重庆医科大学内科学(呼吸内科学)2012年考博真题
博士内科试题及答案
博士内科试题及答案考试题目一：1. 内科领域中，下列哪种疾病主要由细菌感染引起？（单选）A. 糖尿病B. 高血压C. 结肠癌D. 肺炎答案：D. 肺炎解析：肺炎是一种由细菌感染引起的呼吸系统疾病。
考试题目二：2. 下列哪项是心脏病的常见症状？（多选）A. 胸闷B. 头痛C. 呼吸困难D. 心悸答案：A. 胸闷、C. 呼吸困难、D. 心悸解析：胸闷、呼吸困难和心悸是心脏病的常见症状。
考试题目三：3. 下列哪种疾病主要由病毒感染引起？（单选）A. 高血压B. 糖尿病C. 流感D. 胃溃疡答案：C. 流感解析：流感是一种由病毒感染引起的呼吸道疾病。
考试题目四：4. 下列哪种疾病主要由免疫系统异常引起？（单选）A. 糖尿病B. 白血病C. 心脏病D. 哮喘答案：A. 糖尿病解析：糖尿病是一种由免疫系统异常引起的代谢性疾病。
考试题目五：5. 下列哪项是肾脏疾病的常见症状？（多选）A. 头晕B. 水肿C. 血尿D. 高热答案：B. 水肿、C. 血尿解析：水肿和血尿是肾脏疾病的常见症状。
考试题目六：6. 下列哪项是支气管哮喘的常见诱因？（多选）A. 烟草烟雾B. 空气污染C. 花粉D. 阳光答案：A. 烟草烟雾、B. 空气污染、C. 花粉解析：烟草烟雾、空气污染和花粉是引起支气管哮喘的常见诱因。
考试题目七：7. 内科医生主要负责诊治下列哪些疾病？（多选）A. 心脏病B. 骨折C. 高血压D. 肝炎答案：A. 心脏病、C. 高血压、D. 肝炎解析：内科医生主要负责诊治心脏病、高血压和肝炎等疾病。
总结：本试卷涵盖了博士内科考试中的一些常见问题，包括疾病的主要症状、病因及诊断。
希望通过这些试题和答案的学习，能够增加对内科领域的了解，提升博士内科考试的准确性和综合能力。
请广大考生认真学习，切实提高自己的知识水平。
祝大家取得优异成绩！。
主治医师 (内科学)-呼吸内科学(A1-A2型题 2)
主治医师 (内科学)-呼吸内科学(A1/A2型题 2)1、61岁肺气肿及肺源性心脏病患者，下列说法不正确的是A.胸片上可见肺动脉段突出B.肝大及下肢水肿C.肺动脉瓣区第第二心音亢进D.上中腹部有波动感E.在胸片上可见Kerley-B线2、61岁的男性患者出现呼吸困难，肺功能检查提示残气量为正常的130％，总容量为正常的120％，这个患者可能存在A.支气管扩张B.肺不张C.肺纤维化D.肺气肿E.肺源性心脏病3、某男性患者，36岁，患慢性哮喘近20年，严重影响工作和生活。
下列治疗中不妥当的是A.吸入表面激素B.茶碱缓释片(或控释片)C.应用抗生素控制炎症D.适当联合β受体激动剂E.有选择性联合抗过敏药物4、某女性患者，59岁，确诊为COPD15年，最近1周病情加重。
入院时神志清楚，动脉血气分析示PaCO50mmHg，PaO45mmHg。
吸入40％浓度氧后，患者呼之不应，查动脉血气分析示PaCOmmHg，PaO75mmHg。
患者出现意识障碍的原因是A.感染加重B.气道阻力增加C.感染中毒性脑病D.脑血管意外E.呼吸中枢受到抑制5、某女性患者，31岁，因高热、右侧胸膜性胸痛、咳嗽2天就诊。
胸部X线检查示右侧中等量胸腔积液。
胸腔积液常规检查蛋白50g／L，白细胞计数3．0×10／L，中性粒细胞0．70，淋巴细胞0．30。
PPD试验15mm×18mm。
下列处理不妥当的是A.痰涂片找抗酸杆菌B.试验性抗结核或联合激素治疗C.抽吸胸腔积液D.试验性抗结核联合抗菌治疗E.进一步检查胸腔积液生化、酶学、细菌学等6、某男性患者，39岁，发热3周，体重下降，呼吸困难，伴左侧胸痛。
胸片见左侧第2肋间以下外高内低弧形密度增高影，以下说法不正确的是A.胸腔积液pH可能低于7．3B.胸腔穿刺液需氧菌培养可能阴性C.初期治疗3～6个月后，可能需做胸膜剥脱术D.治疗应包括胸腔内滴入四环素E.需要插管闭式引流7、某男性患者，39岁，哮喘急性发作5天。
2012全国医学考博英语真题+答案详解
20201212年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试题试卷一(Paper one)Part l Listening Comprehension(30%)Section ADirections:In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers.At the end of each conversation,you will hear a question about what is said.The questionwill be read only once.After you hear the question,read the four choices marked A,B,C and D.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWERSHEET。
Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman:I fell faint.Man:No wonder You haven't had a bite all day.Question:What's the matter with the woman?You will read:A.She is sick.B.She is bitten by an ant.C.She is hungry.D.She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.Sample AnswerA B●D Now let's begin with question number1.1. A.The woman's condition is critical.B.The woman has been picking up quite well.C.The woman's illness was caused by a mosquito bite.D.The woman won't see the doctor any more.2. A.A broken finger. B.A terrible cough.C.Frontal headaches.D.Eye problem.3. A.She needs a physical examination. B.She is in good health.C.It's good to have a doctor friend.D.It's good to visit the doctor.4. A.He prefers to take pills to get antioxidants.B.He prefers to get antioxidants from food.C.He doesn't mind eating a lot every day.D.He is overcautious sometimes.5. A.The blouse is a bargain. B.The blouse is too expensive.C.The blouse is colorful.D.The blouse is so fashionable.6. A.To queue for a ticket. B.To take man's offer.C.To buy a ticket online.D.To try an agency.17. A.She disagrees with the man.B.She couldn't agree with the man more.C.It's hard for them to fulfill their plans.D.It's impossible to get money from the Gates Foundation.8. A.One minute. B.Fifteen minutes.C.Half an hour.D.Five minutes.9. A.She is freezing cold. B.She is crazy about ice cream.C.She has a headache.D.She has brain fever.10. A.She can't wait for the man. B.She is very eager to see the man.C.She will go to the USA with the man.D.She expects the man to stay.11. A.A cold. B.A headache.C.A hoarse voice.D.Insomnia.12. A.To go to Susan for advice. B.To try to think like Susan.C.To break up with Susan.D.To have a date with Susan.13. A.She will become a famous singer soon. B.She will become an American idol.C.She will sign up for a talent show.D.She will surely stand out from the crowd.14. A.To take a month off work. B.To rest in bed as much as possible.C.To take some herbal medicine.D.To put on plaster.15. A.The Chinese face cream. B.The American face cream.C.The French perfume.D.The medication.Section BDirections:In this section you will hear three passages.After each one,you will hear five questions.After each question,read the four possible answers marked A,B,C and D.