外文翻译--智能开关电源
开关电源使用说明书英文版
Switching Power Supply User Manual1.IntroductionThis switching power supply is designed for use in a wide range of electronic equipment, including computers, printers, televisions, and many other products that require a stable and efficient power supply.2.Features2.1 Efficient: The switching power supply has a high power conversion efficiency, which reduces energy waste and heat generation.2.2 Safe: The switching power supply has built-in safety features, such as over-voltage protection, over-current protection, and short-circuit protection, to ensure the safety of the equipment.2.3 Compact: The switching power supply is small and lightweight, saving space and making it easy to carry.2.4 Easy to Use: The switching power supply is easy to use and requires only a few simple steps to operate.3.Operating Instructions3.1 Connecting the Power CordConnect the power cord to the back of the switching power supply and insert it into the wall socket.3.2 Turning on the Power SupplyPress the ON/OFF button on the front panel of the switching power supply to turn it on. The power indicator will illuminate to show that the power supply is on.3.3 Adjusting the Voltage OutputUse the voltage adjustment knob on the front panel of the switching power supply to adjust the voltage output to the desired level. The user manual included with the switching power supply provides information on the correct voltage output settings for different equipment.3.4 Turning off the Power SupplyPress the ON/OFF button on the front panel of the switching power supply to turn it off. The power indicator will extinguish to show that the power supply is off.4.Safety Precautions4.1 Do not open the switching power supply or modify its internal components. This could result in electric shock or equipment failure.4.2 Ensure that the power cord is not loose or damaged and that the wall socket is in good condition. Damaged power cords should be replaced immediately.4.3 Do not insert foreign objects into the power socket or power cord to prevent electric shock or equipment failure.。
电路PIN脚注释
收集 B1．schematics基本翻译n. 图表网络释义schematics:图表Schematics::原理图logic schematics:逻辑框图2．Penryn网络释义Penryn:彭林|处理器|产品3．VRAM基本翻译(video RAM)视频RAM网络释义VRAM:视频随机接达记忆器|视频存储器|缓冲区VRAM-Video RAM:视频存储器VRAM VideoRAM:视频随机存取存储器4．nVIDIA基本翻译nVIDIA公司，NASDAQ：NVDA 全称为nVIDIA Corporation，创立于1993年1月，是一家以设计显示芯片和主板芯片组为主的半导体公司，总部设在美国加利福尼亚州的圣克拉拉。
是一家无自有晶圆厂（Fabless）的半导体设计公司。
网络释义Nvidia:恩威迪雅|如何安装显卡驱动|NVIDIANVIDIA RAID:高效能储存解决方案NVIDIA GPUs:阴影编辑器5．HDMI基本翻译High Definition Multimedia高清晰度多媒体接口网络释义HDMI:High-Definition Multimedia InterfaceHDMI CT:容性测试DVI-HDMI:转接头|电脑6．lvdS基本翻译LVDS:Low Voltage Differencial Signal|低压差分信号7．GMCH网络释义GMCH:芯片组|Graphics and Memory Controller HubGMCH Graphics Memory Controller Hub:图形内存控制器gmch: graphics &memory controller hub:图形和内存控制中心8．SATA网络释义SATA:串行ATAa~sata:嫂子们|嫂子SATA-IO:国际组织9．HDD基本翻译n. [计] (=hard disk drive)硬盘驱动器网络释义HDD:Hard Disk Drive|硬盘|heating degree days HDD-O:硬盘启动HDDのみ:オートリニューアル录画|楽曲再生10．USBUSB:通用串行总线|硬件技术标志：有串行总线接口USBのみ:以降USB-IF:论坛11．bluetooth基本翻译蓝牙技术网络释义Bluetooth:蓝牙|蓝牙技术|蓝芽技术Bluetooth TM:蓝牙技术|支持蓝牙|无线蓝牙Via Bluetooth:由蓝牙发送12．CMOS基本翻译n. 互补型金属氧物半导体晶体管网络释义CMOS:可读写芯片|互补金属氧化物半导体CMOSサイズ:画素数RF CMOS:半导体13．camera ['k?m?r?]基本翻译n. 照相机网络释义γ-camera:伽玛照像机on camera:出镜头|镜内表演|出现在电视上PC CAMERA:电脑摄像头|摄像头|電腦相機14．audio ['?:di?u]基本翻译a. 成音频率的,声音的网络释义Audio:音频|伴音|一不小心audio-:听M-AUDIO:美奥多15．CODEC基本翻译n. 多媒体数字信号编解码器网络释义Codec:编解码器|编码器|多媒体数字信号编解码器VSS-CODEC:编解码器电源地Line Codec:解码芯片16．amp基本翻译AMP:放大器|视骨架剖面|可利用的马达压降amp.:安瓿Y AMP:亮度放大器17．DIMM网络释义DIMM:双线内存模块|双列直插式存储器模块FB-DIMM:模块|全缓冲内存SO-DIMM:Small Outline Dual In-line Memory Module18．DDRDDR-RAM:雙通道同步動態隨機存儲器|DDR SDRAM|DDR RAM19．dual ['dju(:)?l]基本翻译a. 双重的dual:二元的双的20．modem ['m?ud?m]基本翻译调制解调器网络释义Modem:调制解调器|灯解调|解调器IF Modem:中频调制解调器SS-MODEM:解调器21．confidential [k?nfi'den??l]基本翻译a. 机密的,获他人信赖的,易于信任他人的网络释义Confidential:机密|机密的|秘密的LA confidential:洛城机密|幕后嫌疑犯（洛城机密、铁面特警队）|铁面特警队confidential a.:机密的|表示信任(或亲密)的|秘密的22．voltage ['v??ltid?]基本翻译n. 电压网络释义Voltage:电压|控制电压|电位差Y-voltage:相电压|对中性线电压Y voltage:(星形联接的)相电压23．VGA基本翻译(video graphics array)视频图形阵列网络释义VGA:可变增益放大器|Video Graphics Adapter|视频图形阵列VGA-AV:数模转换器|视频转换器RF VGA:增益放大器24．SMBus网络释义SMBus:系统管理汇流排|接口|主板芯片组25．SPI基本翻译n. 业务出版物说明(现场特殊干扰)网络释义SPI:Stateful Packet Inspection|进度绩效指数C-SPI:C-System and Process InfoationSPI CLK:外接串行接口时钟26．SCL基本翻译n. 空间电荷限制三极管网络释义SCL:时钟线|皮肤传导水平|串行时钟信号27．SDA基本翻译=Soap and Detergent Association 肥皂和洗涤剂协会[美]网络释义SDA:Secure Digital Association|串行数据信号|数据总线28．CLK网络释义CLK:时钟|输入|时钟信号S-CLK:串行时钟CLK O:时钟端29．HDCP网络释义HDCP:高带宽数字内容保护DVI-HDCP:内容保护HDCPHigh-bandwidth Digital Content Protection ::宽带宽数位内容保护30．FWR网络释义FWR:Finger Writing Recognition|速度FWR Full Wave Rectifier:全波整流器31．serial ['si?ri?l]基本翻译n. 序列,串列a. 连续的,一连串的网络释义serial:串行的.连续的|系列片|串行serial T:串联Tserial no:序列号|系列号32．EEPROM基本翻译电可擦除只读存储器网络释义EEPROM:电可檫可编程存储器|电可擦可编程只读存储器|电压消除式可程序化只读存储器IC-EEPROM:存储器LWS－EEPROM:方向盘角度传感器 EEPROM33．sensor ['sens?]基本翻译n. 传感器，探测器网络释义Sensor:传感器|感应器|感测器V-SENSOR:音声起动g-sensor:感测器34．EDP基本翻译n. 放电电渗处理(电子数据处理,工程设计建议)网络释义EDP:差错数据包|电子数据处理AFM/EDP:电子数据处理和资料系统司（数据系统司）EDP audit:电子数据处理会计|电子计算机审计35．NVVDD网络释义NVVDD:核心电压36．FB基本翻译n. 反馈(消防队,扁条,水上飞机,运货单)网络释义FB:反馈|弹性支柱|Function Block37．IFPC网络释义IFPC:推进控制|联合会|保险理财规划课程38．VID网络释义VID:视频|图像检波|视频识别模式vid,vis:看见vis,vid:看39．VDD基本翻译n. (Virtual Device Driver)虚拟设备驱动器网络释义VDD:起搏器|电圧|电源Vdd-Vss:工作电压multi-Vdd:电压40．XDP基本翻译=X-ray Density Probe X-射线密度探头[探测器]网络释义XDP:附加设备端口|附加装置端口XDP X:射线密度探头41．TDI基本翻译abbr. [计] Trandport Driver Interface 传输驱动程序接口网络释义TDI:甲苯二异氰酸酯|Test Data Input|涡轮增压直接喷射(发动机) PW-TDI:像技术42．TMS基本翻译n. 传输测试器(运输监控系统)网络释义TMS:transcranial magnetic stimulationTMS JTAG:模式控制信号Lochaine TMS:洛勤公路运输管理系统43．TDO基本翻译=Technical Data Office 技术数据处网络释义TDO:Test Data Output|一家专业生产二氧化硫脲TDO Tornado:龙卷风TDO Testing Data Out:测试数据输出44．TRST网络释义TRST:测试点|测试复位TRST JTAG:测试复位信号45．TCK基本翻译n. 轨迹(追踪)网络释义TCK:矮腥黑穗病|and Technology Compatibility KitTCK JTAG:测试时钟信号B tck to Back L/C:背对背信用证46．SCLK网络释义SCLK:频率合成器时钟|频率合成时钟信号|串行数据时钟输入端SCLK Synchronous CLocK:同步时钟SCLK SimplifiedCLocK:简化的时钟47．SDATA网络释义SDATA:高电平时触发串行数据线|频率合成数据|资料线48．alert [?'l?:t]基本翻译a. 警觉的,灵敏的,留心的网络释义alert:机灵的|警惕的|敏锐的J-ALERT:全国瞬时警报システムalert n.:报警|警戒(状态), 戒备(状态)49．VSET网络释义VSET:其电压选择|参考电压选择|充电电流控制50．GND基本翻译n. 电接地网络释义Gnd:接地|地，接地|接地点GND B:蓝色分量地线GND R:红色分量地线51．speed [spi:d]基本翻译n. 速度,迅速,超速v. 加速,超速,推进网络释义SPEED:速度|身前快速运球|生死时速x Speed:红烛时空游侠SPEED 2:生死时速2|捍卫战警252．addr基本翻译n. address的缩写内存地址网络释义ADDR:地址寄存器|寄存器addr.:缩略语BD_ADDR:蓝牙设备地址53．req网络释义req:请求文件格式〖后缀|等效电阻|需求req_dex:未知.但是可以肯定是带装备的要求req_sex:装备的性别要求54．FERR网络释义FERR:铁蛋白|帧错误ferr=iron:铁FERR Ferrite:陶铁磁体55．intr网络释义intr:执行软中断|机械制造概论|静脉注射ir intr.:去，走去caer intr.:落到，轮到56．NMI基本翻译abbr. no middle initial 无中名的姓名首字母缩写网络释义NMI:非屏蔽中断|Non-Maskable InterruptNMI-T:理接口TNMI-A:间的接口|理接口A57．SMI基本翻译n. 标准量测仪器(法定英里)网络释义SMI:Structure of Management InformationSMI-S:Storage Management Initiative Specification SMI-US:中芯国际58．defer [di'f?:]基本翻译v. 延期网络释义defer to:尊重defer vt.:推迟，延期DE Defer:延期59．DRDY网络释义DRDY:数据准备就绪DRDY-A:开关电源60．init基本翻译n. 从开关网络释义Init:初始化|预置|空闲引脚INIT# O:初始化打印机init file:初始文件61．lock [l?k]基本翻译n. 锁,刹车,水闸v. 锁,上锁,拘禁[计算机] 锁定网络释义lock:锁|上锁|锁定终端K．LOCK:操作键盘锁V-LOCK:外同步|时钟脉冲|外部同期62．BPM网络释义BPM:业务流程管理|Business Process Managemente-BPM:流程管理FD-BPM:束传输法|光束传播法63．bypass ['bai,pɑ:s]基本翻译v. 绕开, 忽视n. 支路，旁道网络释义bypass:旁路|旁通管|迂回路Bypass m:旁通，支路，旁路BY bypass:旁通64．LFE网络释义LFE:低频效果|效果|低频音效long-lfe ml:保久奶LFE Low Bit-rate Coding:低码率编码65．SDATA网络释义SDATA:高电平时触发串行数据线|频率合成数据|资料线。
基于单片机的开关电源外文参考文献译文及原文
本科毕业设计(论文) 外文参考文献译文及原文学院信息工程学院专业信息工程年级班别学号学生姓名指导教师目录译文 (1)基于单片机的开关电源 (1)1、用途 (1)2、简介 (1)3、分类 (2)4、开关电源的分类 (3)5、技术发展动向 (4)6、原理简介 (6)7、电路原理 (7)8、DC/DC变换 (8)9、AC/DC变换 (8)原文 (10)The design Based onsingle chip switching power supply (10)1、uses (10)2、Introduction (10)3、classification (11)4、the switching power supply. (13)5、technology developments (14)6、the principle of Introduction (17)7、the circuit schematic (18)8、the DC / DC conversion (19)9, AC / DC conversion (20)译文基于单片机的开关电源1、用途开关电源产品广泛应用于工业自动化控制、军工设备、科研设备、LED 照明、工控设备、通讯设备、电力设备、仪器仪表、医疗设备、半导体制冷制热、空气净化器，电子冰箱，液晶显示器，LED灯具，通讯设备，视听产品，安防，电脑机箱，数码产品和仪器类等领域。
