英语语言学ppt课件
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Chapter9语言学-LanguageandliteraturePPT课件
ΔA chipped sill buttresses mother and daughter who are
the last mistresses of that black block which is condemned to stand, not crash.
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❖ Find out the unusual use of language in the following paragraph:
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❖ 2.1 What is ‘foregrounding’? ❖ 2.2 Devices of Foregrounding
2
1. Style and Stylistics
❖ Style: variation in the language use of an individual, such as formal/informal style
Literary style: ways of writing employed in literature and by individual writers; the way the mind of the author expresses itself in words
It deals with the close relationship between language and literature.
It focuses on the study of linguistic features related to literary style.
6
The scope is sometimes narrowed to concentrate on the more striking features of literaபைடு நூலகம்y language, for instance, its ‘deviant’ and abnormal features, rather than the broader structures that are found in whole texts or discourses.
the last mistresses of that black block which is condemned to stand, not crash.
8
❖ Find out the unusual use of language in the following paragraph:
9
❖ 2.1 What is ‘foregrounding’? ❖ 2.2 Devices of Foregrounding
2
1. Style and Stylistics
❖ Style: variation in the language use of an individual, such as formal/informal style
Literary style: ways of writing employed in literature and by individual writers; the way the mind of the author expresses itself in words
It deals with the close relationship between language and literature.
It focuses on the study of linguistic features related to literary style.
6
The scope is sometimes narrowed to concentrate on the more striking features of literaபைடு நூலகம்y language, for instance, its ‘deviant’ and abnormal features, rather than the broader structures that are found in whole texts or discourses.
英语语言学及应用课件PPT胡壮麟史上最全面
举例: too 和 tea 中的 /t/ 发too中的/t/时, 舌位更靠近口腔前部 发tea中的/t/时，舌位更靠近口腔后部 所以too 和 tea 中的 /t/两个不同的音子
Hale Waihona Puke Phoneme(音位): phonological and abstract unit, a unit of distinctive value; the smallest unit of sound in a language which can distinguish two words.
1. Bilabial双唇 ; 2. Labiodental唇齿的; 3. Dental or
interdental齿音和齿 间; 4. Alveolar齿龈音 ; 5. Palatoalveolar腭齿音; 6. Palatal 腭音; 7. Velar软腭音; 8. Uvular小舌音; 9. Glottal声门.
2019/12/24
What is linguistics
Linguistics, the scientific study of language, concerns itself with all aspects of how people use language and what they must know in order to do so.
The diagram of single vowel classification by applying the two criteria so far mentioned:
I Language as a Formal System
The study of how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication. is called phonology音系学.
Hale Waihona Puke Phoneme(音位): phonological and abstract unit, a unit of distinctive value; the smallest unit of sound in a language which can distinguish two words.
1. Bilabial双唇 ; 2. Labiodental唇齿的; 3. Dental or
interdental齿音和齿 间; 4. Alveolar齿龈音 ; 5. Palatoalveolar腭齿音; 6. Palatal 腭音; 7. Velar软腭音; 8. Uvular小舌音; 9. Glottal声门.
2019/12/24
What is linguistics
Linguistics, the scientific study of language, concerns itself with all aspects of how people use language and what they must know in order to do so.
The diagram of single vowel classification by applying the two criteria so far mentioned:
I Language as a Formal System
The study of how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication. is called phonology音系学.
英语语言学教程Chapter 2 精品PPT课件
Its main principles were that
there should be a separate letter for each distinctive sound, and
that the same symbol should be used for that sound in any language in which it appears.
The alphabet was to consist of as many Roman alphabet letters as possible, using new letters and diacritics only when absolutely necessary.
These principles continue to be followed today.
Questions for the students:
Do you know that human beings are capable of making all kinds of sounds, but only some of these sounds have become units in the language system?
Chapter 2 Speech Sounds
Teaching aims: Let the students have the general idea about phonetics and phonology.
Teaching difficulties: Manner of articulation ; (发音方法） Place of articulation ; （发音部位） The criteria of vowel description （元音的描述 ）; Broad and narrow transcription （宽式 / ; 窄式标音） allophone（音位变体）; minimal pairs（最小对立位）; assimilation（同化）
chapter 4 Syntax英语专业语言学PPT
Sentence types
Binary division in terms of structure:
Simple Non-simple
– Complex – Compound
Extension of sentence
Conjoining (Coordination) 并列句 Embedding (Subordination)嵌入句 Recursiveness (Layers of
Most constructions are exocentric.
Prepositional phrases and subordinate clauses.
IC analysis 直接成分分析法1
Immediate constituent analysis 直接成分 分析法—a descriptive approach
IC Analysis 4
The word groups in a sentence are called its constituents 成分.