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET. Passage One16. A.White blood cell count. B.Red blood cell count.C.X-ray.D.ECG.17. A.Too much work to do. B.A heavy load of studying.C.Her daughter's sickness.D.Her insufficient income.18. A.Leukemia. B.Gastric ulcer.C.Immune disease.D.Gastric influenza.19. A.Take the white tablets three times a day. B.Take the charcoal tablets three times a day.C.Take one or two white tablets at a time.D.Take two charcoal tablets a day.20. A.Stay off work. B.Drink plenty of liquids.C.Eat a lot of vegetables and fruit.D.Postpone your exercise when sick.Passage Two21. A.35million. B.34million. C.25million. D.20million.22. A.Author,professor and dreamer B.Writer,professor and insomniac.C.Author,psychologist and insomniac.D.Dramatist,psychologist and scientist.23. A.Sleeping in8-hour consolidated blocks.B.Sleeping during day time.C.Going to bed soon after dark.2D.Two blocks of4-hour sleep with a waking break.24. A.Because they have unnoticeable sleeping patterns.B.Because they sleep very little.C.Because they are insensitive.D.Because they can't complain.25. A.Sleep is highly variable,and wears out with age.B.Falling asleep is a gradual process.C.Sleeping less will help you lose weight.D.People need to sleep eight hours a day.Passage Three26. A.Eight-year-olds. B.Twelve-year-olds.C.Seventeen-year-olds.D.Adults.27. A.The use off MRI. B.The use of computer tasks.C.The three-way division of the subjects.D.The instructions given to the subjects.28. A.12-year-olds respond strongly to negative feedback.B.12-year-olds function the same as8-year-olds.C.8-year-olds function almost the same as adults.D.12-year-olds function almost the same as adults.29. A.Not bad. B.Excellent.C.Not so good.D.Got it wrong this time.30. A.Scientists. B.The general public.C.Teachers at the kindergarten.D.Children with Attention Deficit Disorder Part II Vocabulary(10%)Section ADirections:In this section all the statements are incomplete,beneath each of which there are four words or phrases marked A,B,C and D.Choose the word or phrase that can bestcomplete the statement and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.31.Her dietician suggested that_____diet and moderate exercise would help her recover soon.A.temperateB.temporaryC.tentativeD.tempting32.His health compels him to______in his early30s.e offB.knock offC.drop offD.pull off33.Two days later he regained his consciousness,forgetful of what had happened in the______A.transparencyB.transiencyC.tranceD.trace34.Despite financial belt-tightening this year,Christmas still represents a great time for_____A.arroganceB.surveillanceC.indulgenceD.turbulence35.A succession of______visits by the two countries'leaders have taken their relations out ofthe cooler over the past20months.A.reciprocalB.receptiveC.repulsiveD.Redundant36.The prime minister,beset by______support rate,made the decision to resign over theweekend to avoid a political vacuum.A.spontaneousB.strenuousC.soaringD.sluggish,337.Beijing Tourism Bureau has released a list of translations for2,753dishes and drinksto______public opinions.A.solicitB.perceiveC.conceiveD.investigate38.The greatest risk for rickets is in______breastfed infants who are not supplemented with400 IU of Vitamin D a day.A.exceptionallyB.practicallyC.exclusivelyD.proportionately39.The government is spending hundreds of billions extending the electricity_______to every remote village for the improvement of farmers'livelihoods.A.gridB.grantC.groveD.grandeur40.Social scientists believe that societies with a_______of young men without hope of marriage suffer from instability,violence and surges in crime.A.swarmageB.hatchC.gangD.surplusSection BDirections:In this section you each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined, beneath which are four words or phrases marked A,B,C and D.Choose the word orphrase which are best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted forthe underlined part.Then mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.41.She,a crazy fan,felt a tingle of excitement at the sight of Michael Jackson.A.glimpseB.gustC.panicD.pack42.She could never transcend her resentments against her mother's partiality for her brother.A.disciplineplainC.conquerD.defy43.One could neither trifle with a terror of this kind,nor compromise with it.A.belittleB.exaggerateC.ponderD.eliminate44.In light of his good record,the police