王治奎《大学英汉翻译教程》【笔记课后习题及翻译示例汇总】(翻译的性质、标准及要求)【圣才出品】
王治奎《大学英汉翻译教程》【笔记课后习题及翻译示例汇总】(日常应用文的翻译)【圣才出品】
第12章日常应用文的翻译12.1 复习笔记一、社交信件的翻译英文书信一般由信头(Heading)、信内地址(Inside Address)、称呼(Salutation)、正文(Body)、结束语(Complimentary Closing)、签名(Signature)六部分组成。
有时还有附言(Postscript)、附件(Enclosure)等。
社交信件种类很多，根据其不同作用和用途，可分为馈赠信、答谢信、祝贺信、慰问信、吊唁信、道歉信和邀请信(或请柬)等。
1. 馈赠信用词简练。
语气诚恳。
译时，应注意选用简洁热情的汉语词句。
并译出写信人的诚意。
2. 慰问信语言简练，措辞中肯。
感情真挚。
译时应选用语气贴切的汉语词句，译出写信人的同情心和分担忧伤的好意。
3. 祝贺信祝贺喜庆，字里行间充满热烈、喜悦的感情。
译时，应用欢快的汉语词句，译出写信人真挚、喜悦的心情。
4. 道歉信诚恳、坦率、客气，但不过分谦卑。
译时。
应用恰当的汉语词句组织译文。
译出写信人坦诚的歉意。
5. 吊唁信用词简朴。
语气低沉。
感情真挚。
译时，应慎重措辞，不能因措辞不当而引起收信人的过度悲伤。
6. 答谢信内容单一，只表谢意，一般陈述答谢的理由，以显示并非虚情假意。
要译出写信人真挚的谢意。
7. 翻译正式请柬应选用庄重、严谨的汉语词句组织译文，可套用汉语传统的请柬习语与程式。
例：为欢迎马塔·兰小姐，罗杰·B·克拉克博士及夫人，谨定于9月20日(星期四)8时于派克大街250号举行宴会，敬请弗兰克·诺斯先生及夫人光临。
回柬一般按收到的请柬格式行文，可参照请柬的翻译要求处理。
二、事务应用文的翻译(一) 事务书信事务信件措辞更严谨，语气更庄重。
翻译事务性书信，可适当套用汉语相应书信和公函的常用习语，表达原文的意思。
1. 推荐信推荐信是向个人或单位推荐某个自己熟悉的入而写的信件，一般措辞精练、语气中肯、叙事客观。
写给单位的推荐信，其称呼常用“To Whom It May Concern”，意思是“致有关人士”，可套用汉语书函用语，将其译成“敬启者”或“台鉴”等。
王治奎《大学英汉翻译教程》【笔记课后习题及翻译示例汇总考研真题详解】(科技英语的翻译)
第17章科技英语的翻译17.1 复习笔记一、词汇特点及汉译(一) 专业术语翻译英语中的专业词汇一般可分为两类：(1) 源于希腊语和拉丁语的专业词汇，有些词国际通用，一般说来概念单一，汉译时不难处理。
(2) 借自日常用语的普通词汇，这些词的一个显著特点是一词多用、一词多义。
汉译时，应根据所译材料的不同专业领域和不同的上下文，选择适合该领域及上下文的正确、规范的词义。
(二) 非专业词汇的翻译常采用的译法有如下几种：1. 引申把一些不便直译的具体化名称，根据其字面意思加以引申。
例：Electric power became the servant of man only after the motor was invented.只是在电动机发明之后，电力才开始造福人类。
2. 具体化将表达具体事理的字面意思抽象和笼统的词语译成意义具体、含义明确的汉译词语。
例：The pupil of the eye responds to the change of light intensity.瞳孔可以随着光线强弱的变化放大或缩小。
3. 省略本着科技作品简练的原则，汉译时，有时将原文中的一些动词、名词或表示同一事物的不同的重复用词加以省略。
例：Stainless steels possess good hardness and high strength.不锈钢硬度大，强度高。
4. 新词的翻译翻译新词时，应认真分析其各个组成部分的含义，运用构词法知识，必要时请教专业技术人员，确定其词义。
例：A visicorder is provided to record current and voltage waveforms.[译文]可显示记录器用来记录电流和电压波形。
[分析]visicorder是一种仪表，从构词法角度看，该词是由visible(可见的)和recorder(记录器)两词缩合而成，故将其译成“可显示记录器”。
王治奎《大学英汉翻译教程》【笔记课后习题及翻译示例汇总考研真题详解】(慎于修辞)
第7章慎于修辞7.1 复习笔记翻译修辞是贯彻翻译标准，确保译文忠实、通顺的主要手段。
翻译修辞的几点要求如下：一、译文明确无误是翻译修辞的首要要求二、“文字意同而立语自有工拙”翻译必须讲究“语工”。
Histories make men wise; poets witty; the mathematics subtle; natural philosophy deep; moral grave; logic and rhetoric able to contend. (Francis Bacon) 读史使人明智，读诗使人灵秀，数学使人周密，科学使人深刻，伦理使人庄重，逻辑修辞使人善辩。
三、“简洁乃智慧之灵魂”No admittance for passengers.旅客止步。
四、叙述层次要分明五、译文要文从字顺。
承上启下。
流畅自然六、选词要适当，用词要得体这里主要指翻译要考虑原文的文体特征、作者的风格特征，以及所涉及的人物(如文学作品)的性格、年龄、受教育程度、社会地位等特征。
Tourism for Development旅游促进发展(广告用语)七、适当运用汉语的四宇词组在翻译中成功地运用四字词组，可以使译文生动、形象、有力。
