开关电源 外文文献
毕业设计论文 外文文献翻译 基于PLC双电源开关设计外文翻译 中英文对照
毕业设计论文外文文献翻译基于PLC双电源开关设计外文翻译中英文对照英文题目 Based on PLC dual power switch design 中文题目基于PLC双电源开关设计系 (院) 自动化系专业电气自动化技术滨州学院专科毕业设计(外文翻译)Intelligent double power1 Intelligent dual power supply switching technologyIn this paper, the double load - dual power automatic switching of PLC control, PLC control program to replace relay logic control circuits, it has the three-phase power supply phase detection and protection switching function, power returned to normal after the automatic reverse switch, when a fault and restore normal respectively sends out two difference clear alarm and prompt sound. Double load - dual power automatic switching control of PLC, the open-phase protection mainly adopts the technical proposal that : setting the three-phase open-phase detection signal circuit, the three-phase open-phase detection signal circuit directly from the main circuit of three-phase power supply, namely the intermediate relay KA1-KA3 and KA4-KA6, respectively connected to power supply main loop U1 and U2 A, B and C single phase circuit, KA1-KA3 and KA4-KA6 normally open contacts respectively as PLCinput signal, namely as the preparation of PLC U1 and U2 three-phase open-phase detection logic control program input conditions. With short phase protection double load - dual power automatic switching control, not only has the open-phase protection, but also has a short circuit and overload protection, under-voltage protection function; automatic phase lack detection, three-phase current display, a road power supply circuit can automatically switch to another power source to load power supply, light and sound alarm; in the power supply return to normal after automatic reverse switch; in the event of a failure and return to normal when respectively sends out two difference obvious alarm and prompt sound effects. It overcomes the shortcomings of low double power supply switching control system without phase protection, can automatically reverse switch, as well as fault and return to normal when using asingle audio prompts defects. The control system has perfect function, reliable performance, simple circuit structure, low manufacturing cost etc...2 Intelligent dual power supplies switching main circuit controlWith short phase protection double load - dual power automatic switching control circuit. It includes a main circuit and three-phase short signal detecting sampling circuit. The main circuit of the input power supply power supply U1 and U2, its output has two2滨州学院专科毕业设计(外文翻译)loads W1 and W2. Power main circuit of AC contactor U1 through KM1 main contacts and a load of W1 connected; power supply U2 main circuit through the AC contactor KM2 main contacts and a load of W2 connected; under the control of a control circuit, a power failure occurs, the AC contactor lost the first electrically disconnected, so that the load of detachment faults power supply circuit, the AC contactor KM3 main contact closing conduction contact loop, will be connected to the fault loop load switch automatically to another normal power supply continues to supply. Power supply U1 and U2 main circuit input end of the automatic switch in QF1 and QF2 is the primary role of overload protection and short-circuit protection; two phase power supply main loop in each phase are current meter to indicate the phase current status, with the control circuit of phase lack detection. The three-phase open-phase detection signal sampling circuit, the phase detection signal directly from the main circuit of three-phase power supply, namely the intermediate relay KA1 ~ KA3KA4 ~ KA6 are respectively connected to the power supply main loop U1 and U2 A, B phase and C phase of the single-phase circuit, KA1 ~ KA3 and KA4 ~ KA6 normally open contact as U1 and U2 three-phase open-phase detection switch sampling signal, to the PLC input terminal. Considering the PLC relay output point load capacity, through the contactor KM01 ~ KM03 to drive high current contactor KM1 ~ KM3.For three-phase power U1 A, B phase and C phase lack detection, the use of an intermediate relay KA1, KA2 and KA3, respectively connected topower the U1 main circuit A, B phase and C phase and zero line N constitute a single-phase circuit, the formation of A1, B1 and C1 phase detection circuit. The normally open contact of KA1 ~ KA3 as U1 three-phase.Phase lack detection switch sampling signal, to the PLC input terminal, used in the preparation of PLC U1 three-phase open-phase detection logic control program input conditions; similarly, the three-phase power supply U2 A, B phase and C phase lack detection, but also the use of an intermediate relay KA4, KA5 and KA6, respectively connected to power the U2 main circuit A2, B2 phase and C2 phase and zero line N constitute a single-phase circuit, the formation of A2, B2 and C2 three-phase open-phase detection circuit. KA4 ~ KA6 normally open contacts respectively as U2 three-phase open-phase detection switch sampling signal, to the PLC input terminal, used in the3滨州学院专科毕业设计(外文翻译)preparation of PLC U2 three-phase open-phase detection logic control program input conditions.3 With PLC intelligent dual power controlThe three-phase open-phase detection signal sampling circuit, as U1 and U2 three-phase open-phase detection switch sampling signals of KA1-KA3 and KA4-KA6, the normally open contacts respectively for the input of the PLC X0-X2, X3-X5. In the PLC ladder diagram program, auxiliary relay R1 as the three-phase power supply of U1 three-phase open-phasedetection, which is normally open input conditions for X0, X1 and X2" and" logic; similarly, internal intermediate relay R2 as the three-phase power supply of U2 three-phase open-phase detection, it’s on conditions for the normally open input X3, X4 and X5" and" logic.In automatic switching control process, PLC ladder diagram procedure of auxiliary relay R1 and R2 respectively controlled AC contactor KM1 ( Y0 ) and KM2 ( Y1 ) coil and electric state, directly reflects two three-phase power supply U1 and U2 respectively the total phase condition, namely, either U1 or U2 three-phase power supply phase, KM1 ( Y0 ) or KM2 ( Y1 ) will immediately loses electricity, the normally closed contact of the alternating current contactor closed KM3 ( Y2 ) control coil gets electricity to attract, through the KM3 main contacts closed conduction contact loop, will be connected to the fault circuit load W1 or W2 automatically switches to a normal power supply U2 or U1 to power supply, so as to realize open-phase protection automatic switching. In automatic switching control process, auxiliary relay R1 and R2 main function is: when troubleshooting, three-phase power U1 orU2 recover the normal power supply, R1 (or R2) have electricity, the normally closed contact action, R3 reset, cut KM3 (Y2), then KM1 (Y0) or KM1 (Y1) complex have electricity, thereby automatically reverse switching back to the power supply to load W1 U1, U2 W2 power supply to load the normal power supply state.The control circuit adopts electric whistle (or buzzer) as an alarm sound (at) the same time with the red signal (at the same time with thered signal lamp), and returned to normal when the bell HA as prompt sound. Can produce two distinct alarms and prompt sound effects.4滨州学院专科毕业设计(外文翻译)智能双电源1 智能双电源切换的技术方案本文所述的双负载—双电源自动切换的PLC控制,用PLC控制程序取代继电器逻辑控制电路,其具有对三相供电电源的缺相检测及保护切换功能,在电源恢复正常后能自动进行反切换,当发生故障和恢复正常时能分别发出两种区别明显的报警和提双负载—双电源自动切换的PLC控制,其缺相保护主要采取的技术方案是:示音响。
《功率因数校正开关电源的研究与设计》外文翻译
《功率因数校正开关电源的研究与设计》外文翻译Switching Power Supply Design(开关电源设计)CHAPTER 3Half- and Full-BridgeConverter Topologies3.1 IntroductionHalf-bridge and full-bridge topologies stress their transistors to a voltage equal to the DC input voltage not to twice this value, as do the push-pull, single-ended, and interleaved forward converter to pologies. Thus the bridge topologies are used mainly in offline converters where supply voltage would be more than the switching transistors could safely tolerate. Bridge topologies are almost always used where the normal AC input voltage is 220 V or higher, and frequently even for 120-V AC inputs.An additional valuable feature of the bridge topologies is that primary leakage inductance spikes (Figures 2.1 and 2.10) are easily clamped to the DC supply bus and the energy stored in the leakage inductance is returned to the input instead of having to be dissipated in a resistive snub -ber element.3.2 Half-Bridge Converter Topology3.2.1 Basic OperationHalf-bridge converter topology is shown in Figure 3.1. Its majoradvantage is that, like the double-ended forward converter, it subjects the “off” transistor to only V dc and not twice that value. Thus it is widely used in equipment intended for the European market, where the AC input voltage is 220 V. First consider the input rectifier and filter in Figure 3.1. It is used universally when the equipment is to work from either120-VACAmerican power or 220-V AC European power. The circuit always yields roughly320-V rectified DC voltage, whether the input is 120 orFIGURE 3.1 Half-bridge converter. One end of the power transformer primary is connected to thejunction of filter capacitors C1, C2 via a small DC locking capacitor Cb . The other end is connected to the junction of Q1, Q2, which turn “on” and “off” on alternate half cycles. With S1 in the closed position, the circuit is a voltage doubler ; in the open position, it is a full-wave rectifier. In either case, the rectified output is about 308 to 336 V dc.220 V AC. It does this when switch S1 is set to the open position for220-V AC input, or to the closed position for 120-V AC input. The S1 component is normally not a switch; more often it is a wire link that is either installed for 120 V AC, or not for 220 V AC.With the switch in the open 220-V AC position the circuit is a full wave rectifier, with filter capacitors C1 and C2 in series. It produces a peak rectified DC voltage of about (1.41×220) −2 or 308 V. When the switch is in the closed 120-V AC position , the circuit acts as a voltage doubler. One half cycle of the input voltage when A is positive relativeto B, C1 is charged positively via D1 to a peak of (1.41 ×120) −1 or 168 V. On a half cycle when A is negative with respect to B, capacitor C2 is charged positively via D2 to 168 V. The total voltage across C1 and C2 in series is then 336 V. It can be seen in Figure 3.1 that with either transistor “on,” the “off” transistor is subjected to the maximum DC input voltage and not twice that value. Since the topology subjects the “off” transistor to only Vdc and not 2Vdc, there are many inexpensive bipolar and MOSFET transistors that can support the nominal 336 DC V plus 15% upper maximum of 386 V. Thus the equipment can be used with either 120- or 220-V AC line inputs by making a simple switch or linkage change.Assuming a nominal rectified DC voltage of 336 V, the topology works asfollows: For the moment, ignore the small series blocking capacitor Cb . Assume the bottom end of Np is connected to the junction of C1 and C2. Then if the leakages in C1, C2 are assumed to be equal, that point will be at half the rectified DC voltage, about 168 V. It is generally good practice to place equal bleeder resistors across C1 and C2 to equalize their voltage drops. Now Q1 and Q2 conduct on alternate half cycles. When Q1 is “on” and Q2 “off” (Figure 3.1), the dot end of Np is 168 V positive with respect to itsno-dot end, and the “off” stress on Q2 is only 336 V. When Q2 is “on” andQ1 “off,” the dot end of Np is 168 V negative with respect to its no-dot end and the emitter of Q1 is 336 V negative with respect to its collector.This AC square-wave primary voltage produces full-wave squareWave-shapes on all second-aries—exactly like the secondary voltages in the push-pull topology. The selection of secondary voltages and wire sizes and the output inductor and capacitor proceed exactly as for the push-pull circuit.3.2.2 Half-Bridge Magnetics3.2.2.1 Selecting Maximum “On”Time, Magnetic Core,and Primary TurnsIt can be seen in Figure 3.1, that if Q1 and Q2 are “on” simultaneously—even for a very short time—there is a short circuit across the supply voltage and the transistors will be destroyed. To make sure that this does not happen, the maximum Q1 or Q2 “on” time, which occurs at minimum DC supply voltage, will be set at 80% of a half period. The secondary turns will be chosen so thatthe desired output voltages are obtained with an “on” time of no more than 0.8T/2. An “on”-time clamp will be provided to ensure that the “on” time can never be greater than 0.8T/2 under fault or transient conditions.The core is selected from the tables in Chapter 7 mentioned earlier. These tables give maximum available output power as a function of operating frequency, peak flux density, core and iron areas, and coil current density.With a core selected and its iron area known, the number of primary turns is calculated from Faraday’s law (Eq. 1.17) using the minimum primary voltage (Vdc/2) −1, and the maximum “on” time of 0.8T/2. Here, the flux excursion dB in the equation is twice the desired peak flux density (1600 G below 50 kHz, or less at higher frequency), because the half-bridge core operates in the first and third quadrants of its hysteresis loop—unlike the forward converter (Section 2.3.9), which operates in the first quadrant only.3.2.2.2 The Relation Between Input Voltage,Primary Current, and Output PowerIf we assume an efficiency of 80%, thenPin = 1.25PoThe input power at minimum supply voltage is the product of minimum primary