2、简介随着电力电子技术的高速发展，电力电子设备与人们的工作、生活的关系日益密切，而电子设备都离不开可靠的电源，进入80年代计算机电源全面实现了开关电源化，率先完成计算机的电源换代，进入90年代开关电源相继进入各种电子、电器设备领域，程控交换机、通讯、电子检测设备电源、控制设备电源等都已广泛地使用了开关电源，更促进了开关电源技术的迅速发展。
开关电源是利用现代电力电子技术，控制开关晶体管开通和关断的时间比率，维持稳定输出电压的一种电源，开关电源一般由脉冲宽度调制（PWM）控制IC和开关器件（MOSFET、BJT等）构成。
外文翻译--开关模式电源
中文4060字外文文献Switched-mode power supplyA switched-mode power supply (also switching-mode power supply, SMPS, or simply switcher) is an electronic power supply unit (PSU) that incorporates a switching regulator. While a linear regulator maintains the desired output voltage by dissipating excess power in a pass power transistor, the switched-mode power supply switches a power transistor between saturation (full on) and cutoff (completely off) with a variable duty cycle whose average is the desired output voltage. It switches at a much-higher frequency (tens to hundreds of kHz) than that of the AC line (mains), which means that the transformer that it feeds can be much smaller than one connected directly to the line/mains. Switching creates a rectangular waveform that typically goes to the primary of the transformer; typically several secondaries feed rectifiers, series inductors, and filter capacitors to provide various DC outputs with low ripple.The main advantage of this method is greater efficiency because the switching transistor dissipates little power in the saturated state and the off state compared to the semiconducting state (active region). Other advantages include smaller size and lighter weight (from the elimination of low frequency transformers which have a high weight) and lower heat generation due to higher efficiency. Disadvantages include greater complexity, the generation of high amplitude, high frequency energy that the low-pass filter must block to avoid electromagnetic interference (EMI), and a ripple voltage at the switching frequency and the harmonic frequencies thereof.A note about terminologyAlthough the term "power supply" has been in use since radios were first powered from the line/mains, that does not mean that it is a source of power, in the sense that a battery provides power. It is simply a device that (usually) accepts commercial AC power and provides one or more DC outputs. It would be more correctly referred to as a power converter, but long usage has established the term. ClassificationSMPS can be classified into four types according to the input and output waveforms: AC in, DC out: rectifier, off-line converter input stageDC in, DC out: voltage converter, or current converter, or DC to DC converterAC in, AC out: frequency changer, cycloconverter, transformerDC in, AC out: inverterInput rectifier stageIf the SMPS has an AC input, then the first stage is to convert the input to DC. This is called rectification. The rectifier circuit can be configured as a voltage doubler by the addition of a switch operated either manually or automatically. This is a feature of larger supplies to permit operation from nominally 120 volt or 240 volt supplies. The rectifier produces an unregulated DC voltage which is then sent to a large filter capacitor. The current drawn from the mains supply by this rectifier circuit occurs in short pulses around the AC voltage peaks. These pulses have significant high frequency energy which reduces the power factor. Special control techniques can be employed by the following SMPS to force the average input current to follow the sinusoidal shape of the AC input voltage thus the designer should try correcting the power factor. An SMPS with a DC input does not require this stage. An SMPS designed for AC input can often be run from a DC supply (for 230V AC this would be 330V DC), as the DC passes through the rectifier stage unchanged. It's however advisable to consult the manual before trying this, though most supplies are quite capable of such operation even though nothing is mentioned in the documentation. However, this type of use may be harmful to the rectifier stage as it will only utilize half of diodes in the rectifier for the full load. This may result in overheating of these components, and cause them to fail prematurely.If an input range switch is used, the rectifier stage is usually configured to operate as a voltage doubler when operating on the low voltage (~120 V AC) range and as a straight rectifier when operating on the high voltage (~240 V AC) range. If an input range switch is not used, then a full-wave rectifier is usually used and the downstream inverter stage is simply designed to be flexible enough to accept the wide range of dc voltages that will be produced by the rectifier stage. In higher-power SMPSs, some form of automatic range switching may be used.Inverter stageThe inverter stage converts DC, whether directly from the input or from the rectifier stage described above, to AC by running it through a power oscillator, whoseoutput transformer is very small with few windings at a frequency of tens or hundreds of kilohertz (kHz). The frequency is usually chosen to be above 20 kHz, to make it inaudible to humans. The output voltage is optically coupled to the input and thus very tightly controlled. The switching is implemented as a multistage (to achieve high gain) MOSFET amplifier. MOSFETs are a type of transistor with a low on-resistance and a high current-handling capacity. Since only the last stage has a large duty cycle, previous stages can be implemented by bipolar transistors leading to roughly the same efficiency. The second last stage needs to be of a complementary design, where one transistor charges the last MOSFET and another one discharges the MOSFET. A design using a resistor would run idle most of the time and reduce efficiency. All earlier stages do not weight into efficiency because power decreases by a factor of 10 for every stage (going backwards) and thus the earlier stages are responsible for at most 1% of the efficiency. This section refers to the block marked Chopper in the block diagram.V oltage converter and output rectifierIf the output is required to be isolated from the input, as is usually the case in mains power supplies, the inverted AC is used to drive the primary winding of a high-frequency transformer. This converts the voltage up or down to the required output level on its secondary winding. The output transformer in the block diagram serves this purpose.If a DC output is required, the AC output from the transformer is rectified. For output voltages above ten volts or so, ordinary silicon diodes are commonly used. For lower voltages, Schottky diodes are commonly used as the rectifier elements; they have the advantages of faster recovery times than silicon diodes (allowing low-loss operation at higher frequencies) and a lower voltage drop when conducting. For even lower output voltages, MOSFETs may be used as synchronous rectifiers; compared to Schottky diodes, these have even lower conducting state voltage drops.The rectified output is then smoothed by a filter consisting of inductors and capacitors. For higher switching frequencies, components with lower capacitance and inductance are needed.Simpler, non-isolated power supplies contain an inductor instead of a transformer. This type includes boost converters, buck converters, and the so called buck-boost converters. These belong to the simplest class of single input, single output converters which utilize one inductor and one active switch. The buck converter reduces the input voltage in direct proportion to the ratio of conductive time to the total switchingperiod, called the duty