英语语言学第二章讲课PPT
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英语语言学 第二章 Phonetics and Phonology
scope of phonetics
articulatory phonetics
auditory phonetics
acoustic phonetics
articulatory phonetics 发音语音学 From the speaker’s point of view： studying how a speaker uses his or her speech organ to articulate sounds （ 研究语音的产生）
当声带分离时，气流容易通过，由此产生的语 音叫清音（voiceless），如 [p, s, t]。 当声带贴近时，气流使其产生震动 （vibration），形成的声音成为浊音 （voicing），如[ b, z, d]。 当声带完全紧贴时，气流无法通过，不发出声 音。
pharyngeal cavity: Vibration of the vocal cords results in a quality of speech sounds called voicing, which is a feature of all vowels and some consonants in English.
2.1 the phonic medium of language
two media of language : speech and writing Sounds which are meaningful in human communication constitute the phonic medium of language.
2.2.2 speech
organs (发音器官)
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English consonants p pill d desk m member f feel z zoo ʃ shy ʤ Jill w wait b k n v θ ʒ l ϳ ball t till kiss g gap name ŋ ring veal s so thin ð thy measure ʧ chain letter r reef yard
3) Phonetics studies speech sounds from three different angles. Accordingly, it can be further classified into three sub-branches: ________ phonetics, ________ phonetics and ________ phonetics. 4) The speech organs are contained in three important areas or cavities: the ________, the ________ and the ________.
5) There are two ways to transcribe speech sounds. One is ________ transcription; the other is ________ transcription.
6) ________ are sounds produced by some form of obstruction of the air stream and may be either voiced or voiceless.
Standard and internationally accepted system of phonetic transcription—the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). A list of symbols are used to transcribe the sounds. The vowels The consonants
《英语语言学导论》(第四版)课件Chapter 2 Phonetics
learners of English, and explain why they cause difficulty. 2. Observe your classmates’ pronunciation of the English consonant
[v] and write a short paper on the problem in the acquisition of [v] and how to solve it.
Phonetic features and natural classes
Teaching Aims
The Study of Speech Sounds
1. To make students familiar with sound production mechanism， the transcription and description of English sounds. 2. To make students understand the differences of consonants and vowels, the nature of phonetic features and natural classes. 3. To cultivate students’ cross-cultural awareness and research interests in discovering the regularities of speech sounds.
2.3 Phonetic transcription of sounds
Transcription of sounds
2.3.1 Unit of representation Speech is a continuous flow of sound with interruptions only
[v] and write a short paper on the problem in the acquisition of [v] and how to solve it.
Phonetic features and natural classes
Teaching Aims
The Study of Speech Sounds
1. To make students familiar with sound production mechanism， the transcription and description of English sounds. 2. To make students understand the differences of consonants and vowels, the nature of phonetic features and natural classes. 3. To cultivate students’ cross-cultural awareness and research interests in discovering the regularities of speech sounds.
2.3 Phonetic transcription of sounds
Transcription of sounds
2.3.1 Unit of representation Speech is a continuous flow of sound with interruptions only
《英语语言学》ppt课件
区别: meaning(是否研究和表达意义有关的 语音）
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举例: too 和 tea 中的 /t/ 发too中的/t/时, 舌位更靠近口腔前部 发tea中的/t/时，舌位更靠近口腔后部 语音学要研究这种/t/发音的不同之处, 音系
学不研究
32
Phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived.
义和区别 2.语音学重要概念: 清音和浊音 3.音系学重要概念: 音子，音位, 超音段特征
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Phonetics studies all speech sounds in human languages: how they are produced, transmitted and how they are received.
印欧语系,汉藏语系，南岛语 系，阿尔泰语系，南亚语系
印欧语系下的日耳曼语族，罗曼语 族，凯尔特语族, 斯拉夫语族，伊朗
印度语族
日耳曼语族下分西日耳曼支，东日 耳曼语支，北日耳曼语支
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Indo-European language family
印欧语系
Germanic group 日耳曼语族
Celtic group 凯尔特语族
计算机语言学
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语言学分类-按研究导向分
Linguistics
Theoretical Linguistics
Linguistic nature, universal rules
Applied Linguistics
language acquisition, teaching, assessment
generation through teaching and learning rather than instinct. 反例：印度狼孩
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举例: too 和 tea 中的 /t/ 发too中的/t/时, 舌位更靠近口腔前部 发tea中的/t/时，舌位更靠近口腔后部 语音学要研究这种/t/发音的不同之处, 音系
学不研究
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Phonetics studies how speech sounds are produced, transmitted, and perceived.
义和区别 2.语音学重要概念: 清音和浊音 3.音系学重要概念: 音子，音位, 超音段特征
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Phonetics studies all speech sounds in human languages: how they are produced, transmitted and how they are received.
