b b b b a a a a c c c c c c 964496449644964422222++++++++d d d d c c c c b b b b a a a a 分成二项按第二列964419644196441964412222+++++++++d d d c c c b b b a a a 949494949464222224232423d d c c b b a a c c c c c c c c ----第二项第一项06416416416412222=+ddd c c c bb b a a a (4) 444444422222220001ad a c a b a ad a c a b a ad a c a b a ---------=左边=)()()(222222222222222a d d a c c a b b a d a c a b ad a c a b --------- =)()()(111))()((222a d d a c c a b b a d a c ab a d ac a b ++++++--- =⨯---))()((ad a c a b )()()()()(00122222a b b a d d a b b a c c a b b bd b c a b +-++-++--+ =⨯-----))()()()((b d b c a d a c a b )()()()(112222b d a b bd d b c a b bc c ++++++++=))()()()((d b c b d a c a b a -----))((d c b a d c +++-(5) 用数学归纳法证明.,1,2212122命题成立时当a x a x a x a x D n ++=+-==假设对于)1(-n 阶行列式命题成立，即 ,122111-----++++=n n n n n a x a x a x D:1列展开按第则n D1110010001)1(11----+=+-x xa xD D n n n n 右边=+=-n n a xD 1 所以，对于n 阶行列式命题成立.6.设n 阶行列式)det(ij a D =,把D 上下翻转、或逆时针旋转 90、或依副对角线翻转，依次得n nn n a a a a D 11111 =， 11112n nn n a a a a D = ，11113a a a a D n nnn =，证明D D D D D n n =-==-32)1(21,)1(.证明 )det(ij a D =nnn n nn n nn n a a a a a a a a a a D 2211111111111)1(--==∴ =--=--nnn n nnn n a a a a a a a a 331122111121)1()1( nnn n n n a a a a 111121)1()1()1(---=--D D n n n n 2)1()1()2(21)1()1(--+-+++-=-=同理可证nnn n n n a a a a D 11112)1(2)1(--=D D n n T n n 2)1(2)1()1()1(---=-= D D D D D n n n n n n n n =-=--=-=----)1(2)1(2)1(22)1(3)1()1()1()1(7.计算下列各行列式（阶行列式为k D k ）：(1)a aD n 11=,其中对角线上元素都是a ，未写出的元素都是0；(2)xaaax aa a x D n=; (3) 1111)()1()()1(1111n a a a n a a a n a a a D n n n n n n n ------=---+; 提示：利用范德蒙德行列式的结果． (4) nnnnn d c d c b a b a D000011112=; (5)j i a a D ij ij n -==其中),det(;(6)nn a a a D +++=11111111121 ,021≠n a a a 其中.解(1) aa a a a D n 00010000000000001000 =按最后一行展开)1()1(100000000000010000)1(-⨯-+-n n n aa a)1)(1(2)1(--⋅-+n n na aa(再按第一行展开)n n n nn a a a+-⋅-=--+)2)(2(1)1()1(2--=n n a a )1(22-=-a a n(2)将第一行乘)1(-分别加到其余各行，得ax x a ax x a a x x a aa a x D n ------=0000000 再将各列都加到第一列上，得ax ax a x aaa a n x D n ----+=000000000)1( )(])1([1a x a n x n --+=- (3) 从第1+n 行开始，第1+n 行经过n 次相邻对换，换到第1行，第n 行经)1(-n 次对换换到第2行…，经2)1(1)1(+=++-+n n n n 次行交换，得 nn n n n n n n n n a a a n a a a n a a aD )()1()()1(1111)1(1112)1(1-------=---++此行列式为范德蒙德行列式∏≥>≥++++--+--=112)1(1)]1()1[()1(j i n n n n j a i a D∏∏≥>≥+++-++≥>≥++-•-•-=---=111)1(2)1(112)1()][()1()1()]([)1(j i n n n n n j i n n n j i j i∏≥>≥+-=11)(j i n j i(4) nn nnn d c d c b a b a D 011112=nn n n n nd d c d c b a b a a 0000000011111111----展开按第一行0000)1(1111111112c d c d c b a b a b nn n n n nn ----+-+2222 ---n n n n n n D c b D d a 都按最后一行展开由此得递推公式：222)(--=n n n n n n D c b d a D即 ∏=-=ni i i iin D c b da D 222)(而 111111112c b d a d c b a D -==得 ∏=-=ni i i i i n c b d a D 12)((5)j i a ij -=432140123310122210113210)det( --------==n n n n n n n n a D ij n ,3221r r r r --0432111111111111111111111 --------------n n n n,,141312c c c c c c +++152423210222102210002100001---------------n n n n n =212)1()1(----n n n(6)nn a a D a +++=11111111121,,433221c c c c c c ---n n n n a a a a a a a a a a +-------10000100010000100010001000011433221 展开（由下往上）按最后一列))(1(121-+n n a a a a nn n a a a a a a a a a --------00000000000000000000000000022433221 nn n a a a a a a a a ----+--000000000000000001133221 ++ nn n a a a a a a a a -------000000000000000001143322n n n n n n a a a a a a a a a a a a 322321121))(1(++++=---)11)((121∑=+=ni in a a a a8.用克莱姆法则解下列方程组：⎪⎪⎩⎪⎪⎨⎧=+++-=----=+-+=+++;01123,2532,242,5)1(4321432143214321x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x ⎪⎪⎪⎩⎪⎪⎪⎨⎧=+=++=++=++=+.15,065,065,065,165)2(5454343232121x x x x x x x x x x x x x解 (1)11213513241211111----=D 8120735032101111------=145008130032101111---=1421420005410032101111-=---= 112105132412211151------=D 11210513290501115----=1121023313090509151------=2331309050112109151------=1202300461000112109151-----=14200038100112109151----=142-=112035122412111512-----=D 811507312032701151-------=3139011230023101151-=2842840001910023101151-=----=426110135232422115113-=----=D ; 14202132132212151114=-----=D1,3,2,144332211-========∴DDx D D x D D x D D x (2) 510006510006510006510065=D 展开按最后一行61000510065100655-'D D D ''-'=65 D D D ''-'''-''=6)65(5D D '''-''=3019D D ''''-'''=1146566551141965=⨯-⨯=(,11的余子式中为行列式a D D ',11的余子式中为a D D ''''类推D D ''''''',) 51001651000651000650000611=D 展开按第一列6510065100650006+'D 46+'=D 460319+''''-'''=D 1507=51010651000650000601000152=D 展开按第二列5100651006500061-6510065000610005-365510651065⨯-= 1145108065-=--=51100650000601000051001653=D 展开按第三列51006500061000516500061000510065+6100510656510650061+= 703114619=⨯+=51000601000051000651010654=D 展开按第四列61000510065100655000610005100651--51065106565--=395-= 110051000651000651100655=D 展开按最后一列D '+10005100651006512122111=+= 665212;665395;665703;6651145;665150744321=-==-==∴x x x x x ． 