八、尽量保留原文的修辞方法，或灵活利用译入语的修辞方法，以增强译文的力量或效果1. 重复(1) 保留原有句法结构的重复Energy imports and consumptions must be reduced, competition enhanced by rigid enforcement of pertinent laws, and general monetary growth retained.能源的进口和消耗必须减少，竞争必须通过相关法律的严格实施来加强，货币的总增长必须限制。
(2) 利用同义词或近似同义词进行重复What John said made his wife stare with mouth open.约翰的话使他的妻子张口结舌，目瞪口呆。
英汉互译实用教程课程笔记
英汉互译实用教程课程笔记一翻译概论译者合格条件五条：1.外文水平高2.中文水平高3.知识面广4.政治觉悟较高5.熟悉基本的翻译技巧A brief introduction to the history of translation in chinaTranslation in china has a long history of about two thousand years. During the centuries, quite a number of world-famous translators in China appeared one after another and they made great contributions to China as well as to the world in the development of translation.See the following facts:1.The Eastern Han –the Northern and Southern Dynasties (25—581)China invited foreigners or the foreigners came to China by themselves to translate Buddhist Scripture. Among them were An Shigao （An Qing）from Persia (now Iran ), Indu Dharmarakcha and Kumarajiva form India.2.The Sui Dynasty (581—618) –the Tang Dynasty (618—907): Golden Age ofTranslation in Ancient China.Three giants in translating Buddhist Scripture appeared:1)Xuan Zang ( the Tang Dynasty )2)Kumarajiva (the Eastern Jin Dynasty ) 鸠摩罗什3)Paramatha (also called Gunarata ) ( N.& S. Dynasties) 真谛（波罗末他）3.The Ming Dynasty (1368—1644)Xu Guangqi ( 徐光启), a Chinese and M. Ricci,( 利玛窦) anItalian cotranslated Euclid’s Elements (or: Euclid’s Elementorum )4.The Qing Dynasty (1644—1911 )There were great translators like Yan Fu and Lin ShuLin Shu:1Camille ( or: La Dame aux Camelias) ( 《巴黎茶花女遗事》)2 Uncle Tom’s Cabin( 《黑奴吁天录》)3 David Copperfield( 《块肉余生述》)Yan Fu:1 Evolution and Ethics and Other Essays by T. H. Huxley (《天演论》)2 An Inquiry Into the Nature and Cause of the Wealth of Nations by A. Smith(《原富》)3 On Liberty by J. S. Mill (《群己权界论》)4 A History of Politics by E. Jenks (《社会通诠》)习题1.Yan Fu‘s 3-word translation criteria are faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance.（严氏三字真言）2. The two words used as the common criteria of translation in China today arefaithfulness and smoothness.3. Translation is a representation or recreation in one language of what is written orsaid in another language, not only an art but also a science. (what is meant by translation?)4. Karl Marx was fond of saying: ―A foreign language is a weapon in the struggle oflife.