印欧语系,汉藏语系，南岛语 系，阿尔泰语系，南亚语系
印欧语系下的日耳曼语族，罗曼语 族，凯尔特语族, 斯拉夫语族，伊朗
印度语族
日耳曼语族下分西日耳曼支，东日 耳曼语支，北日耳曼语支
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Indo-European language family
印欧语系
Germanic group 日耳曼语族
Celtic group 凯尔特语族
计算机语言学
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语言学分类-按研究导向分
Linguistics
Theoretical Linguistics
Linguistic nature, universal rules
Applied Linguistics
language acquisition, teaching, assessment
generation through teaching and learning rather than instinct. 反例：印度狼孩
英语语言学第二章讲课ppt课件
allophone音位变体
and
A phone is a phonetic unit or segment. The speech sounds we hear and produce during linguistic communication are all phones.
认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才 能开始 对症下 药，然 后药到 病除。 近年来 国家对 扶贫工 作高度 重视， 已经展 开了“ 精准扶 贫”项 目
Broad transcription 宽式标音: the transcription with letter-symbols only.
Narrow transcription 严式标音: the transcription with letter-symbols together with the diacritics 变音符. Diacritics are a set of symbols added to the letter-symbols to bring out the finer distinctions than the letters alone may possibly do.
认识到了贫困户贫困的根本原因，才 能开始 对症下 药，然 后药到 病除。 近年来 国家对 扶贫工 作高度 重视， 已经展 开了“ 精准扶 贫”项 目
Bilabial 双唇音 Labiodental 唇齿音 Dental 齿音 Alveolar 齿龈音 Palatal 腭音 Velar 软腭音 Glottal 喉音
of how speech sounds are produced. (2) Auditory phonetics 听觉语音学 studies how
Chapter 2.The sound of language 英语专业语言学PPT
2020/7/3
Phones, phoneme, allophone 4
Allophones are of the same phoneme.
Allophones do not distinguish meaning.
Allophones are in complementary distribution (互补分布）, i.e., they never occur in the same environment.
2020/7/3
2020/7/3
Chapter 2 The Sounds of Language(2) Phonology
➢Minimal pairs ➢Free variation ➢Distinctive features ➢Syllables & consonant clusters ➢Suprasemental features
2020/7/3
English Vowels 2
• According to lip-rounding: • 1.Rounded vowels 圆唇音 • [u:] [u] [ɔ:][ɔ]
• 2.Unrounded vowels展唇音 • [i:] [i] [e] [æ] [ə:] [ə] [ʌ] [ɑ:]
2020/7/3
Phonetics and Phonology
• Phonetics is the linguistic study to identify and describe the characteristics of all the speech sounds that occur in all human languages.
2020/7/3
Some Natural Classes
Phones, phoneme, allophone 4
Allophones are of the same phoneme.
Allophones do not distinguish meaning.
Allophones are in complementary distribution (互补分布）, i.e., they never occur in the same environment.
2020/7/3
2020/7/3
Chapter 2 The Sounds of Language(2) Phonology
➢Minimal pairs ➢Free variation ➢Distinctive features ➢Syllables & consonant clusters ➢Suprasemental features
2020/7/3
English Vowels 2
• According to lip-rounding: • 1.Rounded vowels 圆唇音 • [u:] [u] [ɔ:][ɔ]
• 2.Unrounded vowels展唇音 • [i:] [i] [e] [æ] [ə:] [ə] [ʌ] [ɑ:]
2020/7/3
Phonetics and Phonology
• Phonetics is the linguistic study to identify and describe the characteristics of all the speech sounds that occur in all human languages.
2020/7/3
Some Natural Classes
英语语言学概论第二章phonology(共14张PPT)
2.3.1 Coarticulation (协同发音)
Map PK Lamb
[mæp]
[læm]
A nasal + a vowel
Soft palate: from the lowered position to the raised position
Proceeding influenced following (perseverative)
Broad and narrow transcriptions
Velarization rule (软腭化): A vowel + a nasal
the
string,
the
two
sound
combinations
are
phonemic contrast, complementary distribution
when simultaneous or overlapping articulations are involved.
Broad and narrow transcriptions
[pi:k]
Peak
[pʰi:k]
Broad
Narrow
1. Broad transcription (宽式音标): The transcription of sounds with letter-symbols only. [ _ ]
said to form a minimal pair.
Pill/bill; pill/till; till/kill; kill/dill/; dill/gill
big/peg; peak/leap
Minimal pairs
Four requirements for identifying minimal pairs:
语言学教程第二章ppt课件
and the alveolar ridge.
The categories of consonant, therefore, are
established on the basis of several factors.
.
a. the actual relationship between the
tongue curled up and back in a retroflex gesture
and then striking the roof of the mouth in the
post-alveolar region as it returns to its position
behind the lower front teeth. In some forms of
humans, meaningful in human
communication and with which linguists
are concerned.
.
.
Phonetics and ittics is the science
which studies the characteristics of
vocal organs(发音器官).
