英语语言学五课件
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英语语言学及应用课件PPT胡壮麟史上最全面
举例: too 和 tea 中的 /t/ 发too中的/t/时, 舌位更靠近口腔前部 发tea中的/t/时，舌位更靠近口腔后部 所以too 和 tea 中的 /t/两个不同的音子
Hale Waihona Puke Phoneme(音位): phonological and abstract unit, a unit of distinctive value; the smallest unit of sound in a language which can distinguish two words.
1. Bilabial双唇 ; 2. Labiodental唇齿的; 3. Dental or
interdental齿音和齿 间; 4. Alveolar齿龈音 ; 5. Palatoalveolar腭齿音; 6. Palatal 腭音; 7. Velar软腭音; 8. Uvular小舌音; 9. Glottal声门.
2019/12/24
What is linguistics
Linguistics, the scientific study of language, concerns itself with all aspects of how people use language and what they must know in order to do so.
The diagram of single vowel classification by applying the two criteria so far mentioned:
I Language as a Formal System
The study of how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication. is called phonology音系学.
Hale Waihona Puke Phoneme(音位): phonological and abstract unit, a unit of distinctive value; the smallest unit of sound in a language which can distinguish two words.
1. Bilabial双唇 ; 2. Labiodental唇齿的; 3. Dental or
interdental齿音和齿 间; 4. Alveolar齿龈音 ; 5. Palatoalveolar腭齿音; 6. Palatal 腭音; 7. Velar软腭音; 8. Uvular小舌音; 9. Glottal声门.
2019/12/24
What is linguistics
Linguistics, the scientific study of language, concerns itself with all aspects of how people use language and what they must know in order to do so.
The diagram of single vowel classification by applying the two criteria so far mentioned:
I Language as a Formal System
The study of how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication. is called phonology音系学.
英语语言学语言学知识点课件
英语语言学语言学知识点
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• Phonetics studies all speech sounds in human languages: how they are produced, transmitted and how they are received.
• Phonology: aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.
11
• 4. Important Distinctions in Linguistics • (语言学研究中几对重要的概念) • 1) descriptive & prescriptive • 2) synchronic & diachronic
• 3) langue & parole
• 4) competence & performance
英语语言学语言学知识点
40
• 音系学定义：study of how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication.
• 浊音: [b,z,d]
英语语言学语言学知识点
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• The distinction between vowels and consonants lies in the obstruction of airstream.
语言学课件
7. Text and discourse
The development of modern linguistic science has helped push the study of syntax beyond the traditional sentence boundary. Linguists are now exploring the syntactic relation between sentences in a paragraph or chapter or the whole text, which leads to the emergence of text linguistics and discourse analysis.
John’s sister John’s sister’s husband John’s sister’s husband’s uncle John’s sister’s husband’s uncle’s daughter, etc.
that house in Beijing the garden of that house in Beijing the tree in the garden of that house in Beijing a bird on the tree in the garden of that house in Beijing
7.1 Sentential Connection
Hypotactic (主从) (subordinate clauses):
You can phone the doctor if you like. However, I very much doubt whether he is in. We live near the sea. So we enjoy a healthy climate.
英语语言学课件Chapter 5 The Sounds of Languag
• [k], [g], [ŋ]
精选课件ppt
11
Glottals 声门音
• Glottis is the space between the vocal cords in the larynx.
• When the glottis is open, but there is no manipulation of the air passing out through he mouth, the sound produced is represented by [h]: have, house, who, whose.
sounds
• How to represent consonant and vowel sounds of English words
• Human vocal tract involved in what way?
精选课件ppt
1
Phonetics
• The general study of characteristics of speech sounds
精选课件ppt
4
Place of Articulation
• Most consonant sounds are produced by using the tongue and other parts of the mouth to constrict, in some way the shape of the oral cavity through which the air is passing.
• Forensic phonetics: legal cases involving speaker identification and analysis of recorded utterances
精选课件ppt
11
Glottals 声门音
• Glottis is the space between the vocal cords in the larynx.
• When the glottis is open, but there is no manipulation of the air passing out through he mouth, the sound produced is represented by [h]: have, house, who, whose.
sounds
• How to represent consonant and vowel sounds of English words
• Human vocal tract involved in what way?
精选课件ppt
1
Phonetics
• The general study of characteristics of speech sounds
精选课件ppt
4
Place of Articulation
• Most consonant sounds are produced by using the tongue and other parts of the mouth to constrict, in some way the shape of the oral cavity through which the air is passing.
• Forensic phonetics: legal cases involving speaker identification and analysis of recorded utterances
语言学第五章PPT课件
Kinds of meaning Major sense relations
Sentence meaning Semantic analysis
Componential analysis Predication analysis
.
What is semantics?
英文semantics来自希腊语semantikos，意 思是siginificant(有意义)。是研究语言意义 的科学。
词的意义和句子意义. 20世纪60年代以前， 语言学家只注重研究词的意义，忽略了句子 意义。
研究语言单位的意义，尤其是词语和句子的 意义 。
.
