《英语语言学》考试说明及答案

题型：
I. Multiple Choice 单选(1’×20= 20’)
II. Definition下定义(3’×5= 15’)
III. True or False 判断正误(2’×10=20’)
IV. Comparison对比(4’×3=12’)
V. Short answer questions 简答题(5’×3=15’)
VI. Essay Questions小论文(8’+10’=18’)
1 language is a means of verbal communication.
课程内容
第一章
1. 记忆
phonetics语音学:studies speech sounds,including the production of speech.
Phonology音系学:studies the rules governing the structure,distribution分配,and sequencing排序of speech sounds and the shape of syllables音节.
Morphology形态学: concerned with internal organization of words.
Syntax句法学: is about principles of forming and understanding correct English sentence. Semantics语义学：examines how meaning is encoded编码in a language.
Pragmatics语用学：is the study of meaning in context在上下文.
2. 概念辨析
Prescriptive规范的vs. Descriptive描述的
Synchronic限于一时的vs. Diachronic历经时间长河的
A Synchronic description takes a fixed instant as its point of observation, Diachronic linguistics is the study of language through the course of its history.
Competence 完美的vs. Performance性能
Competence refers to an ideal speaker on the language. Performance refers to the using of language in daily life.
Langue语言vs. Parole言语
langue refers to the linguistic competence of the speaker.
Parole refers to the actual phenomena or data of linguistics.
3. 应用
1）能够判断理论语言学与应用语言学各学科的研究范围
Theoretical linguistics : phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, pragmatics Macrolinguistics: psycholinguistics心理语言学，sociolinguistics社会语言学，
anthropological linguisitics人类语言学，computational linguistics计算语言学
2）能够分析语言现象体现的语言功能。

4. 思考
1）什么是语言的design features？分别解释语言的design features (如creativity, duality, displacement)并举例说明。

Design features:the features that define our human language.
Creativity创造性：we mean language is resourceful because of its duality and its recursiveness递归性. Duality二元性：the property性质of having two levels of structure,the elements of the spoken language are sounds which do not convey meaning in themselves.
Displacement移位性:means that the human languages enable their users to symbolize objects, events,concepts which are not present at the moment of communication.
2)什么是语言的创造性？语言为什么具有创造性？
Language is not unique to humans,if it is defined merely as a system of communication.words can be used in new ways to mean new things.
3) 什么是语言的任意性？任意性在语言中如何体现？
Arbitrariness,refers to the fact that the forms of linguistic signs bear no natural relationships to their meaning,eg.we cannot explain why a book is called a /buk/
第二章
1. 记忆
phoneme, allophone, schwa
2. 概念辨析
vowels vs. consonants, phone vs. allophone vs. phoneme, manners of articulation vs. places of articulation, phonetics vs. phonology, broad transcription vs. narrow transcription
3. 理解
1）cardinal vowel (diagram)
2）distinctive features
3）suprasemental features
4）syllable structure (nucleus/peak, rhyme, coda)
5）complementary distribution
4. 应用
1)能够根据发音部位/方式判断所描述的辅音，或直接描述辅音；
2)细致区分不同的语音单位，如phone, phoneme and allophone；
3)能够分析简单的语音现象，并总结相应的音系规则。

第三章
1. 记忆
morpheme, morphology, affix, allomorph
2. 运用
1）能够判断词所属的类别，如变形词/不可变形词，实词/虚词等；
2）能够判断出现的function words；
3）能够利用各种造词法造出新词；
4）能够区分屈折/派生，词根/词干/词缀，判断free/bound等
5）能够识别不同类型的词缀并举例说明。

3. 思考
屈折与派生的区别
第四章
1. 记忆
immediate constituent
2. 概念辨析
syntagmatic vs. paradigmatic relation, endocentric construction vs. exocentric construction
3. 理解
1）number, gender, case
2）Tense and aspect
4. 应用
能够简单分析句子的句法结构。

5. 思考
1）英语主语的句法体现；
2）英语宾语的句法体现。

第五章
1. 记忆
Synonymy同义(is the technical name for the sameness relation )
Antonymy反义(is the name for oppositeness relation)
Hyponymy上下义关系（is of recent creation,which has not found its way
to some small dictionaries yet.）
auto-hyponymy （refers to a word is the hyponymy of itself.）
2．概念辨析
Denotation外延vs. Connotation内涵
, sense vs. reference
3. 掌握
1) 把握各种语义关系（synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy）的基本特性，如能否有比较级，是否有cover term等；
2) 准确判断词语之间的关系；
4. 思考
1）成分分析法的优劣；
2）类似语义关系(complementary antonymy, gradable antonymy, converse antonymy)的区别。