The articulatory apparatus of a
human being are contained in
three important areas: (1) the
pharyngeal cavity(咽腔) – the
throat
(2) the oral cavity(口腔) – the
through easily and the sound produced
The categories of consonant, therefore, are
established on the basis of several factors.
.
a. the actual relationship between the
tongue curled up and back in a retroflex gesture
and then striking the roof of the mouth in the
post-alveolar region as it returns to its position
behind the lower front teeth. In some forms of
humans, meaningful in human
communication and with which linguists
are concerned.
.
.
Phonetics and ittics is the science
which studies the characteristics of
vocal organs(发音器官).
The articulatory apparatus of a
human being are contained in
three important areas: (1) the
pharyngeal cavity(咽腔) – the
throat
(2) the oral cavity(口腔) – the
through easily and the sound produced
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B. the openness of the mouth: mouth: close vowels semisemi-close vowels semisemi-open vowels open vowels
C. the shape of the lips: lips: unrounded vowels rounded vowels D. the length of the vowels: vowels: long vowels﹙tense vowel紧元音﹚ vowels﹙ vowel紧元音﹚ short vowels﹙lax vowels松元音﹚ vowels﹙ vowels松元音﹚
Chapter 2
Phonetics ＆ Phonology
1. Inroduction
(1) Phonetics and phonology are very useful. useful. With some phonetic knowledge we can give a much more precise description to speech sounds. sounds. And with some phonological knowledge we can become more aware of the functions of sounds in different languages. More importantly, languages. phonetics and phonology have made the greatest contribution to “teaching” machines to “talk”. teaching” talk”
The different phones which can represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of that phoneme. E.g., phoneme. clear [l] and dark [l] are allophones of the phoneme /l/ in English; aspirated [p] and English; unaspirated [p] are allophones of the phoneme /p/ in English. English.
Our primary interest will be in articulatory phonetics. phonetics.
Speech organs/Articulators
The articulatory apparatus of a human being are contained in three important areas: areas: The pharyngeal cavity 咽腔— the throat; 咽腔— throat; The oral cavity 口腔— the mouth. The speech 口腔— mouth. organs located in this cavity are the tongue, the soft palate, the hard palate, the teeth ridge, the teeth and the lips; lips; The nasal cavity鼻腔— the nose. cavity鼻腔— nose.
and, at, add, lead, tell, ten How many phones are there in the above words? How many phonemes?
A phoneme is a phonological unit; it is a unit unit; that is of distinctive value. It is an abstract unit. value. unit.
(2) Linguistics is only interested in speech sounds. sounds. Sounds made by a human being but not used in language are not considered as speech sound, e.g. coughing, vomitting, snoring. snoring.
4. Classifications of English speech sounds
Question: Question: Analyze the important features of vowels and consonants. consonants.
(1) Classification of consonants In terms of manner of articulation, English consonants can be classified into the following types: types:
Broad transcription 宽式标音 : the transcription 宽式标音: with letter-symbols only. letteronly. Narrow transcription 严式标音: the transcription 严式标音: with letter-symbols together with the diacritics letter变音符. 变音符. Diacritics are a set of symbols added to the letter-symbols to bring out the finer letterdistinctions than the letters alone may possibly do. do.
3. IPA and transcription
broad
vs. vs.
narrow
The international phonetic alphabet﹙IPA﹚system alphabet﹙IPA﹚ was devised by the International Phonetic Association in 1988 and has undergone a number of revision since then. then. The basic principle of the IPA is using one letter selected from major European languages to represent one speech sound. The application of the phonetic sound. symbols is universal to all languages. languages.
Phonemic contrast 音 位 对 立 , complementary distribution互补分布, distribution互补分布 互补分布, and minimal pair最小对立体 pair最小对立体
If two phonetically similar sounds are two distinctive phonemes, they are said to form a phonemic contrast. contrast. Question: Question: Do /f/ and /v/ form a phonemic contrast? How about /f/ and /k/?
5. Phonology
Phonology studies how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication. communication. Question: Question: How does phonology differ from phonetics?
Stops/plosives 塞音/破裂音 塞音/ Fricatives 擦音 Affricates 塞擦音 Liquids 流音: [l]﹙lateral边音﹚ [r]﹙retroflex卷 流音: [l]﹙lateral边音﹚ [r]﹙retroflex卷 舌音﹚ 舌音﹚ Nasals 鼻音 Glides/semiGlides/semi-vowels 滑音/半元音 滑音/
Three branches of phonetics: phonetics: (1) Articulatory phonetics 发音语音学 is the study of how speech sounds are produced. produced. (2) Auditory phonetics 听觉语音学 studies how speech sounds are perceived by the hearer. hearer. (3) Acoustic phonetics 声学语音学 studies the transmission of speech sounds through the air. air.
2. Phonetics
Phonetics is defined as the study of the phonic medium of language. It studies the language. characteristics of human sound-making, soundparticularly the sounds used in speech, and provides methods for their transcription, description and classification. classification.