voltage and average primary current at minimum DC input. At minimum DC input, the maximum “on” time in each half period will be set at 0.8T/2 as discussed above, and the primary has two current pulses of width0.8T/2 per period T. At primary voltage Vdc/2, the input power is 1.25Po = (Vdc/2)( Ipft)(0.8T/T),where Ipft is the peak equivalent flat-topped primary current pulse. ThenIpft (half bridge) = 3.13P0/Vdc(3.1)3.2.2.3 Primary Wire Size SelectionPrimary wire size must be much larger in a half bridge than in a push-pull circuit of the same output power. However, there are two half primaries in the push-pull, each of which has to support twice the voltage of the half-bridge primary when operated from the same supply voltage. Consequently, coil sizes for the two topologies are notmuch different. Half-bridge primary RMS current isIrms = Ipftand from Eq. 3.1Irms = 2.79Po/Vdc (3.2)At 500 circular mils per RMS ampere, the required number of circular mils is Circular mils needed = 500 ×2.79Po/Vdc= 1395Po/Vdc (3.3)3.2.2.4 Secondary Turns and Wire Size SelectionIn the following treatment the number of secondary turns will be selected using Eqs. 2.1 to 2.3 for Ton = 0.8T/2, and the term Vdc –1 will be replaced by theminimumprimary voltage, which is (Vdc/2)−1. The secondary RMScurrents and wire sizes are calculated from Eqs. 2.13 and 2.14, exactly as for the full-wave secondaries of a push-pull circuit.3.2.3 Output Filter CalculationsThe output inductor and capacitor are selected using Eqs. 2.20 and 2.22 as in a push-pull circuit for the same inductor current ramp amplitude and desired output ripple voltage.3.2.4 Blocking Capacitor to AvoidFlux ImbalanceTo avoid the flux-imbalance problem discussed in connection with the push-pull circuit (Section 2.2.5), a small capacitor Cb is fitted in series with the primary as in Figure 3.1. Recall that flux imbalance occurs if thevolt-second product across the primary while the core is set (moves in one direction along the hysteresis loop) differs from the volt-second product after it moves in the opposite direction. Thus, if the junction of C1 and C2 is not at exactly half the supply voltage, the voltage across the primary when Q1 is “on” will differ from the voltage across it when Q2 is “on” and the core will walk up or down the hysteresis loop, eventually causing saturation and destroying the transistors.This saturating effect comes about because there is an effective DC current bias in the primary. To avoid this DC bias, the blocking capacitor is placed in series in the primary. The capacitor value is selectedFIGURE 3.2 The small blocking capacitor Cb in series with the half-bridge primary (Figure 3.1) is needed to prevent flux imbalance if the junction of the filter capacitors is not at exactly the midpoint of the supply voltage. Primary current charges the capacitor, causing a droop in the primary voltage waveform. This droop should be kept to no more than 10%. (The droop in primary voltage, due to the offset charging of the blocking capacitor, is shown as dV.) as follows. The capacitor charges up as the primary current Ipft flows into it, robbing voltage from the flat-topped primary pulse shown in Figure 3.2.This DC offset robs volt-seconds from all secondary windings and forces a longer “on” time to achiev e the desired output voltage. In general, it is desirable to keep the primary voltage pulses as flat-topped as possible.In this example, we will assume a permissible droop of dV. The equivalent flat-topped current pulse that causes this droop is Ipft in Eq. 3.1. Then, because that current flows for 0.8T/2, the required capacitor magnitude is simplyCb = (3.4) Consider an example assuming a 150-W half bridge operating at 100 kHz from a nominal DC input of 320 V. At 15% low line, the DC input is 272 V and the primary voltage is ±272/2 or ±136V.A tolerable droop in the flat-topped primary voltage pulse wouldbe 10% or about 14 V.Then fromEq. 3.1 for 150Wand Vdc of 272V, Ipft =3.13×150/272= 1.73 A, and from Eq. 3.4, Cb = 1.73 ×0.8 ×5 ×10−6/14 = 0.49 F. The capacitor must be a nonpolarized type.3.2.5 Half-Bridge LeakageInductance ProblemsLeakage inductance spikes, which are so troublesome in the singleended forward converter and push-pull topology, are easily avoided in the half bridge: they are clamped to Vdc by the clamping diodes D5, D6 across transistors Q1, Q2.Assuming Q1 is “on,” the load and magnetizing currents flow through it and through the primary leakage inductance of T1, the paralleled T1 magnetizing inductance, and the secondary load impedances that are reflected by their turn ratios squared into the primary. Then it flows through Cb into the C1, C2 junction. The dot end of Np is positive with respect to its no-dot end.When Q1 turns “off,” the magnetizing indu ctance forces all winding polarities to reverse. The dot end of T1 starts to go negative by flyback action, and if this were to continue, it would put more than Vdc across Q1 and could damage it. Also, Q2 could be damaged by imposing a reverse voltage across it. However, the dot end of T1 is clamped by diode D6 to the supply rail Vdc and can go no more negative than the negative end of the supply.Similarly, when Q2 is “on,” it stores current in the magnetizinginductance, and the dot end of Np is negative with respect to the no-dot end (which is close to Vdc/2). When Q2 turns “off,” the magnetizing inductance reverses all winding polarities by flyback action and the dot end of Np tries to go positive but is caught at Vdc by clamp diode D5. Thus the energy stored in the leakage inductance during the “on” time is returned to the supply rail Vdc via diodes D5, D6.译文：第三章半桥和全桥变换器拓扑3.1 概述半桥和全桥拓扑开关管的稳态关断电压等于直流输入电压，而不像推挽、单端正激或交错正激拓扑那样为电压的两倍。
开关电源英文书籍目录
Switch mode power supply simulation with PSpice and SPICE 3第1 卷Steven M. Sandler0 篇评论McGraw-Hill Prof Med/Tech, 2006 - 235 页A master-class in power supply design through circuit simulationThis book/CD-ROM package covers every essential aspect of powersupply design simulation and fully explains the fundamentals of SPICE3 simulation techniques.•CD-ROM contains SPICE3 and ISPICE simulation models andexamples from the book, allowing easy customization SMPS simulation with SPICE 3Steven M. Sandler0 篇评论McGraw-Hill, 1997-1-1 - 187 页With the help of this time-saving book/disk package, circuit designersand engineers can successfully simulate switched mode powersupplies (SMPS) using the versatile new Spice3 software. The bookcovers all aspects of power supply design, including filters andmagnetics -- and also fully explains modeling fundamentals and Spice3simulation techniques. The accompanying disk features a wealth ofSpice3 models and examples.SPICE circuit handbookSteven M. Sandler, Charles E. Hymowitz0 篇评论McGraw-Hill Prof Med/Tech, 2006-7-11 - 310 页The expert guidance needed to customize your SPICE circuitsOver the past decade, simulation has become an increasingly integralpart of the electronic circuit design process. This resource is acompilation of 50 fully worked and simulated Spice circuits thatelectronic designers can customize for use in their own projects. Unliketraditional circuit encyclopedias Spice Circuit Handbook is unique inthat it provides designersSwitch-mode power supplies:SPICE simulations and practical designsChristophe P. Basso0 篇评论McGraw-Hill Prof Med/Tech, 2008-1-14 - 889 页Harness Powerful SPICE Simulation and Design Tools to DevelopCutting-Edge Switch-Mode Power SuppliesSwitch-Mode Power Supplies: SPICE Simulations and PracticalDesigns is a comprehensive resource on using SPICE as a powerconversion design companion. This book uniquely bridges analysis andmarket reality to teach the development and marketing of state-of-the art switching converters. Invaluable to both the graduating student and the experienced design engineer, this guide explains how to derive founding equations of the most popular converters…design safe, reliable converters through numerous practical examples…and utilize SPICE simulations to virtually breadboard a converter on the PC before using the soldering iron.Filled with more than 600 illustrations, Switch-Mode Power Supplies: SPICE Simulations and Practical Designs enables you to:•Derive founding equations of popular converters•Understand and implement loop control via the book-exclusive small-signal models •Design safe, reliable converters through practical examples•Use SPICE simulations to virtually breadboard a converter on the PC•Access design spreadsheets and simulation templates on the accompanying CD-ROM, with numerous examples running on OrCADË, ICAPSË, µCapË, TINAË, and moreInside This Powerful SPICE Simulation and Design Resource• Introduction to Power Conversion • Small-Signal Modeling • Feedback and Control Loops • Basic Blocks and Generic Models • Simulation and Design of Nonisolated Converters • Simulation and Design of Isolated Converters-Front-End Rectification and Power Factor Correction • Simulation and Design of Isolated Converters-The Flyback • Simulation and Design of Isolated Converters-The ForwardPractical computer analysis of switch mode power supplies Johnny C. BennettTaylor & Francis, 2005-7-27 - 260 页When designing switch-mode power supplies (SMPSs), engineersneed much more than simple "recipes" for analysis. Such plug-and-goinstructions are not at all helpful for simulating larger and more complexcircuits and systems. Offering more than merely a "cookbook," PracticalComputer Analysis of Switch Mode Power Supplies provides athorough understanding of the essential requirements for analyzingSMPS performance characteristics. It demonstrates the power of thecircuit averaging technique when used with powerful computer circuitsimulation programs. The book begins with SMPS fundamentals and the basics of circuit averaging models, reviewing most basic topologies and explainingSwitching power supplies A to ZSanjaya Maniktala2 篇评论Newnes, 2006-6-22 - 503 页The design of Switching Power Supplies has become one of the mostcrucial aspects of power electronics, particularly in the explosive marketfor portable devices. Unfortunately, this seemingly simple mechanism isactually one of the most complex and under-estimated processes inPower Electronics. Switching power conversion involves several engineering disciplines: Semiconductor Physics, Thermal Management, Control Loop theory, Magnetics etc, and all these come intoTroubleshooting switching power converters:a hands-on guideSanjaya Maniktala0 篇评论Newnes, 2007-8-31 - 303 页Power Supply design is all about detail. And a large part of that detaillies in the practical domain, largely because of the typically smallnumber of microseconds of switching periods involved, and the evensmaller tens of nanoseconds of switch transition times --- all these, ineffect accentuating various "second-order" effects, that eventually endup playing prime havoc with "normal" expectations of how the circuit should behave. So not unsurprisingly, even after reading several books,Switch-mode power converters:design and analysisKeng C. Wu0 篇评论Academic Press, 2006 - 392 页This book introduces an innovative, highly analytical approach tosymbolic, closed-form solutions for switched-mode power convertercircuits. This is a highly relevant topic to power electronics students andprofessionals who are involved in the design and analysis of electricalpower converters. The author uses extensive equations to explain howsolid-state switches convert electrical voltages from one level toanother, so that electronic devices (e.g., audio speakers, CD players,Complex behavior of switching power convertersChi Kong Tse0 篇评论CRC Press, 2004 - 262 页Power electronics is a discipline spawned by real-life applications andevolving from the need to solve power conversion problems. Historically,system implementations or circuit topologies found widespreadapplication long before they were thoroughly analyzed. Today, however,engineers must thoroughly understand the nonlinear behavior of asystem to achieve the better design, functionality, and reliability thatmodern applications plex Behavior of Switching Power Converters provides a systematic treatment of the procedures for observing, identifying, and diagnosing switching converter phenomena such as chaos and bifurcation. After a review of the fundamentals, the author presents some recent findings and discusses computer, laboratory, and modeling techniques for studying complex behaviors. The focus then moves to the nonlinear dynamics of various switching coverters. Here the author emphasizes circuit operation rather than mathematical abstraction, and whenever possibe, explains phenomena in terms of the physical circuit operation.Knowing when and how nonlinear phenomena occur is essential in the design and operation of power electronics. With a careful balance of theory, computer techniques, and laboratory experiments, this treatment forms a practical reference for engineers and an ideal starting point for anyone who needs a basic understanding of analyzing complex behavior in power converters.Power-switching converters:medium and high powerDorin O. Neacsu0 篇评论CRC/Taylor & Francis, 2006-5-25 - 365 页Power converters are at the heart of modern power electronics. Fromautomotive power systems to propulsion for large ships, their usepermeates through industrial, commercial, military, and aerospaceapplications of various scales. Having reached a point of saturationwhere we are unlikely to see many new and revolutionary technologies,industry now seeks to optimize and standardize the performance ofthese devices. Power-Switching