9.齐次线性方程组取何值时问,,μλ⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧=++=++=++0200321321321x x x x x x x x x μμλ有非零解？解 μλμμμλ-==12111113D ，齐次线性方程组有非零解，则03=D即 0=-μλμ 得 10==λμ或不难验证，当,10时或==λμ该齐次线性方程组确有非零解.10.齐次线性方程组取何值时问,λ⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧=-++=+-+=+--0)1(0)3(2042)1(321321321x x x x x x x x x λλλ 有非零解？解λλλ----=111132421D λλλλ--+--=101112431)3)(1(2)1(4)3()1(3λλλλλ-------+-=3)1(2)1(23-+-+-=λλλ 齐次线性方程组有非零解，则0=D得 32,0===λλλ或不难验证，当32,0===λλλ或时，该齐次线性方程组确有非零解.第二章矩阵及其运算1. 已知线性变换:⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧++=++=++=3213321232113235322y y y x y y y x y y y x ,求从变量x 1, x 2, x 3到变量y 1, y 2, y 3的线性变换.解由已知:⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛221321323513122y y y x x x , 故 ⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-3211221323513122x x x y y y ⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛----=321423736947y y y , ⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧-+=-+=+--=321332123211423736947x x x y x x x y x x x y .2. 已知两个线性变换⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧++=++-=+=32133212311542322y y y x y y y x y y x , ⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧+-=+=+-=323312211323z z y z z y z z y , 求从z 1, z 2, z 3到x 1, x 2, x 3的线性变换.解由已知⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛221321514232102y y y x x x ⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=321310102013514232102z z z⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛----=321161109412316z z z , 所以有⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧+--=+-=++-=3213321232111610941236z z z x z z z x z z z x .3. 设⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--=111111111A , ⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛--=150421321B , 求3AB -2A 及A T B . 解 ⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛---⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--=-1111111112150421321111111111323A AB ⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛----=⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛---⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=2294201722213211111111120926508503, ⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--=092650850150421321111111111B A T . 4. 计算下列乘积:(1)⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-127075321134; 解 ⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-127075321134⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⨯+⨯+⨯⨯+⨯-+⨯⨯+⨯+⨯=102775132)2(71112374⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=49635. (2)⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛123)321(; 解 ⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛123)321(=(1⨯3+2⨯2+3⨯1)=(10).(3))21(312-⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛; 解 )21(312-⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⨯-⨯⨯-⨯⨯-⨯=23)1(321)1(122)1(2⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛---=632142. (4)⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛---⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-20413121013143110412 ; 解 ⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛---⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-20413121013143110412⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛---=6520876. (5)⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛321332313232212131211321)(x x x a a a a a a a a a x x x ; 解⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛321332313232212131211321)(x x x a a a a a a a a a x x x =(a 11x 1+a 12x 2+a 13x 3 a 12x 1+a 22x 2+a 23x 3 a 13x 1+a 23x 2+a 33x 3)⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛321x x x322331132112233322222111222x x a x x a x x a x a x a x a +++++=.5. 设⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=3121A , ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=2101B , 问: (1)AB =BA 吗?解 AB ≠BA .因为⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=6443AB , ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=8321BA , 所以AB ≠BA .(2)(A +B)2=A 2+2AB +B 2吗?解 (A +B)2≠A 2+2AB +B 2.因为⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=+5222B A , ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=+52225222)(2B A ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=2914148, 但 ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛+⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛+⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=++43011288611483222B AB A ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=27151610, 所以(A +B)2≠A 2+2AB +B 2.(3)(A +B)(A -B)=A 2-B 2吗?解 (A +B)(A -B)≠A 2-B 2.因为⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=+5222B A , ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=-1020B A , ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=-+906010205222))((B A B A , 而 ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=-718243011148322B A , 故(A +B)(A -B)≠A 2-B 2.6. 举反列说明下列命题是错误的:(1)若A 2=0, 则A =0;解取⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=0010A , 则A 2=0, 但A ≠0. (2)若A 2=A , 则A =0或A =E ;解取⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=0011A , 则A 2=A , 但A ≠0且A ≠E . (3)若AX =AY , 且A ≠0, 则X =Y .解取⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=0001A , ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=1111X , ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=1011Y , 则AX =AY , 且A ≠0, 但X ≠Y .7. 设⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=101λA , 求A 2, A 3, ⋅ ⋅ ⋅, A k . 解 ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=12011011012λλλA , ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛==1301101120123λλλA A A , ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅,⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=101λk A k . 8. 设⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛=λλλ001001A , 求A k . 解首先观察⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=λλλλλλ0010010010012A ⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=222002012λλλλλ, ⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=⋅=3232323003033λλλλλλA A A , ⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=⋅=43423434004064λλλλλλA A A ,⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=⋅=545345450050105λλλλλλA A A , ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅,⎝⎛=k A k k k k k k k k k k λλλλλλ0002)1(121----⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ . 用数学归纳法证明:当k =2时, 显然成立.假设k 时成立，则k +1时，⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=⋅=---+λλλλλλλλλ0010010002)1(1211k k k k k k k k k k k k A A A ⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛+++=+-+--+11111100)1(02)1()1(k k k k k k k k k k λλλλλλ, 由数学归纳法原理知:⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=---k k k k k k k k k k k A λλλλλλ0002)1(121. 9. 设A , B 为n 阶矩阵，且A 为对称矩阵，证明B T AB 也是对称矩阵. 证明因为A T =A , 所以(B T AB)T =B T (B T A)T =B T A T B =B T AB ,从而B T AB 是对称矩阵.10. 设A , B 都是n 阶对称矩阵，证明AB 是对称矩阵的充分必要条件是AB =BA . 证明充分性: 因为A T =A , B T =B , 且AB =BA , 所以(AB)T =(BA)T =A T B T =AB ,即AB 是对称矩阵.必要性: 因为A T =A , B T =B , 且(AB)T =AB , 所以AB =(AB)T =B T A T =BA .11. 求下列矩阵的逆矩阵:(1)⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛5221; 解 ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=5221A . |A|=1, 故A -1存在. 因为 ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=1225*22122111A A A A A , 故*||11A A A =-⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--=1225. (2)⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-θθθθcos sin sin cos ; 解⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=θθθθcos sin sin cos A . |A|=1≠0, 故A -1存在. 因为 ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=θθθθcos sin sin cos *22122111A A A A A , 所以*||11A A A =-⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=θθθθcos sin sin cos . (3)⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛---145243121; 解 ⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛---=145243121A . |A|=2≠0, 故A -1存在. 