accepted defense.A.In place ofB.In view ofC.In spite ofD.In search of45.City officials stated that workers who lied on their employment applications may be terminated.A.accusedB.punishedC.dismissedD.suspended46.An outbreak of swine flu outside of Mexico City was blamed for the deaths of more than a hundred people in April2009.A.attached toB.ascribed toposed ofD.related to47.When a forest goes ablaze,it discharges hundreds of chemical compounds,including carbon monoxide.A.puts outB.passes offC.pulls outD.sends out48.Unfortunately,the bridge under construction clasped in the earthquake,so they had to do thewhole thing again from scratch.A.from the beginningB.from now onC.from time to timeD.from the bottom49.Identical twin sisters have led British scientists to a breakthrough in leukemia research thatpromises more effective therapies with fewer harmful side-effects.A.administersB.nurturesC.inspiresD.ensures50.Radical environmentalists have blamed pollutants and synthetic chemicals in pesticides forthe disruption of human hormones.A.disturbanceB.distractionC.intersectionD.interpretation4Part III C l oze(10%)Directions:In this section there is passage with ten numbered blanked.For each blank,there are choices marked A,B,C and D listed below the passage.Choose the best answer andmark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Dear Dr.Benjamin,Congratulations on your nomination as United States Surgeon General.Based on your extraordinary career and your commitment to51health disparities among underserved populations,no doubt your tenure will be marked by great progress toward the goal of improved health for all Americans.Each United States Surgeon General has the unique opportunity to create his or her own lasting legacy.Dr.Koop focused on smoking prevention.Dr.Satcher one of52mentors, released the first comprehensive report on mental health.We encourage you to build your own legacy53concept of prevention through healthy lifestyles--a legacy that is both sustainable and cost-effective.This also is an important issue for Members of Congress,many of whom believe that54prevention and wellness initiatives will bring down costs and help people lead healthier lives.The American College of Sports Medicine(ACSM)would be honored to partner with you on such an initiative.ACSM,the largest sports medicine and exercise science organization in the world,55 ready to work with you to increase healthy behaviors-especially physical activity--throughout the life span.During this crucial period of health system reform,we've been advocating for strategies that support preventive medicine not just through diagnostic testing,56promoting healthy, active behaviors that all Americans can achieve at little or no cost.In fact,ACSM already has a working agreement with the Surgeon General's office,focused on a series of healthy-lifestyle public service announcements for our Exercise Is Medicine TM program,a program that57calls on doctors to encourage their patients to incorporate physical activity and exercise into their daily routine.As you are58aware,physical activity can prevent and treat a host of chronic conditions--such as heart disease,type II diabetes,and obesity–that currently plague our country.Your example as59whose family has suffered from preventable disease and who demonstrates healthy lifestyles can be powerful indeed.Anytime either before or after your appointment is confirmed,we would60the opportunity to meet with you and your staff to discuss how we,along with other leading health organizations,can enhance the prevention paradigm through physical activity.Again,Dr,Benjamin,I extend our deepest congratulations and best wishes.Sincerely,James Pivarnik,Ph.D.,FACSMPresident,American College of Sports Medicine51. A.handle B.eliminate C.achieving D.addressing52. A.his own B.our own C.your own D.her own53. A.around B.above C.at D.across54. A.promoted B.promoting C.having been promoting D.having been promoted55. A.put B.got C.sits D.stands56. A.but for B.but that C.but by D.but also57. A.arguably B.excessively C.specifically D.exceptionally558. A.well B.better C.the very D.the most59. A.those B.one C.this D.it60. A.greet B.welcome C.deserve D.celebratePart IV Reading Comprehension(30%)Directions:In this part there are six passages,each of which is followed by five questions.For each question there are four choices marked A,B,C and D.Choose the best answerand mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneAs the defining epidemic of a modem age notable for overconsumption and excess,obesity is hard to beat.The increased availability of high-fat,high-sugar foods,along with more sedentary lifestyles,has helped push the number of obese people worldwide to beyond400million,and the number of overweight to more than1.6billion.By2015,those figures are likely to grow to700 million and2.3billion respectively,according to the World Health Organization.Given the health implications--increased risk of heart disease,stroke,diabetes and some cancers--anything that helps people avoid piling on the pounds must be a good thing,right?Those who agree will no doubt welcome the growing success of researchers striving to develop"diet pills"that provide a technical fix for those incapable of losing weight any other way. Last week a study published in The Lancet showed that tesofensine,which works by inducing a sense of fullness,is twice as effective as any other drug at enabling patients to lose weight.There is no question that advances such as this are good news for those with a strong genetic predisposition to obesity.But for the rest of us it is dangerous to see treatment as a more effective solution than prevention.There are several reasons for this.For a start,the traditional ways of maintaining a safe weight,such as limiting what you eat,increase consumption of fruit and vegetables and taking more exercise,are beneficial for our health in many ways.Second,overindulgence in fatty foods has implications for the entire planet.Consider the deleterious environmental effects of the rising demand for meat.As demonstrated in our special issue on economic growth,technological fixes will not compensate for excessive consumption. Third,interfering with the brain circuits that control the desire for food can have an impact on other aspects of a person's personality and their mental and physical health.We need two approaches:more research into the genetics of obesity to understand why some people are more susceptible,and greater efforts to help people avoid eating their way to an early death.Cynics will say we've tried education and it hasn't worked.That is defeatist:getting people to change their behavior takes time and effort,held back as we are by our biological tendency to eat more than we need,and by the food industry's ruthless opportunism in exploiting that.Drugs will be the saving of a few--as a last resort.But the global obesity problem is one of lifestyle,and the solution must be too.61.In the first paragraph all the figures surrounding obesity reflect________A.a close link between growing obese and developing diseaseB.the inevitable diseases of modem civilizationC.the war against the epidemic we have lostD.the urgency of the global phenomenon62.When it comes to the recently reported diet pills,the author would say that________6A.drags are no replacement of preventionB.the technical advance is not necessarily good newsC.the technical fix does help reverse the obesity epidemicD.the mechanism of tesofensine still remains to be verified63.Which of the following can be referred to as the environmental perspective of the author'sargument?A.Belittling good health behavior.B.Imposing a heavy burden on our planet.C.Making trouble for our social environment.D.Having implications for mental and physical health.64.The author argues that we make greater efforts to help people fight against_________A.their biological overeating tendency and aggressively marketed foodsB.the development of diet pills as a technical fix for obesityC.their excuses for their genetic susceptibility to obesityD.the defeatism prevailing in the general populations65.Which of the following can be the best title for the passage?A.No Quick FixB.Disease of CivilizationC.Pursuing a Technical FixD.A War on Global ObesityPassage TwoAn abandoned airfield near a former Nazi concentration tramp may soon feature pagodas and Tai Chi parks.A$700million project aims to give Germany its own Chinatown22miles north of Berlin in the town of Oranienburg,housing2,000residents by2010.The investor group behind the scheme hopes the new Chinatown will attract tourists and business to rival the famed Chinatowns of San Francisco and New York by delivering an "authentic Chinese experience.""You'll be able to experience China,go out for a Chinese meal, and buy Chinese goods,"says Stefan