Converters: Medium and High Power examines the characteristics and operating principles of these systems in terms of how to increase their efficiency and produce them at lower cost.This book begins with an introduction to the field, placing the technology in its business context to highlight the current trends and issues facing the modern power engineer. The remainder of the book provides a detailed examination of three-phase power switching converters, including the various problems and solutions involved in different applications. It discusses high-power semiconductor devices, pulse-width modulation (PWM) principles and algorithms for various implementations,closed-loop current control, component-minimized topologies, power grid interface, parallel and interleaved power converters, and practical aspects such as protection and thermal management.Filling the gap between textbooks and technical papers, Power-Switching Converters: Medium and High Power offers practical solutions to current industrial demands with a focus on the particular business needs of performance quality and cost efficiency. It alsoPower-switching convertersSimon S. Ang, Alejandro Oliva1 评论Taylor & Francis, 2005-3-17 - 540 页After nearly a decade of success owing to its thorough coverage,abundance of problems and examples, and practical use of simulationand design, Power-Switching Converters enters its second edition withnew and updated material, entirely new design case studies, andexpanded figures, equations, and homework problems. This textbook isideal for senior undergraduate or graduate courses in power electronicconverters, requiring only systems analysis and basic electronics Power supply cookbookMarty Brown0 篇评论Newnes, 2001-5-3 - 280 页Power Supply Cookbook, Second Edition provides an easy-to-follow,step-by-step design framework for a wide variety of power supplies.With this book, anyone with a basic knowledge of electronics can createa very complicated power supply design in less than one day. With thecommon industry design approaches presented in each section, thisunique book allows the reader to design linear, switching, andquasi-resonant switching power supplies in an organized fashion. Formerly complicated design topics such as magnetics, feedback loop compensation design, and EMI/RFI control are all described in simple language and design steps. This book also details easy-to-modify design examples that provide the reader with a design template useful for creating a variety of power supplies.Power supplies, switching regulators, inverters, and convertersIrving M. Gottlieb1 评论McGraw-Hill Professional, 1994 - 479 页An all-in-one guide to design, applications, and operation--withhundreds of helpful schematics and diagrams. Updated to cover new ICtechnology, low-voltage logic devices, and one-watt power supplies forISDN equipment. Detailed enough for professional engineers andtechnicians . . . accessible enough for students and hobbyists.Simplified design of switching power suppliesJohn D. Lenk0 篇评论Elsevier, 1995 - 224 页An all-inclusive, one-step guide to switching power-supply design, thisunique book describes the operation of each circuit in detail, requiringno previous design experience to use the techniques. Step-by-stepinstructions and diagrams render this book essential for the student, theexperimenter, and the design professional.Dc Power Supplies: A Technician's GuideJoseph J. Carr0 篇评论TAB Books, 1996-7-1 - 326 页Design any internal or external DC power supply. Sharpen yourtechnical mastery of dc power supplies and keep your electronicscareer on the fast track with DC Power Supplies, by Joseph J. Carr. It'syour complete, on-to-the-job guide to building virtually every kind ofinternal and external dc power supply - high-voltage, remote, portable and emergency. You'll hone your skills with build-it-yourself projects and work with real-world components and values to: Design and buildBuilding power suppliesDavid Lines0 篇评论Master Pub., 1997-6-1 - 124 页Power supplies, the basic sources of energy in all electronic equipment,are essential to electronic design and construction. Power Supplies:Projects for the Hobbyist and Technician guides you from thefundamentals of power supply components and their functions to thedesign and construction of a power supply system.The comprehensive coverage includes:Introduction to power electronicsDaniel W. Hart1 评论Prentice Hall, 1997 - 418 页This book is intended to be an introductory text in power electronics,primarily for the undergraduate electrical engineering student. The textassumes that the student is familiar with general circuit analysistechniques usually taught at the sophomore level. The student shouldbe acquainted with electronic devices such as diodes and transistors,Introduction to power electronicsDenis Fewson0 篇评论Butterworth-Heinemann, 1998-3-27 - 208 页Building on solid state device and electromagnetic contributions to theseries, this text book introduces modern power electronics, that is theapplication of semiconductor devices to the control and conversion ofelectrical power. The increased availability of solid state power switcheshas created a very rapid expansion in applications, from the relativelylow power control of domestic equipment, to high power control of industrial processes and very high power control alongDemystifying switching power suppliesRaymond A. Mack0 篇评论Newnes, 2005-4-5 - 323 页This book is a crash course in the fundamental theory, concepts, andterminology of switching power supplies. It is designed to quicklyprepare engineers to make key decisions about power supplies for theirprojects. Intended for readers who need to quickly understand the keypoints of switching power supplies, this book covers the 20% of the topic that engineers use, 80% of the time. Unlike existing switching power supply books that deal strictly with design issues, this book also recognizes the growing importance of"off-the-shelf" commercial switching power supplies, giving readers the background necessary to select the right commercial supply. This book covers the core essentials of power supply theory and design while keeping mathematics to the absolute minimum necessary. CMOS Integrated Switching Power Converters:A Structured Design ApproachSpringer, 2011-5-30 - 313 页This book describes the structured design and optimization of efficient,energy processing integrated circuits. The approach is multidisciplinary,covering the monolithic integration of IC design techniques, powerelectronics and control theory. In particular, this book enables readersto conceive, synthesize, design and implement integrated circuits withhigh-density high-efficiency on-chip switching power regulators. Topicscovered encompass the structured design of the on-chip power supply,efficiency optimization, IC-compatible power inductors and capacitors,power MOSFET switches and efficient switch drivers in standardCMOS technologies. Provides a comprehensive reference on structured design and optimization of fully monolithic power supplies for on-chip power management; Describes a multidisciplinary approach, encompassing enhanced integrated power devices, both active and reactive, as well as advanced circuit topologies and switching control methods, together with their implementation; Enables concurrent design of compact adaptive power supplies, together with system-level and circuit-level techniques. .Practical switching power supply designMarty Brown0 篇评论Academic Press, 1990 - 240 页Take the "black magic" out of switching power supplies with PracticalSwitching Power Supply Design! This is a comprehensive"hands-on" guide to the theory behind, and design of, PWM andresonant switching supplies. You'll find information on switching supplyoperation and selecting an appropriate topology for your application.There's extensive coverage of buck, boost, flyback, push-pull, half bridge, and full bridge regulator circuits. Special attention is given toPower sources and supplies: world class designsMarty Brown0 篇评论Newnes, 2007-12-7 - 381 页Newnes has worked with Marty Brown, a leader in the field of powerdesign to select the very best design-specific material from the Newnesportfolio. Marty selected material for its timelessness, its relevance tocurrent power supply design needs, and its real-world approach todesign issues. Special attention is given to switching power supplies and their design issues, including component selection, minimization of EMI, toroid selection, and breadboarding of designs. Emphasis is also placed on design strategies for power supplies, including case histories and design examples. This is a book that belongs on the workbench of every power supply designer! *Marty Brown, author and power supply design consultant, has personally selected all content for its relevance and usefulness *Covers best design practices for switching power supplies and power converters *Emphasis is on pragmatic solutions to commonly encountered design problems and tasksPower supplies for LED drivingSteve WinderNewnes, 2008-3-18 - 232 页Light-emitting diodes are being widely used due to their efficient use ofpower. The applications for power LEDs include traffic lights, streetlamps, automotive lighting, architectural lights, household lightreplacements, signage lighting (replacing neon strip lights andfluorescent tubes), and many more. Powering (driving) these LED's isnot always simple. Linear driving is inefficient and generates far toomuch heat. With a switching supply, the main issues are EMI andefficiency, and of course cost. The problem is to get a design that meets legal requirements and is efficient, while costing the least. This book covers the designtrade-offs involved in LED driving applications, from low-power to UB-LEDs and beyond. * Practical, "hands-on" approach to power supply design for LED drivers; * Detailed examples of what works and why, throughout the design process; * Commentary on how the calculated component value compares with the actual value used, including a description of why theMcGraw-Hill circuit encyclopedia and troubleshooting guide, 第3 卷John D. Lenk0 篇评论McGraw-Hill Professional, 1996-5-1 - 706 页This volume includes over 700 new circuits commonly used in allphases of electronics. In addition to details on component values, thereare descriptions on how the circuits operate and where they fit intoelectronic systems. Included is a practical guide.Winn L. Rosch hardware bibleQue Publishing, 2003 - 1128 页The Winn L. Rosch Hardware Bible provides a background on howthings work, puts competing technologies, standards, and products inperspective, and serves as a reference that provides quick answers forcommon computer and technology questions. It functions as a buyingguide, telling not only what to buy, but why. It also lays the foundationfor upgrading or repairing a computer, but stops short of thestep-by-step mechanics of the process. The chief purpose of theHardware Bible remains educational. Some new features in this edition include rewritable DVD technology as well as Blu-ray DiscsEMC for product designersNewnes, 2007-3-28 - 498 页Widely regarded as the standard text on EMC, Tim Williams' bookprovides all the key information needed to meet the requirements of thelatest EMC Directive. Most importantly, it shows how to incorporateEMC principles into the product design process, avoiding cost andperformance penalties, meeting the needs of specific standards andresulting in a better overall product. As well as covering the very latestlegal requirements, the fourth edition has been thoroughly updated inline with the latest best practice in EMC compliance and product design.Coverage has been considerably expanded to include the R&TTE andAutomotive EMC Directives, as well the military aerospace standards of DEF STAN 59-41 and DO160E. A new chapter on systems EMC is included, while short case studies demonstrate how EMC product design is put into practice. Tim Williams has worked for a variety of companies as an electronic design engineer over the last 25 years. He has monitored the progress of the EMC Directive and its associated standards since it was first made public. He now runs his own consultancy specialising in EMC design and test advice and training. * Includes the compliance procedures of the latest EMC Directive: 2004/108/EC * Short case studies demonstrating how EMC product design is put into practice. * Packed full with many new chapters including: - The R&TTE Directive and the Automotive EMC Directive looking at compliance aspects of radio and telecom terminal equipment and automotive electronic products - New chapter on military aerospace standards of DEP STAN 59-41 and DO1 60E - New chapter on systems EMC。
外文翻译--开关模式电源