cycle. For example an ideal buck converter with a 10 V input operating at a 50% duty cycle will produce an average output voltage of 5 V. A feedback control loop is employed to regulate the output voltage by varying the duty cycle to compensate for variations in input voltage. The output voltage of a boost converter is always greater than the input voltage and the buck-boost output voltage is inverted but can be greater than, equal to, or less than the magnitude of its input voltage. There are many variations and extensions to this class of converters but these three form the basis of almost all isolated and non-isolated DC to DC converters. By adding a second inductor the Ćuk and SEPIC converters can be implemented, or, by adding additional active switches, various bridge converters can be realised.Other types of SMPSs use a capacitor-diode voltage multiplier instead of inductors and transformers. These are mostly used for generating high voltages at low currents (Cockcroft-Walton generator). The low voltage variant is called charge pump. RegulationA feedback circuit monitors the output voltage and compares it with a reference voltage, which is set manually or electronically to the desired output. If there is an error in the output voltage, the feedback circuit compensates by adjusting the timing with which the MOSFETs are switched on and off. This part of the power supply is called the switching regulator. The Chopper controller shown in the block diagram serves this purpose. Depending on design/safety requirements, the controller may or may not contain an isolation mechanism (such as opto-couplers) to isolate it from the DC output. Switching supplies in computers, TVs and VCRs have these opto-couplers to tightly control the output voltage.Open-loop regulators do not have a feedback circuit. Instead, they rely on feeding a constant voltage to the input of the transformer or inductor, and assume that the output will be correct. Regulated designs compensate for the parasitic capacitance of the transformer or coil. Monopolar designs also compensate for the magnetic hysteresis of the core.The feedback circuit needs power to run before it can generate power, so an additional non-switching power-supply for stand-by is added.Transformer designSMPS transformers run at high frequency. Most of the cost savings (and space savings) in off-line power supplies come from the fact that a high frequency transformer is much smaller than the 50/60 Hz transformers formerly used.There are several differences in the design of transformers for 50 Hz vs 500 kHz. Firstly a low frequency transformer usually transfers energy through its core (soft iron), while the (usually ferrite) core of a high frequency transformer limits leakage. Since the waveforms in a SMPS are generally high speed (PWM square waves), the wiring must be capable of supporting high harmonics of the base frequency due to the skin effect, which is a major source of power loss.Power factorSimple off-line switched mode power supplies incorporate a simple full wave rectifier connected to a large energy storing capacitor. Such SMPSs draw current from the AC line in short pulses when the mains instantaneous voltage exceeds the voltage across this capacitor. During the remaining portion of the AC cycle the capacitor provides energy to the power supply.As a result, the input current of such basic switched mode power supplies has high harmonic content and relatively low power factor. This creates extra load on utility lines, increases heating of the utility transformers and standard AC electric motors, and may cause stability problems in some applications such as in emergency generator systems or aircraft generators. Harmonics can be removed through the use of filter banks but the filtering is expensive, and the power utility may require a business with a very low power factor to purchase and install the filtering onsite.In 2001 the European Union put into effect the standard IEC/EN61000-3-2 to set limits on the harmonics of the AC input current up to the 40th harmonic for equipment above 75 W. The standard defines four classes of equipment depending on its type and current waveform. The most rigorous limits (class D) are established for personal computers, computer monitors, and TV receivers. In order to comply with these requirements modern switched-mode power supplies normally include an additional power factor correction (PFC) stage.Putting a current regulated boost chopper stage after the off-line rectifier (to charge the storage capacitor) can help correct the power factor, but increases the complexity (and cost).Quasiresonant ZCS/ZVSA quasiresonant ZCS/ZVS switch (Zero Current/Zero Voltage) is a design where "each switch cycle delivers a quantized 'packet' of energy to the converter output, and switch turn-on and turn-off occurs at zero current and voltage, resulting in an essentially lossless switch."EfficiencyHigher input voltage and synchronous rectification mode makes the conversion process more efficient. Higher switch frequency allows component size to be shrunk, but suffer from radio frequency (RF) properties on the other hand. The power consumption of the controller also has to be taken into account.ApplicationsSwitched-mode PSUs in domestic products such as personal computers often have universal inputs, meaning that they can accept power from most mains supplies throughout the world, with rated frequencies from 50 Hz to 60 Hz and voltages from 100 V to 240 V (although a manual voltage range switch may be required). In practice they will operate from a much wider frequency range and often from a DC supply as well. In 2006, at an Intel Developers Forum, Google engineers proposed the use of a single 12 V supply inside PCs, due to the high efficiency of switch mode supplies directly on the PCB.Most modern desktop and laptop computers already have a DC-DC converter on the motherboard, to step down the voltage from the PSU or the battery to the CPU core voltage, as low as 0.8 V for a low voltage CPU to 1.2-1.5 V for a desktop CPU as of 2007. Most laptop computers also have a DC-AC inverter to step up the voltage from the battery to drive the backlight, typically around 1000 Vrms.Certain applications, such as in automobile industry where ordinary cars often use 12 V DC and in some industrial settings, DC supply is chosen to avoid hum and interference and ease the integration of capacitors and batteries used to buffer the voltage. Most small aircraft use 28 V DC, but larger aircraft like Boeing-747 often use up to 90 kV A 3-phase at 200 V AC 400 Hz, though they often have a DC bus as well. Even fighter planes like F-16 use 400 Hz power. The MD-81 airplane has an 115/200 V 400 Hz AC and 28 V DC power system generated by three 40 kV A AC generators. Helicopters also use the 28 V DC system. Some submarines like the Soviet Alfa class submarine utilized two synchronous generators providing a variable three-phase current, 2 x 1500 kW, 400 V, 400 Hz. The space shuttle uses three fuel cells generating 30 - 36 V DC. Some is converted into 400 Hz AC power and 28 V DC power. The International Space Station uses 120 V DC power. Larger trucks uses 24 V DC.See also: Avionics, Airplane ground supportIn the case of TV sets, for example, one can test the excellent regulation of thepower supply by using a variac. For example, in some models made by Philips, the power supply starts when the voltage reaches around 90 volts. From there, one can change the voltage with the variac, and go as low as 40 volts and as high as 260 (known such case that voltage was 360), and the image will show absolutely no alterations.TerminologyThe term switchmode was widely used until Motorola trademarked SWITCHMODE(TM), for products aimed at the switching-mode power supply market, and started to enforce their trademark.外文翻译开关模式电源开关模式电源（也开关式电源，开关电源，或只是交换机）是一种电子电源供应器（电源），包含了开关稳压器。