‖5. Generally speaking, a qualified translator should have five prerequisites：1 a good command of the source language,2 a good command of the target language,3 a wide range and scope of knowledge,4 a high political consciousness,5 a necessary knowledge of basic techniques used in translation.6. To me, the criteria of translation should be the following two words: faithfulnessand smoothness, or even only one word：faithfulness. (what do you think should be the criteria of translation？) （faithfulness 更重要）“宁顺而不信。
王治奎《大学英汉翻译教程》【笔记课后习题及翻译示例汇总考研真题详解】(辩证施治)
第5章辩证施治5.1 复习笔记一、主与从(一) 整体与局部整体，即整体性、统一性，也就是语言自身的统一性，语言与经验世界的统一性。
翻译时，坚持局部服从整体的原则。
1. 有整体意识They have bolted. They've left bills all over the place.他们留下一大堆账单，逃之天天了。
2. 重视句间连接Politicians can be found everywhere, while statesmen are comparatively rare.[译文]政客比比皆是，而政治家却寥寥无几。
[分析]译文中增加了“却”字，并将comparatively rare(相当罕见)译作“寥寥无几”，与前文“比比皆是”形成对仗，使句子的前后两部分语义形成鲜明的对照。
3. 从整体关系上把握个别词的力度In my younger and more vulnerable years my father gave me some advice that I've been turning over in my mind ever since.[译文]在我年轻、幼稚的时候，父亲曾给了我一番教诲，我一直铭记在心。
[分析]把advice译成“教诲”而不译为“建议”、“劝说”，是出于对长辈与晚辈之间关系的考虑。
(二) 主要信息与次要信息英语和汉语都基本上遵守“先轻后重，先次要后重要”的原则。
但也有许多例外。
1. 用加字法或改换说法，突出主要信息I do not in that period remember his ever saying a complimentary word to me.据我的记忆，他在那个时期没有夸奖过我一句。
2. 将次要信息并入主要信息。
After the latest round of talks, they were still unable to agree on a number of points.最新一轮会谈仍未使他们在某些问题上取得一致意见。
王治奎《大学英汉翻译教程》【笔记课后习题及翻译示例汇总考研真题详解】(广告英语的翻译)
第14章广告英语的翻译14.1 复习笔记一、英语广告的语言特点及汉译(一) 用词和语法结构特点及汉译处理1. 言简意赅，句式简洁英语广告中大量使用缩略词和简短通俗的各式动词，多用省略句、祈使句、破折句和独词句，不用或少用冗长的复合句。
2. 使用大众化口语体主要表现在大量使用口语词、俚语和人称代词，尤其是第二人称代词，以增加语言的可读性和亲切感。
3. 大量使用褒扬溢美之词广告，特别是情感诉求类广告，语言生动，文笔从容，具有很强的感召力。
翻译时，应选用生动活泼的汉语词句组织译文，以保持原文的语气和风格。
(二) 修辞特点及翻译要求1. 模拟生造词语When your taste grows up, Winston out-tastes them all.当你的鉴赏能力提高以后，你会发现温斯顿牌香烟味道最佳。
2. 对句Small deposit,Big return. (银行广告)小额存款，巨额收益。
3. 对偶Moisture,It keeps a flower fresh and beautiful all day.Moisture Wear Powder,It keeps your skin fresh and beautiful all day.雨露——保持鲜花艳美，雨露护肤粉——保持肌肤艳美。
4. 双关语We take a load off your mind. (航运公司广告)本公司货运质量可靠，客户无须烦恼。
5. 排比6. 借用谚语Where there is a way for car there is a Toyota. (仿照where there is a way there is a will. )车到山前必有路，有路必有丰田车。
二、英语广告的文体特点及翻译要求(一) 普通广告文体1. 陈述体陈述体广告讲求用事实说话，开门见山地介绍商品名称、用途、功效等情况，语言质朴，行文端庄。
翻译时应选用平实的汉语，以严肃客观的语气组织译文。
王治奎《大学英汉翻译教程》【笔记课后习题及翻译示例汇总】(翻译的过程)【圣才出品】
第2章翻译的过程2.1 复习笔记翻译过程包括两个阶段：正确理解(Accurate Comprehension)和充分表达(Adequate Representation)。
前者是后者的前提，后者是前者的结果，两者是有机的统一。