因为 ⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-----=⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=214321613024*332313322212312111A A A A A A A A A A , 所以 *||11A A A =-⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-----=1716213213012.(4)⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛n a a a 0021(a 1a 2⋅ ⋅ ⋅a n≠0) .解 ⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=n a a a A 0021, 由对角矩阵的性质知⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=-n a a a A 10011211 . 12. 解下列矩阵方程:(1)⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛12643152X ; 解 ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=-126431521X ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--=12642153⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=80232. (2)⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--234311*********X ; 解 1111012112234311-⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=X⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛---⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=03323210123431131 ⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛---=32538122. (3)⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-101311022141X ;解 11110210132141--⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=X⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=210110131142121 ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=21010366121⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=04111. (4)⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛---=⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛021102341010100001100001010X . 解 11010100001021102341100001010--⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛---⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=X⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛---⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=010100001021102341100001010⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛---=201431012. 13. 利用逆矩阵解下列线性方程组:(1)⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧=++=++=++3532522132321321321x x x x x x x x x ;解方程组可表示为⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛321153522321321x x x , 故 ⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-0013211535223211321x x x , 从而有 ⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧===001321x x x .(2)⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧=-+=--=--05231322321321321x x x x x x x x x .解方程组可表示为⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛=⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-----012523312111321x x x ,故 ⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-----=⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-3050125233121111321x x x , 故有 ⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧===305321x x x .14. 设A k =O (k 为正整数), 证明(E -A)-1=E +A +A 2+⋅ ⋅ ⋅+A k -1. 证明因为A k =O , 所以E -A k =E . 又因为 E -A k =(E -A)(E +A +A 2+⋅ ⋅ ⋅+A k -1),所以 (E -A)(E +A +A 2+⋅ ⋅ ⋅+A k -1)=E , 由定理2推论知(E -A)可逆, 且(E -A)-1=E +A +A 2+⋅ ⋅ ⋅+A k -1.证明一方面, 有E =(E -A)-1(E -A). 另一方面, 由A k =O , 有E =(E -A)+(A -A 2)+A 2-⋅ ⋅ ⋅-A k -1+(A k -1-A k ) =(E +A +A 2+⋅ ⋅ ⋅+A k -1)(E -A),故 (E -A)-1(E -A)=(E +A +A 2+⋅ ⋅ ⋅+A k -1)(E -A), 两端同时右乘(E -A)-1, 就有(E -A)-1(E -A)=E +A +A 2+⋅ ⋅ ⋅+A k -1.15. 设方阵A 满足A 2-A -2E =O , 证明A 及A +2E 都可逆, 并求A -1及(A +2E)-1.证明由A 2-A -2E =O 得 A 2-A =2E , 即A(A -E)=2E ,或E E A A =-⋅)(21,由定理2推论知A 可逆, 且)(211E A A -=-.由A 2-A -2E =O 得A 2-A -6E =-4E , 即(A +2E)(A -3E)=-4E ,或E A E E A =-⋅+)3(41)2(由定理2推论知(A +2E)可逆, 且)3(41)2(1A E E A -=+-.证明由A 2-A -2E =O 得A 2-A =2E , 两端同时取行列式得 |A 2-A|=2,即 |A||A -E|=2, 故 |A|≠0,所以A 可逆, 而A +2E =A 2, |A +2E|=|A 2|=|A|2≠0, 故A +2E 也可逆. 由 A 2-A -2E =O ⇒A(A -E)=2E⇒A -1A(A -E)=2A -1E ⇒)(211E A A -=-,又由 A 2-A -2E =O ⇒(A +2E)A -3(A +2E)=-4E⇒ (A +2E)(A -3E)=-4 E ,所以 (A +2E)-1(A +2E)(A -3E)=-4(A +2 E)-1,)3(41)2(1A E E A -=+-.16. 设A 为3阶矩阵,21||=A , 求|(2A)-1-5A*|.解因为*||11A A A =-, 所以|||521||*5)2(|111----=-A A A A A |2521|11---=A A=|-2A -1|=(-2)3|A -1|=-8|A|-1=-8⨯2=-16. 17. 设矩阵A 可逆, 证明其伴随阵A*也可逆, 且(A*)-1=(A -1)*.证明由*||11A A A =-, 得A*=|A|A -1, 所以当A 可逆时, 有|A*|=|A|n |A -1|=|A|n -1≠0,从而A*也可逆.因为A*=|A|A -1, 所以 (A*)-1=|A|-1A .又*)(||)*(||1111---==A A A A A , 所以(A*)-1=|A|-1A =|A|-1|A|(A -1)*=(A -1)*. 18. 设n 阶矩阵A 的伴随矩阵为A*, 证明: (1)若|A|=0, 则|A*|=0; (2)|A*|=|A|n -1. 