中文4060字外文文献Switched-mode power supplyA switched-mode power supply (also switching-mode power supply, SMPS, or simply switcher) is an electronic power supply unit (PSU) that incorporates a switching regulator. While a linear regulator maintains the desired output voltage by dissipating excess power in a pass power transistor, the switched-mode power supply switches a power transistor between saturation (full on) and cutoff (completely off) with a variable duty cycle whose average is the desired output voltage. It switches at a much-higher frequency (tens to hundreds of kHz) than that of the AC line (mains), which means that the transformer that it feeds can be much smaller than one connected directly to the line/mains. Switching creates a rectangular waveform that typically goes to the primary of the transformer; typically several secondaries feed rectifiers, series inductors, and filter capacitors to provide various DC outputs with low ripple.The main advantage of this method is greater efficiency because the switching transistor dissipates little power in the saturated state and the off state compared to the semiconducting state (active region). Other advantages include smaller size and lighter weight (from the elimination of low frequency transformers which have a high weight) and lower heat generation due to higher efficiency. Disadvantages include greater complexity, the generation of high amplitude, high frequency energy that the low-pass filter must block to avoid electromagnetic interference (EMI), and a ripple voltage at the switching frequency and the harmonic frequencies thereof.A note about terminologyAlthough the term "power supply" has been in use since radios were first powered from the line/mains, that does not mean that it is a source of power, in the sense that a battery provides power. It is simply a device that (usually) accepts commercial AC power and provides one or more DC outputs. It would be more correctly referred to as a power converter, but long usage has established the term. ClassificationSMPS can be classified into four types according to the input and output waveforms: AC in, DC out: rectifier, off-line converter input stageDC in, DC out: voltage converter, or current converter, or DC to DC converterAC in, AC out: frequency changer, cycloconverter, transformerDC in, AC out: inverterInput rectifier stageIf the SMPS has an AC input, then the first stage is to convert the input to DC. This is called rectification. The rectifier circuit can be configured as a voltage doubler by the addition of a switch operated either manually or automatically. This is a feature of larger supplies to permit operation from nominally 120 volt or 240 volt supplies. The rectifier produces an unregulated DC voltage which is then sent to a large filter capacitor. The current drawn from the mains supply by this rectifier circuit occurs in short pulses around the AC voltage peaks. These pulses have significant high frequency energy which reduces the power factor. Special control techniques can be employed by the following SMPS to force the average input current to follow the sinusoidal shape of the AC input voltage thus the designer should try correcting the power factor. An SMPS with a DC input does not require this stage. An SMPS designed for AC input can often be run from a DC supply (for 230V AC this would be 330V DC), as the DC passes through the rectifier stage unchanged. It's however advisable to consult the manual before trying this, though most supplies are quite capable of such operation even though nothing is mentioned in the documentation. However, this type of use may be harmful to the rectifier stage as it will only utilize half of diodes in the rectifier for the full load. This may result in overheating of these components, and cause them to fail prematurely.If an input range switch is used, the rectifier stage is usually configured to operate as a voltage doubler when operating on the low voltage (~120 V AC) range and as a straight rectifier when operating on the high voltage (~240 V AC) range. If an input range switch is not used, then a full-wave rectifier is usually used and the downstream inverter stage is simply designed to be flexible enough to accept the wide range of dc voltages that will be produced by the rectifier stage. In higher-power SMPSs, some form of automatic range switching may be used.Inverter stageThe inverter stage converts DC, whether directly from the input or from the rectifier stage described above, to AC by running it through a power oscillator, whoseoutput transformer is very small with few windings at a frequency of tens or hundreds of kilohertz (kHz). The frequency is usually chosen to be above 20 kHz, to make it inaudible to humans. The output voltage is optically coupled to the input and thus very tightly controlled. The switching is implemented as a multistage (to achieve high gain) MOSFET amplifier. MOSFETs are a type of transistor with a low on-resistance and a high current-handling capacity. Since only the last stage has a large duty cycle, previous stages can be implemented by bipolar transistors leading to roughly the same efficiency. The second last stage needs to be of a complementary design, where one transistor charges the last MOSFET and another one discharges the MOSFET. A design using a resistor would run idle most of the time and reduce efficiency. All earlier stages do not weight into efficiency because power decreases by a factor of 10 for every stage (going backwards) and thus the earlier stages are responsible for at most 1% of the efficiency. This section refers to the block marked Chopper in the block diagram.V oltage converter and output rectifierIf the output is required to be isolated from the input, as is usually the case in mains power supplies, the inverted AC is used to drive the primary winding of a high-frequency transformer. This converts the voltage up or down to the required output level on its secondary winding. The output transformer in the block diagram serves this purpose.If a DC output is required, the AC output from the transformer is rectified. For output voltages above ten volts or so, ordinary silicon diodes are commonly used. For lower voltages, Schottky diodes are commonly used as the rectifier elements; they have the advantages of faster recovery times than silicon diodes (allowing low-loss operation at higher frequencies) and a lower voltage drop when conducting. For even lower output voltages, MOSFETs may be used as synchronous rectifiers; compared to Schottky diodes, these have even lower conducting state voltage drops.The rectified output is then smoothed by a filter consisting of inductors and capacitors. For higher switching frequencies, components with lower capacitance and inductance are needed.Simpler, non-isolated power supplies contain an inductor instead of a transformer. This type includes boost converters, buck converters, and the so called buck-boost converters. These belong to the simplest class of single input, single output converters which utilize one inductor and one active switch. The buck converter reduces the input voltage in direct proportion to the ratio of conductive time to the total switchingperiod, called the duty cycle. For example an ideal buck converter with a 10 V input operating at a 50% duty cycle will produce an average output voltage of 5 V. A feedback control loop is employed to regulate the output voltage by varying the duty cycle to compensate for variations in input voltage. The output voltage of a boost converter is always greater than the input voltage and the buck-boost output voltage is inverted but can be greater than, equal to, or less than the magnitude of its input voltage. There are many variations and extensions to this class of converters but these three form the basis of almost all isolated and non-isolated DC to DC converters. By adding a second inductor the Ćuk and SEPIC converters can be implemented, or, by adding additional active switches, various bridge converters can be realised.Other types of SMPSs use a capacitor-diode voltage multiplier instead of inductors and transformers. These are mostly used for generating high voltages at low currents (Cockcroft-Walton generator). The low voltage variant is called charge pump. RegulationA feedback circuit monitors the output voltage and compares it with a reference voltage, which is set manually or electronically to the desired output. If there is an error in the output voltage, the feedback circuit compensates by adjusting the timing with which the MOSFETs are switched on and off. This part of the power supply is called the switching regulator. The Chopper controller shown in the block diagram serves this purpose. Depending on design/safety requirements, the controller may or may not contain an isolation mechanism (such as opto-couplers) to isolate it from the DC output. Switching supplies in computers, TVs and VCRs have these opto-couplers to tightly control the output voltage.Open-loop regulators do not have a feedback circuit. Instead, they rely on feeding a constant voltage to the input of the transformer or inductor, and assume that the output will be correct. Regulated designs compensate for the parasitic capacitance of the transformer or coil. Monopolar designs also compensate for the magnetic hysteresis of the core.The feedback circuit needs power to run before it can generate power, so an additional non-switching power-supply for stand-by is added.Transformer designSMPS transformers run at high frequency. Most of the cost savings (and space savings) in off-line power supplies come from the fact that a high frequency transformer is much smaller than the 50/60 Hz transformers formerly used.There are several differences in the design of transformers for 50 Hz vs 500 kHz. Firstly a low frequency transformer usually transfers energy through its core (soft iron), while the (usually ferrite) core of a high frequency transformer limits leakage. Since the waveforms in a SMPS are generally high speed (PWM square waves), the wiring must be capable of supporting high harmonics of the base frequency due to the skin effect, which is a major source of power loss.Power factorSimple off-line switched mode power supplies incorporate a simple full wave rectifier connected to a large energy storing capacitor. Such SMPSs draw current from the AC line in short pulses when the mains instantaneous voltage exceeds the voltage across this capacitor. During the remaining portion of the AC cycle the capacitor provides energy to the power supply.As a result, the input current of such basic switched mode power supplies has high harmonic content and relatively low power factor. This creates extra load on utility lines, increases heating of the utility transformers and standard AC electric motors, and may cause stability problems in some applications such as in emergency generator systems or aircraft generators. Harmonics can be removed through the use of filter banks but the filtering is expensive, and the power utility may require a business with a very low power factor to purchase and install the filtering onsite.In 2001 the European Union put into effect the standard IEC/EN61000-3-2 to set limits on the harmonics of the AC input current up to the 40th harmonic for equipment above 75 W. The standard defines four classes of equipment depending on its type and current waveform. The most rigorous limits (class D) are established for personal computers, computer monitors, and TV receivers. In order to comply with these requirements modern switched-mode power supplies normally include an additional power factor correction (PFC) stage.Putting a current regulated boost chopper stage after the off-line rectifier (to charge the storage capacitor) can help correct the power factor, but increases the complexity (and cost).Quasiresonant ZCS/ZVSA quasiresonant ZCS/ZVS switch (Zero Current/Zero Voltage) is a design where "each switch cycle delivers a quantized 'packet' of energy to the converter output, and switch turn-on and turn-off occurs at zero current and voltage, resulting in an essentially lossless switch."EfficiencyHigher input voltage and synchronous rectification mode makes the conversion process more efficient. Higher switch frequency allows component size to be shrunk, but suffer from radio frequency (RF) properties on the other hand. The power consumption of the controller also has to be taken into account.ApplicationsSwitched-mode PSUs in domestic products such as personal computers often have universal inputs, meaning that they can accept power from most mains supplies throughout the world, with rated frequencies from 50 Hz to 60 Hz and voltages from 100 V to 240 V (although a manual voltage range switch may be required). In practice they will operate from a much wider frequency range and often from a DC supply as well. In 2006, at an Intel Developers Forum, Google engineers proposed the use of a single 12 V supply inside PCs, due to the high efficiency of switch mode supplies directly on the PCB.Most modern desktop and laptop computers already have a DC-DC converter on the motherboard, to step down the voltage from the PSU or the battery to the CPU core voltage, as low as 0.8 V for a low voltage CPU to 1.2-1.5 V for a desktop CPU as of 2007. Most laptop computers also have a DC-AC inverter to step up the voltage from the battery to drive the backlight, typically around 1000 Vrms.Certain applications, such as in automobile industry where ordinary cars often use 12 V DC and in some industrial settings, DC supply is chosen to avoid hum and interference and ease the integration of capacitors and batteries used to buffer the voltage. Most small aircraft use 28 V DC, but larger aircraft like Boeing-747 often use up to 90 kV A 3-phase at 200 V AC 400 Hz, though they often have a DC bus as well. Even fighter planes like F-16 use 400 Hz power. The MD-81 airplane has an 115/200 V 400 Hz AC and 28 V DC power system generated by three 40 kV A AC generators. Helicopters also use the 28 V DC system. Some submarines like the Soviet Alfa class submarine utilized two synchronous generators providing a variable three-phase current, 2 x 1500 kW, 400 V, 400 Hz. The space shuttle uses three fuel cells generating 30 - 36 V DC. Some is converted into 400 Hz AC power and 28 V DC power. The International Space Station uses 120 V DC power. Larger trucks uses 24 V DC.See also: Avionics, Airplane ground supportIn the case of TV sets, for example, one can test the excellent regulation of thepower supply by using a variac. For example, in some models made by Philips, the power supply starts when the voltage reaches around 90 volts. From there, one can change the voltage with the variac, and go as low as 40 volts and as high as 260 (known such case that voltage was 360), and the image will show absolutely no alterations.TerminologyThe term switchmode was widely used until Motorola trademarked SWITCHMODE(TM), for products aimed at the switching-mode power supply market, and started to enforce their trademark.外文翻译开关模式电源开关模式电源（也开关式电源，开关电源，或只是交换机）是一种电子电源供应器（电源），包含了开关稳压器。