Kunigam,managing director of Bandenburg-China -Project-Management GmbH.The project has attracted investors in both Germany and China,reports Christoph Lang of Berlin's Trade and Industry promotion Office."Chinese investors have already asked if we have a Chinatown here."He says."The cultural environment is very important for them.You cannot build a synthetic Chinatown."Germany is home to about72,000Chinese migrants(2002Federal Statistical Office figures), but the country has not had a Chinatown since the early1930s in Hamburg,when most of the city's2,000Chinese residents fled or were arrested by the Nazis.German's more-recent history with anti-foreigner extremism remains a problem even within the government,reports Deutsche Welle(DW),Germany's international broadcaster.DW notes that National Democratic Party lawmaker Holger Apfel's xenophobic(恐外的)comments about "state-subsidized Oriental mega-families"at first went largely uncriticized."Every fourth German harbors anti-foreigner sentiments,"DW quotes Miriam Gruss,a Free Democratic Party parliamentarian."Right-wing extremism is clearly rooted in the middle of society.It's not a minor phenomenon."The German government initiated a special youth for Democracy andTolerance program in January2007as part of its tolerance-building efforts.7While it is not clear how many Chinese migrants will ultimately settle in the new German Chinatown,developers hope the project will increase Germans'understanding for China and Chinese culture.66.If set up,according to the passage,the new German Chinatown will probably be_______A.a rival to the Chinatowns of San Francisco and New YorkB.mainly made of pagodas and Tai Chi parksC.located in the north suburbs of BerlinD.the biggest one in Germany67.When he says that you cannot build a synthetic Chinatown,Lang means_______A.the real imported goods made in ChinaB.the authoritative permission for the projectC.the importance of the location for a ChinatownD.the authentic environment to experience Chinese culture68.By mentioning the population of Chinese migrants in Germany,the author most probablymeans that_________A.it is too late to build a ChinatownB.it is their desire to save a ChinatownC.it is important to create jobs for themD.it is necessary to have a Chinatown there69.According to the passage,German anti-foreigner extremismA.can seed the new community with hatredB.could be an obstacle to the projectC.will absolutely kill the planD.is growing for the scheme70.The message from the plan is clear:A.to build a new communityB.to fight against right-wing extremismC.to promote more cultural understandingD.to increase Chinese's understanding of GermanyPassage ThreeThe American research university is a remarkable institution,long a source of admiration and wonder.The idyllic(田园诗的),wooded campuses,the diversity and energy of the student populations,and,most of all,the sheer volume of public and private resources available to nm them,have made them the envy of the world.Seen from the inside,however,everything is not quite so rosy.Setting aside the habitual complexity of medical schools,which have separate healthcare and finance issues,the structure of these institutions is straightforward and consistent.The bedrock of each university is a system of discipline-specific departments.The strength of these departments determines the success and prestige of the institution as a whole.This structure raises a few obvious questions.One is the relevance of the department-based structure to the way scientific research is done.Many argue that in a host of areas--ranging from computational biology and materials science to pharmacology and climate science--much of the most important research is now interdisciplinary in nature.And there is a sense that,notwithstanding years of efforts to adapt to this change by encouraging interdisciplinary collaboration,the department-based structure of the university is essentially at odds with such collaboration.8A second set of issues surrounds the almost static nature of the departmental system.In a country where most things are highly fluid,the fields covered by departments,as well as the pecking order(权势等级)between them,have remained largely unchanged for many years.Aspeople and money have flowed,particularly over the past twenty years,to the south and the southwest,the strongest US universities and departments remain embedded in the northeast and in