国际贸易实务》重点名词解释)

国际贸易实务》重点名词解释)
国际贸易实务》重点名词解释)

1、贸易术语——在长期的国际贸易实践中产生的、用来表明商品的价格构成,说明货物交接过程中有关的风险、责任、

费用划分问题的专门术语。

2、象征性交货——卖方只要按期在约定的地点完成装运,并向买方提交合同规定的、包括货物权凭证在内的有关

单证,就算完成了交过义务,而无须保证到货。卖方凭单交货、买方凭单付款。

3、良好平均品质——一定时期内某地出口货物的平均品质水平,一般指中等货而言。(指农产品的每个生产年度

的中等货、指某一季度或者某一装船月份在装运地发运的同一种商品的“平均品质”)

4、品质公差——国际上公认的产品品质的误差。在工业制成品生产过程中,产品的质量指标出现一定的误差有时

是难以避免的。

5、品质机动幅度——某些初级产品的质量不稳定,为了便于交易顺利进行,在规定其品质指标的同时,可另订一

定的品质机动幅度,允许卖方所交的货物的品质指标在一定幅度内有灵活性。

6、溢短装条款——卖方在交货时,可按合同中的数量多交或少交一定的百分比,他一般是在数量条款中加订的。

(散装货:粮食、矿砂等)

7、中性包装——即不标明生产国别、地名、厂商名称,也不标明商标或者品牌的包装。(无牌中性包装、定牌中

性包装)

8、定牌——卖方按照买方要求在其出售的商品或者包装上面标明买方指定的商标或品牌。

9、滞期费——负责装卸货物的一方,如果未按约定的装卸时间和装卸率完成任务,需要向船方缴纳延误船期的罚

款。

10、速遣费——如果负责装卸货物的一方在约定的装卸时间内提前完成任务,有利于加快船舶周转,则可以从船方

取得奖金。

11、OCP条款——陆上运输通常可到达的地点。OCP地区是以落基山脉为界,其以东地区均定为内陆地区范围。从远东地区向美国OCP地区出口货物,如按OCP条款达成交易,出口上可以享受较低的OCP海运优惠费率,进口商在内陆运输

中也可以享受OCP优惠费率。

12、提单(B/L)——是承运人或其代理人在收到货物后签发给托运人的一种证件,它体现了承运人和托运人之间

的相互关系。

13、联运提单——在由海运和其他运输方式所组成的联合运输时使用,他是由承运人(或其其代理人)在货物启运

地签发运往货物最终目的地的提单,并收取全程运费。

14、过期提单——提单晚于货物到达目的港;向银行交单时间超过提单签发日期21天。

15、多式联运单据——证明多式联运合同以及证明多式联运经营人接管货物并且负责按照合同条款交付货物的单

据,它由多式联运经营人签发,这种单据应依发货人的选择,或为可转让单据,或为不可转让的单据。

16、共同海损(GA)——载货的船舶在海上遇到灾害、事故,威胁到船货等各方面的共同安全,为了解除这种威胁,维护船货安全,是航程得以继续完成,船方有意识地、合理地采取措施,造成某些特殊损失或者支出特殊额外费用。

17、舱至舱条款——保险责任自被保险货物运离保险单所载明的启运地仓库货储存处所开始,包括正常运输中的海上、陆上、内河、驳船运输在内,直至该项货物运抵保险单所载明的目的地收货人的最后仓库或者储存处所,或者被保险人用作分配、分派、非正常运输的其他储存处所为止。但被保险人的货物在最后到达卸载港卸离海轮后,保险责任以

60天为限。

18、联合凭证——是一种更为简化的保险凭证。在我国,保险机构在外贸企业的商业发票上加注保险编号、险别、金额,并加盖保险机构印戳,即作为承保凭证,其余项目以发票所列为准。此种凭证不能转让,目前只适用于香港地