外文翻译：智能开关电源
Intelligent switch power supply英文：With the rapid development of electronic technology, application field of electronic system is more and more extensive, electronic equipment, there are more and more people work with electronic equipment, life is increasingly close relationship. Any electronic equipment are inseparable from reliable power supply for power requirements, they more and more is also high. Electronic equipment miniaturized and low cost in the power of light and thin, small and efficient for development direction. The traditional transistors series adjustment manostat is continuous control linear manostat. This traditional manostat technology more mature, and there has been a large number of integrated linear manostat module, has the stable performance is good, output ripple voltage small, reliable operation, etc. But usually need are bulky and heavy industrial frequency transformer and bulk and weight are big filter.In the 1950s, NASA to miniaturization, light weight as the goal, for a rocket carrying the switch power development. In almost half a century of development process, switch power because of its small volume, light weight, high efficiency, wide range, voltage advantages in electric, control, computer, and many other areas of electronic equipment has been widely used. In the 1980s, a computer is made up of all of switch power supply, the first complete computer power generation. Throughout the 1990s, switching power supply in electronics, electrical equipment, home appliances areas to be widely, switch power technology into the rapid development. In addition, large scale integrated circuit technology, and the rapid development of switch power supply with a qualitative leap, raised high frequency power products of, miniaturization, modular tide.Power switch tube, PWM controller and high-frequency transformer is an indispensable part of the switch power supply. The traditional switch power supply is normally made by using high frequency power switch tube division and the pins, such as using PWM integrated controller UC3842 + MOSFET is domestic small powerswitch power supply, the design method of a more popularity.Since the 1970s, emerged in many function complete integrated control circuit, switch power supply circuit increasingly simplified, working frequency enhances unceasingly, improving efficiency, and for power miniaturization provides the broad prospect. Three end off-line pulse width modulation monolithic integrated circuit TOP (Three switch Line) will Terminal Off with power switch MOSFET PWM controller one package together, has become the mainstream of switch power IC development. Adopt TOP switch IC design switch power, can make the circuit simplified, volume further narrowing, cost also is decreased obviouslyMonolithic switching power supply has the monolithic integrated, the minimalist peripheral circuit, best performance index, no work frequency transformer can constitute a significant advantage switching power supply, etc. American PI (with) company in Power in the mid 1990s first launched the new high frequency switching Power supply chip, known as the "top switch Power", with low cost, simple circuit, higher efficiency. The first generation of products launched in 1994 represented TOP100/200 series, the second generation product is the TOP Switch - debuted in 1997 Ⅱ. The above products once appeared showed strong vitality and he greatly simplifies thedesign of 150W following switching power supply and the development of new products for the new job, also, high efficiency and low cost switch power supply promotion and popularization created good condition, which can be widely used in instrumentation, notebook computers, mobile phones, TV, VCD and DVD, perturbation VCR, mobile phone battery chargers, power amplifier and other fields, and form various miniaturization, density, on price can compete with the linear manostat AC/DC power transformation module.Switching power supply to integrated direction of future development will be the main trend, power density will more and more big, to process requirements will increasingly high. In semiconductor devices and magnetic materials, no new breakthrough technology progress before major might find it hard to achieve, technology innovation will focus on how to improve the efficiency and focus onreducing weight. Therefore, craft level will be in the position of power supply manufacturing higher in. In addition, the application of digital control IC is the future direction of the development of a switch power. This trust in DSP for speed and anti-interference technology unceasing enhancement. As for advanced control method, now the individual feels haven't seen practicability of the method appears particularly strong,perhaps with the popularity of digital control, and there are some new control theory into switching power supply.（1）The technology: with high frequency switching frequencies increase, switch converter volume also decrease, power density has also been boosted, dynamic response improved. Small power DC - DC converter switch frequency will rise to MHz. But as the switch frequency unceasing enhancement, switch components and passive components loss increases, high-frequency parasitic parameters and high-frequency EMI and so on the new issues will also be caused.（2）Soft switching technologies: in order to improve the efficiency of non-linearity of various soft switch, commutation technical application and hygiene, representative of soft switch technology is passive and active soft switch technology, mainly including zero voltage switch/zero current switch (ZVS/ZCS) resonance, quasi resonant, zero voltage/zero current pulse width modulation technology (ZVS/ZCS - PWM) and zero voltage transition/zero current transition pulse width modulation (PWM) ZVT/ZCT - technical, etc. By means of soft switch technology can effectively reduce switch loss and switch stress, help converter transformation efficiency （3）Power factor correction technology (IC simplifies PFC). At present mainly divided into IC simplifies PFC technology passive and active IC simplifies PFC technology using IC simplifies PFC technology two kinds big, IC simplifies PFC technology can improve AC - DC change device input power factor, reduce the harmonic pollution of power grid.（4）Modular technology. Modular technology can meet the needs of the distributed power system, enhance the system reliability.（5）Low output voltage technology. With the continuous development of semiconductor manufacturing technology, microprocessor and portable electronic devices work more and more low, this requires future DC - DC converter can provide low output voltage to adapt microprocessor and power supply requirement of portable electronic devicesPeople in switching power supply technical fields are edge developing related power electronics device, the side of frequency conversion technology, development of switch between mutual promotion push switch power supply with more than two year growth toward light, digital small, thin, low noise and high reliability, anti-interference direction. Switching powersupply can be divided into the AC/DC and DC/DC two kinds big, also have AC/AC DC/AC as inverter DC/DC converter is now realize modular, and design technology and production process at home and abroad, are mature and standardization, and has approved by users, but the AC/DC modular, because of its own characteristics in the process of making modular, meet more complex technology and craft manufacture problems. The following two types of switch power supply respectively on the structure and properties of this.Switching power supply is the development direction of high frequency, high reliability, low consumption, low noise, anti-jamming and modular. Because light switch power, small, thin key techniques are changed, so high overseas each big switch power supply manufacturer are devoted to the development of new high intelligent synchronous rectifier, especially the improvement of secondary devices of the device, and power loss of Zn ferrite (Mn) material? By increasing scientific and technological innovation, to enhance in high frequency and larger magnetic flux density (Bs) can get high magnetic under the miniaturization of, and capacitor is a key technology. SMT technology application makes switching power supply has made considerable progress, both sides in the circuitboard to ensure that decorate components of switch power supply light, small, thin. The high frequency switching power supply of the traditional PWM must innovate switch technology, to realize the ZCS ZVS, soft switch technology hasbecome the mainstream of switch power supply technical, and greatly improve the efficiency of switch power. For high reliability index, America's switch power producers, reduce by lowering operating current measures such as junction temperature of the device, in order to reduce stress the reliability of products made greatly increased.Modularity is of the general development of switch power supply trend can be modular power component distributed power system, can be designed to N + 1 redundant system, and realize the capacity expansion parallel. According to switch power running large noise this one defect, if separate the pursuit of high frequency noise will increase its with the partial resonance, and transform circuit technology, high frequency can be realized in theory and can reduce the noise, but part of the practical application of resonant conversion technology still have a technical problem, so in this area still need to carry out a lot of work, in order to make the technology to practional utilization.Power electronic technology unceasing innovation, switch power supply industry has broad prospects for development. To speed up the development of switch power industry in China, we must walk speed of technological innovation road, combination with Chinese characteristics in the joint development path, for I the high-speed development of national economy to make the contribution. The basic principle and component functionAccording to the control principle of switch power to classification, we have the following 3 kinds of work mode:1) pulse width adjustment type, abbreviation Modulation Pulse Width pulse width Modulation (PWM) type, abbreviation for. Its main characteristic is fixed switching frequency, pulse width to adjust by changing voltage 390v, realize the purpose. Its core is the pulse width modulator. Switch cycle for designing filter circuit fixed provided convenience. However, its shortcomings is influenced by the power switch conduction time limit minimum of output voltage cannot be wide range regulation; In addition, the output will take dummy loads commonly (also called pre load), in order to prevent the drag elevated when output voltage. At present, most ofthe integrated switch power adopt PWM way.2) pulse frequency Modulation mode pulse frequency Modulation (, referred to Pulse Frequency Modulation, abbreviation for PFM) type. Its characteristic is will pulse width fixed by changing switch frequency to adjust voltage 390v, realize the purpose. Its core is the pulse frequency modulator. Circuit design to use fixed pulse-width generator to replace the pulse width omdulatros and use sawtooth wave generator voltage？Frequency converter (for example VCO changes frequency VCO). It on voltage stability principle is: when the output voltage Uo rises, the output signal controller pulse width unchanged and cycle longer, make Uo 390v decreases, and reduction. PFM type of switch power supply output voltage range is very wide, output terminal don't meet dummy loads. PWM way and way of PFM respectively modulating waveform is shown in figure 1 (a), (b) shows, tp says pulse width (namely power switch tube conduction time tON), T represent cycle. It can be easy to see the difference between the two. But they have something in common: (1) all use time ratio control (TRC) on voltage stability principle, whether change tp, finally adjustment or T is pulse 390v. Although adopted in different ways, but control goals, is all rivers run into the sea. (2) when load by light weight, or input voltage respectively, from high changed by increasing the pulse width, higher frequency method to make the output voltage remained stable.3) mix modulation mode, it is to point to the pulse width and switching frequency is not fixed, each other can change, it belongs to the way the PWM and PFM blend mode. It contains a pulsewidthomdulatros and pulse frequency modulator. Because and T all can adjust alone, so occupies emptiescompared to adjust the most wide range, suitable for making the output voltage for laboratories that use a wide range of can adjust switching power supply. Above 3 work collectively referred to as "Time Ratio Control" (as a Control, from TRC) way. As noted, pulse width omdulatros either as a independent IC use (for example UC3842 type pulse width omdulatros), can also be integrated in DC/DC converter (for example LM2576 type switching voltage regulators integrated circuit), still can integration in AC/DC converter (for exampleTOP250 type monolithic integrated circuit switching power supply. Among them, the switching voltage regulators belong to DC/DC power converter, switching power supply general for AC/DC power converter.The typical structure of switch power as figure1shows, its working principle is: the first utility into power rectifier and filtering into high voltage dc and then through the switch circuit and high-frequency switch to high frequency low pressure pulse transformer, and then after rectification and filter circuits, finally output low voltage dc power. Meanwhile in the output parts have a circuit feedback to control circuit, through the control PWM occupies emptiescompared to achieve output voltage stability.Figure 1 typical structure of switch power supplySwitching power supply by these four components:1) the main circuit: exchange network input, from the main circuit to dc output. Mainly includes input filter, rectifier and filtering, inverter, and output rectifier and filtering.