Semantics--the study of the meaning of linguistic units, words and sentences in particular.
the meaning which arises in cases of multiple conceptual meaning, when one sense of a word is so strong that it forms part of our response to another
Within the domain of linguistics, semantics is mainly concerned with the analysis of meaning of words, phrases, or sentences and sometimes with the meaning of utterances in discourse or the meaning of a whole text.
sense.
Example: words having a taboo meaning, such as ‘gay’,
Sentence meaning Semantic analysis
Componential analysis Predication analysis
.
What is semantics?
英文semantics来自希腊语semantikos，意 思是siginificant(有意义)。是研究语言意义 的科学。
词的意义和句子意义. 20世纪60年代以前， 语言学家只注重研究词的意义，忽略了句子 意义。
研究语言单位的意义，尤其是词语和句子的 意义 。
.
Semantics--the study of the meaning of linguistic units, words and sentences in particular.
the meaning which arises in cases of multiple conceptual meaning, when one sense of a word is so strong that it forms part of our response to another
Within the domain of linguistics, semantics is mainly concerned with the analysis of meaning of words, phrases, or sentences and sometimes with the meaning of utterances in discourse or the meaning of a whole text.
sense.
Example: words having a taboo meaning, such as ‘gay’,
戴炜栋主编英语语言学教程第5章课件 _Syntax
4.2 Categories范畴
4.2.1 Word-level categories Category refers to a group of linguistic items which fulfill the same or similar functions in a particular language e.g. a sentence a noun phrase a verb
4.2.2 Phrase categories and their structure短语范畴及结构
Definition: Phrases refer to the syntactic units which are built around a certain word category. 围绕某一词范畴构成的句法单位
The most central categories to the syntactic study are the word-level categories (traditionally, called parts of speech) .
Here, word-level categories are divided into two kinds: major lexical categories and minor lexical categories.
Noam Chomsky [ˈnoʊm ˈtʃɒmski] (1928--)
---- He is an American linguist, philosopher, cognitive scientist, logician,political commentator and activist, the most influential linguist of the 20th century,and was voted the "world's top public intellectual"(世界顶级公共知识分子) in a 2005 poll. Chomsky has spent most of his career at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), where he is currently Professor Emeritus.
《语言学教程》 chapter 5 Meaning
5.1 What is the meaning of meaning?
Health means everything.
His look was full of meaning.
What is the meaning of meaning?
What is the meaning of meaning?
批注本地保存成功开通会员云端永久保存去开通
Good morning, everyone!
Review questions
1. What are the three syntactic relations? 2. What is the difference between endocentric and exocentric constructions? Give one or two examples. 3. What is predicate?
flower, garden, colour, village, etc. – handsome: boy, man, car, vessel, overcoat, airliner, typewriter, etc.
(7) Thematic meaning
What is communicated by the way in which a speaker or writer organizes the message, in terms of ordering, focus, and emphasis.
The communicative value an expression has by virtue of what it refers to, over and above its purely conceptual content. (sense or concept of a word)
chapter 5 Semantics英语专业语言学PPT
• Problem: What is the link?
Triangle of Reference by Ogden & Richards
Contextualism
3. Contextualism: Meaning should be studied in terms of situation, use, context.
• morning star 启明星 , evening star冥王星
Major sense relations— homonymy 121
• Homonymy 同音/形异义,including: ➢Homophones同音词: rain/reign,
night/night, ➢Homographs同形词:bow v./ n., tear v./
• Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations.
• Linguistic forms with the same reference might differ in sense.
5.Reflective/reflected meaning反映义
(association with another sense of the same expression) e.g. intercourse, nucleur
6. Collocative meaning 搭配义 p.116:
• The associations of a word gets because of the meanings of words which tend to occur in its linguistic context.
Triangle of Reference by Ogden & Richards
Contextualism
3. Contextualism: Meaning should be studied in terms of situation, use, context.
• morning star 启明星 , evening star冥王星
Major sense relations— homonymy 121
• Homonymy 同音/形异义,including: ➢Homophones同音词: rain/reign,
night/night, ➢Homographs同形词:bow v./ n., tear v./
• Linguistic forms having the same sense may have different references in different situations.
• Linguistic forms with the same reference might differ in sense.
5.Reflective/reflected meaning反映义
(association with another sense of the same expression) e.g. intercourse, nucleur
6. Collocative meaning 搭配义 p.116:
• The associations of a word gets because of the meanings of words which tend to occur in its linguistic context.
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eaning （感情意义） • Reflected meaning （反射意义） • Collocative meaning （搭配意义）
Associative Meaning （联想意义）
• Thematic meaning （主位意义）
英语语言学五
1) Conceptual meaning——central part of meaning
英语语言学五
One problem of this theory is that when we explain the meaning of desk by pointing
to the thing it refers to, we do not mean a desk must be of the particular size, shape, color and material as the desk we are pointing to at the moment of speaking. We are using this particular desk as an example, of something more general. That is, there is something behind the concrete thing we can see with our eyes. And something is abstract, which has no existence in the material world and can only be sensed in our
英语语言学五
5.1 Meanings of “meaning”
One difficulty in the study of MEANING is that the word “meaning” itself has different meanings.
e.g. What is the meaning of life?
