测控技术与仪器专业英语课文翻译

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《测控技术与仪器专业英语》张凤登UNIT-2-发电和输变电-参考译文及练习答案

·5·UNIT 2 发电和输变电参考译文2.1 电磁感应如将一根导电棒通过磁场，每个自由电子由于通过磁场的运动产生一个力。

如运动的方向使作用在电子上的部分力平行于导体，电子将沿着导体运动。

电子的运动直到它受到由于导体切割磁场运动的力和静电力平衡为止。

这种静电力是因为电子聚集在导体的一端，而另一端缺少电子而引起的。

当运动持续进行时，在导体中形成的这样一个电场，使得导体两端之间存在一个电位差。

一旦运动停止，静电力将导致电子返回其正常分布。

从磁感应强度（磁通密度）B 的定义看，在电荷q 通过磁场的运动中，电荷所受到的力由方程（2-1）得到，q sin Bqv F = （2-1）式中，力F 和由电磁场方向确定的平面垂直，vsinθ是垂直于磁场方向的速度分量，B 的单位是韦伯/米2（webers/m 2），q 的单位是库仑，v 的单位是米/秒（meters/sec ），F 的单位是牛顿。

由这个力产生的电场强度E ，即每单位正电荷受力的大小和方向。

电场强度等于负的沿导体的电势梯度。

在动生电动势（emf ）中，电荷被认为是负的，这样等式（2-2）成立þýü=-=-=-=q e e q sin /sin )/(Blv lBv q F E （2-2）这里，l 是导体垂直于磁场方向的长度，电动势ε的单位是伏。

不论电路是否有闭合，导体通过磁场时，这个电动势总是存在的。

只有当电路闭合，并且电路的其余部分不以和导体运动完全相同的方式通过磁场时，电流才会建立。

例如，导体沿着连接在一起静止轨道滑行，闭环电路中会出现电流。

但是，如果在导体的两端和一根导线连接，导线和导体一起移动并通过磁场，导线中也会感应出一个与导体中大小相等的、和电路中现有的反向的电动势。

2.2 单相和三相交流电单相交流电压是由单相交流发电机产生或它可以通过三相交流电的两根电力线获得。

单相交流电有一根火线，一根中线。

《测控技术与仪器专业英语》张凤登-UNIT-1-电气和电子工程引言-参考译文及练习答案

UNIT 1 电气和电子工程引言参考译文1.1 电气工程引言电气和电子工业已逐渐趋于成熟，世界上的每个人，每个家庭及工业都受到它所取得成就的影响。

最明显的是电子计算机在我们生活中各种层次的广泛应用，它的速度、大小和费用使其很容易且很有效地应用于商业和个人事务中。

电子学为几乎每个家庭提供了无线电收音机、电视机、盒式录像机等供娱乐的产品。

集成电路当今已成为现代电子系统的一部分，并不断提供更小、更复杂、更精密的最终产品。

50年代初的工程师会对大量的电路装在一片集成电路上感到惊奇，而今天的工程师可能对发生于2020年的技术进步感到震惊。

由于电子系统为人们提供了很多好处，它无疑已成为越来越多产品的标准元件。

过去由机械元件完成的自动功能正在被相应的电子系统替代。

采用机械拾音传感器的唱机正被电子唱机取代。

机械式打字机正被电子打字机和计算机字处理机代替。

这仅仅是机械系统向电子系统转变的几个例子。

电子工业的发展，部分是由于它的消耗低、尺寸小、被称作超大规模集成电路的相对完整的电子系统，给人以很深影响的是，在一小型计算器中，基本上只有一片很小的集成块，这片芯片只占计算器内部空间的不到五分之一。

在这片超大规模集成电路内部还有一片更小的芯片，所有电路都在该芯片上。

一个超大规模集成电路元件包含成百上千个分离的电子元件，这些元件按不同的功能块排列。

这些功能块包括储存单元，计数电路，记忆电路，运算电路等。

一片单片的超大规模集成电路就是电子表的心脏，它取代了使用很久的模拟运动式手表。

随着电子制作技术的成熟，手表的功能也不断增加。

除了能计时外，附加的复杂电路还具有闹响功能，秒表功能，计算功能，电话号码储存和信息储存更能。

这些仅是较流行的功能。

电子装置已开始使用耗电很低的CMOS电路，从而使象手表中所使用的电路靠一小片电池能连续工作多年。

电子产品在工程中和特殊的商业产品中都得到发展。

体积小、价格低的电子元器件问世时许多新领域中电子系统的应用成为现实，这些领域包括测量仪器、机械、化学、建筑、生物医学工程等。

测控技术与仪器专业英语翻译殷虹河北工业大学适用

测控专业英语翻译Unit1Measurement,ControlandInstrumentation Instrumentati on is defined as the art and science of measurement and control.Instrumentation engineers are responsible for controlling a whole system like a power plant.译为：仪器可定义为测量和控制的艺术和科学。

仪器工程师负责控制整个系统，比如一个电厂。

An instrument is a device that measures and/or regulates process variables such as flow, temperature, level, or pressure. Instruments include many varied contrivances that can be assimple as valves and transmitters, and as complex as analyzers.译为：仪器是一种用来测量和/或调节过程变量（如流量、温度、液位或压力）的装置。

仪器包括许多不同的设备，可以像阀和变送器那样简单，也可以像分析仪那样复杂。

Instruments often comprise control systems of varied processes such as refineries, factories,and vehicles. The control of processes is one of the main branches of applied instrumentation. Instrumentation can also refer to handheld devices that measure some desired variable.Diverse handheld instrumentation is common in laboratories, but can be found in thehousehold as well. For example, a smoke detector is a common instrument found in mostwestern homes.译为：仪器通常由如精炼厂、工厂和车辆这些不同流程的控制系统组成。

测控技术与仪器专业英语(韩建国)Unit9翻译

Unit9 工业控制水平图9.1中的三角形表现了工业工厂所有的控制层。

在底层，只有人工控制。

在顶层使用了正是那个被包含了计算机分析。

大多数小型工业操作运行上升到第三层。

更大的工厂已经上升到第四层。

非常大的多工厂运行通常在第五层。

对每个控制层的简要描述如下文。

第一层是机械层。

一个例子就是手动控制的车床让刀具按照它的轨迹运动。

控制是用曲柄进行手动。

车床可由辅助动力来获得更大切削力，但控制是手动的。

当增加的电子或其它控制时到达第二层。

如图9.1，第二层可以被分为三个子层。

假设一个电子的，基于计算机的控制操纵机床。

对切割金属时自动化进给速度这样的控制在2A层。

2A层的等级被自动设置给每一个机加工部件。

当控制被编程用来加工多于一个部分时就达到2B层。

当需要时，从主控制中调用每个部件的控制模块。

主控制必须为每个部件变成。

第三个子层是2C层，可编程序控制。

在第三层每个部分的机加工模式被操作者编程。

当机器程序被第一次使用，每一个步骤和运动以程序进程的方式被记录下来。

步骤和进程存储在内存中。

下次加工相同零件时，零件的机加工程序将从内存中被再次调用出来。

这个调用程序省去了每次加工零件的重新设置。

许多不同部件的机械加工模块可以在需要时存储或调用。

注意你在第二层从A到C部分，安装花销将会相对增加。

，当取决于经济可行性时，更多控制的开销相对于可能的益处应该被考虑。

第三层网络开始包含网络的地方。

第三层包括连接两台或更多台独立机器或设备共同工作的控制。

这一层的一个例子是控制机器人把零件装载到一个机床并控制机床运行。

主控制器被需要协调机器人和机床的两个独立控制器。

在许多操作中需要协调两个以上的设备。

在汽车装配线上可能会有这样一个例子。

传送带、定位器、机器人焊接机以及检测设备用主计算机协调。

这样的机器和设备群被称为工作单元。

自动控制的第四层包扩与一台主计算机连接的许多工作单元，（主机）协调自动计算机控制。

整个工厂在一个大型主计算机控制下。

2018-测控技术与仪器科技英语-word范文 (12页)

本文部分内容来自网络整理，本司不为其真实性负责，如有异议或侵权请及时联系，本司将立即删除！== 本文为word格式，下载后可方便编辑和修改！ ==测控技术与仪器科技英语篇一：测控技术与仪器科技英语第四课翻译与课文Unit 4Digital Signal Processing (DSP)Having heard a lot about digital signal processing (DSP) technology , investigate why DSP is preferred to analog circuitry for many types of operations , and discover how to learn enough to design your own DSP system .This article , the first of a series , is an opportunity to take a substantial first step towards finding answers to your question .This series is an introduction to DSP topics from the point of analog system designers seeking additional tools for handing analog signal. Designers reading this series can lean about the possibilities of DSP to deal with analog signals and where to find additional sources of information and assistance.4.1 What Is DSP?In brief, DSPs are processors or microcomputers whose hardware, software, and instruction sets are optimized high-speed numeric processing applications-an essential for processing digital data representing analog signals in real time. What a DSP does is straightforward. When acting as a digital filter, for example, the DSP receives digital values based on samples of a signal, calculates the results of a filter function operating on these values, and provides digital values that represent the filter output; it can also provide system control signals based on properties of these values. The DSP’s high-speed arithmetic and logical hardware is programmed to rapidly execute algorithms modeling the filter transformation.The combination of design elements a arithmetic operators, memory handling, instruction set, parallelism, data addressing that provide this ability forms the key difference between DSPs and other kinds of processors. Understanding the relationship between real-time signal and DSP Calculation speed provides some background on just how special this combination is .The real-time signal comes to the DSP asa train of individualsamples from an analog-to-digital converter (ADC) .To do filtering in real-time, the DSP must complete all the calculations and operations required for processing each samples (usually updating a process involving many previous samples ) before the next sample arrives. To perform high-order filtering of real-world signals having significant frequency content calls for really fast processors.4.2 Why Use a DSP?To get an ideal of the type of calculations of DSP dose and get an ideal of how an analog circuit compares with a DSP system , one could compare the two systems in terms of a filter function. The familiar analog filter uses resistors ,capacitors,inductors ,amplifiers .It can be cheap and easy to assemble ,but difficult to calibrate,modify, and maintain a difficulty that increases exponentially with filter order .For many purposes, one can more easily design ,modify,and depend on filters using a DSP because the filter function on the DSP is software-based, flexible ,and repeatable.Further,to createflexibly adjustable filter s with higher-order response requires only software modifications,with no additional hardware unlike purely analog circuits .An ideal bandpass filter,with the frequency response shown in Fig.4.1,would have the following characteristics:? a response within the passband that is completely flat with zero phase shift? infinite attenuation in the stopband.Useful additions would include:? passband tuning and width control? Stopband rolloff controlAs Fig.4.1 shows, an analog approach using second-order filters would require quite a few staggered high-Q sections; the difficulty of tuning and adjusting it can beimagined.With DSP software ,there are two basic approaches to filter design : finite impulse response (FIR) and infinite impulse response(IIR) .The FIR filter's time response to an impulse is thestraightforward weighted sum of the present and a finite number of previousinput samples. Having no feedback,its response to a given sample ends when the sample reaches the "end of the line "(Fig. 4 . 2). An FIR filter's frequency response has no poles, only zeros. The IIR filter , by comparison, is called infinite because it is a recursivefunction:its output is a weighed sum of inputs and outputs. Since itis recursive , its response can continue indefinitely . An IIR filter frequency response has both poles and zeros. .The x(s) are the input samples, y(s) are the output samples, a(s) are input sample weighings, and b(s) are sample weighings. Nis thepresent sample time, and M and N are the number of samples programmed (the filter's order). Note that the arithmetic operations indicatedfor both types are simply sums and products in potentially great number. In fact ,multiply-and-add is the case for many DSP algorithms that represent mathematical operations of great sophistication and complexity.Approximating an ideal filter consists of applying a transferfunction with appropriate coefficients and a high enough order , or number of taps (considering the train of input samples as tappeddelay line). Fig. 4.3shows the response of a 90-tap FIR filter compared with sharp-cutoff Chebyshev filters of various orders. The90-tap example suggests how close the filter can come toapproximating an ideal filter. Within a DSP system, programming a 90-tap FIR filter like the one in Fig. 4.3 is not a difficult task. By comparison, it would no be cost-effective to attempt this level of approximation with a purely analog circuit. Another crucial point in favor of using a DSP to approximate the ideal fillter is long-term stability. With an FIR (or an IIR having sufficientresolution to avoid truncation-error buildup), the programmable DSP achieves the same response,time after time. Purely analog filter responses of high order areless stable with time.Mathematical transform theory and practice are the core requirementfor creating DSP application and understanding their limits. This article series walks through a few signal-analysis and-processing examples to introduce DSP concepts. The series also provides references to texts for further study and identifies software tools that case the development of signal-processing software.4.3 Sampling Real-world SignalsReal-world phenomena are analog the continuously changing energylevels of physical processes like sound, light, heat, electricity, magnetism, A transducer converts these levels into manageableelectrical voltage and current signals, and an ADC sampling frequency, of the ADC is critically important in digital processing processingof real-world signals.This sampling rate is determined by the amount of signal information that is needed for processing the signal adequately for a given application. In order for an ADC to provide enough samples to accurately describe the real-world signal, the sampling rate must beat least twice the highest-frequency component of the analog signal. For example, to accurately describe an audio signal containing frequencies up to 20kHz, the ADC must sample the signal at a minimumof 40kHz. Since arriving signal can easily contain component frequencies above 20kHz (including noise), they must be removedbefore sampling by feeding the signal through a low-pass filter, is intend to remove the frequencies above 20kHz that could corrupt the converted signal.However, the anti-aliasing filter has a finite frequency rolloff, so additional bandwidth must be provided for the filter's transition band. For example, with an inputsignal bandwidth of 20kHz, one might allow 2 to 4kHz of extra bandwidth.Figure 4.4 depicts the filter needed to reject any signals with frequencies above half of a 48kHz sampling rate.Second sample .The time between samples is the time budget for the DSP to preform all processing tasks.For the audio example ,a 48kHz sample rate corresponds to a 20.833vs sampling interval. Fig.4.5 relates the the analog signal and digital sample rate .图Next consider the relation between the speed of the DSP andcomplexity of the algorithm (the software containing the transform or other set of numeric operations ).Complex algorithm require more processing tasks.Because the time between samples is fixed ,thehigher complexity calls for faster processing .For example ,suppose that the algorithm requires 50 processing operations to be performed。

测控技术与仪器专业英语课文翻译单元1

测控技术与仪器专业英语课文翻译单元1Instrumentation is defined as the art and science of measurement and control. Instrumentation engineers are responsible for controlling a whole system like a power plant. 译为：仪器可定义为测量和控制的艺术和科学。

仪器工程师负责控制整个系统，比如一个电厂。

An instrument is a device that measures and/or regulates process variables such as flow, temperature, level, or pressure. Instruments include many varied contrivances that can be as simple as valves and transmitters, and as complex as analyzers. 译为：仪器是一种用来测量和/或调节过程变量（如流量、温度、液位或压力）的装置。

仪器包括许多不同的设备，可以像阀和变送器那样简单，也可以像分析仪那样复杂。

Instruments often comprise control systems of varied processes such as refineries, factories, and vehicles. The control of processes is one of the main branches of applied instrumentation. Instrumentation can also refer to handheld devices that measure some desired variable. Diverse handheld instrumentation is common in laboratories, but can be found in the household as well. For example, a smoke detector is a common instrument found in most western homes. 译为：仪器通常由如精炼厂、工厂和车辆这些不同流程的控制系统组成。

《测控技术与仪器专业英语》张凤登UNIT-0-译文及答案

测控技术与仪器专业英语
参考译文与练习答案
张凤登周美娇尚丽辉编供主讲教师参考
初稿完成日期2015年5月
内容提要
本书是针对张凤登编写的《测控技术与仪器专业英语》教材整理而成的教辅材料，给出了教材的英文文章参考译文和练习答案，内容涉及电气电路、半导体、传感器、测量技术、数字电子系统、计算机、信号处理、智能仪表、控制系统和实时系统等方面，涵盖了测控技术与仪器专业的主要技术基础，并力求反映最新技术进步。

全书共分17个单元，每个单元包括4个部分，分别为Text，Reading and Translation，Further Reading和General Knowledge，有助于读者学习和掌握专业基础知识和专业词汇，阅读和理解专业题材的英语文章，掌握专业英语翻译和写作方面的必备知识。

全书内容丰富，题材新颖，英语和专业知识有机结合，适合不同层次的读者。

本书既可作为高等学校测控技术与仪器专业英语参考资料，也适用于自动化、电子信息、电气工程、计算机类专业，亦可作为工程技术人员的培训资料或参考书。

测控专业英语课文翻译

测控专业英语课文翻译测控专业英语课文翻译《测控》从测控技术与仪器专业的角度，选编了机械、电子、测量、控制及计算机等方面的英文资料，基本上覆盖了和测控技术与仪器相关的各个领域。

《以下是店铺整理的测控专业英语课文翻译，欢迎阅读。

当然，有应用的个人电脑的所有者可能想比仅通过GPIB与各种设备的奇数，提供更高的性能。

这种系统通常称为基于PC的工作站。

在基于PC的工作站，仪器模块匹配性能和兼容性都聚集围绕PC电脑。

基于PC的工作站允许来自多台仪器的数据迅速聚集，存储，作图，分析，并纳入一台PC机上的报告形式。

这种类型的系统一般都放在一个制造商合作，以提高性能和涉及的仪器模块之间的合作。

There are, of course, applications for which the owner of a PC may want higher performance than that offered by the GPIB alone, with its odd assortment of devices. Such systems are generally referred to as PC-based workstations. In a PC-based workstation, instrument modules with matched performance and compatibility are clustered around a PC computer. The PC-based workstation allows data from multiple instruments to be rapidly gathered ,stored, graphed ,analyzed, and incorporated into report form on a single PC. Systems of this type are generally put together by one manufacturer to enhance performance and cooperation between the instrument modules involved.一个基于PC的工作站的一个例子是惠普推出的PC仪器系统。

测控技术与仪器专业英语课文以及单词

? 2.Thickness Measurement 2。厚度测量
? One can measure thickness on many scales .The galaxy is sphick.. 你可以测量厚度,在许多尺度螺旋星系的约100 Em(1020m磁盘)深
? 3.Distance measurement 3。距离测量
? The tools and techniques of distance measurement are possibly one of humankind's longest-running inventive pursuits .This chapter concerns itself with methods to measure a relatively small segment of this range-from centimeters to kilometers .Even within this limited segment ,it would hardly be possible to list ,much less describe ,all of the distance measurement approaches that have been devised .Nevertheless ,the small sampling of technologies that are covered here should be of help to a broad range of readers.
? The altitude information at air traffic control (ATC) centers is based on pressure altitude measurement that the aircraft transponder system sends after it receives an appropriate interrogation——known as mode C interrogation——transmitted by a secondary surveillance radar. Actually, the altitude information is an atmospheric pressure measurement transformed to altitude indication through a formula expressing the pressure/altitude relationship. When a flight level is cleared for an aircraft, it actually means that the pilot must keep flying on an isobaric surface. However, the altimetry system may present systematic errors (biases) that are different for each airplane, and that significantly affect safety. Thus, the altimetry system performance as well as the aircraft height keeping performance must be monitored by an independent radar or satellite system. 信息的高度,在空中交通管制中心(ATC)根据压高度测量,飞机的应答机系统发给后都把它珍藏一个适当的审讯——被称为模式C讯问——通过二级监视雷达。实际上,高度的大气压力测量信息转化为高度通过公式显示表达压力/高度的关系。当一个飞行高度是允许飞机时,实际上就意味着飞行员必须不停地飞在一个isobaric表面。然而,altimetry系统系统误差可能出现偏差)(飞机的不同而有所区别,明显影响安全。因此,altimetry系统性能以及飞机高度保持性能均须由独立的雷达或卫星电视系统

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当然，有应用的个人电脑的所有者可能想比仅通过GPIB与各种设备的奇数，提供更高的性能。

这种系统通常称为基于PC的工作站。

在基于PC的工作站，仪器模块匹配性能和兼容性都聚集围绕PC电脑。

基于PC的工作站允许来自多台仪器的数据迅速聚集，存储，作图，分析，并纳入一台PC机上的报告形式。

这种类型的系统一般都放在一个制造商合作，以提高性能和涉及的仪器模块之间的合作。

PC仪器是一系列的九个专用仪器模块，旨在通过一个专门的接口总线操作惠普触摸屏II个人电脑，IBM PC / XT / AT，AT＆T的电脑6300，或的HP Vectra PC。

在PC的仪器提供仪器模块是一个50 MHz的数字示波器，一个12位数字 - 模拟转换器双通道，100 MHz的通用计数器，5 MHz的函数发生器，数字万用表。

An example of a PC-based workstation is the PC Instruments system introduced by Hewlett-Packard. PC Instruments are a series of nine dedicated instrument modules designed to operate over a dedicated interface bus by an HP Touchscreen II personal computer ,an IBM PC/XT/AT, an AT&T PC 6300, or an HP Vectra PC. Among the instrument modules available for PC Instruments are a 50-MHz digitizing oscilloscope, a 12-bit dual-channel digital-to-analog converter, a 100-MHz universal counter, a 5-MHz function generator, and a digital multimeter.从仪器模块收集的测试数据直接送入电脑存储，显示和分析。

该仪器模块本身有没有米，或显示自己的。

所有输出，包括波形显示，通过电脑屏幕上，可同时显示多达八个不同的仪器输出。

Test data gathered from the instrument modules are fed directly to the PC for storage, display, and analysis. The instrument modules themselves have no meters or displays of their own. All outputs, including waveform displays, are through the PC screen, and up to eight different instrument outputs may be displayed simultaneously.PC仪器通信与PC通过PC的仪器总线，或PCIB。

PCIB实现一个单一的接口卡插入到PC主板的扩展槽。

每个PCIB接口卡支持多达8个仪器模块。

安装到计算机中的第二个PCIB，允许为8个额外的仪器模块的支持。

PC Instruments communicates with the PC via the PC Instruments Bus, or PCIB. PCIB is implemented with a single interface card that plugs into one expansion slot of the PC motherboard. Each PCIB interface card supports up to eight instrument modules. Installing a second PCIB into the computer permits support for an eight additional instrument modules.PCIB是独一无二的，它支持并行和串行通信（图1）。

乍一看，两个通信信道，在一个单一的总线系统的想法似乎是多余的。

然而，仔细分析，是实现节约成本和减少冗余。

The PCIB is unique in that it supports both parallel and serial communications (Figure 1). At first glance, the idea of having two communications channels in a single bus system appears to be redundant. On closer analysis, however, a cost saving is realized and the redundancy is reduced.在一个典型的GPIB系统，有需要的输入和/或输出接地和计算机隔离，以使可浮动测量的仪器，如电压和电流米。

隔离通常是providedby光隔离器的GPIB通信仪器中的数据串行方式使用并行到串行的转换。

从仪器的数据，也必须通过使用光隔离串行到并行的转换器传递到GPIB。

因此，每一个设备，需要隔离，还需要自己的一双光隔离器和相应的转换器。

In a typical GPIB system there are instruments, such as voltage and current meters, that require the inputs and/or outputs to be isolated from earth ground and the computer so that floating measurements can be made. The isolation is typically provided by optoisolators communicating the data from the GPIB side to the instrument in serial fashion using a parallel-to-serial converter. Data coming from the instrument likewise must pass to the GPIB through an optoisolator using a serial-to-parallel converter. Consequently, every device that requires isolation also requires its own pair of optical isolators and respective converters.在PC仪器，测试仪器，可以选择之间的隔离的串行通信通道或更快，非隔离总线并行通信。

串行通道的并行到串行和串行到并行转换器被放置在接口卡，从而降低了系统成本，同时提高性能。

In PC Instruments, the test instrument may choose between an isolated serial communications channel or the faster, nonisolated parallel communications bus. The parallel-to-serial and serial-to-parallel converters for the serial channel are placed on the interface card ,thus reducing system cost while improving performance. PCIB并行通信通道（图2）提供高速数据路径为文书，并不需要隔离。

数据可传输速率最高可达100K字节/秒，受个人电脑主机的限制。

并行通信通道包含一个8位数据路径，两条控制线，与相应的地面回报，是26芯的带状电缆连接个人电脑主机的模块化仪器的一部分。

PCIB并行通信通道是向上兼容的GPIB，PC仪器最通用的系统。

The PCIB parallel communications channel (Figure 2) offers a high-speed data path for instruments that do not need isolation. Data can be transmitted at rates up to 100K bytes/second, subject to limitations of the host personal computer. The parallel communications channel consists of an 8-bit data path, two control lines, with appropriate ground returns, are part of the 26-conductor ribbon cable that connects the host personal computer to the modular instruments. The PCIB parallel communications channel is also upwardly compatible the GPIB, making PC Instruments a most versatile system.PC仪器的最令人印象深刻的的方面之一是软前面板的系统软件，它提供了一个交互式图形用户手动控制仪器的机制。