Constituents as parts of a bigger word group are called its immediate constituents (ICs).直接成分
Syntagmatic vs. Paradigmatic Relations 2
The syntagmatic relation is the relation between one item and others in a linear sequence, or between elements which are all present.
The father of American structuralism — Leonard Bloomfield.
英语语言学chapter4.ppt
Deep structure & surface structure
Consider one more sentence: Flying planes can be dangerous.
Modifiers（修饰语）
Modifiers specify optionally expressible properties of heads.（用于描述tences (the S rule)
S
NP VP
S
NP Det A N boy V found VP NP Det the N evidence
Infl realized by a tense label
InflP（=S） VP
NP
NP
N Infl boy Pst V found Det the N evidence
Det A
Infl realized by an auxiliary
InflP （ =S ） NP VP
NP
Det A N Infl boy will V find Det the N evidence
Word-level categories
Major lexical categories: N, V, Adj, Prep. Minor Lexical categories: Det, Deg, Qual, Auxi, Conj.
The criteria on which categories are determined
Sentences (the S rule)
S NP infl VP InflP(=S) NP VP
Infl
《新编简明英语语言学教程》PPT课件
Chomsky’s definition (1957)
“From now on I will consider language to be a
set of (finite or infinite) sentenБайду номын сангаасes, each finite in length and constructed out of a finite set of elements.”
• • • • •
Arbitrariness Productivity/Creativity Duality Displacement Cultural transmission
Arbitrariness
----No logical (motivated or intrinsic) connection between sounds and meanings. Onomatopoeic words (which imitate natural sounds) are somewhat motivated ( English: rumble, crackle, bang, …. Chinese: putong, shasha, dingdang… ) Some compound words are not entirely arbitrary, e.g. type-writer, shoe-maker, air-conditioner, photocopy…
Language is arbitrary
Arbitrary---- no intrinsic connection between the word and the thing it denotes, e.g. “pen” by any other name is the thing we use to write with.
语言学ppt课件
The link between a linguistic sign and its meaning is a matter of convention.
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3.2 Duality
The property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization:
--Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913):
Course in General Linguistics (1916)
6
“Language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas, emotions and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols.” --Edward Sapir (1884-1939):
Language: An Introduction to the Study of Speech (1921)
7
“A language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols by means of which a social group cooperates.” --Bernard Bloch (1907-1965) & George Trager
Languages are intimately related to the societies and individuals who use them.
18
3.2 Duality
The property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization:
--Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913):
Course in General Linguistics (1916)
6
“Language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas, emotions and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols.” --Edward Sapir (1884-1939):
Language: An Introduction to the Study of Speech (1921)
7
“A language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols by means of which a social group cooperates.” --Bernard Bloch (1907-1965) & George Trager
Languages are intimately related to the societies and individuals who use them.
英语语言学Syntax PPT
VP
V NP
Types of VP VP V PP V
VP
S
hit the ball speak about the book said VP VP
that he had told lies
V
run
Adv
VБайду номын сангаас
fast Look!
PP Prepositional Phrase -A phrase containing a preposition and a noun phrase. --on the table. --in the park --with the telescope It is possible to have a PP within a PP: --in the park with the telescope
PP P NP
AP Deg Adj
about
the book
very little
e.g.
S
NP
VP V-Bar
specifier head Complement
Susan rarely does
so
6.Transformational Generative Grammar TG • A description of the possible rules of human language that allow for infinite production of grammatical sentences. • tries to define a universal grammar (UG)
• Three levels of transformational rules: • The basic rule is Chomsky’s universal grammar ,the underlying principle • The second type is the obligatory rules that govern the transformations of auxiliaries and principles • The third type is the optional transformational rules that govern the transformatons of negotion ,passive voice ,interrogation
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• e.g “The dog bites the man.” is semantically different from “The man bites the dog.” though their components are exactly the same.
5
• The cat is chasing the mouse. • The mouse is chasing the cat.
meaningful is governed by rules called selectional restrictions(选择限制规则 )(constraints on what lexical items can go with what other).
8
Predication analysis述位结构分析
• Predication analysis----a way to analyze sentence meaning (British G.Leech 杰弗里 .利奇).
• Predication----the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence. A predication consists of argument(s) and predicate.
• One-place predication (单位述谓结构): smoke, grow, rise, run……
11
• Two-place predication (双位述谓结构） ： like, love, save, bite, beat...
• Three-place predication ( 三位述谓结构）： give, sent, promise, call...
• No-place predication (空位述谓结构）： It is hot.
12
Predication analysis述谓结构分析
• Tom smokes. TOM (SMOKE) • The tree grows well. TREE (GROW) • The kids like apples. KIDS (LIKE) APPLE • I sent him a letter. I (SEND) HIM LETTER
• A predicate is something said about an argument states the logical relation linking the arguments in sentence.