California.League tables drawn up by the National Academy of Sciences and others show little movement in this pecking order,even over several decades.Another,perhaps more contentious,issue concerns the relevance of the modem research university to the community it serves.The established model,whatever else its strengths and weaknesses,reflects the desire of the middle classes for undergraduate training that prepares their offspring for a stable career.But how does it serve a society in which people may have to retrain and recreate their careers throughout their adult lives?71.The passage begins with the presentation of the American research university_______A.in a unique wayB.in a jealous toneC.in the eyes of outsidersD.out of personal admiration72.The traditional model of the US research university________A.determines the complexity of the single-discipline departmentB.is well established with competition among its departmentsC.ensures the success and prestige of each single departmentD.is characterized by the department-based structure73.The structure of the US research university,the author contends,needs to be stretched_____A.to change the way scientific research is done along the disciplineB.to promote individuality and creativity in doing scienceC.to address the current interdisciplinary challengesD.to advance the discipline-based department74.In addition to the department-based structure,the pecking order_______A.remains unchallenged as the name of the gameB.fosters unfair competition at the American institutionC.contributes to insufficient interdisciplinary collaborationD.makes uneven allocations of financial resource among the US universities75.What can be inferred from the question:But how does it serve a society in which people mayhave to retrain and recreate their careers throughout their adult lives?A.The American societal structure has an impact on that of the research university.B.College students need to be trained to be dedicated to the social value of science.C.The modem research university ought to change the way it serves the middle class.D.The established model serves as an obstacle to the best service of the society.Passage FourScience and politics make uncomfortable bedfellows.Rarely is this more true than in the case of climate change,where it is now time for emergency counseling.One point repeatedly made at last week's climate change congress in Copenhagen was that formulating an action plan to curb climate change is not a job of scientists.Politicians may be left scratching their heads over what to do,but at this stage climatescientists cannot provide more guidance than they did in the2007report from the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change,for two reasons.9First,models will never provide a straightforward prediction of how the climate will change. As one Copenhagen delegate put it:"Tell me what the stock market will do in100years and I will tell you what the climate will do."Second as most climate scientists will agree,their role is not toformulate policy.They can provide more or less apocalyptic(大灾预测的)scenarios of what will happen if emissions hit certain thresholds,from burning forests to disappearing islands.But when politicians ask what is the absolute maximum amount of carbon dioxide we should allow to be pumped out,the answer is,invariably,how much risk do you want to take?There are ways out of the deadlock.As the major climate negotiations in December approach,scientists need to be able to take off their labcoats sometimes and speak as concerned citizens.Some may feel uncomfortable with blurting the line between science and activism,but they should be aware that no one understands the risks better than they do and no one is better placed to give informed opinions.Politicians,for their part,should stop begging climatologists for easy answers.What they need instead is a new breed of advisers to descend from the ivory towers of academia and join the climate fray–people who are willing and able to weight up the risks,costs and benefits of various degrees of action.If all else fails,there may still be the safety net of geoengineering.As we have said on several occasions,this option can no longer be dismissed as fantasy.Reputable scientists are discussing options among themselves and with policy-makers,but the fact that we are even considering it should spur governments to cut emissions,cut them