外文翻译--高频开关电源介绍
The Introduction OfHigh Frequency Switching Power SupplyIntroduction:High frequency switching power supply (also called switch rectifier SMR) through the MOSFET or the high frequency IGBT, switch frequency control in 50-100 KHZ, within the scope of efficient and realize miniaturization. In recent years, switch rectifier power capacity expansion, the capacity of himself, from the volt 48V/12.5A、48V/20A to48V/200A、48V/400A。
High frequency switching power supply is traditional rectifier (silicon rectifier, silicon-controlled rectifier) upgrade alternative products. High frequency switching power supply with convenient use, small size, high efficiency, stable work, coating meticulous etc absolute superiority quickly dominate the market. Widely used in electroplating electrolysis surface treatment industry oxidation and get old and new customers.Product features:一．This product USES imported brand components and international advanced bridge in precision machining technology of inverter, and make the performance is stable, the quality is reliable.二．For high-frequency pulse waveforms output ripple coefficient, the 1%, can improve the number of plating and surface aestivation, refuse the gloss and got a dark corner of plating. And can reduce the loss, raw materials of plating industry of special requirements.三．SFG series high frequency switching power supply by air-filled type design, installation convenience. With remote control device, easy for operation. Can bring load switch machine, reduce the adjustment of the complex procedures.四. Small volume light weight the comprehensive use of anticorrosive craft,enhance the ability of anti-corrosion products, prolong the life.五. Energy saving, high working efficiency reached more than 90%, any more than a linear always voltage matching. Save the traditional rectifier regulator and the energy loss, in more than 35%, greatly reduce the cost, the reason of surface treatment industryHigh frequency switching power supply一．The main circuitFrom the input and output of dc exchange network, including:1．The whole the effect is input filter: there will be the clutter power filter, also hindered the feedback to produce clutter of public power.2．And rectification and filtering: ac power grid directly to a smooth dc rectification, in order to the next level.3．Inverter: after rectifying dc into high frequency alternating, this is the core part of switch power supply, the higher the frequency volume, and weight and output power than smaller.4．And output rectifier and filtering: according to provide reliable, load of the dc power supply.Second control circuit：On one hand, the sample from the output terminal with setting standards, and then compared to control the inverter, change the frequency or pulse width, achieve output stability, on the other hand, according to the test circuit, the information provided by differential protection circuit, control circuit of various protection measures.Third detection circuit：In addition to providing protection circuit is running in the various parameters but also provide various display meter data.Four, the auxiliary powerTo provide all the different requirements of a circuit switching voltage control principleSwitch to certain time interval K repeatedly through and disconnect the switch, the power input, K E through switch and filter circuits provide load RL, throughout theswitch power load during to provide energy, E, When the switch, input power disconnection K E will provide energy interrupted. Visible, to provide the energy input power load is intermittent, for the load can be provided for energy switching power supply, a storage device, must be in switch will be part of the energy stored in the switch to load, release. In the figure, the inductance and capacitance C2 and diode L circuit, is composed of D this function. Inductance used in storing energy, l., and stored in the switch of energy through the diode inductance L D, released to load get steady and continuous energy, because diode D make continuous load current, so called free-wheeling diode. In EAB average voltage between AB says: under the type used:EAB = TON/T * EFor every TON of time, the switch to switch the huge T works cycle (i.e. switch time TON TOFF cut-off time and sum).By type, changing switch time and work cycle, the ratio between the average voltage AB also changed, therefore, with the load and the input voltage changes automatically adjusted TON and the proportion of T he can make the output voltage V0 remain unchanged. Change through Time and work cycle TON of pulse that changing proportion of this method, SHCH as "Time Ratio Control" (from Time, abbreviation for TRC).According to the control principle TRC have three ways:A Pulse Width Modulation (Pulse Width Modulation, the abbreviation for PWM) Switch is constant, by changing the pulse width to change the way SHCH. Second, Pulse Frequency, Pulse Modulation (some Modulation abbreviated PFM) The constant change of the pulse width, through the working frequency switches to change the way SHCH.Third, mix modulationConduction pulse width and switch jobs are not fixed frequency, each other can change the way, and it is more than two ways of mixed.High frequency switching power supply [1] don't need to increase speed switches cantheoretically the switch loss to zero, and noise is smallThe development of switch powerSwitching power supply for has the advantages of small size, light weight, high efficiency, low calorific value and stable performance advantages and gradually replace traditional manufacturing technology of continuous work power, and widely used in electronic machine and equipment. In the 1980s, the full realization of computer, the switching power supply complete computer. In the 1990s, switch power supply in electronics, electrical equipment, and home appliance field has been widely applied; switch power technology into rapid development.Switching voltage stabilizer adopts power semiconductor as switch, through the control switch SHCH adjustment output voltage. In power transistors (GTR), for example, when a switch tube saturated conductivity, the collector and emitter on both ends of the pressure drop to zero, When the switch tube, the collector current deadline to zero. So the consumption, efficiency can be up to 70-95. While consumption also decrease. Radiator switching voltage stabilizer for grid voltage directly rectifier, filter, and then adjusted by adjusting voltage switch pipe, need not power transformer. In addition, switch frequency for dozens of KHZ, filter capacitor, inductor value. Therefore switching power supply is light weight, small size, etc.In addition, due to the low consumption, low temperature; improve the stability and reliability of the machine. And on the grid adaptive capability has increased, the average power serial Manos tat allows for 220 ± 10% fluctuate, but switching voltage stabilizer in voltage in a 110-260 volts range change, can obtain stable output voltage.The high frequency switching power supply is the development of technology innovation technology, high frequency of the benefit is that switching power supply device to miniaturization, and make an unprecedented power switch into a wide range of areas, especially in the high-tech fields of application, promote the high-tech products of miniaturization, light. Now on the market of switch power supply power tube with a bipolar transistor, switch frequency can reach several KHZ, The switch power MOSFET