(1) input filter: its effect is the power grid existing clutter filtering, also hinder the machine produces clutter feedback to public power grid.(2) rectifier and filter: the power grid ac power directly for a smooth dc rectifier, for the next level transformation.(3) inverter: will the dc after rectifying a high-frequency ac, this is the core of high frequency switching power supply, the higher the frequency, the volume, weight and the ratio of power output and smaller.(4) Out put rectifier and filter: according to load needs, providing stable and reliable dc power supply. 2) control circuit: on the one hand, from the output bysampling with set standards to compare, and then to control inverter, changing its frequency or pulse width, achieve output stability, on the other hand, according to data provided by the test circuit, the protection circuit differential, provide control circuit to the machine to various protection measures. Including the output feedback circuit and sampling circuit, pulse width modulator. 3) the detection and protection circuit: detection circuit had current detection, over-voltage detection, owe voltage detection, overheat detection, etc.; Protection circuit can be divided over current protection, over-voltage protection, owe voltage protection, the ground-clamp protection, overheating protection, automatic restart, soft start, slow startup, etc. Various types. 4) Other circuit: if the sawtooth wave generator, offset circuit, optical coupler, etc.智能开关电源中文：随着电子技术的高速发展，电子系统的应用领域越来越广泛，电子设备的种类也越来越多，电子设备与人们的工作、生活的关系日益密切。
电气类外文翻译---- 开关电源的发展
外文资料译文THE DEVELOPMENT OF SWITCHING POWER 1955 United States Royer (GH.Roger) invented the transistor single push-pull oscillation transformer DC-DC converter, frequency conversion control circuit to achieve the beginning of 1957, the United States Charles race (Jen Sen) invented the self-excited push-pull double transformer, in 1964 U.S. scientists have proposed to abolish the frequency transformer switching power supply series idea, which is the power to decline in volume and weight were a fundamental way. To 1969 because of pressure to improve high-power silicon transistors, diode reverse recovery time shortened components to improve, and finally made a 25 kHz switching power supply. At present, switching power supply to small, light weight and high efficiency characteristics are widely used in a variety of computer-driven devices, communications equipment, etc. Almost all the electronic equipment is the rapid development of today's electronic information industry, an indispensable Power Source. Currently on the market the use of switching power bipolar transistors made of 100kHz, 500kHz with a power MOSFET made, Although practical, its frequency needs to be improved. To improve the switching frequency, it is necessary to reduce switching losses, and to reduce switching losses, it needs high-speed switching components. However, the switching speed of the increase will be distributed by the circuit inductance and capacitance, or diode stored charge of the generated surge or noise. This will not only affect nearby electronic equipment, will greatly reduce the reliability of power supply itself. Which, with the switch to prevent Kai - closed by the voltage surge occurs, can use RC or LC buffer, while the stored charge from the diode can be used due to current surges such as core made of amorphous magnetic buffer .However, for more than 1MHz frequency, resonant circuit to be used to make the switch voltage or current through the switch was a sine wave, this can reduce the switching losses, but also to control the occurrence of surge. This switch is called resonant switch. Current switching power supply of this very active, because this approach does not require substantial increase in switching speed can be reduced theoretically to zero switching losses and noise are small, is expected to be of a high-frequency switching power supply main ways. At present, many countries are working on a few trillion Hz, the practical application of converter.Switching power supply direction of development is high-frequency, high reliability, low power, low noise, interference and modular. Oxygen material increase scientific and technological innovation to enhance the high frequency and higher magnetic flux density (Bs) obtained a high magnetic properties, while the small capacitor is a key technology. SMT technology allows switching power supply hasmade considerable progress, both sides of the circuit board layout components to ensure that the switching power supply of light, small, thin. High frequency switching power supply will be bound to the traditional PWM switching technology innovation, realization of ZVS, ZCS soft switching power supply switching technology has become the mainstream technology, and a substantial increase in the switching power supply efficiency.For high reliability, the U.S. manufacturer of switching power supply by reducing operating current to reduce junction temperature and other measures to reduce the stress of the device makes the improved reliability of products.Modular switching power supply is the general trend of development can be composed of modular power distributed power systems can be designed to N +1 redundant power systems, and parallel way to achieve the capacity expansion. Switching power supply noise for the big run this shortcoming, if the individual pursuit of its high-frequency noise will also increase with, while using some of the resonant converter circuit technology, in theory, but also can reduce the high frequency of the noise, but some the practical application of resonant conversion technology, there are still technical problems, it still required much work in this area in order to make the technology to practical use.With the power electronics technology development, switching power supply industry has a bright future. Switching power supply industry in China should speed up the pace of development, we must take the technical innovation, out of the Industry and Academia with Chinese characteristics development road, as the rapid development of our national economy to contribute.开关电源的发展1955年美国罗耶（GH.Roger)发明的自激振荡推挽晶体管单变压器直流变换器，是实现高频转换控制电路的开端，1957年美国查赛（Jen Sen)发明了自激式推挽双变压器，1964年美国科学家们提出取消工频变压器的串联开关电源的设想，这对电源向体积和重量的下降获得了一条根本的途径。
开关电源外文翻译()
开关电源外文翻译()————————————————————————————————作者：————————————————————————————————日期：Modeling, Simulation, and Reduction of Conducted Electromagnetic Interference Due to a PWM Buck Type Switching Power Supply IA. FarhadiAbstract:Undesired generation of radiated or conducted energy in electrical systems is called Electromagnetic Interference (EMI). High speed switching frequency in power electronics converters especially in switching power supplies improves efficiency but leads to EMI. Different kind of conducted interference, EMI regulations and conducted EMI measurement are introduced in this paper. Compliancy with national or international regulation is called Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC). Power electronic systems producers must regard EMC. Modeling and simulation is the first step of EMC evaluation. EMI simulation results due to a PWM Buck type switching power supply are presented in this paper. To improve EMC, some techniques are introduced and their effectiveness proved by simulation.Index Terms:Conducted, EMC, EMI, LISN, Switching SupplyI. INTRODUCTIONFAST semiconductors make it possible to have high speed and high frequency switching in power electronics []1. High speed switching causes weight and volume reduction of equipment, but some unwanted effects such as radio frequency interference appeared []2. Compliance with electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) regulations is necessary for producers to present their products to the markets. It is important to take EMC aspects already in design phase []3. Modeling and simulation is the most effective tool to analyze EMC consideration before developing the products. A lot of the previous studies concerned the low frequency analysis of power electronics components []4[]5. Different types of power electronics converters are capable to be considered as source of EMI. They could propagate the EMI in both radiated and conducted forms. Line Impedance Stabilization Network (LISN) is required for measurement and calculation of conducted interference level []6. Interference spectrum at the output of LISN is introduced as the EMC evaluation criterion []7[]8. National or international regulations are the references for the evaluation of equipment in point of view of EMC []7[]8.II. SOURCE, PATH AND VICTIM OF EMIUndesired voltage or current is called interference and their cause is called interferencesource. In this paper a high-speed switching power supply is the source of interference.Interference propagated by radiation in area around of an interference source or by conduction through common cabling or wiring connections. In this study conducted emission is considered only. Equipment such as computers, receivers, amplifiers, industrial controllers, etc that are exposed to interference corruption are called victims. The common connections of elements, source lines and cabling provide paths for conducted noise or interference. Electromagnetic conducted interference has two components as differential mode and common mode []9.A. Differential mode conducted interferenceThis mode is related to the noise that is imposed between different lines of a test circuit by a noise source. Related current path is shown in Fig. 1 []9. The interference source, path impedances, differential mode current and load impedance are also shown in Fig. 1.B. Common mode conducted interferenceCommon mode noise or interference could appear and impose between the lines, cables or connections and common ground. Any leakage current between load and common ground could be modeled by interference voltage source.and Fig. 2 demonstrates the common mode interference source, common mode currents Icm1 and the related current paths[]9.The power electronics converters perform as noise source Icm2between lines of the supply network. In this study differential mode of conducted interference is particularly important and discussion will be continued considering this mode only.III. ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY REGULATIONS Application of electrical equipment especially static power electronic converters in different equipment is increasing more and more. As mentioned before, power electronics converters are considered as an important source of electromagnetic interference and have corrupting effects on the electric networks []2. High level of pollution resulting from various disturbances reduces the quality of power in electric networks. On the other side some residential, commercial and especially medical consumers are so sensitive to power system disturbances including voltage and frequency variations. The best solution to reduce corruption and improve power quality is complying national or international EMC regulations. CISPR, IEC, FCC and VDE are among the most famous organizations from Europe, USA and Germany who are responsible for determining and publishing the most important EMC regulations. IEC and VDE requirement and limitations on conducted emission are shown in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4 []7[]9.For different groups of consumers different classes of regulations could be complied. Class A for common consumers and class B with more hard limitations for special consumers are separated in Fig. 3 and Fig. 4. Frequency range of limitation is different for IEC and VDE that are 150 kHz up to 30 MHz and 10 kHz up to 30 MHz respectively. Compliance of regulations isevaluated by comparison of measured or calculated conducted interference level in the mentioned frequency range with the stated requirements in regulations. In united European community compliance of regulation is mandatory and products must have certified label to show covering of requirements []8.IV. ELECTROMAGNETIC CONDUCTED INTERFERENCE MEASUREMENTA. Line Impedance Stabilization Network (LISN)1-Providing a low impedance path to transfer power from source to power electronics converter and load.2-Providing a low impedance path from interference source, here power electronics converter, to measurement port.Variation of LISN impedance versus frequency with the mentioned topology is presented inFig. 