区一些中资银行由华商开来的信用证。

19、保险单——是保险人对被保险人的承保证明,是规定保险人和被保险人双方各自权力和义务的契约,当被保险

货物遭受承保范围内的损失时,它又是保险索赔了理赔的主要依据。

20、对等样品——卖方可以根据买方提供的样品,加工复制出一个类似的样品交给买方确认,这种经确认后的样品

称为回样(确认样品)。

11、OCP条款——陆上运输通常可到达的地点。OCP地区是以落基山脉为界,其以东地区均定为内陆地区范围。从远东地区向美国OCP地区出口货物,如按OCP条款达成交易,出口上可以享受较低的OCP海运优惠费率,进口商在内陆运输

中也可以享受OCP优惠费率。

12、提单(B/L)——是承运人或其代理人在收到货物后签发给托运人的一种证件,它体现了承运人和托运人之间

的相互关系。

13、联运提单——在由海运和其他运输方式所组成的联合运输时使用,他是由承运人(或其其代理人)在货物启运

地签发运往货物最终目的地的提单,并收取全程运费。

14、过期提单——提单晚于货物到达目的港;向银行交单时间超过提单签发日期21天。

15、多式联运单据——证明多式联运合同以及证明多式联运经营人接管货物并且负责按照合同条款交付货物的单

据,它由多式联运经营人签发,这种单据应依发货人的选择,或为可转让单据,或为不可转让的单据。

16、共同海损(GA)——载货的船舶在海上遇到灾害、事故,威胁到船货等各方面的共同安全,为了解除这种威胁,维护船货安全,是航程得以继续完成,船方有意识地、合理地采取措施,造成某些特殊损失或者支出特殊额外费用。

17、舱至舱条款——保险责任自被保险货物运离保险单所载明的启运地仓库货储存处所开始,包括正常运输中的海上、陆上、内河、驳船运输在内,直至该项货物运抵保险单所载明的目的地收货人的最后仓库或者储存处所,或者被保险人用作分配、分派、非正常运输的其他储存处所为止。但被保险人的货物在最后到达卸载港卸离海轮后,保险责任以

60天为限。

18、联合凭证——是一种更为简化的保险凭证。在我国,保险机构在外贸企业的商业发票上加注保险编号、险别、金额,并加盖保险机构印戳,即作为承保凭证,其余项目以发票所列为准。此种凭证不能转让,目前只适用于香港地

区一些中资银行由华商开来的信用证。

19、保险单——是保险人对被保险人的承保证明,是规定保险人和被保险人双方各自权力和义务的契约,当被保险

货物遭受承保范围内的损失时,它又是保险索赔了理赔的主要依据。

20、对等样品——卖方可以根据买方提供的样品,加工复制出一个类似的样品交给买方确认,这种经确认后的样品

称为回样(确认样品)。

31、备用信用证——是一种特殊形式的信用证,是开证银行对受益人承担一项义务的凭证。开证行保证在开证申请人未能履行其应履行的义务时,受益人只要凭备用信用证的规定向开证行开具汇票,并随附开证申请人未履行义务的声明或

证明文件,即可得到开证行的偿付。

32、保函(保证书L/G)——银行、保险公司、担保公司、个人应申请人的请求,向第三方受益人开立的一种书面

信用担保凭证,保证人对申请人的债务或应履行的义务承担赔偿责任。

33、定金——合同一方当事人根据合同的约定预先付给另一方当事人一定数额的金钱,以保证合同的订立、合同的

成立、担保合同的履行、保留合同的解除权等。

34、不可抗力——买卖合同签订以后,不是由于合同当事人的过失或者疏忽,而是由于发生了合同当事人无法预见、预防、避免、控制的事件,以至于不能履行或者不能如期履行合同,发生意外事故的一方可以免除履行合同的责任或者

推迟履行合同。(免责条款)

35、发盘(要约)——凡是向一个或一个以上的特定的人提出订立合同的建议,如果其内容十分确定并且表明发盘

人有在其发盘一旦得到接受就受其约束的意思,即构成发盘。

36、接受(承诺)——受盘人在发盘规定的时限内,以声明或者行为表示同意发盘提出的各项条件。实质上是对发

盘表示同意。

37、逾期接受——不是有效的接受。如接受通知未在发盘规定的时限内送达发盘人,或者发盘没有规定时限,且在

合理时间内未曾送达发盘人。

38、大副收据——货物装船后,承运船舶的大副签发给托运人的,表明已收到货物并已装船的货物收据,托运人凭

此收据可向船公司或其代理人交付运费并换取正式提单。

(是划分船货双方责任的重要依据,是换取提单的依据)

39、定期结汇——议付行根据向国外付款行索偿所需要时间,预先确定一个固定的结汇期限,并与出口企业约定该期限到期后,无论是否已经收到国外付款银行的货款,都将主动安当日外汇牌价将票款金额折成人民币拨交出口企业。

40、国际保理(承购应收账款业务)——在使用托收、赊销等非信用证方式结算货款时,保理商向出口商提供的一

项集买方资信调查、应收款管理和追帐、贸易融资、信用管理于一体的综合性现代金融服务。

41、经销——进口商根据他与国外出口商达成的协议,在规定的期限和地域内购销指定商品的一种做法。

独家经销——经销商在协议规定的期限内和地域内,对指定商品享有独家经营权力。

一般经销——经销商不享有独家专营权,供货商可以在同一时期、地区内,委派几家商号来经销同类商品。

42、代理——代理人按照本人的授权,代表本人与第三人订立合同或者从事其它法律行为,而由本人直接负责由此

所产生的权利与义务。

43、寄售——是一种委托代售的贸易方式,寄售人先将准备销售的货物运往国外寄售地,委托当地代销人按照寄售

协议规定的条件代为销售后,再由代销人向货主结算货款。

44、套期保值(海琴)——在卖出或买入实际货物的同时,在期货市场上买入或卖出同等数量的期货。

45、对销贸易——在互惠的前提下,由两个或者两个以上的贸易方达成协议,规定一方的进口产品可以部分或者全

部都以相对的出口产品来支付。

46、电子商务——通过电子信息技术、网络互连技术、现在通信技术,使得交易涉及的各方当事人借助电子方式联

系,而无需依*纸面文件、单据的传输,从而实现整个交易过程的电子化。

47、国际电子商务——企业通过利用电子商务运作的各种手段从事的国际贸易活动,它反映的是现代信息技术所带

来的国际贸易过程的电子化。

美国文学名词解释

1. Transcendentalism The origin of it is a philosophical and literary movement centered in Concord and Boston, which marks the summit of American Transcendentalism. 19th-century movement of writers and philosophers in New England who were loosely bound together by adherence to an idealistic system of thought based on a belief in the essential unity of all creation, the innate goodness of man, and the supremacy of insight over logic and experience for the revelation of the deepest truths. The major features of American Transcendentalism are:It emphasis on spirit, or the Oversoul, as the most important thing in the universe. It stressed the importance of the individual. To them the individual was the most important element of society. It offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God. 2.Romanticism The Romanticism period stretches from the end of the 18th century through the outbreak of the Civil War. It is a term associate with imagination boundlessness, and in critical usage is contrasted with classicism which is commonly associated with reason and restriction. The features of Romanticism are: American Romanticism was in a way derivative: American romantic writing was some of them modeled on English and European works. American romanticism was in essence the expression of "a real new experience "and contained"an alien quality".Representatives:William Cullen Bryant; Henry Longfellow and James Cooper, Washington Irving. 3.Realism: In American literature, the Civil War brought the Romantic Period to an end. The Age of Realism came into existence. It came as a reaction against the lie of romanticism and sentimentalism. Realism turned from an emphasis on the strange toward a faithful rendering of the ordinary, a slice of life as it is really lived. It expresses the concern for commonplace and the low, and it offers an objective rather than an idealistic view of human nature and human experience.The representatives are Howells, James, and Mark Twain. 4. Naturalism American naturalism was a new and harsher realism, it had come from Europe. Naturalism was an outgrowth of realism that responded to theories in science, psychology, human behavior and social thought current in the late nineteenth century. The background of naturalism are: In the last decade of the nineteenth century, with the development of industry and modern science, intelligent minds began to see that man was no longer a free ethical being in a cold, indifferent and essentially Godless universe. In this chance world he was both helpless and hopeless.Major Features of it are:Humans are controlled by laws of heredity and environment.The universe is cold, godless, indifferent and hostile to human desires.Representatives of it such as Stephen Crane, Frank Norris and Theodore Dreiser. 5.New Criticism The New Criticism as a school of poetry and criticism established itself in the 1940s as an academic orthodoxy in the United States. The school has its beginning in the 1920s. It focus on the analysis of the text rather paying attention to external elements such as its social background, its author's intention and political attitude, and its impact on society. Then it explores the artistic structure of the work rather than its author's frame of mind or its reader's responses. It also see a literary work as an organic entity, the unity of content and form, and places emphasis on the close reading of the text. These New Critics included T.S. Eliot,I.A.Richards,John Crowe Ransom, Allen Tate and some other critics. The New Criticism has tended to divorce criticism from social and moral concerns, which was to become one salient feature of the movement. 6.Imagism: Between 1912 and 1922 there came a great poetry boom in which about 1000 poets published over 1000 volumes of poetry. Indeed ,to express the modern spirit, the sense of fragmentization and dislocation, was in large measure the aim of quite a few modern literary movements, of which Imagism was one.The first Imagist theorist, the English writer T.E.Hulme. Hulme suggests that modern art deals with expression and communication of momentary phases in the poet's mind. The most effective means to express these momentary impressions is through the use of dominant image.It is a literary movement launched American poets early in the 20th century that advocated the use of free verse, common speech patterns, and clear concrete images as a reaction to Victorian sentimentalism. The representatives are Ezra pound, William Carlos Williams and some other poets.

国际贸易实务英文名词解释(英to英)

国际贸易实务英文名词解释(英to英) What’s International Trade? The international trade is the exchange of goods and services produced in one country for goods and services produced in another country. EXPORTING Exporting is the process of earning money by providing the right product at the right price at the right time in the right place beyond your home boundary. The ultimate goal is to make sure that the exporter is to be paid for the goods he sells. EXW EXW means the seller delivers when he places the goods at the disposal of the buyer at the seller’s premises (法定地址) or another named place. The seller doesn’t not declare the goods for export and he needn’t load goods on any collecting vehicle. FAS Free alongside ship means that the seller delivers when the goods are placed alongside the vessel at named port of shipment. This means that the buyer has to bear all costs and risks of the goods from that moment. FOB Free on Board means the seller delivers when the goods pass the ship’s rail at the named port of shipment. This means that the buyer has to bear all the costs and risks from that point. The FOB terms require the seller to clear the goods for export. CFR Cost and freight means that the seller delivers when the goods pass ship’s rail at the named port of shipment CIF CIF means that the seller bears the same obligations as under CFR. In additional that he has to procure marine insurance against the buyer’s risk of loss or damage to the goods during the carriage. The seller contracts for insurance and pay the insurance premium. FCA, Free carrier (…Named place) It means that the seller fulfils his obligation to deliver when he has handed over the goods, cleared for export, into the custody of the carrier named by the buyer at the named place or point. If no precise point is indicated by the buyer, the seller may choose within the place or range stipulated where the carrier shall take charge of the goods. When, according to commercial practices, the seller’s assistance is required in making the contract with the carrie r, the seller may act at the buyer’s risk and expenses.

国际贸易实务知识点汇总

国际贸易实务题型和重点 复习原则 基本概念(富有专业色彩) 题型 单项选择 多项选择 名词解释 简答题 计算题 案例题 一、商品的品名与品质 (一)表示品质的方法 凭实物表示商品的品质 复样 凭文字说明表示商品的品质 对等样品 良好平均品质(一定时期内某地出口货物的平均品质水平,一般是指中等货而言) 品质的机动幅度(特定质量指标在一定幅度内可以机动) 品质公差(工业制成品中加工制作过程中所产生的,为人们所公认的误差)二、商品的数量条款 公量 公量=商品干净重×(1+公定回潮率) 公量=商品净重*(1+公定回潮率)/(1+实际回潮率) 数量的机动幅度 允许货物多装或少装的条款即为溢短装条款(More or less clause)

溢短装条款(在国际货物买卖中,有些商品受本身特性、生产、运输或包 装等条件的限制,在实际交货时不易精确计算。为了便于合同的顺利履行,减少争议,买卖双方通常要在合同制定时规定数量机动幅度条款,这种条 款又称为"溢短装条款"(more or less clause)。所谓溢短装条款是指在规定具体数量的同时,再在合同中规定允许多装或少装的一定百分比。卖 方交货的数量只要在允许增减的范围内即为符合合同有关交货数量的规 定。例如在合同中规定"装运数量允许有5%的增减"(Shipment Quantity5%more or less allowed)。 (1)明确规定(明确规定数量的机动幅度) (2)没有规定(合同中没有明确规定溢短装条款.按《跟单信用证统一惯例》的规定,可以有5%的幅度.个数,件数计件的商品除外) (3)大约(合同中有“大约”(Approximately or Ab out)的字样是按《跟单信用证统一惯例》的规定有10%的机动幅度) 三、包装条款 运输包装(大包装、外包装) 便于仓储,便于运输,便于搬运) 唛头(通常是由一个简单的几何图形和一些字母、数字及简单的文字组成) 国际标准化组织(收货人或买方名称的英文缩写和简称;参考号,如运单号、订单号或发票号;目的地;件号,包括顺序件号和总件数) 销售包装(小包装、内包装) 保护商品,美化商品,起促销作用. 销售包装上一般附有装潢画面、文字说明和条形码标志。 装潢画面要有吸引力,但是要考虑到不同的文化背景及禁忌。 文字说明要符合国家的标准。 条形码(是一组带有数字的黑白及粗细间隔不等的平行条纹所组成,它是利用光电扫描阅读设备为计算机输入数据的特殊的代码语言)

美国文学名词解释

Allegory is a narrative that serves as an extended metaphor. Allegories are written in the form of fables, parables, poems, stories, and almost any other style or genre. The main purpose of an allegory is to tell a story that has characters, a setting, as well as other types of symbols, that have both literal and figurative meanings. One well-known example of an allegory is Dante’s The Divine Comedy.In Inferno, Dante is on a pilgrimage to try to understand his own life, but his character also represents every man who is in search of his purpose in the world. Alliteration is a pattern of sound that includes the repetition of consonant sounds. The repetition can be located at the beginning of successive words or inside the words. Poets often use alliteration to audibly represent the action that is taking place. Aside is an actor’s speech, directed to the audience, that is not supposed to be heard by other actors on stage. An aside is usually used to let the audience know what a character is about to do or what he or she is thinking. Asides are important because they increase an audience's involvement in a play by giving them vital information pertaining what is happening, both inside of a character's mind and in the plot of the play. Gothic is a literary style popular during the end of the 18th century and the beginning of the 19th. This style usually portrayed fantastic tales dealing with horror, despair, the grotesque and other “dark” subjects. Gothic literature was named for the apparent influence of the dark gothic architecture of the period on the genre. Also, many of these Gothic tales took places in such “gothic” surroundings. Other times, this story of darkness may occur in a more everyday setting, such as the quaint house where the man goes mad fro m the "beating" of his guilt in Edgar Allan Poe's “The Tell-Tale Heart.”In essence, these stories were romances, largely due to their love of the imaginary over the logical, and were told from many different points of view. CATHARSIS is an emotional discharge that brings about a moral or spiritual renewal or welcome relief from tension and anxiety. According to Aristotle, catharsis is the marking feature and ultimate end of any tragic artistic work. IMAGERY: A common term of variable meaning, imagery includes the "mental pictures" that readers experience with a passage of literature. It signifies all the sensory perceptions referred to in a poem, whether by literal description, allusion, simile, or metaphor. Surrealism is an artistic movement doing away with the restrictions of realism and verisimilitude that might be imposed on an artist. In this movement, the artist sought to do away with conscious control and instead respond to the irrational urges of the subconscious mind. From this results the hallucinatory, bizarre, often nightmarish quality of surrealistic paintings and writings. Sample surrealist writers include Frank O'Hara, John Ashberry, and Franz Kafka.

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