一、正确理解正确理解是正确认识和把握原文的思想内容、感情和风格等的过程。
整个理解过程是双向的：(1) 从整体到局部；(2) 从局部到整体。
即先进行宏观分析，再进行微观研究，微观和宏观相结合。
二、如何实现正确理解(一) 语义分析语义分析(Semantic Analysis)是语言分析的一个分支，说明处在一定语境中、按照一定次序排列的词项之间的语义关系，探索词项的意义。
语义分析的注意事项：1. 注意词的概念意义(Conceptual Meaning)和关联意义(Associative Meaning)。
例：(1) seat oneself in a wooden chair坐在木椅里(chair的本义，即概念意义)(2) accept a university chair同意在大学里执教(关联意义)(3) chair the board meeting主持董事会(关联意义)(4) condemned to the chair被处电刑(关联意义)2. 把握意义关系(Sense Relations)，特别注意同义与反义、褒义与贬义、多义与歧义等关系。
例：(1) He has the reputation of being a blood-sucker.他是个臭名昭著的吸血鬼。
(2) She has made a reputation for herself through hard work.她勤奋工作为自己赢得了声誉。
3. 了解文化特性、历史演变、社会发展和技术进步对语言的影响。
例：“Greek and Latin are all English to me,” said Oscar Wilde.[译文]“希腊语和拉丁语对我来说都很容易，”奥斯卡·王尔德说。
王治奎《大学英汉翻译教程》【综合练习及详解】【圣才出品】
附录综合练习及详解说明：该附录全面收录《大学英汉翻译教程》(第4版)（王治奎主编）中的综合练习1和综合练习2，每篇短文后面不仅有参考译文，而且还有列举出相应的翻译要点及解析，对于以该书为教材的考生来说，具有极高的参考价值和较强的指导性，同时可以帮助考生巩固该书所学内容。
综合练习1及详解1Four score①and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.Now we are engaged in a great civil war testing whether that nation or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this②.But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate—we can not consecrate—we can not hallow—this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget③what they did here.It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us—that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion—that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom—and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth④.(From Living Documents of American History)【参考译文】87①年前，我们的先辈在这个大陆上建立了一个以自由为理想，以人人平等为宗旨的新国家。
翻译材料(本科)
参考书目王治奎，《大学英汉翻译教程》济南：山东大学出版社，1999毛荣贵，《新世纪大学英汉翻译教程》上海：上海交通大学出版社，2002柯平，《英汉与汉英翻译教程》北京：北京大学出版社，1993郭著章，李庆生《英汉互译实用教程》武汉：武汉大学出版社，2003冯庆华，《实用翻译教程：英汉互译》上海：上外语教育出版社，2001庄绎传，《英汉翻译教程》北京：外语教学与研究出版社，全国高等教育自学考试指定教材王武兴，《英汉语言对比与翻译》北京：北京大学出版社，2003李运兴，《英汉语篇翻译》北京，清华大学出版社，2003许建平，《英汉互译实践与技巧》北京，清华大学出版社，2003第一章翻译概述1. 翻译的定义什么是翻译？不同的学者给出不同的定义。
例如：— Translation：To render in another language. ——《韦氏大学词典》—“Translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of th e source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.”—Eugene A. Nida, 1968 —“Translation is a craft consisting in the attempt to replace a written message and/or statement in one language by the same message and/or stat ement in another language.” —Peter Newmark —“翻译是把一种语言的言语产物在保持内容方面，也就是意义不变的情况下，改变为另一种语言的言语产物的过程。
王治奎《大学英汉翻译教程》综合练习及详解【圣才出品】