using frequency conversion of hundreds of KHZ. To improve theswitch frequency, must adopt high speed switching devices. For the power switch frequency than MHZ available resonant circuit this way of working is called resonant switching mode.It can greatly improve switch speed, theoretically switch loss to zero, the noise is small, and it is to improve the working frequency of switch power. By way of resonant switching converter has practical level MHZ. Pursuit of switch power supply technical development trend and can be summarized in the following four aspects.A miniaturization, thin, light, high frequency switching power supply of -- of volume, weight is mainly composed of storage devices (magnetic components and capacitance), so the miniaturization of switch power supply is essentially to minimize the volume of storage devices, In a certain range, the switch frequency, not only can effectively reduce capacitance and inductance and the size of the transformer, but also can restrain the interference, improve the dynamic performance of the system. Therefore, high frequency switching power is the main development direction.Second, high reliability - the use of switch power supply for a job than components ten times, thus increasing the reliability. From the Angle of life, capacitors, optical coupler and platoon devices such as life determines the communication power of life. So, from design, use less as far as possible, improve integration. Such not only solved the reliability of complex, the circuit, also increases protection function, simplify the circuit improve MTBF.Third, low noise - one of switch power supply noise is. Simply pursuit of high frequency and noise also is met subsequently increased. The partial resonant converting circuit technology, in principle on which can not only improve the frequency and can reduce the noise. So, as far as possible to reduce the noise influence of switch power supply is a development direction.Four, using computer aided design and control -- USES the latest technology design CDD CAA and transformation of topology and the best parameters, make the switch power structure and the best condition. Jane, in the circuit into microcomputers detection and control, monitoring system, can form multi-function real-time detection, record and automatic alarm and etc.The development of switch power supply is and semiconductor devices and the development of magnetic components. The high frequency, need corresponding high-speed semiconductorA high-frequency electromagnetic with excellent performance. Development power MOSFET, IGBT etc, develop new high-speed device with low frequency magnetic materials, improving the loss of magnetic components of the structure and the design method, enhances the filter capacitor dielectric constant and reduce its equivalent series resistor etc, to switch power miniaturization has produced a great impetus高频开关电源介绍简介高频开关电源(也称为开关型整流器SMR)通过MOSFET或IGBT的高频工作，开关频率一般控制在50-100kHz范围内，实现高效率和小型化。
外文翻译：智能开关电源
Intelligent switch power supply英文：With the rapid development of electronic technology, application field of electronic system is more and more extensive, electronic equipment, there are more and more people work with electronic equipment, life is increasingly close relationship. Any electronic equipment are inseparable from reliable power supply for power requirements, they more and more is also high. Electronic equipment miniaturized and low cost in the power of light and thin, small and efficient for development direction. The traditional transistors series adjustment manostat is continuous control linear manostat. This traditional manostat technology more mature, and there has been a large number of integrated linear manostat module, has the stable performance is good, output ripple voltage small, reliable operation, etc. But usually need are bulky and heavy industrial frequency transformer and bulk and weight are big filter.In the 1950s, NASA to miniaturization, light weight as the goal, for a rocket carrying the switch power development. In almost half a century of development process, switch power because of its small volume, light weight, high efficiency, wide range, voltage advantages in electric, control, computer, and many other areas of electronic equipment has been widely used. In the 1980s, a computer is made up of all of switch power supply, the first complete computer power generation. Throughout the 1990s, switching power supply in electronics, electrical equipment, home appliances areas to be widely, switch power technology into the rapid development. In addition, large scale integrated circuit technology, and the rapid development of switch power supply with a qualitative leap, raised high frequency power products of, miniaturization, modular tide.Power switch tube, PWM controller and high-frequency transformer is an indispensable part of the switch power supply. The traditional switch power supply is normally made by using high frequency power switch tube division and the pins, such as using PWM integrated controller UC3842 + MOSFET is domestic small powerswitch power supply, the design method of a more popularity.Since the 1970s, emerged in many function complete integrated control circuit, switch power supply circuit increasingly simplified, working frequency enhances unceasingly, improving efficiency, and for power miniaturization provides the broad prospect. Three end off-line pulse width modulation monolithic integrated circuit TOP (Three switch Line) will Terminal Off with power switch MOSFET PWM controller one package together, has become the mainstream of switch power IC development. Adopt TOP switch IC design switch power, can make the circuit simplified, volume further narrowing, cost also is decreased obviouslyMonolithic switching power supply has the monolithic integrated, the minimalist peripheral circuit, best performance index, no work frequency transformer can constitute a significant advantage switching power supply, etc. American PI (with) company in Power in the mid 1990s first launched the new high frequency switching Power supply chip, known as the "top switch Power", with low cost, simple circuit, higher efficiency. The first generation of products launched in 1994 represented TOP100/200 series, the second generation product is the TOP Switch - debuted in 1997 Ⅱ. The above products once appeared showed strong vitality and he greatly simplifies thedesign of 150W following switching power supply and the development of new products for the new job, also, high efficiency and low cost switch power supply promotion and popularization created good condition, which can be widely used in instrumentation, notebook computers, mobile phones, TV, VCD and DVD, perturbation VCR, mobile phone battery chargers, power amplifier and other fields, and form various miniaturization, density, on price can compete with the linear manostat AC/DC power transformation module.Switching power supply to integrated direction of future development will be the main trend, power density will more and more big, to process requirements will increasingly high. In semiconductor devices and magnetic materials, no new breakthrough technology progress before major might find it hard to achieve, technology innovation will focus on how to improve the efficiency and focus onreducing weight. Therefore, craft level will be in the position of power supply manufacturing higher in. In addition, the application of digital control IC is the future direction of the development of a switch power. This trust in DSP for speed and anti-interference technology unceasing enhancement. As for advanced control method, now the individual feels haven't seen practicability of the method appears particularly strong,perhaps with the popularity of digital control, and there are some new control theory into switching power supply.