7. LISN has stabilized impedance in the range of conducted EMI measurement []7.Variation of level of signal at the output of LISN versus frequency is the spectrum of interference. The electromagnetic compatibility of a system can be evaluated by comparison of its interference spectrum with the standard limitations. The level of signal at the output of LISN in frequency range 10 kHz up to 30 MHz or 150 kHz up to 30 MHz is criterion of compatibility and should be under the standard limitations. In practical situations, the LISN output is connected to a spectrum analyzer and interference measurement is carried out. But for modeling and simulation purposes, the LISN output spectrum is calculated using appropriate software.For a simple fixed frequency PWM controller that is applied to a Buck DC/DC converter, it is) changes slow with respect to the switching frequency, the possible to assume the error voltage (vepulse width and hence the duty cycle can be approximated by (1). Vp is the saw tooth waveform amplitude.A. PWM waveform spectral analysisThe normalized pulse train m (t) of Fig. 8 represents PWM switch current waveform. The nth pulse of PWM waveform consists of a fixed component D/fs , in which D is the steady state duty cycle, and a variable component dn/f sthat represents the variation of duty cycle due to variation of source, reference and load.As the PWM switch current waveform contains information concerning EMI due to powersupply, it is required to do the spectrum analysis of this waveform in the frequency range of EMI studies. It is assumed that error voltage varies around V e with amplitude of V e1 as is shown in (2).fm represents the frequency of error voltage variation due to the variations of source, reference and load. The interception of the error voltage variation curve and the saw tooth waveform with switching frequency, leads to (3) for the computation of duty cycle coefficients []10.Maximum variation of pulse width around its steady state value of D is limited to D1. In each period of Tm=1/fm , there will be r=fs/fm pulses with duty cycles of dn. Equation (4) presents the Fourier series coefficients Cn of the PWM waveform m (t). Which have the frequency spectrum of Fig.9.B-Equivalent noise circuit and EMI spectral analysisTo attain the equivalent circuit of Fig.6 the voltage source Vs is replaced by short circuit and) as it has shown in Fig. 10. converter is replaced by PWM waveform switch current (IexThe transfer function is defined as the ratio of the LISN output voltage to the EMI current source as in (5).The coefficients di, ni (i = 1, 2, … , 4) correspond to the parameters of the equivalent circuit. Rc and Lc are respectively the effective series resistance (ESR) and inductance (ESL) of the filter capacitor Cf that model the non-ideality of this element. The LISN and filter parameters are as follows: CN = 100 nF, r = 5 Ω, l = 50 uH, RN =50 Ω, LN=250 uH, Lf = 0, Cf =0, Rc= 0, Lc= 0, fs =25 kHzThe EMI spectrum is derived by multiplication of the transfer function and the source noise spectrum. Simulation results are shown in Fig. 11.VI. PARAMETERS AFFECTION ON EMIA. Duty CycleThe pulse width in PWM waveform varies around a steady state D=0.5. The output noise spectrum was simulated with values of D=0.25 and 0.75 that are shown in Fig. 12 and Fig. 13. Even harmonics are increased and odd ones are decreased that is desired in point of view of EMC.On the other hand the noise energy is distributed over a wider range of frequency and the level of EMI decreased []11.B. Amplitude of duty cycle variationThe maximum pulse width variation is determined by D1. The EMI spectrum was simulatedwith D1=0.05. Simulations are repeated with D1=0.01 and 0.25 and the results are shown in Fig.14and Fig.15.Increasing of D1 leads to frequency modulation of the EMI signal and reduction in level of conducted EMI. Zooming of Fig. 15 around 7th component of switching frequency in Fig. 16 shows the frequency modulation clearly.C. Error voltage frequencyThe main factor in the variation of duty cycle is the variation of source voltage. The fm=100 Hz ripple in source voltage is the inevitable consequence of the usage of rectifiers. The simulation is repeated in the frequency of fm=5000 Hz. It is shown in Fig. 17 that at a higher frequency for fm the noise spectrum expands in frequency domain and causes smaller level of conducted EMI. On the other hand it is desired to inject a high frequency signal to the reference voltage intentionally.D. Simultaneous effect of parametersSimulation results of simultaneous application of D=0.75, D1=0.25 and fm=5000 Hz that leadto expansion of EMI spectrum over a wider frequencies and considerable reduction in EMI level is shown in Fig. 18.VII. CONCLUSIONAppearance of Electromagnetic Interference due to the fast switching semiconductor devices performance in power electronics converters is introduced in this paper. Radiated and conducted interference are two types of Electromagnetic Interference where conducted type is studied in this paper. Compatibility regulations and conducted interference measurement were explained. LISN as an important part of measuring process besides its topology, parameters and impedance were described. EMI spectrum due to a PWM Buck type DC/DC converter was considered and simulated. It is necessary to present mechanisms to reduce the level of Electromagnetic interference. It shown that EMI due to a PWM Buck type switching power supply could be reduced by controlling parameters such as duty cycle, duty cycle variation and reference voltage frequency.VIII. REFRENCES[1] Mohan, Undeland, and Robbins, “Power Electronics Converters, Applications and Design” 3rdedition, John Wiley & Sons, 2003.[2] P. Moy, “EMC Related Issues for Power Electronics”, IEEE, Automotive Pow er Electronics, 1989, 28-29 Aug. 1989 pp. 46 – 53.[3] M. J. Nave, “Prediction of Conducted Interference in Switched Mode Power Supplies”, Session 3B, IEEE International Symp. on EMC, 1986.[4] Henderson, R. D. and Rose, P. J., “Harmonics and their Effec ts on Power Quality and Transformers”, IEEE Trans. On Ind. App., 1994, pp. 528-532.[5] I. Kasikci, “A New Method for Power Factor Correction and Harmonic Elimination in Power System”, Proceedings of IEEE Ninth International Conference on Harmonics and Q uality of Power, Volume 3, pp. 810 – 815, Oct. 2000.[6] M. J. Nave, “Line Impedance Stabilization Networks: Theory and Applications”, RFI/EMI Corner, April 1985, pp. 54-56.[7] T. Williams, “EMC for Product Designers” 3rd edition 2001 Newnes.[8] B. Ke isier, “Principles of Electromagnetic Compatibility”, 3rd edition ARTECH HOUSE 1987.[9] J. C. Fluke, “Controlling Conducted Emission by Design”, Vanhostrand Reinhold 1991.[10] M. Daniel,”DC/DC Switching Regulator Analysis”, McGrawhill 1988[11] M. J. Nave,” The Effect of Duty Cycle on SMPS Common Mode Emission: theory and experiment”, IEEE National Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility, Page(s): 211-216, 23-25 May 1989.作者：A. Farhadi国籍：伊朗出处：基于压降型PWM开关电源的建模、仿真和减少传导性电磁干扰IIA. Farhadi作者：A. Farhadi国籍：伊朗出处：摘要：电子设备之中杂乱的辐射或者能量叫做电磁干扰(EMI)。
外文翻译开关模式电源
外文文献Switched-mode power supplyA switched-mode power supply (also switching-mode power supply, SMPS, or simply switcher) is an electronic power supply unit (PSU) that incorporates a switching regulator. While a linear regulator maintains the desired output voltage by dissipating excess power in a pass power transistor, the switched-mode power supply switches a power transistor between saturation (full on) and cutoff (completely off) with a variable duty cycle whose average is the desired output voltage. It switches at a much-higher frequency (tens to hundreds of kHz) than that of the AC line (mains), which means that the transformer that it feeds can be much smaller than one connected directly to the line/mains. Switching creates a rectangular waveform that typically goes to the primary of the transformer; typically several secondaries feed rectifiers, series inductors, and filter capacitors to provide various DC outputs with low ripple.The main advantage of this method is greater efficiency because the switching transistor dissipates little power in the saturated state and the off state compared to the semiconducting state (active region). Other advantages include smaller size and lighter weight (from the elimination of low frequency transformers which have a high weight) and lower heat generation due to higher efficiency. Disadvantages include greater complexity, the generation of high amplitude, high frequency energy that the low-pass filter must block to avoid electromagnetic interference (EMI), and a ripple voltage at the switching frequency and the harmonic frequencies thereof.A note about terminologyAlthough the term "power supply" has been in use since radios were first powered from the line/mains, that does not mean that it is a source of power, in thesense that a battery provides power. It is simply a device that (usually) accepts commercial AC power and provides one or more DC outputs. It would be more correctly referred to as a power converter, but long usage has established the term.ClassificationSMPS can be classified into four types according to the input and output waveforms:AC in, DC out: rectifier, off-line converter input stageDC in, DC out: voltage converter, or current converter, or DC to DC converter AC in, AC out: frequency changer, cycloconverter, transformerDC in, AC out: inverterInput rectifier stageIf the SMPS has an AC input, then the first stage is to convert the input to DC. This is called rectification. The rectifier circuit can be configured as a voltage doubler by the addition of a switch operated either manually or automatically. This is a feature of larger supplies to permit operation from nominally 120 volt or 240 volt supplies. The rectifier produces an unregulated DC voltage which is then sent to a large filter capacitor. The current drawn from the mains supply by this rectifier circuit occurs in short pulses around the AC voltage peaks. These pulses have significant high frequency energy which reduces the power factor. Special control techniques can be employed by the following SMPS to force the average input current to follow the sinusoidal shape of the AC input voltage thus the designer should try correcting the power factor. An SMPS with a DC input does not require this stage. An SMPS designed for AC input can often be run from a DC supply (for 230V AC this would be 330V DC), as the DC passes through the rectifier stage unchanged. It's however advisable to consult the manual before trying this, though most supplies are quite capable of such operation even though nothing is mentioned in the documentation.However, this type of use may be harmful to the rectifier stage as it will only utilize half of diodes in the rectifier for the full load. This may result in overheating of these components, and cause them to fail prematurely.If an input range switch is used, the rectifier stage is usually configured to operate as a voltage doubler when operating on the low voltage (~120 V AC) range and as a straight rectifier when operating on the high voltage (~240 V AC) range. If an input range switch is not used, then a full-wave rectifier is usually used and the downstream inverter stage is simply designed to be flexible enough to accept the wide range of dc voltages that will be produced by the rectifier stage. In higher-power SMPSs, some form of automatic range switching may be used.Inverter stageThe inverter stage converts DC, whether directly from the input or from the rectifier stage described above, to AC by running it through a power oscillator, whose output transformer is very small with few windings at a frequency of tens or hundreds of kilohertz (kHz). The frequency is usually chosen to be above 20 kHz, to make it inaudible to humans. The output voltage is optically coupled to the input and thus very tightly controlled. The switching is implemented as a multistage (to achieve high gain) MOSFET amplifier. MOSFETs are a type of transistor with a low on-resistance and a high current-handling capacity. Since only the last stage has a large duty cycle, previous stages can be implemented by bipolar transistors leading to roughly the same efficiency. The second last stage needs to be of a complementary design, where one transistor charges the last MOSFET and another one discharges the MOSFET. A design using a resistor would run idle most of the time and reduce efficiency. All earlier stages do not weight into efficiency because power decreases by a factor of 10 for every stage (going backwards) and thus the earlier stages are responsible for at most 1% of the efficiency. This section refers to the block marked Chopper in theblock diagram.V oltage converter and output rectifierIf the output is required to be isolated from the input, as is usually the case in mains power supplies, the inverted AC is used to drive the primary winding of a high-frequency transformer. This converts the voltage up or down to the required output level on its secondary winding. The output transformer in the block diagram serves this purpose.If a DC output is required, the AC output from the transformer is rectified. For