综合练习及详解说明：该附录全面收录《大学英汉翻译教程》(第4版)（王治奎主编）中的综合练习1和综合练习2，每篇短文后面不仅有参考译文，而且还有列举出相应的翻译要点及解析，对于以该书为教材的考生来说，具有极高的参考价值和较强的指导性，同时可以帮助考生巩固该书所学内容。
综合练习1及详解1Four score①and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal.Now we are engaged in a great civil war testing whether that nation or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this②.But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate—we can not consecrate—we can not hallow—this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note,nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget③what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us—that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion—that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom—and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth④.(From Living Documents of American History)【参考译文】87①年前，我们的先辈在这个大陆上建立了一个以自由为理想，以人人平等为宗旨的新国家。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
第1章翻译的性质、标准及要求1.1 复习笔记一、翻译的性质翻译即将一种语言——源出语(Source Language)转换成另一种语言——目的语(Target Language)或曰接受语(Receptor Language)，而意义保持或大抵保持不变。
尤金·奈达(Eugene A. Nida)给翻译所下的定义为：Translation consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source language, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style. (Eugene A. Nida & Charles R. Taber: The Theory and Practice of Translation, 1969)[译文]所谓翻译，是在译语中用切近而又最自然的对等语再现原语的信息，首先是意义，其次是文体。
奈达还对此作了说明：(1) 再现原文的信息(Message)而不是保留原文的形式结构(Formal Structure)；(2) 对等(Equivalence)不是同一(Identity)；(3) 对等是最贴近、自然的对等；(4) 意义是优先考虑的因素；(5) 文体成分虽居其次，但也十分重要。
翻译一般分为三类：(1) 按翻译手段，可分为口译、笔译和机器翻译。
(2) 按源出语和目的语，可分为语际翻译、语内翻译和符际翻译。
(3) 按翻译题材，可分为政论翻译、应用文翻译、科技翻译、文学翻译等。
二、翻译的标准翻译标准，亦曰翻译原则，即指导翻译实践、评价译文质量的尺度。
(一) 泰特勒的三原则与严复的三字标准1. 亚历山大·F·泰特勒(Alexander Fraser Tytler)在《论翻译的原则》中提出了三条基本原则：(1) A translation should give a complete transcript of the ideas of the original work.(译文应完全复写出原作的思想。
)(2) The style and manner of writing should be of the same character as that of the original.(译文的风格和笔调应与原文的性质相同。
)(3) A translation should have all the ease of the original composition. (A. F. Tytler: Essay on the Principles of Translation, 1791)(译文应和原作同样流畅。
)2. 严复在《天演论·译例言》中，提出了“信、达、雅”(Faithfulness, Expressiveness and Elegance)三字标准。
另外，其他翻译家提出了自己的观点：傅雷在《(高老头)重译本序》中提出了“神似”论；钱钟书在《林纾的翻译》中提出了“化境”之说。
(二) 翻译必须兼顾两面——忠实和通顺翻译要兼顾忠实和通顺。
忠实首先指忠实于原作内容，还指保持原作风格。
通顺指译文语言必须通顺易懂，符合规范。
忠实与通顺相辅相成。
(三) 翻译标准多元互补论辜正坤教提出的“翻译标准多元互补论”要点如下：1. “翻译标准是多元的而非一元的。
”2. “翻译标准既是多元的，又是一个有机的然而变动不居的标准系统。
在这个系统中，最高标准是最佳近似度。
最佳近似度是一个形同虚设的抽象标准，真正有实际意义的是一大群具体标准。
”3. “具体标准群中又有主标准和次标准的区别。
”4. “多元翻译标准是互补的。
”三、翻译的要求我国的翻译工作者的要求是：1. 坚持洋为中用的原则；2. 不断提高本民族语言和被译语言的修养和驾驭能力，不断用语言学、逻辑学、修辞学、美学等方面的新知识丰富自己；3. 对原作及原作者进行认真的科学研究，把握作者所处的时代特点和原作产生的时代背景；4. “耽于道术，淡于名利，不欲高炫”；5. 树立鲁迅先生提倡的“复译”精神。
1.2 课后习题详解第1节翻译的性质请将下列各句译成汉语：1. Considering its lack of training, our team has acquitted itself well.【答案】鉴于我们队缺乏训练，其表现已经不错了。
2. He would be quite a likeable fellow if only he wouldn’t act the goat so much. 【答案】只要他不搞恶作剧，就是一个讨人喜欢的小伙子。
3. The management instituted a system of consultation with the staff so that any grievances might be aired.【答案】管理部门建立了与职工协商的制度，不管有何不平，均可言明。
4. We didn’t take his expression of interest in our ideas too seriously, for we suspected he was merely angling for praise.【答案】尽管他说对我们的想法颇感兴趣，我们却不能太当真，因为我们怀疑他仅仅是沽名钓誉。
5. He wouldn’t have done it of his own will, but he was argued into it by his wife.【答案】若不是妻子说服了他，他是不会自愿做的。
6. Wherever she went she was attended on by a large number of followers and servants.【答案】不管她走到哪里，随从和佣人都是前呼后拥。
7. The director of the operation called his team together so that he could brief them.【答案】行动计划主任把手下集合起来，以便简单介绍一下情况。
8. You never realize how fortunate you are to have good health until it is suddenly brought home to you by the sight of suffering.【答案】除非你突然亲眼目睹体弱多病之苦，不然，你不会认识到有一个健康的身体是何等有幸。
9. The amount which is brought in by the rents of those few cottages is almost negligible when income tax and the cost of repairs are deducted.【答案】扣除收入所得税和房舍修缮费，这几间小别墅的租金收人几乎是微不足道。
10. He was strolling aimlessly along the street, when he was suddenly brought upby a notice in a shop window.【答案】他在大街上毫无目的地漫步时，忽然被商店橱窗上的一则告示吸引住了。
11. The magistrate brushed aside the suggestion that the policeman might havebeen mistaken about the speed at which the car was going.【答案】有人提出可能是警察搞错了那辆轿车行驶的速度，法官对此没有理会。
12. His kidnappers threatened to bump him off if he did not tell them where thesecret papers were hidden.【答案】绑架者扬言要结果了他，如果他不告诉他们秘密文件藏在哪里的话。
13. He burned his fingers badly, though we warned him against it. He lost nearly allhis money he had invested.【答案】他吃尽了鲁莽的苦头，尽管我们告诫过他。
他投进的钱几乎都赔上了。
14. He is the kind of person who will always butter up those who he thinks can be ofany use to him.【答案】他是这样一种人，总是巴结他认为对自己有用的人。
15. Philip tried to get me interested in a scheme for producing a new synthetic fibre,but I wasn’t buying it.【答案】菲利普力图使我对生产新合成纤维的计划产生兴趣，但是我未上他的当。
16. It is time the nations of the world called a halt to the manufacture of nuclear。