（1）The technology: with high frequency switching frequencies increase, switch converter volume also decrease, power density has also been boosted, dynamic response improved. Small power DC - DC converter switch frequency will rise to MHz. But as the switch frequency unceasing enhancement, switch components and passive components loss increases, high-frequency parasitic parameters and high-frequency EMI and so on the new issues will also be caused.（2）Soft switching technologies: in order to improve the efficiency of non-linearity of various soft switch, commutation technical application and hygiene, representative of soft switch technology is passive and active soft switch technology, mainly including zero voltage switch/zero current switch (ZVS/ZCS) resonance, quasi resonant, zero voltage/zero current pulse width modulation technology (ZVS/ZCS - PWM) and zero voltage transition/zero current transition pulse width modulation (PWM) ZVT/ZCT - technical, etc. By means of soft switch technology can effectively reduce switch loss and switch stress, help converter transformation efficiency （3）Power factor correction technology (IC simplifies PFC). At present mainly divided into IC simplifies PFC technology passive and active IC simplifies PFC technology using IC simplifies PFC technology two kinds big, IC simplifies PFC technology can improve AC - DC change device input power factor, reduce the harmonic pollution of power grid.（4）Modular technology. Modular technology can meet the needs of the distributed power system, enhance the system reliability.（5）Low output voltage technology. With the continuous development of semiconductor manufacturing technology, microprocessor and portable electronic devices work more and more low, this requires future DC - DC converter can provide low output voltage to adapt microprocessor and power supply requirement of portable electronic devicesPeople in switching power supply technical fields are edge developing related power electronics device, the side of frequency conversion technology, development of switch between mutual promotion push switch power supply with more than two year growth toward light, digital small, thin, low noise and high reliability, anti-interference direction. Switching powersupply can be divided into the AC/DC and DC/DC two kinds big, also have AC/AC DC/AC as inverter DC/DC converter is now realize modular, and design technology and production process at home and abroad, are mature and standardization, and has approved by users, but the AC/DC modular, because of its own characteristics in the process of making modular, meet more complex technology and craft manufacture problems. The following two types of switch power supply respectively on the structure and properties of this.Switching power supply is the development direction of high frequency, high reliability, low consumption, low noise, anti-jamming and modular. Because light switch power, small, thin key techniques are changed, so high overseas each big switch power supply manufacturer are devoted to the development of new high intelligent synchronous rectifier, especially the improvement of secondary devices of the device, and power loss of Zn ferrite (Mn) material? By increasing scientific and technological innovation, to enhance in high frequency and larger magnetic flux density (Bs) can get high magnetic under the miniaturization of, and capacitor is a key technology. SMT technology application makes switching power supply has made considerable progress, both sides in the circuitboard to ensure that decorate components of switch power supply light, small, thin. The high frequency switching power supply of the traditional PWM must innovate switch technology, to realize the ZCS ZVS, soft switch technology hasbecome the mainstream of switch power supply technical, and greatly improve the efficiency of switch power. For high reliability index, America's switch power producers, reduce by lowering operating current measures such as junction temperature of the device, in order to reduce stress the reliability of products made greatly increased.Modularity is of the general development of switch power supply trend can be modular power component distributed power system, can be designed to N + 1 redundant system, and realize the capacity expansion parallel. According to switch power running large noise this one defect, if separate the pursuit of high frequency noise will increase its with the partial resonance, and transform circuit technology, high frequency can be realized in theory and can reduce the noise, but part of the practical application of resonant conversion technology still have a technical problem, so in this area still need to carry out a lot of work, in order to make the technology to practional utilization.Power electronic technology unceasing innovation, switch power supply industry has broad prospects for development. To speed up the development of switch power industry in China, we must walk speed of technological innovation road, combination with Chinese characteristics in the joint development path, for I the high-speed development of national economy to make the contribution. The basic principle and component functionAccording to the control principle of switch power to classification, we have the following 3 kinds of work mode:1) pulse width adjustment type, abbreviation Modulation Pulse Width pulse width Modulation (PWM) type, abbreviation for. Its main characteristic is fixed switching frequency, pulse width to adjust by changing voltage 390v, realize the purpose. Its core is the pulse width modulator. Switch cycle for designing filter circuit fixed provided convenience. However, its shortcomings is influenced by the power switch conduction time limit minimum of output voltage cannot be wide range regulation; In addition, the output will take dummy loads commonly (also called pre load), in order to prevent the drag elevated when output voltage. At present, most ofthe integrated switch power adopt PWM way.2) pulse frequency Modulation mode pulse frequency Modulation (, referred to Pulse Frequency Modulation, abbreviation for PFM) type. Its characteristic is will pulse width fixed by changing switch frequency to adjust voltage 390v, realize the purpose. Its core is the pulse frequency modulator. Circuit design to use fixed pulse-width generator to replace the pulse width omdulatros and use sawtooth wave generator voltage？Frequency converter (for example VCO changes frequency VCO). It on voltage stability principle is: when the output voltage Uo rises, the output signal controller pulse width unchanged and cycle longer, make Uo 390v decreases, and reduction. PFM type of switch power supply output voltage range is very wide, output terminal don't meet dummy loads. PWM way and way of PFM respectively modulating waveform is shown in figure 1 (a), (b) shows, tp says pulse width (namely power switch tube conduction time tON), T represent cycle. It can be easy to see the difference between the two. But they have something in common: (1) all use time ratio control (TRC) on voltage stability principle, whether change tp, finally adjustment or T is pulse 390v. Although adopted in different ways, but control goals, is all rivers run into the sea. (2) when load by light weight, or input voltage respectively, from high changed by increasing the pulse width, higher frequency method to make the output voltage remained stable.3) mix modulation mode, it is to point to the pulse width and switching frequency is not fixed, each other can change, it belongs to the way the PWM and PFM blend mode. It contains a pulsewidthomdulatros and pulse frequency modulator. Because and T all can adjust alone, so occupies emptiescompared to adjust the most wide range, suitable for making the output voltage for laboratories that use a wide range of can adjust switching power supply. Above 3 work collectively referred to as "Time Ratio Control" (as a Control, from TRC) way. As noted, pulse width omdulatros either as a independent IC use (for example UC3842 type pulse width omdulatros), can also be integrated in DC/DC converter (for example LM2576 type switching voltage regulators integrated circuit), still can integration in AC/DC converter (for exampleTOP250 type monolithic integrated circuit switching power supply. Among them, the switching voltage regulators belong to DC/DC power converter, switching power supply general for AC/DC power converter.The typical structure of switch power as figure1shows, its working principle is: the first utility into power rectifier and filtering into high voltage dc and then through the switch circuit and high-frequency switch to high frequency low pressure pulse transformer, and then after rectification and filter circuits, finally output low voltage dc power. Meanwhile in the output parts have a circuit feedback to control circuit, through the control PWM occupies emptiescompared to achieve output voltage stability.Figure 1 typical structure of switch power supplySwitching power supply by these four components:1) the main circuit: exchange network input, from the main circuit to dc output. Mainly includes input filter, rectifier and filtering, inverter, and output rectifier and filtering.(1) input filter: its effect is the power grid existing clutter filtering, also hinder the machine produces clutter feedback to public power grid.(2) rectifier and filter: the power grid ac power directly for a smooth dc rectifier, for the next level transformation.(3) inverter: will the dc after rectifying a high-frequency ac, this is the core of high frequency switching power supply, the higher the frequency, the volume, weight and the ratio of power output and smaller.(4) Out put rectifier and filter: according to load needs, providing stable and reliable dc power supply. 2) control circuit: on the one hand, from the output bysampling with set standards to compare, and then to control inverter, changing its frequency or pulse width, achieve output stability, on the other hand, according to data provided by the test circuit, the protection circuit differential, provide control circuit to the machine to various protection measures. Including the output feedback circuit and sampling circuit, pulse width modulator. 3) the detection and protection circuit: detection circuit had current detection, over-voltage detection, owe voltage detection, overheat detection, etc.; Protection circuit can be divided over current protection, over-voltage protection, owe voltage protection, the ground-clamp protection, overheating protection, automatic restart, soft start, slow startup, etc. Various types. 4) Other circuit: if the sawtooth wave generator, offset circuit, optical coupler, etc.智能开关电源中文：随着电子技术的高速发展，电子系统的应用领域越来越广泛，电子设备的种类也越来越多，电子设备与人们的工作、生活的关系日益密切。
开关电源专业电子中英文词汇
开关电源专业电子中英文词汇Absorber Circuit 吸收电路AC/AC Frequency Converter 交交变频电路AC power control交流电力控制AC Power Controller交流调功电路AC Power Electronic Switch交流电力电子开关Ac Voltage Controller交流调压电路Asynchronous Modulation异步调制Baker Clamping Circuit 贝克箝位电路Bi-directional Triode Thyristor双向晶闸管Bipolar Junction Transistor-- BJT双极结型晶体管Boost-Buck Chopper 升降压斩波电路Boost Chopper 升压斩波电路Boost Converter 升压变换器Bridge Reversible Chopper 桥式可逆斩波电路Buck Chopper 降压斩波电路Buck Converter 降压变换器Commutation 换流Conduction Angle 导通角Constant Voltage Constant Frequency --CVCF 恒压恒频Continuous Conduction—CCM （电流）连续模式Control Circuit 控制电路Cuk Circuit CUK 斩波电路Current Reversible Chopper 电流可逆斩波电路Current Source Type Inverter--CSTI 电流（源）型逆变电路Cycloconvertor 周波变流器DC-AC-DC Converter直交直电路DC Chopping 直流斩波DC Chopping Circuit 直流斩波电路DC-DC Converter 直流－直流变换器Device Commutation 器件换流Direct Current Control 直接电流控制Discontinuous Conduction mode （电流）断续模式displacement factor 位移因数distortion power 畸变功率double end converter 双端电路driving circuit 驱动电路electrical isolation 电气隔离fast acting fuse 快速熔断器fast recovery diode 快恢复二极管fast revcovery epitaxial diodes快恢复外延二极管fast switching thyristor 快速晶闸管field controlled thyristor 场控晶闸管flyback converter 反激电流forced commutation 强迫换流forward converter 正激电路frequency converter 变频器full bridge converter 全桥电路full bridge rectifier 全桥整流电路full wave rectifier 全波整流电路fundamental factor 基波因数gate turn-off thyristor——GTO可关断晶闸管general purpose diode普通二极管giant transistor——GTR电力晶体管half bridge converter 半桥电路hard switching 硬开关high voltage IC 高压集成电路hysteresis comparison 带环比较方式indirect current control 间接电流控制indirect DC-DC converter 直接电流变换电路insulated-gate bipolar transistor-----IGBT绝缘栅双极晶体管intelligent power module-------IPM智能功率模块integrated gate-commutated thyristor------IGCT集成门极换流晶闸管inversion 逆变latching effect 擎住效应leakage inductance 漏感light triggered thyristo---LTT光控晶闸管line commutation 电网换流load commutation 负载换流loop current 环流Schottky Barrier Diode 肖特基二极管。
史上最全的开关电源专业英语词汇
史上最全的开关电源专业英语词汇史上最全的开关电源专业英语词汇母线:Busbar输电线:TransmissionLine发电厂:power plant断路器:Breaker刀闸(隔离开关):Isolator分接头:tap电动机:motor状态参数有功:active power无功:reactive power电流:current容量:capacity电压:voltage档位:tap position有功损耗:reactive loss无功损耗:active loss功率因数:power-factor功率:power功角:power-angle电压等级:voltage grade空载损耗:no-load loss铁损:iron loss铜损:copper loss空载电流:no-load current阻抗:impedance正序阻抗:positive sequence impedance负序阻抗:negative sequence impedance零序阻抗:zero sequence impedance电阻:resistor电抗:reactance电导:conductance电纳:susceptance无功负载:reactive load 或者QLoad有功负载: active load PLoad遥测:YC(telemetering)遥信:YX励磁电流(转子电流):magnetizing current定子:stator功角:power-angle上限:upper limit下限:lower limit并列的:apposable高压: high voltage低压:low voltage中压:middle voltage电力系统 power system发电机 generator励磁 excitation励磁器 excitor电压 voltage电流 current母线 bus变压器 transformer升压变压器 step-up transformer高压侧 high side输电系统 power transmission system输电线 transmission line固定串联电容补偿fixed series capacitor compensation稳定 stability电压稳定 voltage stability功角稳定 angle stability暂态稳定 transient stability电厂 power plant能量输送 power transfer交流 AC装机容量 installed capacity电网 power system落点 drop point开关站 switch station双回同杆并架double-circuit lines on the same tower变电站 transformer substation补偿度 degree of compensation高抗 high voltage shunt reactor无功补偿reactive power compensation故障 fault调节 regulation裕度 magin三相故障 three phase fault故障切除时间 fault clearing time极限切除时间 critical clearing time切机 generator triping高顶值 high limited value强行励磁 reinforced excitation线路补偿器LDC(line drop compensation)机端 generator terminal静态 static (state)动态 dynamic (state)单机无穷大系统 one machine - infinity bus system机端电压控制 AVR电抗 reactance电阻 resistance功角 power angle有功(功率) active power无功(功率) reactive power功率因数 power factor无功电流 reactive current下降特性 droop characteristics斜率 slope额定 rating变比 ratio参考值 reference value电压互感器 PT分接头 tap下降率 droop rate仿真分析 simulation analysis传递函数 transfer function框图 block diagram受端 receive-side裕度 margin同步 synchronization失去同步 loss of synchronization 阻尼 damping摇摆 swing保护断路器 circuit breaker电阻:resistance电抗:reactance阻抗:impedance电导:conductance电纳:susceptance导纳:admittance电感:inductance电容: capacitance电源英语词汇(三)coupling 耦合intermittent 周期的dislocation 错位propeller 螺旋桨switchgear 配电装置dispersion 差量flange 法兰盘dielectric 介电的binder 胶合剂alignment 定位elastomer 合成橡胶corollary 必然的结果rabbet 插槽vent 通风孔subtle 敏感的gearbox 变速箱plate 电镀crucial 决定性的flexible 柔性的technics 工艺ultimate 最终的resilience 弹性vendor 自动售货机partition 分类rigid 刚性的prototype 样机diagram 特性曲线interfere 干涉compatible 兼容的simulation 模拟clutch 离合器refinement 精加工fixture 夹具torque 