output voltages above ten volts or so, ordinary silicon diodes are commonly used. For lower voltages, Schottky diodes are commonly used as the rectifier elements; they have the advantages of faster recovery times than silicon diodes (allowing low-loss operation at higher frequencies) and a lower voltage drop when conducting. For even lower output voltages, MOSFETs may be used as synchronous rectifiers; compared to Schottky diodes, these have even lower conducting state voltage drops.The rectified output is then smoothed by a filter consisting of inductors and capacitors. For higher switching frequencies, components with lower capacitance and inductance are needed.Simpler, non-isolated power supplies contain an inductor instead of a transformer. This type includes boost converters, buck converters, and the so called buck-boost converters. These belong to the simplest class of single input, single output converters which utilize one inductor and one active switch. The buck converter reduces the input voltage in direct proportion to the ratio of conductive time to the total switching period, called the duty cycle. For example an ideal buck converter with a 10 V input operating at a 50% duty cycle will produce an average output voltage of 5 V. A feedback control loop is employed to regulate the output voltage by varying the duty cycle to compensate for variations in input voltage. Theoutput voltage of a boost converter is always greater than the input voltage and the buck-boost output voltage is inverted but can be greater than, equal to, or less than the magnitude of its input voltage. There are many variations and extensions to this class of converters but these three form the basis of almost all isolated and non-isolated DC to DC converters. By adding a second inductor the Ćuk and SEPIC converters can be implemented, or, by adding additional active switches, various bridge converters can be realised.Other types of SMPSs use a capacitor-diode voltage multiplier instead of inductors and transformers. These are mostly used for generating high voltages at low currents (Cockcroft-Walton generator). The low voltage variant is called charge pump.RegulationA feedback circuit monitors the output voltage and compares it with a reference voltage, which is set manually or electronically to the desired output. If there is an error in the output voltage, the feedback circuit compensates by adjusting the timing with which the MOSFETs are switched on and off. This part of the power supply is called the switching regulator. The Chopper controller shown in the block diagram serves this purpose. Depending on design/safety requirements, the controller may or may not contain an isolation mechanism (such as opto-couplers) to isolate it from the DC output. Switching supplies in computers, TVs and VCRs have these opto-couplers to tightly control the output voltage.Open-loop regulators do not have a feedback circuit. Instead, they rely on feeding a constant voltage to the input of the transformer or inductor, and assume that the output will be correct. Regulated designs compensate for the parasitic capacitance of the transformer or coil. Monopolar designs also compensate for the magnetic hysteresis of the core.The feedback circuit needs power to run before it can generate power, so an additional non-switching power-supply for stand-by is added.Transformer designSMPS transformers run at high frequency. Most of the cost savings (and space savings) in off-line power supplies come from the fact that a high frequency transformer is much smaller than the 50/60 Hz transformers formerly used.There are several differences in the design of transformers for 50 Hz vs 500 kHz. Firstly a low frequency transformer usually transfers energy through its core (soft iron), while the (usually ferrite) core of a high frequency transformer limits leakage. Since the waveforms in a SMPS are generally high speed (PWM square waves), the wiring must be capable of supporting high harmonics of the base frequency due to the skin effect, which is a major source of power loss.Power factorSimple off-line switched mode power supplies incorporate a simple full wave rectifier connected to a large energy storing capacitor. Such SMPSs draw current from the AC line in short pulses when the mains instantaneous voltage exceeds the voltage across this capacitor. During the remaining portion of the AC cycle the capacitor provides energy to the power supply.As a result, the input current of such basic switched mode power supplies has high harmonic content and relatively low power factor. This creates extra load on utility lines, increases heating of the utility transformers and standard AC electric motors, and may cause stability problems in some applications such as in emergency generator systems or aircraft generators. Harmonics can be removed through the use of filter banks but the filtering is expensive, and the power utility may require a business with a very low power factor to purchase and install the filtering onsite.In 2001 the European Union put into effect the standard IEC/EN61000-3-2 to setlimits on the harmonics of the AC input current up to the 40th harmonic for equipment above 75 W. The standard defines four classes of equipment depending on its type and current waveform. The most rigorous limits (class D) are established for personal computers, computer monitors, and TV receivers. In order to comply with these requirements modern switched-mode power supplies normally include an additional power factor correction (PFC) stage.Putting a current regulated boost chopper stage after the off-line rectifier (to charge the storage capacitor) can help correct the power factor, but increases the complexity (and cost).Quasiresonant ZCS/ZVSA quasiresonant ZCS/ZVS switch (Zero Current/Zero V oltage) is a design where "each switch cycle delivers a quantized 'packet' of energy to the converter output, and switch turn-on and turn-off occurs at zero current and voltage, resulting in an essentially lossless switch."EfficiencyHigher input voltage and synchronous rectification mode makes the conversion process more efficient. Higher switch frequency allows component size to be shrunk, but suffer from radio frequency (RF) properties on the other hand. The power consumption of the controller also has to be taken into account.ApplicationsSwitched-mode PSUs in domestic products such as personal computers often have universal inputs, meaning that they can accept power from most mains supplies throughout the world, with rated frequencies from 50 Hz to 60 Hz and voltages from 100 V to 240 V (although a manual voltage range switch may be required). In practice they will operate from a much wider frequency range and often from a DC supply as well. In 2006, at an Intel Developers Forum, Google engineers proposed theuse of a single 12 V supply inside PCs, due to the high efficiency of switch mode supplies directly on the PCB.Most modern desktop and laptop computers already have a DC-DC converter on the motherboard, to step down the voltage from the PSU or the battery to the CPU core voltage, as low as V for a low voltage CPU to V for a desktop CPU as of 2007. Most laptop computers also have a DC-AC inverter to step up the voltage from the battery to drive the backlight, typically around 1000 Vrms.Certain applications, such as in automobile industry where ordinary cars often use 12 V DC and in some industrial settings, DC supply is chosen to avoid hum and interference and ease the integration of capacitors and batteries used to buffer the voltage. Most small aircraft use 28 V DC, but larger aircraft like Boeing-747 often use up to 90 kV A 3-phase at 200 V AC 400 Hz, though they often have a DC bus as well. Even fighter planes like F-16 use 400 Hz power. The MD-81 airplane has an 115/200 V 400 Hz AC and 28 V DC power system generated by three 40 kV A AC generators. Helicopters also use the 28 V DC system. Some submarines like the Soviet Alfa class submarine utilized two synchronous generators providing a variable three-phase current, 2 x 1500 kW, 400 V, 400 Hz. The space shuttle uses three fuel cells generating 30 - 36 V DC. Some is converted into 400 Hz AC power and 28 V DC power. The International Space Station uses 120 V DC power. Larger trucks uses 24 V DC.See also: Avionics, Airplane ground supportIn the case of TV sets, for example, one can test the excellent regulation of the power supply by using a variac. For example, in some models made by Philips, the power supply starts when the voltage reaches around 90 volts. From there, one can change the voltage with the variac, and go as low as 40 volts and as high as 260 (known such case that voltage was 360), and the image will show absolutely no alterations.TerminologyThe term switchmode was widely used until Motorola trademarked SWITCHMODE(TM), for products aimed at the switching-mode power supply market, and started to enforce their trademark.外文翻译开关模式电源开关模式电源（也开关式电源，开关电源，或只是交换机）是一种电子电源供应器（电源），包含了开关稳压器。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
开关电源与电子技术的飞速发展,电子系统的应用领域越来越广泛,电子设备,有越来越多的人工作以电子设备、生活越来越密切的关系。
任何电子设备都离不开可靠供电电源的需求,他们也越来越高。
电子设备的小型化、低成本的光的力量又瘦,小而高效的为发展方向。
传统的晶体管稳压电源是系列调整连续控制线性稳压电源。
这种传统的稳压电源的技术更加成熟,已经有大量的综合线性稳压电源模块,有稳定的性能好、输出电压波动小、运行可靠等。
但通常需要体积大且沉重的工频变压器和体积和重量是大的过滤器。
在1950年代,美国国家航空和宇宙航行局的小型化、轻重量为目标,为火箭携带开关电源的发展。
在近半个世纪的发展过程中,开关电源因其体积小、重量轻、效率高,适用范围广,电压的优点在电子、控制、计算机等许多领域的电子设备已得到广泛应用。
在1980年代,计算机是由所有开关电源的,第一个完整的计算机发电。
整个1990年代,开关电源在电子、电器、家用电器领域得到广泛、开关电源技术进入快速发展。
此外,大规模集成电路技术,和快速发展,开关电源有了质的飞跃,提高了高频大功率产品的、小型化、模块化的潮流。
电源开关管、PWM控制器和高频变压器是不可或缺的组成部分,开关电源。
传统的开关电源的一般均采用高频大功率开关管的划分及各销,如利用PWM(脉宽调制)集成控制器UC3842 + MOSFET是国内小功率开关电源的设计方法,更流行。
自1970年代以来,出现在许多功能完全集成控制电路、开关电源电路越来越简化,工作频率的不断提高,提高效率,为电力小型化提供更为广阔的发展前景。
三结束离线脉冲宽度调制单片机顶部(三个交换线)将终端时,电源开关MOSFET PWM控制器包在一起,已经成为国际关系的主流,开关电源IC发展。
采用集成电路设计上的开关电源开关,可使电路简单、体积进一步缩小,成本也明显降低单片开关电源有单片集成,最简外围电路,最好的性能指标、没有工作频率变压器能构成一个重要的优势开关电源等PI(以)。
美国公司在电力在1990年代中期,首次推出新高频开关电源芯片,被称为“上开关电源”的宗旨,以低成本、电路简单、效率较高。
第一代产品于1994年代表TOP100/200系列,第二代产品是ⅡTOPSwitch - 1997年问世。
以上产品一旦出现较强的生命力和他大大简化了设计的150 W以下开关电源和新产品的开发为新工作,也、高效、低成本开关电源和普及推广创造了良好条件,可广泛用于仪表、笔记本电脑、移动电话、电视、VCD、DVD、摄录像机、手机电池充电器、功率放大器等领域,并形成各自不同小型化、密度、价格可以跟线性稳压电源AC / DC电源变换模块。
开关电源的综合了今后的发展方向将是主要趋势,功率密度将越来越大,对工艺的要求将越来越高。
在半导体器件和磁性材料,没有新的突破性的技术进步主要之前可能很难达到、技术创新的重点将是如何提高工作效率和集中在减肥。
因此,工艺水平将会在这个位置的电源生产更高。
此外,应用数字控制电路是未来的方向发展的一个开关电源。
在DSP这种信任在速度和抗干扰技术的不断提高。
至于先进控制方法,目前个人觉得没见过的实用性方法显得尤为强烈,也许是流行的数字控制,会有一些新的控制理论引入开关电源。
(1)技术:用高频开关频率增加、开关变换器体积也减少,功率密度也大幅提升,动态响应得到改善。
小功率直流-直流转换器开关频率将上升到兆赫。
但是当开关频率的不断提高,开关元件、被动元件损失增加、高频寄生参数和高频电磁干扰(EMI)等新问题也会造成。
(2)软开关技术:为了提高效率的各种软开关变换器,变换技术的应用而生,软交换技术的代表是被动与主动的软开关技术,主要包括零电压开关/零电流开关(零电压(ZCS)共振、准谐振,零电压零电流脉冲宽度调制技术(零电压/ ZCS - PWM)和零电压零电流转换过渡脉宽调制(PWM)/ ZCT ZVT -技术等。
通过软开关技术可有效降低开关损耗和开关应力、帮助转换器转化效率。
(3)功率因数校正(PFC)技术。
目前主要分为PFC技术被动与主动PFC技术利用PFC技术两大类,PFC技术可以改善AC - DC转换器件的输入功率因数,降低电网谐波污染。
(4)模块化技术。
需要模块化技术可满足分布式电源系统的发展,提高系统的可靠性。
(5)低的输出电压的技术。
的不断发展,半导体制造技术、微处理器和便携式电子设备工作越来越低,这需要未来直流-直流转换器可以提供低输出电压适应微处理器和供电要求的便携式电子设备。
开关电源技术随着近些年的发展已日趋成熟，但是研制大功率、高性能的开关电源仍是人们不断努力和追求的目标。
软开关PWM技术和并联均流都是当前电力电子技术发展的重点，二者结合可以很好的满足大功率电源在性能、重量、体积、效率和可靠性等方面的要求。
论文采用移相全桥ZVS PWM DC／DC变换电路研制了大功率开关电源，并设计出多个电源模块并联运行时的均流电路。
论文重点分析了相关工作原理，设计了电路参数，并研制成功了样机进行验证。
文中研究了移相全桥零电压PWM DC／DC变换器的工作原理，使用移相控制芯片UC3875设计了移相控制电路。
探讨了实现滞后臂软开关的方法和占空比丢失现象，采用串联谐振电感来实现滞后臂的软开关。
有效降低了开关损耗，提高了系统的效率。
论文中还设计了一种新型的IGBT驱动电路，它具有开关频率高、驱动功率大、结构简单且具有负压关断的特点。
文中介绍了电源并联运行的各种均流技术，对单模块DC／DC电源和多模块电源并联运行进行了小信号分析。
采用均流控制芯片UC3907设计了电源的均流控制电路，使模块单元具有可并联功能，可以实现多电源模块并联组成更大功率的电源系统。
最后给出了原理样机的试验结果和两台电源并联运行的效果。
新时代对电源的三大基本要求是：高可靠性、高效率、低电磁干扰。
近几年来，我国开关电源技术已经有了长足的进展，采用了有效的均流技术和软开关技术，理论、研究、生产、应用等已经有相当的成果和规模。
中国的电源市场特点经过20多年的对外开放和经济的快速发展，具有巨大的发展潜力和空间，世界各发达国家都在关注中国电源市场的发展。
企业必须坚持高起点、高标准，高质量、和国际接轨，这将促进电源市场的规范化，今后的市场竞争将是质量的竞争，技术的竞争，人才的竞争。
本课题研制的高频开关电源主要用于电镀(型号：NDF)、充电(型号：NCF)、电化学(型号：NHF)和励磁(型号：NLF)。
NDF系列高频开关电源是专为满足电镀工艺要求而精心设计制作的，特别适合用作电镀及印刷电路板电镀生产线的整流电源。
NHF系列高频开关电源是专为满足电解工艺及高纯水处理(EDI配套电源)工艺要求而精心设计制作的，特别适合用作电解及EDI除盐配套整流电源。
全文共分为六章：第一章主要介绍开关电源的发展过程及现状，阐述了本课题的研究目的、研究意义和研究内容。
第二章主要介绍软开关技术，对软开关Buck电路PWM变换器和移相控制全桥(Full—Bridge，FB)PWM变换器工作过程做了详细介绍。
第三章讨论了电磁兼容重要性，对抗干扰做了详细介绍，并从硬件和软件两方面提出相应抑制干扰措施。
第四章主要分析了本课题硬件部分，对开关电源主电路及保护电路做了介绍，并对RS485工作电路做了详细说明。
第五章主要分析了本课题软件部分，对单台电源模块软件以及监控系统软件做了详尽说明，并阐述了几个器件的驱动程序。
第六章对系统的设计进行了总结，指出了系统设计不完善的地方，并对下步工作提了几个建议。
人们在开关电源技术领域是边开发相关电力电子器件,边变频技术,发展相互促进推动之间切换开关电源有超过两年的增长向光、数字又小又瘦的、噪音低、可靠性高、抗干扰的方向。
开关电源。
供应可分为AC / DC、DC / DC两大类,也有AC / DC / AC交流变频器直流/直流转换器是现在实现模块化设计技术及生产工艺在国内外的成熟与规范化、有用户认可,但AC / DC模块,因为自身的特性做的过程中模块化,遇到更复杂的技术和工艺制造问题。
以下两种类型分别对开关电源的结构与性能。
开关电源的发展方向是高频率、高可靠性、低能耗、低噪音、抗干扰能力和模块。
因为光开关电源,又小又瘦的关键技术进行改变,所以高国外各大厂家开关电源致力于开发新的高智能化同步整流器,特别是改善二次设备的装置,以及锌铁氧体的功率损耗(Mn)的材料吗?通过增加科技创新,提高高频和较大的磁通密度(Bs)可以获得高额的小型化磁场下,电容器是一项关键技术。
SMT技术的应用使开关电源取得了长足的进展,双方在电路。
委员会,以确保装修元件开关电源的光,又小又瘦的。
高频开关电源的开关技术的传统PWM(脉宽调制)必须创新,实现零电压ZCS,软开关技术已成为国际关系的主流,开关电源技术,能够大大提高开关电源的效率。
为高可靠性指标,美国的开关电源生产者,减少工作电流等措施来降低结温设备,为了减少压力使产品的可靠性大大提高。
模块化是发展的总体趋势,可以使开关电源模块的功率器件分布式电源系统,可以设计成N + 1冗余系统,实现增容平行。
根据开关电源运行噪声大这一缺点,假如把追求高频噪音会增加它的局部共振转换电路技术、高频率在理论上是可以实现的,可以降低噪音,但是部分实际应用共振转换技术还有一个技术问题,所以在这个地区还需要进行大量的工作,以使该技术实用化。
电力电子技术的不断创新,开关电源行业具有广阔的发展前景。
加快发展的开关电源行业在中国的发展,我们必须走路速度的技术创新之路,结合中国特色的共同发展道路,因为我国民经济的高速发展做出贡献。
基本原理和组件的功能根据开关电源的控制原理来分类,我们有以下三种工作模式:1)脉冲宽度调整式,简称调制PulseWidth脉冲宽度调制(PWM)的类型、词的缩写。
其主要特点是固定开关频率、脉冲宽度调节,通过改变电压390 v,实现的目的。
其核心是脉冲宽度调制器。
开关周期固定设计滤波电路,提供了方便。
然而,其缺点是受到限制开关电源传导时间最少的输出电压不能广泛调节;此外,输出将假负载通常(也称为预负荷),以防止拖动当输出电压升高。
目前,大部分的集成开关电源采用PWM方式。
2)脉冲频率调制方式脉冲频率调制(,即PulseFrequency调制,缩写为烤瓷)类型。
其特点是将通过改变脉冲宽度固定开关频率来调节电压390 v,实现的目的。
其核心是脉冲频率调制器。
电路设计使用固定脉宽发电机取代脉宽调制器和使用锯齿波发生器电压?变频器(例如压控振荡器频率压控振荡器的变化)。
在电压稳定性的原则是:当正和输出电压的升高,输出信号控制器脉冲宽度不变,而周期较长,使正和390 v减小,减小。
PFM类型的开关电源输出电压的范围很广,输出端不满足假负载。