• 谓词是对变元所作的陈述，或是陈述一个句 子中链接变元之间的逻辑关系。
10
• 成分分析法是由结构语义学家提出的分析词义的 方法。这个理论是基于这样一个信念：一个词的 意义能被分解成被称为语义特征的意义成分。
3
For example: man: + HUMAN + ADULT + MALE woman: + HUMAN + ADULT – MALE boy: + HUMAN – ADULT + MALE girl: + HUMAN – ADULT – MALE
• 述谓结构是句子意义的抽象。由变元和谓词 构成。
9
பைடு நூலகம்
An argument is a logical participant in a predication, largely identical with the nominal sentence.
• 一个变元就是一个述谓结构的逻辑参与者， 在很大程度上等同于一个句子的名词性成分。
5.5 Analysis of meaning
Group members: 小英 玲玲 慧慧
.
1
Analysis of meaning 意义分析
• Componential analysis(成分分析） • Predication analysis(述谓结构分析）
2
Componential analysis成分分析
4
Predication analysis述谓结构分析
• 1）The meaning of a sentence is not to be worked out by adding up the meaning of its component words.
• 首先，句子意义并不是它所有成分意义的总和。
• Componential analysis---a way to analyze lexical meaning. The approach is based on the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features.
• 其次，句子的意义包括语法意义和语义意 义两个方面。
7
• e.g. • Green clouds are sleeping furiously. • Sincerity shook hands with the black apple. • Whether a sentence is semantically
• I have read that book. • That book I have read.
• The daughter of Queen Elizabeth’s son is the son of Queen Elizabeth’s daughter.
6
• 2) there are two aspects to sentence meaning: Grammatical meaning and Semantic meaning.
Predication analysis述谓结构分析
• According to the number of arguments contained in a predication, we may classify the predications into the following types:
5
• The cat is chasing the mouse. • The mouse is chasing the cat.
meaningful is governed by rules called selectional restrictions(选择限制规则 )(constraints on what lexical items can go with what other).
8
Predication analysis述位结构分析
• Predication analysis----a way to analyze sentence meaning (British G.Leech 杰弗里 .利奇).
• Predication----the abstraction of the meaning of a sentence. A predication consists of argument(s) and predicate.
• One-place predication (单位述谓结构): smoke, grow, rise, run……
11
• Two-place predication (双位述谓结构） ： like, love, save, bite, beat...
• Three-place predication ( 三位述谓结构）： give, sent, promise, call...
• No-place predication (空位述谓结构）： It is hot.
12
Predication analysis述谓结构分析
• Tom smokes. TOM (SMOKE) • The tree grows well. TREE (GROW) • The kids like apples. KIDS (LIKE) APPLE • I sent him a letter. I (SEND) HIM LETTER
• A predicate is something said about an argument states the logical relation linking the arguments in sentence.
• 谓词是对变元所作的陈述，或是陈述一个句 子中链接变元之间的逻辑关系。
10
• 成分分析法是由结构语义学家提出的分析词义的 方法。这个理论是基于这样一个信念：一个词的 意义能被分解成被称为语义特征的意义成分。
3
For example: man: + HUMAN + ADULT + MALE woman: + HUMAN + ADULT – MALE boy: + HUMAN – ADULT + MALE girl: + HUMAN – ADULT – MALE
• 述谓结构是句子意义的抽象。由变元和谓词 构成。
9
பைடு நூலகம்
An argument is a logical participant in a predication, largely identical with the nominal sentence.
• 一个变元就是一个述谓结构的逻辑参与者， 在很大程度上等同于一个句子的名词性成分。
5.5 Analysis of meaning
Group members: 小英 玲玲 慧慧
.
1
Analysis of meaning 意义分析
• Componential analysis(成分分析） • Predication analysis(述谓结构分析）
2
Componential analysis成分分析
4
Predication analysis述谓结构分析
• 1）The meaning of a sentence is not to be worked out by adding up the meaning of its component words.
• 首先，句子意义并不是它所有成分意义的总和。
• Componential analysis---a way to analyze lexical meaning. The approach is based on the belief that the meaning of a word can be dissected into meaning components, called semantic features.
• 其次，句子的意义包括语法意义和语义意 义两个方面。
7
• e.g. • Green clouds are sleeping furiously. • Sincerity shook hands with the black apple. • Whether a sentence is semantically
• I have read that book. • That book I have read.
• The daughter of Queen Elizabeth’s son is the son of Queen Elizabeth’s daughter.
6
• 2) there are two aspects to sentence meaning: Grammatical meaning and Semantic meaning.
Predication analysis述谓结构分析
• According to the number of arguments contained in a predication, we may classify the predications into the following types: