射线评片技巧焊缝未熔合射线底片影像特点
【特种设备高级考试】射线底片图谱
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八、伪缺陷
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（感谢锅炉信息网锅炉论坛－dingf 朋友提供）
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一、表面缺陷
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二、气孔
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三、加渣
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四、加钨
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五、未焊透
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7071ຫໍສະໝຸດ 72六、未熔合73
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七、裂纹
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焊缝射线照相底片的评判规律
一、 探伤人员要评片，四项指标放在先*，底片标记齐又正，铅字压缝为废片。 二、 评片开始第一件，先找四条熔合线，小口径管照椭圆，根部都在圈里面。 三、 气孔形象最明显，中心浓黑边缘浅，夹渣属于非金属，杂乱无章有棱边。 四、 咬边成线亦成点，似断似续常相见，这个缺陷最好定，位置就在熔合线。 五、 未焊透是大缺陷，典型图象成直线，间隙太小钝边厚，投影部位*中间。 六、 内凹只在仰焊面，间隙太大是关键，内凹未透要分清，内凹透度成弧线。 七、 未熔合它斜又扁，常规透照难发现，它的位置有规律，都在坡口与层间。 八、 横裂纵裂都危险，横裂多数在表面，纵裂分布范围广，中间稍宽两端尖。 九、 还有一种冷裂纹，热影响区常发现，冷裂具有延迟性，焊完两天再拍片。 十、 有了裂纹很危险，斩草除根保安全，裂纹不论长和短，全部都是Ⅳ级片。 十一、 未熔和也很危险，黑度有深亦有浅，一旦判定就是它，亦是全部Ⅳ级片。 十二、 危害缺陷未焊透，Ⅱ级焊缝不能有，管线根据深和长，容器跟着条渣走**。 十三、 夹渣评定莫着忙，分清圆形和条状，长宽相比 3 为界，大于 3 倍是条状。 十四、 气孔危害并不大，标准对它很宽大，长径折点套厚度，中间厚度插入法。 十五、 多种缺陷大会合，分门别类先评级，2 类相加减去Ⅰ，3 类相加减Ⅱ级。 十六、 评片要想快又准，下拜焊工当先生，要问诀窍有哪些，焊接工艺和投影。 注：*四项指标系底片的黑度、灵敏度、清晰度、灰雾度必须符合标准的要求。 **指单面焊的管线焊缝和双面焊的容器焊缝内未焊透的判定标准。
焊缝RT底片的评判规律及典型缺陷图谱
焊缝射线照相底片的评判规律一、探伤人员要评片，四项指标放在先*，底片标记齐又正，铅字压缝为废片。
二、评片开始第一件，先找四条熔合线，小口径管照椭圆，根部都在圈里面。
三、气孔形象最明显，中心浓黑边缘浅，夹渣属于非金属，杂乱无章有棱边。
四、咬边成线亦成点，似断似续常相见，这个缺陷最好定，位置就在熔合线。
五、未焊透是大缺陷，典型图象成直线，间隙太小钝边厚，投影部位靠中间。
六、内凹只在仰焊面，间隙太大是关键，内凹未透要分清，内凹透度成弧线。
七、未熔合它斜又扁，常规透照难发现，它的位置有规律，都在坡口与层间。
八、横裂纵裂都危险，横裂多数在表面，纵裂分布范围广，中间稍宽两端尖。
九、还有一种冷裂纹，热影响区常发现，冷裂具有延迟性，焊完两天再拍片。
十、有了裂纹很危险，斩草除根保安全，裂纹不论长和短，全部都是Ⅳ级片。
十一、未熔和也很危险，黑度有深亦有浅，一旦判定就是它，亦是全部Ⅳ级片。
十二、危害缺陷未焊透，Ⅱ级焊缝不能有，管线根据深和长，容器跟着条渣走**。
十三、夹渣评定莫着忙，分清圆形和条状，长宽相比3为界，大于3倍是条状。
十四、气孔危害并不大，标准对它很宽大，长径折点套厚度，中间厚度插入法。
十五、多种缺陷大会合，分门别类先评级，2类相加减去Ⅰ，3类相加减Ⅱ级。
十六、评片要想快又准，下拜焊工当先生，要问诀窍有哪些，焊接工艺和投影。
注：*四项指标系底片的黑度、灵敏度、清晰度、灰雾度必须符合标准的要求。
**指单面焊的管线焊缝和双面焊的容器焊缝内未焊透的判定标准。
Radiograph Interpretation - WeldsIn addition to producing high quality radiographs, the radiographer must also be skilled in radiographic interpretation. Interpretation of radiographs takes place in three basic steps which are (1) detection, (2) interpretation, and (3) evaluation. All of these steps make use of the radiographer's visual acuity. Visual acuity is the ability to resolve a spatial pattern in an image. The ability of an individual to detect discontinuities in radiography is also affected by the lighting condition in the place of viewing, and the experience level for recognizing various features in the image. The following material was developed to help students develop an understanding of the types of defects found in weldments and how they appear in a radiograph.DiscontinuitiesDiscontinuities are interruptions in the typical structure of a material. These interruptions may occur in the base metal, weld material or "heat affected" zones. Discontinuities, which do not meet the requirements of the codes or specification used to invoke and control an inspection, are referred to as defects.General Welding DiscontinuitiesThe following discontinuities are typical of all types of welding.Cold lap is a condition where the weld filler metal does not properly fuse with the base metal or the previous weld pass material (interpass cold lap). The arc does not melt the base metal sufficiently and causes the slightly molten puddle to flow into base material without bonding.Porosity气孔is the result of gas entrapment in the solidifying metal. Porosity can take many shapes on a radiograph but often appears as dark round or irregular spots or specks appearing singularly, in clusters or rows. Sometimes porosity is elongated and may have the appearance of having a tail This is the result of gas attempting to escape while the metal is still in a liquid state and is called wormhole porosity. All porosity is a void in the material it will have a radiographic density more than the surrounding area..Cluster porosity链状气孔is caused when flux coated electrodes are contaminated with moisture. The moisture turns into gases when heated and becomes trapped in the weld during the welding process. Cluster porosity appear just like regular porosity in the radiograph but the indications will be grouped close together.Slag inclusions夹渣are nonmetallic solid material entrapped in weld metal or between weld and base metal. In a radiograph, dark, jagged asymmetrical shapes within the weld or along the weld joint areas are indicative of slag inclusions.Incomplete penetration (IP) or lack of penetration (LOP)未焊透occurs when the weld metal fails to penetrate the joint. It is one of the most objectionable weld discontinuities. Lack of penetration allows a natural stress riser from which a crack may propagate. The appearance on a radiograph is a dark area with well-defined, straight edges that follows the land or root face down the center of the weldment.Incomplete fusion未熔合is a condition where the weld filler metal does not properly fuse with the base metal. Appearance on radiograph: usually appears as a dark line or lines oriented in the direction of the weld seam along the weld preparation or joining area.Internal concavity or suck back内凹或吸入is condition where the weld metal has contracted as it cools and has been drawn up into the root of the weld. On a radiograph it looks similar to lack of penetration but the line has irregular edges and it is often quite wide in the center of the weld image.Internal or root undercut内部或根部咬边is an erosion of the base metal next to the root of the weld. In the radiographic image it appears as a dark irregular line offsetfrom the centerline of the weldment. Undercutting is not as straight edged as LOP because it does not follow a ground edge.External or crown undercut外部或顶部咬边is an erosion of the base metal next to the crown of the weld. In the radiograph, it appears as a dark irregular line along the outside edge of the weld area.Offset or mismatch错边are terms associated with a condition where two pieces being welded together are not properly aligned. The radiographic image is a noticeable difference in density between the two pieces. The difference in density is caused by the difference in material thickness. The dark, straight line is caused by failure of the weld metal to fuse with the land area.Inadequate weld reinforcement未填满is an area of a weld where the thickness of weld metal deposited is less than the thickness of the base material. It is very easy to determine by radiograph if the weld has inadequate reinforcement, because the image density in the area of suspected inadequacy will be more (darker) than the image density of the surrounding base material.Excess weld reinforcement增强余高is an area of a weld, which has weld metal added in excess of that specified by engineering drawings and codes. The appearance on a radiograph is a localized, lighter area in the weld. A visual inspection will easily determine if the weld reinforcement is in excess of that specified by the individual code involved in the inspection.Cracking裂纹can be detected in a radiograph only the crack is propagating in a direction that produced a change in thickness that is parallel to the x-ray beam.Cracks will appearas jagged and often very faint irregular lines. Cracks can sometimes appearing as "tails" on inclusions or porosity.Discontinuities in TIG weldsThe following discontinuities are peculiar to the TIG welding process. These discontinuities occur in most metals welded by the process including aluminum and stainless steels. The TIG method of welding produces a clean homogeneous weld which when radiographed is easily interpreted.Tungsten inclusions. 夹钨Tungsten is a brittle and inherently dense material used in the electrode in tungsten inert gas welding. If improper welding procedures are used, tungsten may be entrapped in the weld. Radiographically, tungsten is more dense than aluminum or steel; therefore, it shows as a lighter area with a distinct outline on the radiograph.Oxide inclusions夹氧化物are usually visible on the surface of material being welded (especially aluminum). Oxide inclusions are less dense than the surrounding materials and, therefore, appear as dark irregularly shaped discontinuities in the radiograph.Discontinuities in Gas Metal Arc Welds (GMAW)The following discontinuities are most commonly found in GMAW welds. Whiskers are short lengths of weld electrode wire, visible on the top or bottom surface of the weld or contained within the weld. On a radiograph they appear as light, "wire like" indications.Burn through (icicles) results when too much heat causes excessive weld metal to penetrate the weld zone. Lumps of metal sag through the weld creating a thick globular condition on the back of the weld. On a radiograph, burn through appears as dark spots surrounded by light globular areas.welld-02 (Incomplete Root Fusion、根部未熔合)welld-03 (Insuffucient Reinforcement、增强高)welld-04 (Excess Root Penetration、根部焊瘤)welld-05 (External Undercut、外部咬肉)welld-06 (Internal Undercut、内部咬肉)welld-07 (Root Concavity、根部凹陷)welld-08 (Burn Through、烧穿)welld-09 (Isolated Slag Inclusion、单个的夹渣)welld-10 (Wagon Track - Slag Line、线状夹渣)welld-11 (Interrun Fusion、内部未熔合)welld-12 (Lack of Sidewall Fusion、内侧未熔合)welld-13 (Porosity、气孔)welld-14 (Cluster Porosity、链状气孔)welld-15 (Hollow Bead、夹珠)welld-16 (Transverse Crack、横向裂纹)welld-17 (Centerline Crack、中心线裂纹)welld-18 (Root Crack、根部裂纹)welld-19 (Tungsten Inclusion)夹钨。
焊缝、铸件缺陷及伪缺陷在X射线底片上影像特征的分析
焊缝、铸件缺陷及伪缺陷在X 射线底片上影像特征的分析樊星明一 .单个气孔 (分散气孔 )1.特征和分布状态单个气孔缺陷在焊接内部多呈单一状态均匀分布，在焊缝上部，气孔体积不大 ,呈球状或椭圆形，外表光滑。
2.X 射线检测单个气孔与 X 射线底片上能清晰地显示出气孔的球状，椭圆状轮廓，由于经常采用射线方向与焊缝纵向垂直的透照方法，我们在底片上看到的都是气孔的正投影图象，所以，在 X 射线底片上都不能反映单个气孔缺陷在焊缝横向所处位置，即不能说明单个气孔是在焊缝的上部、中部或下部。
3.形成原因A焊接前未将焊缝坡口处金属上的铁锈、油污和油漆等清理干净。
B电焊条潮湿，水分在电弧高温作用下分解成氢气和氧气等气体，溶解于液态金属中，此时假设焊缝中液态金属凝固过快，熔解气休不能及时自焊缝中逸出。
C由于电弧加热母材温度不够高，焊接速度又过快等不合理工艺因素影响。
二 .链式气孔缺陷1.特征与分布状态链式乞孔在焊缝中呈一直线分布，气孔边沿相互衔接，状如链条，链的中心与焊缝轴线平行。
在埋弧焊中带出现在母材与焊缝之间。
在单面对接焊缝中常出现在焊接底部，链式乞孔缺陷很容易和未焊透缺陷混淆。
为了与未焊透缺陷区别，链状乞孔又称细线气孔。
在焊缝边沿的纵剖面上可以看到链状气孔，在母材与焊缝分界面上呈链环状影像。
在焊缝横剖面上链状气孔是呈单个分布，并有一定距离。
链状气孔之所以有以上所述的分布状态是由于母材与焊缝边界处冷却速度大，液态金属在此处受母材激冷，首先在此处凝固。
而氢气泡在固相外表上形成时消耗的功又小，因此氢气在熔池中析出即在此处元集形成气泡，来不及逸出。
2.X 射线检测链式气孔缺陷在X 射线底片上能清晰地显示出来，有的链环状分布，连续长度有30mm 以上有的那么呈断链状。
一段一段分布在焊缝与母材边沿部位底片上呈暗色图像，在链的边沿可清楚扯到气孔圆形轮廓。
3.形成原因主要是由氢引起的，氢来源于潮湿的助熔剂和没有充分枯燥的焊条涂料中的水分。
射线评片技巧焊缝未熔合射线底片影像特点修订版
射线评片技巧焊缝未熔合射线底片影像特点修订版焊缝未熔合是指焊接过程中产生的焊缝没有完全熔化。
未熔合的焊缝可能由焊接参数不合理、焊接速度过快、焊接温度不够高等因素导致。
焊缝未熔合会对焊接强度和密封性产生负面影响，因此在射线评片时需要仔细识别并进行修补。
焊缝未熔合在射线底片影像上通常具有以下特点：1.未熔合区域呈现出明显的黑色区域，与周围的焊接区域形成鲜明的对比。
这是因为未熔合的焊缝没有完全熔化，导致射线无法穿透，从而在底片上形成黑色阴影。
2.未熔合区域的形状与位置通常与焊缝的几何形状有关。
未熔合可能发生在焊缝的一侧或两侧，也可能出现在焊缝末端或中间位置。
未熔合的形状通常较为分散，但有时也可能是线状或条状。
3.未熔合区域的大小和数量会影响焊缝的质量评估。
如果未熔合区域较小且数量较少，可以通过焊接修补的方法来解决。
然而，如果未熔合区域较大或数量较多，可能需要重新进行焊接或其他更复杂的修复工作。
基于以上的射线底片影像特点，我们可以修订射线评片技巧，以更准确地识别并处理焊缝未熔合的问题：1.注意观察底片上的黑色阴影区域，特别是与焊缝相连的区域。
将注意力集中在这些区域，并与周围的焊接区域进行对比。
2.使用放大镜或显微镜来观察未熔合区域的细节。
尽量将焊缝未熔合与其他阴影区域（如气孔、夹杂物等）进行区分，以确保准确识别。
3.将未熔合的焊缝区域绘制在焊接图上，以形成焊缝未熔合区域的几何形状。
这有助于评估未熔合的大小和位置，并指导后续修补的方法。
4.根据未熔合的大小和数量，确定相应的修补措施。
对于较小的未熔合区域，可以采用焊接修补的方法。
对于较大或数量较多的未熔合区域，需要重新进行焊接或其他更复杂的修复工作。
总之，射线评片技巧是识别焊缝未熔合问题的重要工具。
通过观察底片上的特点，我们可以准确识别未熔合的区域，并采取相应的修补措施。
修订后的射线评片技巧将使评估焊缝质量变得更准确和可靠。
射线底片评定口诀
射线底片评定口诀
一、探伤人员要评片，四项指标放在先*，底片标记齐又正，铅字压缝为废片。
二、评片开始第一件，先找四条熔合线，小口径管照椭圆，根部都在圈里面。
三、气孔形象最明显，中心浓黑边缘浅，夹渣属于非金属，杂乱无章有棱边。
四、咬边成线亦成点，似断似续常相见，这个缺陷最好定，位置就在熔合线。
五、未焊透是大缺陷，典型图像成直线，间隙太小钝边厚，投影部位*中间。
六、内凹只在仰焊面，间隙太大是关键，内凹未透要分清，内凹透度成弧线。
七、未熔合它斜又扁，常规透照难发现，它的位置有规律，都在坡口与层间。
八、横裂纵裂都危险，横裂多数在表面，纵裂分布范围广，中间稍宽两端尖。
九、还有一种冷裂纹，热影响区常发现，冷裂具有延迟性，焊完两天再拍片。
十、有了裂纹很危险，斩草除根保安全，裂纹不论长和短，全部都是Ⅳ级片。
十一、未熔和也很危险，黑度有深亦有浅，一旦判定就是它，亦是全部Ⅳ级片。
十二、危害缺陷未焊透，Ⅱ级焊缝不能有，管线根据深和长，容器跟着条渣走**。
十三、夹渣评定莫着忙，分清圆形和条状，长宽相比3为界，大于3倍是条状。
十四、气孔危害并不大，标准对它很宽大，长径折点套厚度，中间厚度插入法。
十五、多种缺陷大会合，分门别类先评级，2类相加减去Ⅰ，3类相加减Ⅱ级。
十六、评片要想快又准，下拜焊工当先生，要问诀窍有哪些，焊接工艺和投影。
注：*四项指标系底片的黑度、灵敏度、清晰度、灰雾度必须符合标准的要求。
**指单面焊的管线焊缝和双面焊的容器焊缝内未焊透的判定标准。
（转自筑龙网）。
焊缝RT底片评判规律及典型缺陷图谱
焊缝射线照相底片的评判规律一、探伤人员要评片，四项指标放在先*，底片标记齐又正，铅字压缝为废片。
二、评片开始第一件，先找四条熔合线，小口径管照椭圆，根部都在圈里面。
三、气孔形象最明显，中心浓黑边缘浅，夹渣属于非金属，杂乱无章有棱边。
四、咬边成线亦成点，似断似续常相见，这个缺陷最好定，位置就在熔合线。
五、未焊透是大缺陷，典型图象成直线，间隙太小钝边厚，投影部位靠中间。
六、凹只在仰焊面，间隙太大是关键，凹未透要分清，凹透度成弧线。
七、未熔合它斜又扁，常规透照难发现，它的位置有规律，都在坡口与层间。
八、横裂纵裂都危险，横裂多数在表面，纵裂分布围广，中间稍宽两端尖。
九、还有一种冷裂纹，热影响区常发现，冷裂具有延迟性，焊完两天再拍片。
十、有了裂纹很危险，斩草除根保安全，裂纹不论长和短，全部都是Ⅳ级片。
十一、未熔和也很危险，黑度有深亦有浅，一旦判定就是它，亦是全部Ⅳ级片。
十二、危害缺陷未焊透，Ⅱ级焊缝不能有，管线根据深和长，容器跟着条渣走**。
十三、夹渣评定莫着忙，分清圆形和条状，长宽相比3为界，大于3倍是条状。
十四、气孔危害并不大，标准对它很宽大，长径折点套厚度，中间厚度插入法。
十五、多种缺陷大会合，分门别类先评级，2类相加减去Ⅰ，3类相加减Ⅱ级。
十六、评片要想快又准，下拜焊工当先生，要问诀窍有哪些，焊接工艺和投影。
注：*四项指标系底片的黑度、灵敏度、清晰度、灰雾度必须符合标准的要求。
**指单面焊的管线焊缝和双面焊的容器焊缝未焊透的判定标准。
Radiograph Interpretation - WeldsIn addition to producing high quality radiographs, the radiographer must also be skilled in radiographic interpretation. Interpretation of radiographs takes place in three basic steps which are (1) detection, (2) interpretation, and (3) evaluation. All of these steps make use of the radiographer's visual acuity. Visual acuity is the ability to resolve a spatial pattern in an image. The ability of an individual to detect discontinuities in radiography is also affected by the lighting condition in the place of viewing, and the experience level for recognizing various features in the image. The following material was developed to help students develop an understanding of the types of defects found in weldments and how they appear in a radiograph.DiscontinuitiesDiscontinuities are interruptions in the typical structure of a material. These interruptions may occur in the base metal, weld material or "heat affected" zones. Discontinuities, which do not meet the requirements of the codes or specification used to invoke and control an inspection, are referred to as defects.General Welding DiscontinuitiesThe following discontinuities are typical of all types of welding.Cold lap is a condition where the weld filler metal does not properly fuse with the base metal or the previous weld pass material (interpass cold lap). The arc does not melt the base metal sufficiently and causes the slightly molten puddle to flow into base material without bonding.Porosity气孔is the result of gas entrapment in the solidifying metal. Porosity can take many shapes on a radiograph but often appears as dark round or irregular spots or specks appearing singularly, in clusters or rows. Sometimes porosity is elongated and may have the appearance of having a tail This is the result of gas attempting to escape while the metal is still in a liquid state and is called wormhole porosity. All porosity is a void in the material it will have a radiographic density more than the surrounding area..Cluster porosity链状气孔is caused when flux coated electrodes are contaminated with moisture. The moisture turns into gases when heated and becomes trapped inthe weld during the welding process. Cluster porosity appear just like regular porosity in the radiograph but the indications will be grouped close together.Slag inclusions夹渣are nonmetallic solid material entrapped in weld metal or between weld and base metal. In a radiograph, dark, jagged asymmetrical shapes within the weld or along the weld joint areas are indicative of slag inclusions.Incomplete penetration (IP) or lack of penetration (LOP)未焊透occurs when the weld metal fails to penetrate the joint. It is one of the most objectionable weld discontinuities. Lack of penetration allows a natural stress riser from which a crackmay propagate. The appearance on a radiograph is a dark area with well-defined, straight edges that follows the land or root face down the center of the weldment.Incomplete fusion未熔合is a condition where the weld filler metal does not properly fuse with the base metal. Appearance on radiograph: usually appears as a dark line or lines oriented in the direction of the weld seam along the weld preparation or joining area.Internal concavity or suck back凹或吸入is condition where the weld metal has contracted as it cools and has been drawn up into the root of the weld. On aradiograph it looks similar to lack of penetration but the line has irregular edges and it is often quite wide in the center of the weld image.Internal or root undercut部或根部咬边is an erosion of the base metal next to the root of the weld. In the radiographic image it appears as a dark irregular line offset from the centerline of the weldment. Undercutting is not as straight edged as LOP because it does not follow a ground edge.External or crown undercut外部或顶部咬边is an erosion of the base metal next to the crown of the weld. In the radiograph, it appears as a dark irregular line along the outside edge of the weld area.Offset or mismatch错边are terms associated with a condition where two pieces being welded together are not properly aligned. The radiographic image is a noticeable difference in density between the two pieces. The difference in density is caused by the difference in material thickness. The dark, straight line is caused by failure of the weld metal to fuse with the land area.Inadequate weld reinforcement未填满is an area of a weld where the thickness of weld metal deposited is less than the thickness of the base material. It is very easy to determine by radiograph if the weld has inadequate reinforcement, because the image density in the area of suspected inadequacy will be more (darker) than the image density of the surrounding base material.Excess weld reinforcement增强余高is an area of a weld, which has weld metal added in excess of that specified by engineering drawings and codes. The appearance on a radiograph is a localized, lighter area in the weld. A visual inspection will easily determine if the weld reinforcement is in excess of that specified by the individual code involved in the inspection.Cracking裂纹can be detected in a radiograph only the crack is propagating in a direction that produced a change in thickness that is parallel to the x-ray beam. Cracks will appearas jagged and often very faint irregular lines. Cracks can sometimes appearing as "tails" on inclusions or porosity.Discontinuities in TIG weldsThe following discontinuities are peculiar to the TIG welding process. These discontinuities occur in most metals welded by the process including aluminum and stainless steels. The TIG method of welding produces a clean homogeneous weld which when radiographed is easily interpreted.Tungsten inclusions. 夹钨Tungsten is a brittle and inherently dense material used in the electrode in tungsten inert gas welding. If improper welding procedures are used, tungsten may be entrapped in the weld. Radiographically, tungsten is more dense than aluminum or steel; therefore, it shows as a lighter area with a distinct outline on the radiograph.Oxide inclusions夹氧化物are usually visible on the surface of material being welded (especially aluminum). Oxide inclusions are less dense than the surrounding materials and, therefore, appear as dark irregularly shaped discontinuities in the radiograph.Discontinuities in Gas Metal Arc Welds (GMAW)The following discontinuities are most commonly found in GMAW welds.Whiskers are short lengths of weld electrode wire, visible on the top or bottom surface of the weld or contained within the weld. On a radiograph they appear as light, "wire like" indications.Burn through (icicles) results when too much heat causes excessive weld metal to penetrate the weld zone. Lumps of metal sag through the weld creating a thick globular condition on the back of the weld. On a radiograph, burn through appears as dark spots surrounded by light globular areas.welld-02 (Incomplete Root Fusion、根部未熔合)....welld-03 (Insuffucient Reinforcement、增强高) ....welld-04 (Excess Root Penetration、根部焊瘤) ....welld-05 (External Undercut、外部咬肉) ....welld-06 (Internal Undercut、部咬肉) ....welld-07 (Root Concavity、根部凹陷) ....welld-08 (Burn Through、烧穿) ....welld-09 (Isolated Slag Inclusion、单个的夹渣) ....welld-10 (Wagon Track - Slag Line、线状夹渣) ....welld-11 (Interrun Fusion、部未熔合) ....welld-12 (Lack of Sidewall Fusion、侧未熔合) ....welld-13 (Porosity、气孔) ....welld-14 (Cluster Porosity、链状气孔) ....welld-15 (Hollow Bead、夹珠) ....welld-16 (Transverse Crack、横向裂纹) ....welld-17 (Centerline Crack、中心线裂纹) ....welld-18 (Root Crack、根部裂纹) ....welld-19 (Tungsten Inclusion)夹钨....。
焊缝RT底片的评判规律及典型缺陷图谱
焊缝射线照相底片的评判规律一、探伤人员要评片，四项指标放在先*，底片标记齐又正，铅字压缝为废片。
二、评片开始第一件，先找四条熔合线，小口径管照椭圆，根部都在圈里面。
三、气孔形象最明显，中心浓黑边缘浅，夹渣属于非金属，杂乱无章有棱边。
四、咬边成线亦成点，似断似续常相见，这个缺陷最好定，位置就在熔合线。
五、未焊透是大缺陷，典型图象成直线，间隙太小钝边厚，投影部位靠中间。
六、内凹只在仰焊面，间隙太大是关键，内凹未透要分清，内凹透度成弧线。
七、未熔合它斜又扁，常规透照难发现，它的位置有规律，都在坡口与层间。
八、横裂纵裂都危险，横裂多数在表面，纵裂分布范围广，中间稍宽两端尖。
九、还有一种冷裂纹，热影响区常发现，冷裂具有延迟性，焊完两天再拍片。
十、有了裂纹很危险，斩草除根保安全，裂纹不论长和短，全部都是Ⅳ级片。
十一、未熔和也很危险，黑度有深亦有浅，一旦判定就是它，亦是全部Ⅳ级片。
十二、危害缺陷未焊透，Ⅱ级焊缝不能有，管线根据深和长，容器跟着条渣走**。
十三、夹渣评定莫着忙，分清圆形和条状，长宽相比3为界，大于3倍是条状。
十四、气孔危害并不大，标准对它很宽大，长径折点套厚度，中间厚度插入法。
十五、多种缺陷大会合，分门别类先评级，2类相加减去Ⅰ，3类相加减Ⅱ级。
十六、评片要想快又准，下拜焊工当先生，要问诀窍有哪些，焊接工艺和投影。
注：*四项指标系底片的黑度、灵敏度、清晰度、灰雾度必须符合标准的要求。
**指单面焊的管线焊缝和双面焊的容器焊缝内未焊透的判定标准。
Radiograph Interpretation - WeldsIn addition to producing high quality radiographs, the radiographer must also be skilled in radiographic interpretation. Interpretation of radiographs takes place in three basic steps which are (1) detection, (2) interpretation, and (3) evaluation. All of these steps make use of the radiographer's visual acuity. Visual acuity is the ability to resolve a spatial pattern in an image. The ability of an individual to detect discontinuities in radiography is also affected bythe lighting condition in the place of viewing, and the experience level for recognizing various features in the image. The following material was developed to help students develop an understanding of the types of defects found in weldments and how they appear in a radiograph.DiscontinuitiesDiscontinuities are interruptions in the typical structure of a material. These interruptions may occur in the base metal, weld material or "heat affected" zones. Discontinuities, which do not meet the requirements of the codes or specification used to invoke and control an inspection, are referred to as defects.General Welding DiscontinuitiesThe following discontinuities are typical of all types of welding.Cold lap is a condition where the weld filler metal does not properly fuse with the base metal or the previous weld pass material (interpass cold lap). The arc does not melt the base metal sufficiently and causes the slightly molten puddle to flow into base material without bonding.Porosity气孔is the result of gas entrapment in the solidifying metal. Porosity can take many shapes on a radiograph but often appears as dark round or irregular spots or specks appearing singularly, in clusters or rows. Sometimes porosity is elongated and may have the appearance of having a tail This is the result of gas attempting to escape while the metal is still in a liquid state and is called wormhole porosity. All porosity is a void in the material it will have a radiographic density more than the surrounding area..Cluster porosity链状气孔is caused when flux coated electrodes are contaminated with moisture. The moisture turns into gases when heated and becomes trapped in the weld during the welding process. Cluster porosity appear just like regular porosity in the radiograph but the indications will be grouped close together.Slag inclusions夹渣 are nonmetallic solid material entrapped in weld metal or between weld and base metal. In a radiograph, dark, jagged asymmetrical shapes within the weld or along the weld joint areas are indicative of slag inclusions.Incomplete penetration (IP) or lack of penetration (LOP)未焊透occurs when the weld metal fails to penetrate the joint. It is one of the most objectionable weld discontinuities. Lack of penetration allows a natural stress riser from which a crack may propagate. The appearance on a radiograph is a dark area with well-defined, straight edges that follows the land or root face down the center of the weldment.Incomplete fusion未熔合is a condition where the weld filler metal does not properly fuse with the base metal. Appearance on radiograph: usually appears as a dark line or lines oriented in the direction of the weld seam along the weld preparation or joining area.Internal concavity or suck back内凹或吸入is condition where the weld metal has contracted as it cools and has been drawn up into the root of the weld. On a radiograph it looks similar to lack of penetration but the line has irregularedges and it is often quite wide in the center of the weld image.Internal or root undercut内部或根部咬边is an erosion of the base metal next to the root of the weld. In the radiographic image it appears as a dark irregular line offset from the centerline of the weldment. Undercutting is not as straight edged as LOP because it does not follow a ground edge.External or crown undercut外部或顶部咬边is an erosion of the base metal next to the crown of the weld. In the radiograph, it appears as a dark irregular line along the outside edge of the weld area.Offset ormismatch错边are terms associated with a condition where two pieces being welded together are not properly aligned. The radiographic image is a noticeable difference in density between the two pieces. The difference in density is caused by the difference in materialthickness. The dark, straight line is caused by failure of the weld metal to fuse with the land area.Inadequate weld reinforcement未填满is an area of a weld where the thickness of weld metal deposited is less than the thickness of the base material. It is very easy to determine by radiograph if the weld has inadequate reinforcement, because the image density in the area of suspected inadequacy will be more (darker) than the image density of the surrounding base material.Excess weld reinforcement增强余高is an area of a weld, which has weld metal added in excess of that specified by engineering drawings and codes. The appearance on a radiograph is a localized, lighter area in the weld. A visual inspection will easily determine if the weld reinforcement is in excess of that specified by the individual code involved in the inspection.Cracking裂纹can be detected in a radiograph only the crack is propagating in a direction that produced a change in thickness that is parallel to the x-ray beam. Cracks will appearas jagged and often very faint irregular lines. Cracks can sometimes appearing as "tails" on inclusions or porosity.Discontinuities in TIG weldsThe following discontinuities are peculiar to the TIG welding process. These discontinuities occur in most metals welded by the process including aluminum and stainless steels. The TIG method of welding produces a clean homogeneous weld which when radiographed is easily interpreted.Tungsten inclusions. 夹钨Tungsten is a brittle and inherently dense material used in the electrode in tungsten inert gas welding. If improper welding procedures are used, tungsten may be entrapped in the weld. Radiographically,tungsten is more dense than aluminum or steel; therefore, it shows as a lighter area with a distinct outline on the radiograph.Oxide inclusions夹氧化物are usually visible on the surface of material being welded (especially aluminum). Oxide inclusions are less dense than the surrounding materials and, therefore, appear as dark irregularly shaped discontinuities in the radiograph.Discontinuities in Gas Metal Arc Welds (GMAW)The following discontinuities are most commonly found in GMAW welds.Whiskers are short lengths of weld electrode wire, visible on the top or bottom surface of the weld or contained within the weld. On a radiograph they appear as light, "wire like" indications.Burn through (icicles) results when too much heat causes excessive weld metal to penetrate the weld zone. Lumps of metal sag through the weldcreating a thick globular condition on the back of the weld. On a radiograph, burn through appears as dark spots surrounded by light globular areas.welld-02 (Incomplete Root Fusion、根部未熔合) welld-03 (Insuffucient Reinforcement、增强高) welld-04 (Excess Root Penetration、根部焊瘤) welld-05 (External Undercut、外部咬肉)welld-06 (Internal Undercut、内部咬肉)welld-07 (Root Concavity、根部凹陷)welld-08 (Burn Through、烧穿)welld-09 (Isolated Slag Inclusion、单个的夹渣) welld-10 (Wagon Track - Slag Line、线状夹渣) welld-11 (Interrun Fusion、内部未熔合)welld-12 (Lack of Sidewall Fusion、内侧未熔合) welld-13 (Porosity、气孔)welld-14 (Cluster Porosity、链状气孔) welld-15 (Hollow Bead、夹珠)welld-16 (Transverse Crack、横向裂纹) welld-17 (Centerline Crack、中心线裂纹) welld-18 (Root Crack、根部裂纹)welld-19 (Tungsten Inclusion)夹钨。
射线评片技巧焊缝未熔合射线底片影像特点
射线评片技巧焊缝未熔合射线底片影像特点
1.确认焊缝未熔合：焊缝未熔合是焊接过程中常见的缺陷之一，射线底片可以用来检测焊缝是否完全熔合。
未熔合的焊缝通常呈现出清晰的分界线，与周围金属材料形成明显的对比。
2.射线底片的密度：未熔合的焊缝在射线底片上通常呈现出高密度区域，与周围金属材料形成明显的对比。
这是因为未熔合的焊缝中存在大量的气孔、夹杂物和未融化的焊剂等杂质，使得射线通过时被散射或吸收，导致底片上呈现出高密度的暗区。
3.射线底片的对比度：未熔合的焊缝通常呈现出与周围金属材料形成鲜明的对比。
这是因为焊缝未熔合造成了电阻增大，导致射线相对于金属材料的透射度下降，从而使得未熔合的焊缝在底片上呈现出较暗的图像。
4.焊缝未熔合的形态特点：未熔合的焊缝通常在射线底片上呈现出不规则的形态。
这是因为未熔合的焊缝中存在许多气孔和夹杂物，使得焊缝的形态变得复杂多样。
有时，未熔合的焊缝还会呈现出分叉、分支或断裂等特点。
5.射线底片上的其他缺陷：除了未熔合的焊缝，射线底片上还可能存在其他缺陷，如焊缝偏位、焊缝内裂纹、夹渣、气孔等等。
这些缺陷与未熔合的焊缝在底片上呈现出类似的特点，但其形态和密度可能有所差别。
总之，射线评片技巧可以帮助检测焊缝未熔合的缺陷。
通过分析射线底片上的影像特点，可以有效地鉴别未熔合的焊缝和其他类型的缺陷，为焊接工艺的质量控制提供可靠的依据。
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2015-04-19分类：阅读(1933)评论(0)
根据GB6417-1986《金属熔化焊焊缝缺陷分类及说明》定义未熔合，在焊接过程中由于焊缝金属与母材金属未完全熔化结合，或者焊道金属与焊道金属之间未完全熔化结合产生的缺陷称为未熔合。
本文讲述未熔合缺陷的分类、焊缝未熔合危害、焊缝未熔合的产生原因、焊缝未熔合在射线底片影像上的特征缺陷，以及讲解工作中射线检测的焊缝未熔合缺陷底片。
一、未熔合分类
焊缝未熔合可分为层间未熔合、坡口未熔合（侧壁未熔合）、根部未熔合，如下图所示为三类焊缝未熔合的示意图。
未熔合常出现在焊缝根部形成根部未熔合、在焊道间层形成层间未熔合、在焊道和母材坡口之间形成坡口未熔合，以及在焊缝和母材溢流或焊瘤之间等位置。
坡口未融合示意图
层间未融合示意图
根部未融合示意图
二、未熔合危害
未熔合是一种面积型缺陷，坡口侧未熔合和根部未熔合明显减小了承载截面积，应力集中比较严重，其危害性仅次于裂纹。
三、未熔合的产生原因
（1）焊道清理不干净，存在油污或铁锈；
（2）坡口设计加工不合理，液态金属流动有死角；
（3）焊接电流过小，焊丝未完全熔化；
（4）焊枪没有充分摆动，焊接位置存在死角；
（5）焊工为了加快焊接速度，擅自提高电流等。
四、未熔合射线底片影像特征
（1）根部未熔合：典型影像是连续或断续的黑线，靠近母材侧影像轮廓整齐呈直线状且黑度较大，为坡口或钝边的机械加工痕迹。
靠近焊缝中心测未熔合影像的轮廓可能较规则，也可能不规则，呈曲齿状的块状缺陷。
根部未熔合在底片上的位置就是焊缝根部的投影位置，若射线垂直焊缝透照，则缺陷一般在焊缝影像的中间。
若斜角度透照或者母材坡口形状不对称（开单边坡口）可能偏向一边。
（2）坡口未熔合：典型影像是连续或断续的黑线，宽度不一，黑度不均匀，一侧轮廓较齐，黑度较大，另一侧轮廓不规则，黑度较小，在底片上的位置一般在中心至边缘的1/2处，沿焊缝纵向延伸。
坡口未熔合示意图和底片影像
（3）层间未熔合的典型影像是黑度不大的块状阴影，形状不规则，如伴有夹渣时，夹渣部位黑度较大。
层间未熔合与分层缺陷相似，在射线透照方向上透照厚度差较小，一般在射线照相检测中不易发现。
以下是未熔合缺陷影像
圆形缺陷、未熔合、咬边底片影像
如上图所示未熔合底片影像：靠近母材侧黑度较大且轮廓清晰，靠近焊缝中心黑度逐渐减小且轮廓不清晰，该缺陷为典型的坡口未熔合。
未熔合、夹钨、圆形缺陷底片影像
未熔合底片影像
未熔合底片影像
如上图所示，靠近母材侧影像轮廓整齐呈直线状且黑度较大，另一侧轮廓不规则。
焊缝未熔合实物图
焊缝未熔合实物图
以上两幅图是在工作中遇到的是真实缺陷，由于焊接成型不良产生的坡口未熔合缺陷和层间未熔合缺陷，用线切割从焊缝中心剖开，可以很清楚的看到未熔合缺陷在焊缝中的形状。
五、未熔合缺陷评级
本文介绍JB/T4730-2005《承压设备无损检测》第2部分射线检测篇的缺陷评级，其规定如果下：
“质量分级一般规定
Ⅰ级焊接接头内不允许存在裂纹、未熔合、未焊透和条形缺陷。
Ⅱ级和Ⅲ级焊接接头内不允许存在裂纹、未熔合、未焊透。
焊接接头中缺陷超过Ⅲ级者为Ⅳ级。
”
根据JB/T4730-2005《承压设备无损检测》第2部分射线检测标准中缺陷评级的规定，若焊缝影像中有未熔合则判为Ⅳ级，若验收等级为Ⅲ，则判为不合格。