扭矩responsive 敏感的tensile 拉伸cushion 减震器rib 肋strength 强度packing 包装metallized 金属化stress 应力mitigate 减轻trade off 折衷方案yield 屈伸line shaft 中间轴matrix 母体inherent 固有的spindle 主轴aperture 孔径conformance 适应性axle 心轴turbulence 扰动specification 规范semipermanent 半永久性的enclosure 机壳specialization 规范化bolt 螺栓oscillation 振幅calling 职业nut 螺母anneal 退火vitalize 激发screw 螺丝polymer 聚合体revelation 揭示fastner 紧固件bind 凝固dissemination 分发rivit 铆钉mount 支架booster 推进器hub 轴套distortion 变形contractual 契约的coaxial 同心的module 模块verdict 裁决crank 曲柄slide 滑块malfunction 故障inertia 惰性medium 介质allegedly 假定active 活性的dissipation 损耗controversy 辩论lubrication 润滑assembly 总装dictate 支配graphite 石墨encapsulate 封装incumbent 义不容辞的derivative 派生物adhesive 粘合剂validation 使生效contaminate 沾染turbine 涡轮procurement 收购asperity 粗糙bearing 支撑架mortality 失败率metalworking 金属加工isostatic 均衡的shed light on 阐明viscous 粘稠的osculate 接触adversely 有害的grinding 研磨imperative 强制的consistency 连续性corrosin 侵蚀lattice 晶格fitness 适应性flush 冲洗fracture 断裂warrant 保证inhibitor 防腐剂diffusivity 扩散率turning 车工dispersant 分散剂vice versa 反之亦然ways 导轨deteriorate 降低tribological 摩擦的hybrid 混合物neutralize 平衡screen 屏蔽ID=inside diameterpulley 滑轮exclusion 隔绝OD=outside diameter hydraulic 液压的insulation 绝缘reciprocate 往复运动delicate 精密的elaborate 加工dress 精整dampen 阻尼incontrovertible 无可争议的by and large 大体上pivotal 中枢的luminous 发光的plastic 塑胶utilitarian 功利主义out of round 失园organic 有机的grass root 基层premature 过早的film 薄膜state-of-the -art 技术发展水平guard 防护罩polyester 聚酯blade 托板permeate 渗入epoxy 环氧的carrier 载体spillage 溢出polypropylene 聚丙烯chuck 卡盘erosion 浸蚀photoconductive 光敏的infeed 横向进给routine 程序miniaturization 小型化lapping 抛光postprocess 后置处理asynchronism 异步milling 洗削solder-bump 焊点synchronization 同步speciality 专业grid 栅格respond 响应stroke 行程impedance 阻抗feedback 反馈attachment 备件approximately 大约aberrance 畸变tapered 楔形的purported 据说steady 稳态的casting 铸件consumable 消费品dynamic 动态的index 换档inductance 电感transient 瞬态的stop 挡块capacitance 电容coordinate 坐标contour 轮廓resistance 电容curve 曲线machine center 加工中心audion 三极管diagram 特性曲线capitalize 投资diode 二极管history 关系曲线potentiometer 电位器transistor 晶体管gradient 斜率know-how 实践知识choker 扼流圈parabola 抛物线potted 封装的filter 滤波器root 根mechatronics 机电一体化transformer 变压器eigenvalue 特征值stem from 起源于fuse 保险丝function 函数rule-based 基于规则的annular core 磁环vector 向量consolidation 巩固radiator 散热器reciprocal 倒数energize 激发regulator 稳压器virtual value 有效值synchronous 同时发生bobbin 骨架square root 平方根socket 插孔tape 胶带cube 立方polarity 极性ceramic capacitor 瓷片电容integral 积分armature 电枢electrolytic C 电解电容differential 微分installment 分期付款self-tapping screw 自攻螺丝hisgram 直方图lobe 凸起footprint 封装ratio 比率plunge 钻入resin 松香grade down 成比例降低servo 伺服机构solderability 可焊性proportion 比例dedicated 专用的shock 机械冲击inverse ratio 反比interpolation 插补endurance 耐久性direct ratio 正比compensation 校正initial value 初始值plus 加upload 加载flashing 飞弧subtract 减overload 过载canned 千篇一律的multiply 乘lightload 轻载lot 抽签divide 除stagger 交错排列parallel 并联impedance 阻抗traverse 横向in series 串联damp 阻尼longitudinal 纵向的equivalent 等效的reactance 电抗latitudinal 横向的terminal 终端admittance 导纳restrain 约束creep 蠕动susceptance 电纳square 平方Hyperlink 超级连接spring 触发memo 备忘录wastage 损耗presentation 陈述principle 原理binder 打包planer 刨床source program 源程序Client-Server Model客户机server 服务器table 表query 查询form 表单report 报表macro 宏module 模块field 字段record 记录。
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智能开关电源中文：随着电子技术的高速发展，电子系统的应用领域越来越广泛，电子设备的种类也越来越多，电子设备与人们的工作、生活的关系日益密切。
任何电子设备都离不开可靠的电源，它们对电源的要求也越来越高。
电子设备的小型化和低成本化使电源以轻、薄、小和高效率为发展方向。
传统的晶体管串联调整稳压电源是连续控制的线性稳压电源。
这种传统稳压电源技术比较成熟，并且已有大量集成化的线性稳压电源模块，具有稳定性能好、输出波纹电压小、使用可靠等优点。
但通常都需要体积大且笨重的工频变压器与体积和重量都很大的滤波器。
二十世纪五十年代，美国宇航局以小型化、重量轻为目标，为搭载火箭开发了开关电源。
在近半个世纪的发展过程中，开关电源因具有重量轻、体积小、效率高、稳压范围宽等优点，在电子电气、控制、计算机等许多领域的电子设备中得到了广泛的使用。
二十世纪八十年代，计算机全面实现了开关电源化，率先完成计算机的电源换代。
二十世纪九十年代，开关电源在电子、电器设备、家电领域得到了广泛的应用，开关电源技术进入快速发展期。
此外，大规模集成电路技术的迅速发展，又使开关电源有了质的飞跃，掀起了电源产品高频化、小型化、模块化的浪潮。
功率开关管、PWM控制器和高频变压器是开关电源必不可少的组成部分。
传统的开关电源一般均采用分立的高频功率开关管和多引脚的PWM集成控制器，例如采用UC3842+MOSFET是国内小功率开关电源中较为普及的设计方法。
七十年代以来，涌现出许多功能完备的集成控制电路，使开关电源电路日益简化，工作频率不断提高，效率提高，并为电源小型化提供了广阔的前景。
三端离线式脉宽调制单片开关集成电路TOP(Three Terminal Off Line)将PWM控制器与功率开关MOSFET合二为一封装在一起，已成为开关电源IC发展的主流。
采用TOP开关集成电路设计开关电源，可使电路简化，体积进一步缩小，成本也明显降低。
单片开关电源具有单片集成化、最简外围电路、最佳性能指标、能构成无工频变压器开关电源等显著优点。
美国PI(Power Integration)公司于上世纪九十年代中期率先推出的新型高频开关电源芯片，被誉为"顶级开关电源"，具有成本低，电路简单，效率高等优点。
其第一代产品以1994年推出的TOP100/200系列为代表，第二代产品则是1997年问世的TOPSwitch-Ⅱ。
上述产品一经问世便显示出强大的生命力，他极大地简化了150W以下开关电源的设计和新产品的开发工作，也为新型、高效、低成本开关电源的推广与普及创造了良好条件，可广泛用于仪器仪表、笔记本电脑、移动电话、电视机、VCD和DVD、摄录像机、手机电池充电器、功率放大器等领域，并构成各种小型化、高密度、在价格上能与线性稳压电源相竞争的AC/DC电源变换模块。
开关电源向集成化方向发展将是未来的主要趋势,功率密度将越来越大,对工艺的要求也会越来越高.在半导体器件和磁性材料没有新的突破之前,重大的技术进展可能很难实现,技术创新的重点将集中在如何提高效率和减小重量.因此,工艺水平将会在电源制造中占的地位越来越高.另外,数字控制集成电路的应用也是将来开关电源发展的一个方向.这信赖于DSP运行速度和抗干扰技术的不断提高.至于先进的控制方法,目前个人觉得还没有看到实用性特别强的方法出现,也许随着数字控制的普及,会有一些新的控制理论运用到开关电源中来.（1）高频化技术：随着开关频率的提高，开关变换器的体积也随之减少，功率密度也得到大幅提升，动态响应得到改善。
小功率DC-DC 变换器的开关频率将上升到MHz。
但随着开关频率的不断提高，开关元件和无源元件损耗的增加、高频寄生参数以及高频EMI等新的问题也将随之产生。
（2）软开关技术：为提高变换器的变换效率，各种软开关技术应用而生，具有代表性的是无源软开关技术和有源软开关技术，主要包括零电压开关/零电流开关（ZVS/ZCS）谐振、准谐振、零电压/零电流脉宽调制技术（ZVS/ZCS-PWM）以及零电压过渡/零电流过渡脉宽调制（ZVT/ZCT-PWM）技术等。
采用软开关技术可以有效的降低开关损耗和开关应力，有助于变换器变换效率的提高。
（3）功率因数校正技术（PFC）。
目前PFC技术主要分为有源PFC技术和无源PFC技术两大类，采用PFC技术可以提高AC-DC变化器输入端功率因数，减少对电网的谐波污染。
（4）模块化技术。
采用模块化技术可以满足分布式电源系统的需要，提高系统的可靠性。
（5）低输出电压技术。
随着半导体制造技术的不断发展，微处理器和便携式电子设备的工作越来越低，这就要求未来的DC-DC变换器能够提供低输出电压以适应微处理器和便携式电子设备的供电要求。
人们在开关电源技术领域是边开发相关电力电子器件，边开发开关变频技术，两者相互促进推动着开关电源每年以超过两位数字的增长率向着轻、小、薄、低噪声、高可靠、抗干扰的方向发展。
开关电源可分为AC/DC和DC/DC两大类，也有AC/AC DC/AC 如逆变器DC/DC变换器现已实现模块化，且设计技术及生产工艺在国内外均已成熟和标准化，并已得到用户的认可，但AC/DC的模块化，因其自身的特性使得在模块化的进程中，遇到较为复杂的技术和工艺制造问题。
以下分别对两类开关电源的结构和特性作以阐述。
开关电源的发展方向是高频、高可靠、低耗、低噪声、抗干扰和模块化。
由于开关电源轻、小、薄的关键技术是高频化，因此国外各大开关电源制造商都致力于同步开发新型高智能化的元器件，特别是改善二次整流器件的损耗，并在功率铁氧体（Mn?Zn)材料上加大科技创新，以提高在高频率和较大磁通密度（Bs)下获得高的磁性能，而电容器的小型化也是一项关键技术。
SMT技术的应用使得开关电源取得了长足的进展，在电路板两面布置元器件，以确保开关电源的轻、小、薄。
开关电源的高频化就必然对传统的PWM开关技术进行创新，实现ZVS、ZCS的软开关技术已成为开关电源的主流技术，并大幅提高了开关电源的工作效率。
对于高可靠性指标，美国的开关电源生产商通过降低运行电流，降低结温等措施以减少器件的应力，使得产品的可靠性大大提高。
模块化是开关电源发展的总体趋势，可以采用模块化电源组成分布式电源系统，可以设计成N＋1冗余系统，并实现并联方式的容量扩展。
针对开关电源运行噪声大这一缺点，若单独追求高频化其噪声也必将随着增大，而采用部分谐振转换电路技术，在理论上即可实现高频化又可降低噪声，但部分谐振转换技术的实际应用仍存在着技术问题，故仍需在这一领域开展大量的工作，以使得该项技术得以实用化。
电力电子技术的不断创新，使开关电源产业有着广阔的发展前景。
要加快我国开关电源产业的发展速度，就必须走技术创新之路，走出有中国特色的产学研联合发展之路，为我国民经济的高速发展做出贡献。
基本原理及元件作用开关电源按控制原理来分类，大致有以下3种工作方式：1）脉冲宽度调制式，简称脉宽调制(PulseWidth Modulation，缩写为PWM)式。
其主要特点是固定开关频率，通过改变脉冲宽度来调节占空比，实现稳压目的。
其核心是脉宽调制器。
开关周期的固定为设计滤波电路提供了方便。
但是，它的缺点是受功率开关最小导通时间的限制，对输出电压不能作宽范围调节；此外，输出端一般要接假负载(亦称预负载)，以防止空载时输出电压升高。
目前，大多数的集成开关电源采用PWM方式。
2）脉冲频率调制方式，简称脉频调制(PulseFrequency Modulation，缩写为PFM)式。
其特点是将脉冲宽度固定，通过改变开关频率来调节占空比，实现稳压的目的。
其核心是脉频调制器。
在电路设计上要用固定脉宽发生器来代替脉宽调制器中的锯齿波发生器，并利用电压?频率转换器(例如压控振荡器VCO)改变频率。
它的稳压原理是：当输出电压Uo升高时，控制器输出信号的脉冲宽度不变而周期变长，使占空比减小，Uo降低。
PFM式开关电源的输出电压调节范围很宽，输出端可不接假负载。
PWM方式和PFM方式的调制波形分别如图1(a)、(b)所示，tp表示脉冲宽度(即功率开关管的导通时间tON)，T 代表周期。
从中可以比较容易的看出两者的区别。
但它们也有共同之处：（1）均采用时间比率控制(TRC)的稳压原理，无论是改变tp还是T，最终调节的都是脉冲占空比。
尽管采用的方式不同，但控制目标一致，可谓殊途同归。
（2）当负载由轻变重，或者输入电压从高变时，分别通过增加脉宽、升高频率的方法使输出电压保持稳定。
3）混合调制方式，是指脉冲宽度与开关频率均不固定，彼此都能改变的方式，它属于PWM和PFM的混合方式。
它包含了脉宽调制器和脉频调制器。
由于和T均可单独调节，因此占空比调节范围最宽，适合制作供实验室使用的输出电压可以宽范围调节的开关电源。
以上3种工作方式统称为“时间比率控制”(Time Ratio Control，简称TRC)方式。
需要指出的是，脉宽调制器既可作为一片独立的集成电路使用(例如UC3842型脉宽调制器)，亦可被集成在DC/DC变换器中(例如LM2576型开关稳压器集成电路)，还能集成在AC/DC变换器中(例如TOP250型单片开关电源集成电路)。
其中，开关稳压器属于DC/DC电源变换器，开关电源一般为AC/DC电源变换器。
开关电源的典型结构如图2所示，其工作原理是：市电进入电源首先经整流和滤波转为高压直流电，然后通过开关电路和高频开关变压器转为高频率低压脉冲，再经过整流和滤波电路，最终输出低电压的直流电源。
同时在输出部分有一个电路反馈给控制电路，通过控制PWM 占空比以达到输出电压稳定。
开关电源由以下4部分构成：1）主电路：从交流电网输入，到直流输出的主要电路。
主要包括输入滤波器、整流与滤波、逆变、输出整流与滤波。
（1）输入滤波器:其作用是将电网存在的杂波过滤,同时也阻碍本机产生的杂波反馈到公共电网。
（2）整流与滤波:将电网交流电源直接整流为较平滑的直流电,以供下一级变换。
（3）逆变:将整流后的直流电变为高频交流电,这是高频开关电源的核心部分,频率越高,体积、重量与输出功率之比越小。
（4）输出整流与滤波:根据负载需要,提供稳定可靠的直流电源。
2）控制电路：一方面从输出端取样,经与设定标准进行比较,然后去控制逆变器,改变其频率或脉宽,达到输出稳定,另一方面,根据测试电路提供的数据,经保护电路鉴别,提供控制电路对整机进行各种保护措施。
包括输出端取样电路、反馈电路和脉宽调制器。
3）检测及保护电路：检测电路有过电流检测、过电压检测、欠电压检测、过热检测等；保护电路可分为过电流保护、过电压保护、欠电压保护、箝位保护、过热保护、自动重启动、软启动、缓启动等多种类型。
4）其他电路：如锯齿波发生器、偏置电路、光耦合器等。