Chapter 5 Meaning
英语语言学五
The subject concerning the study of meaning is
called SEMANTICS.
More specifically, semantics is the study of the meaning of linguistic units, words and sentences in particular.
英语语言学五
(3)From connotative meaning to collocative meaning are collectively known as associative meaning in the sense that an elementary associationist theory of mental connections is enough to explain their use.
内涵意义到搭配意义合起来称作 联想意义，因为解释这些意义需要依 靠一种关于思维关系的基本的联想理 论。
英语语言学五
(4)Thematic meaning is more peripheral since it is only determined by the order of the words in a sentence and the different prominence they each receive.
英语语言学五
(2) Connotative meaning
• Philosophers use CONNOTATION, opposite to DENOTATION, to mean the properties of the entity a word denotes.
• 哲学家的“内涵”跟“外延” 相对，表示词语所指称实体的 性质。
very popular theory. It is generally possible to explain the meaning of a word by pointing to the thing it refers to.
把词语意义跟它所指称或所代表的事物联系起来的理论，叫作 指称论。这是一种很流行的理论。通过指明词语所代表事物 来解释词义一般来说是可能的。
主位意义是更外围的，因为它是由词序和词语重 音所决定的。
英语语言学五
5.2 The referential theory
The theory of meaning which relates the meaning of a word to the thing it refers to, or stands for, is known as the REFERENTIAL THEORY, which is a
英语语言学五
Geoffrey Leech (1974, 1981). Semantics: The Study of Meaning. Seven types of meaning:
• Conceptual meaning （概念意义）
• Connotative meaning （内涵意义）
• Social meaning
研究意义的学科叫做语义学。更具体地说，语义学是研究语言 单位的意义，尤其是词和句子的意义的学科。
英语语言学五
Meaning has been studied for thousands of years by philosophers, logicians and linguists. E.g. Plato & Lao Zi.
It is “denotative” in that it is concerned with the relationship between a word and the thing it denotes, or refers to . In this sense, conceptual meaning overlaps to a large extent with the notion of REFERENCE 这种意义是“外延”的，因为它关注词语跟它所指示物之间的联系。 从这点看，概念意义在很大程度上与指称相重合
Associative Meaning （联想意义）
• Thematic meaning （主位意义）
英语语言学五
1) Conceptual meaning——central part of meaning
英语语言学五
One problem of this theory is that when we explain the meaning of desk by pointing
to the thing it refers to, we do not mean a desk must be of the particular size, shape, color and material as the desk we are pointing to at the moment of speaking. We are using this particular desk as an example, of something more general. That is, there is something behind the concrete thing we can see with our eyes. And something is abstract, which has no existence in the material world and can only be sensed in our
英语语言学五
5.1 Meanings of “meaning”
One difficulty in the study of MEANING is that the word “meaning” itself has different meanings.
e.g. What is the meaning of life?
Chapter 5 Meaning
英语语言学五
The subject concerning the study of meaning is
called SEMANTICS.
More specifically, semantics is the study of the meaning of linguistic units, words and sentences in particular.
英语语言学五
(3)From connotative meaning to collocative meaning are collectively known as associative meaning in the sense that an elementary associationist theory of mental connections is enough to explain their use.
内涵意义到搭配意义合起来称作 联想意义，因为解释这些意义需要依 靠一种关于思维关系的基本的联想理 论。
英语语言学五
(4)Thematic meaning is more peripheral since it is only determined by the order of the words in a sentence and the different prominence they each receive.
英语语言学五
(2) Connotative meaning
• Philosophers use CONNOTATION, opposite to DENOTATION, to mean the properties of the entity a word denotes.
• 哲学家的“内涵”跟“外延” 相对，表示词语所指称实体的 性质。
very popular theory. It is generally possible to explain the meaning of a word by pointing to the thing it refers to.
把词语意义跟它所指称或所代表的事物联系起来的理论，叫作 指称论。这是一种很流行的理论。通过指明词语所代表事物 来解释词义一般来说是可能的。
主位意义是更外围的，因为它是由词序和词语重 音所决定的。
英语语言学五
5.2 The referential theory
The theory of meaning which relates the meaning of a word to the thing it refers to, or stands for, is known as the REFERENTIAL THEORY, which is a
英语语言学五
Geoffrey Leech (1974, 1981). Semantics: The Study of Meaning. Seven types of meaning:
• Conceptual meaning （概念意义）
• Connotative meaning （内涵意义）
• Social meaning
研究意义的学科叫做语义学。更具体地说，语义学是研究语言 单位的意义，尤其是词和句子的意义的学科。
英语语言学五
Meaning has been studied for thousands of years by philosophers, logicians and linguists. E.g. Plato & Lao Zi.
It is “denotative” in that it is concerned with the relationship between a word and the thing it denotes, or refers to . In this sense, conceptual meaning overlaps to a large extent with the notion of REFERENCE 这种意义是“外延”的，因为它关注词语跟它所指示物之间的联系。 从这点看，概念意义在很大程度上与指称相重合