证明(1)用反证法证明. 假设|A*|≠0, 则有A*(A*)-1=E , 由此得 A =A A*(A*)-1=|A|E(A*)-1=O ,所以A*=O , 这与|A*|≠0矛盾，故当|A|=0时, 有|A*|=0.(2)由于*||11A A A =-, 则AA*=|A|E , 取行列式得到|A||A*|=|A|n . 若|A|≠0, 则|A*|=|A|n -1;若|A|=0, 由(1)知|A*|=0, 此时命题也成立. 因此|A*|=|A|n -1.19. 设⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-=321011330A , AB =A +2B , 求B .解由AB =A +2E 可得(A -2E)B =A , 故⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛---=-=--321011330121011332)2(11A E A B ⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=011321330.20. 设⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛=101020101A , 且AB +E =A 2+B , 求B .解由AB +E =A 2+B 得 (A -E)B =A 2-E ,即 (A -E)B =(A -E)(A +E).因为01001010100||≠-==-E A , 所以(A -E)可逆, 从而⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛=+=201030102E A B .21. 设A =diag(1, -2, 1), A*BA =2BA -8E , 求B . 解由A*BA =2BA -8E 得 (A*-2E)BA =-8E , B =-8(A*-2E)-1A -1 =-8[A(A*-2E)]-1 =-8(AA*-2A)-1 =-8(|A|E -2A)-1 =-8(-2E -2A)-1 =4(E +A)-1=4[diag(2, -1, 2)]-1)21 ,1 ,21(diag 4-==2diag(1, -2, 1).22. 已知矩阵A 的伴随阵⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-=8030010100100001*A , 且ABA -1=BA -1+3E , 求B .解由|A*|=|A|3=8, 得|A|=2. 由ABA -1=BA -1+3E 得 AB =B +3A ,B =3(A -E)-1A =3[A(E -A -1)]-1A11*)2(6*)21(3---=-=A E A E⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛--=-1030060600600006603001010010000161. 23. 设P -1AP =Λ, 其中⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--=1141P , ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=Λ2001, 求A 11.解由P -1AP =Λ, 得A =P ΛP -1, 所以A 11= A=P Λ11P -1.|P|=3,⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=1141*P , ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--=-1141311P ,而 ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-=Λ11111120 012001,故⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛--⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--=31313431200111411111A ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--=68468327322731.24. 设AP =P Λ, 其中⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛--=111201111P , ⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=Λ511, 求ϕ(A)=A 8(5E -6A +A 2).解 ϕ(Λ)=Λ8(5E -6Λ+Λ2)=diag(1,1,58)[diag(5,5,5)-diag(-6,6,30)+diag(1,1,25)] =diag(1,1,58)diag(12,0,0)=12diag(1,0,0). ϕ(A)=P ϕ(Λ)P -1*)(||1P P P Λ=ϕ ⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛------⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛---=1213032220000000011112011112⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛=1111111114.25. 设矩阵A 、B 及A +B 都可逆, 证明A -1+B -1也可逆, 并求其逆阵. 证明因为A -1(A +B)B -1=B -1+A -1=A -1+B -1,而A -1(A +B)B -1是三个可逆矩阵的乘积, 所以A -1(A +B)B -1可逆, 即A -1+B -1可逆.(A -1+B -1)-1=[A -1(A +B)B -1]-1=B(A +B)-1A .26. 计算⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛---⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛30003200121013013000120010100121. 解设⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=10211A , ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=30122A , ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=12131B , ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--=30322B ,则⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛2121B O B E A O E A ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛+=222111B A O B B A A ,而⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--+⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=+4225303212131021211B B A ,⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=90343032301222B A ,所以 ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛2121B O B E A O E A ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛+=222111B A O B B A A ⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛---=9000340042102521, 即 ⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛---⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛30003200121013013000120010100121⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛---=9000340042102521. 27. 取⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛==-==1001D C B A , 验证|||||||| D C B A D C B A ≠.解4100120021100101002000021010010110100101==--=--=D C B A , 而01111|||||||| ==D C B A , 故|||||||| D C B A D C B A ≠. 28. 设⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=22023443O O A , 求|A 8|及A 4. 解令⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=34431A , ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=22022A ,则⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛=21A O O A A ,故8218⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=A O O A A ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=8281A O O A ,1682818281810||||||||||===A A A A A .⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=464444241422025005O O A O O A A . 29. 设n 阶矩阵A 及s 阶矩阵B 都可逆, 求(1)1-⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛O B A O ;解设⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-43211C C C C O B A O , 则⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛O B A O ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛4321C C C C ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=s n E O O E BC BC AC AC 2143. 由此得 ⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧====s n E BC O BC O AC E AC 2143⇒⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧====--121413B C O C O C A C ,所以 ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛---O A B O O B A O 111. (2)1-⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛B C O A .解设⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-43211D D D D B C O A , 则⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛++=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛s n E O O E BD CD BD CD AD AD D D D D B C O A 4231214321. 由此得 ⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧=+=+==s n E BD CD O BD CD O AD E AD 423121⇒⎪⎩⎪⎨⎧=-===----14113211B D CA B D O D A D ,所以 ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-----11111B CA B O A BC O A . 30. 求下列矩阵的逆阵:(1)⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛2500380000120025; 解设⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=1225A , ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=2538B , 则⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=--5221122511A , ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=--8532253811B .于是 ⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛----=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛----850032000052002125003800001200251111B A B A .(2)⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛4121031200210001. 解设⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=2101A , ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=4103B , ⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=2112C , 则⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-=⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛=⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛------1111114121031200210001B CA B O A BC O A⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-----=411212458103161210021210001.第三章矩阵的初等变换与线性方程组1．把下列矩阵化为行最简形矩阵：(1) ⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--340313021201; (2)⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛----174034301320; (3) ⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛---------12433023221453334311; (4)⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛------34732038234202173132.解 (1) ⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--340313*********2)3()2(~r r r r -+-+⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛---020*********)2()1(32~-÷-÷r r ⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--01003100120123~r r -⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛--300031001201 33~÷r ⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--100031001201323~r r +⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-1000010012013121)2(~r r r r +-+⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛100001000001(2) ⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛----1740343013201312)2()3(2~r r r r -+-+⨯⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛---31003100132021233~r r r r ++⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛000031001002021~÷r ⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛000031005010 (3) ⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛---------12433023221453334311 141312323~rr r r rr ---⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛--------1010500663008840034311)5()3()4(432~-÷-÷-÷r r r ⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛-----22100221002210034311 2423213~r r r r r r ---⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛---00000000002210032011(4) ⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛------34732038234202173132 242321232~rr r r rr ---⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛-----1187701298804202111110141312782~rr r r r r --+⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛--410004100020201111134221)1(~r r r r r --⨯↔⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛----0000041000111102020132~rr +⎪⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛--000004100030110202012.设⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫⎝⎛=⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛⎪⎪⎪⎭⎫ ⎝⎛987654321100010101100001010A ，求A 。

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北大版-线性代数第一章部分课后答案详解————————————————————————————————作者：————————————————————————————————日期：习题1.2：1 .写出四阶行列式中11121314212223243132333441424344a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a 含有因子1123a a 的项解：由行列式的定义可知，第三行只能从32a 、34a 中选，第四行只能从42a 、44a 中选，所以所有的组合只有()()13241τ-11233244a a a a 或()()13421τ-11233442a a a a ，即含有因子1123a a 的项为11233244a a a a 和11233442a a a a2. 用行列式的定义证明11121314152122232425313241425152000000000a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a a =0 证明：第五行只有取51a 、52a 整个因式才能有可能不为0，同理，第四行取41a 、42a ，第三行取31a 、32a ，由于每一列只能取一个，则在第三第四第五行中，必有一行只能取0.以第五行为参考，含有51a 的因式必含有0，同理，含有52a 的因式也必含有0。

故所有因式都为0.原命题得证.。

3.求下列行列式的值：（1）01000020;0001000n n -L L M M M OM L L（2）00100200100000n n-L L M O M O M L L；解：（1）010000200001000n n -LLM M M OM LL=()()23411n τ-L 123n ⨯⨯⨯⨯L =()11!n n --（2）00100200100000n n-L LM OM O M L L=()()()()12211n n n τ---L 123n ⨯⨯⨯⨯L =()()()1221!n n n --- 4.设n 阶行列式：A=1111nn nna a a a LM OM L，B=11111212212221212n n nn n n n n nna ab a b a b a a b a b a b a -----L L MMOM L，其中0b ≠，试证明：A=B 。

证明：B=11111212212221212n n nn n n n n nna ab a b a b a a b a b a b a -----L L MMOM L=()()[]1212121212121n n n n s s s s n s s s s s n s s s n a b a b a b τ---∈-∑L L L ！=()()[]1212121212121()n n n n s s s s n s s s s s n s s s n a a a b b b τ---∈-∑L L L L ！=()()[]12121212(1)(2)()121n n n n s s s s s s n s s s n s s s n a a a b τ-+-+-∈-∑L L L L ！=()()[]121212121n n n s s s s s s n s s s n a a a τ∈-∑L L L ！=A命题得证。

5.证明：如下2007阶行列式不等于0：D=2222333320072007200720071220062007232007200834200820082007200820082008L L LM M O M M L；证明：最后一行元素，除去20072007是奇数以外，其余都是偶数，故含20072008的因式也都是偶数。

若最后一行取20072007，则倒数第二行只有取20062007才有可能最后乘积为奇数，以此类推，只有次对角线上的元素的积为奇数，其余项的积都为偶数。

故原命题得证。

习题1.31求下列行列式的值：(1)3111131111311113; (2)0111101111011110; （3.）A=+c 23243236310+6b 3a b c d aa ba b ca b da ab a bc a b cd a a b a b c a c d++++++++++++++++，解：(1)3111131111311113342312λλλλλλ-+-+-+−−−→3111220002222---433221c c c c c c +++−−−→6321020000200002=48；(2)0111101111011110342312λλλλλλ-+-+-+−−−→011111000110011---433221c c c c c c +++−−−→33210100001001---=3-;（3.）.A=+c 23243236310+6b 3a b c d aa ba b ca b da ab a bc a b cd a a b a b c a c d++++++++++++++++，+c 23243236310+6b 3a b c d aa ba b ca b d a a b a b c a b c da ab a bc a cd ++++++++++++++++==023*********+63a c d aaa b ca b c d a a a b ca b c da a abc a b cd +++++++++++++++=324326310+63a b c d a ba b ca b c da b a b c a b c d a b a b c a b c d++++++++++++++0023243236310+63ad aaa ba b c d a a a ba b c da a ab a bc d+++++++++++0000+=2432232432310+6336310+63a c d a aaca b c d aaa ba b c a a c a b c d a a a b a b c a a c a b c d a a a b a b c++++++++++++++++00000000+=+=23223432224323633610+633310+63ad a a aaa bd aaaa b c aaba b c a a a b d a a a a b ca ab a b ca a ab da a a abc a ab a b c+++++++++++++000000000000+=23432322342333610+63633610366a a a a aaaa b aaac aaaa aaab a a a a ba a a c a a a aa a ab a a a a b a a a ca a a aa a a b++=+2432431+622+350000000001111000026262343432340555361036103610a a a aa a a a a a a a a a a a a a a aa a aa a aa aa aaa a aλλλλλλ-+−−−−→−−−−→=—4131065a a a a a ⨯⨯⨯=2.求下列n 阶行列式的值：（1）()()212122212231112n n n n n n n n n n n n ++++-+-+L L L M M O M L；（2）3222232222322223L L L M M M O M L；（3）1231031201230n n n ------L L LM M M O M L ；（4）1231131211231n x n x n x +++L L L M M M O M L 解：（1）n D =()()212122212231112n n n n n n n n n n n n ++++-+-+L L L M M O M L；（1）若n=1;则n D =1；（2）若n=2;则n D =1234=2-;（3）若3n ≥，则n D =()()212122212231112n n n n n n n n n n n n ++++-+-+L L L M M O M L 2312λλλλ-+-+−−−→()()2121112n n n nn n n n n n n n -+-+L L L M M O M L=0；综上：n D =112203n n n =⎧⎪-=⎨⎪≥⎩（2）3222232222322223L L L M M M O M L1i iλλ--+−−−−−−−→L 其中，i 先后取n,n-1,23222110001100011---L L LM M O O M1i i c c -+−−−−−−→L i 依次取n,n-12()()3212222201000010000001n n +--⨯LL L M O O M =2n+1；（3）123103121230n n n ------L L LM M M O M L1n,n-1,2ii λλ+−−−−−→L 依次取123223232n n n n⨯L LLOM =n!；（4）1231131211231n x n x n x +++LL L M M M O M L123nii ic c -+−−−−−→L 依次取、、1111211x x x n ---+M O=()()()121x x x n ---+L ；习题1.41. 计算下列行列式：（1）000000000xa b cy dc z f g h k ul v；（2）21121221222121+x 11nn n n nx x x x x x x x x x x x x x ++LLM M O ML；（3）765432978943749700536100005600006800；（4）00010000000000001000n na a a a a ⨯L L L M M M O M M L L解：（1）00000000x a b cy d c z f g h k u l v 2424c c λλ↔↔−−−→00000000000xb ac g u k h l zcf yv1212c c λλ↔↔−−−→00000000000ugk hl x b a cz c f y v=xyzuv; （2）D=21121221222121+x 11nn n n nx x x x x x x x x x x x x x ++LLM M O ML=21122212121+x 0101n n x x x x x x x x x +LLM M O ML+21121221222121+x 1nn n n nx x x x x x x x x x x x x x +LLM M O ML=()21121221222111211+x 111nn nn n n n x x x x x x x x x x x x x x +---+-+L L M MO MK +2nx2112122122121+x 11x x x x x x x x x +LL M M OM L=2112112212212111211+x 11n n n n n x x x x x x x x x x x x x x -----++LL M MOML+2n x =2112122212222212221+x 11n n n n n x x x x x x x x x x x x x x -----++L L M MOML+2n-1x +2n x =L =1+2212x x +++L 2n x ;(Q 2112122122121+x 11x x x x x x x x x +LL MM OM Li 12n 1n ii x λλ--+−−−−−−→L 依次取、、1231111x x x O L=1)（3）765432978943749700536100005600006800=()()()5634763256974316874005300+++-=()()()3+4+1+2567432-1685343=566874325343=4;（4）00010000000000001000n na a a a a ⨯L L LM M M OM M L L=na +()()()231121n n n a τ---L =()221n aa--;2.试用拉普拉斯定理计算：A=12342222123411100123000111100x x x x x x x x ；解：()()()()()()12121+2+1+323413422222212342241342222123411100123001111111111011111+-1121300x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x +++=-⨯⨯()()()()()()()()1223344332423141223401111102230x x x x x x x x x x x x x x ++++-⨯=------⎡⎤⎣⎦ 2. 利用范德蒙行列式计算：（1）()()()()111111111nnnn n n aa a n a a a n a a a n ---------L L MM L M L L；（2）111111111122222211111111nn n n n n n n n n n nn n n n n n a a b a b b a a b a b b a a b a b b ------++++++LL MMOMML ，（0,i a ≠1,2,,1i n =+L ）解：（1）()()()()111111111nnn n n n a a a n a a a n a a a n ---------L L MM L M L Li 1n-12i i λλ-↔−−−−−−→L 依次取n 、、()n-11-()()1111111n n n a a a n aa a n ------LL M M O M L −−−→同理()()()()()n-121111111n nnna a a na a a n +-++-----L L L M MOML=()()()12111n n n i j j i -+≥>≥--∏2）111111111122222211111111n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n a a b a b b a a b a b b aa ba bb------++++++L L M M O M M L=()n121n a a a +L 21111112222222233333321111111111nnnnn n n n n n b b b a a a b b b a a a b b b a a a b b b a a a ++++++⎛⎫⎛⎫ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭⎛⎫⎛⎫ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭⎛⎫⎛⎫ ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭⎛⎫⎛⎫⎪ ⎪⎝⎭⎝⎭LLL MMMOML=()n121n a a a +Ln 11j i i j i j b b a a +≥>≥⎛⎫- ⎪ ⎪⎝⎭∏=()n 11iji j i j b aa b +≥>≥-∏习题1.51. 用克莱姆法则解下列方程：（1）123412423412342583692254760x x x x x x x x x x x x x x +-+=⎧⎪--=⎪⎨-+=-⎪⎪+-+=⎩ 解：D=2151130602121476-----24λλ-+−−−→2151130602127712-----=()()()34231+++-21217716---+()()()3424222517121+++--+()()()34341221171213+++----=27；同理：x D =91，y D =108-，z D =27-，w D =27;∴1x =x D D =3;2x =y D D =4-;3x =z D D =1-；4w D x D==1;总复习题一1.计算行列式D=2111 4211 2011029998 1212---；2.计算行列式D=246427327 1014543443 342721621-；3.计算行列式D=1111 1111 1111 1111xxyy+-+-；4.计算行列式D=1111 1111 11111111xxxx---+---+--；5.计算行列式D=1333 3233 3333333nLLLM M M O ML；6.计算行列式A=111212122212nnn n n na b a b a ba b a b a ba b a b a b+++++++++LLM M O ML；7.计算行列式D=()100120123121nn-----N；8证明D=1231111111111111111na a a a ++++LL L M M M O M L； 9.证明：2cos 100012cos 100012cos 000002cos 1012cos x x x x xL LL M M M O M M L L=sin(1)sin n xx + 10.试证明()()()()()()()()()111212122212n n n n nn a t a t a t a t a t a t d dt a t a t a t L L MM O M L=()()()()()()()()()1111212211j n nj n j n nj nn da t a t a t dt da t a t a t dt da t a t a t dt=∑LL L L MLM L M LL11.一个n 阶行列式n D 的元素满足，则称为反对称行列式，证明：奇数阶反对称行列式为零。