deeply and cut them fast. Geoengineering is no get-out-of-jail-free card;it has dangers of its own.The military are already taking an interest,raising the spectre of climate weapons able to divert rainfall and bring drought. That is the last thing we want.76.In the case global warning,scientists_______A.tend to be more conservative than politiciansB.are in no position to offer a definite answerC.never trust politicians as in other casesD.feel incapable more than ever before77.Speaking of climate change,politicians______A.don't like it when scientists are indirectB.never see eye to eye with scientists thereC.seldom want to play the game with scientistsD.are left puzzled over the formulation of policy78.To bridge the gap between the two sides,according to the passage,scientists are supposedto_______A.act with more concern and enthusiasmB.discard their prejudice towards politiciansC.be definite enough to offer informed opinionsD.do as concerned citizens do in protecting environment79.For their part,politicians ought to be reasonable and_______A.pick up the right scientists for informed opinionsB.place policy and decision in the hands of scientistsC.receive reeducation in the ivory towers of academia10D.choose those who can provide a straightforward prediction80.The author reminds those who are talking about geoengineering of________A.the other alternatives in the matterB.the climate weapon as a double-edged swordC.the dangers of the fantasy among the reputable scientistsD.the urgency of emission reduction on the part of governmentsPassage FiveYou are what you eat notwithstanding,it is only recently that most consumers have become interested in the technical details of their food's composition,production and transport.With obesity and climate change now major concerns,and"localvore"and"food miles"entering the lexicon,shoppers are clamoring for information.And many food companies are happy to supply it, resulting in a dizzying array of multicolored labels and claims.But not everyone is happy.A proposed law in Indiana is the latest attempt in the United States to ban milk labels proclaiming that the cows from whence the milk came were not treated with recombinant bovine growth hormone(rBGH,also called recombinant bovine somatotropin or rbST).This hormone,produced by engineered bacteria,is virtually identical to the cow's own and can increase milk production by10-15%.There are two bad arguments for banning such labels.The f~t--that it is impossible to determine from the milk whether the cow was injected with rBGH--is the reason cited in the bill language.The second--that proliferation of"no rBGH"labels will train consumers to distrust the product--is the real motivation.The first argument can be disposed of easily:it is already illegal to make false claims about a product.The second argument may seem more convincing.There is no firm scientific evidence that injecting cows with rBGH affects human health in any way,but prevalent labeling touting the absence of rBGH would suggest to consumers that there are some differences.The mandating(颁布)of an additional phrase such as that agreed last month in Pennsylvania--"No significant difference has been shown between milk derived from rbST-treated and non-rbST-treated cows" ---ameliorates(减轻)this problem.There are good reasons not to ban accurate labels.More information means that consumers can be more discerning,and not just about their own health.They can vote with their purchases for farming practices they prefer.And if a company wants to use a technology with a bad reputation,it is the firm's responsibility to educate the consumer about why it is beneficial.If consumers choose irrationally to reject it,that is their prerogative(特权).Capitalism thrives on the irrationality of consumers,from their noted fear of smelling bad,to their preference for redness in apples,farmed salmon and fast-food signage(标记).Indeed,if consumers were suddenly to become rational,an economic cataclysm(大灾难) would result,as households in all the rich nations would cut their consumption to only what they really needed.Such a crash would no doubt make the current economic doldrums(萧条)look like the mildest hiccup(打嗝)。
呼吸内科单选(内科)4
一、单选题（每题只有一个正确答案，共300道题）1、男性，40岁。
1周前受凉后咳嗽，咯痰。
体检；左下肺可闻及湿罗音，胸片示左下肺炎。
请问最可能的病原菌是；A、支原体B、军团菌C、衣原体√D、肺炎链球苗E、病毒2、女性，40岁。
2天来突感右侧胸痛，伴发热，咳嗽，咯痰。
体检：右肺可闻及少许湿罗音，胸片示右下肺炎。
患者胸痛是由于炎症累及：A、脏层胸膜B、肺泡C、肺间质√D、壁层胸膜E、肺血管3、男性，50岁。
进行性胸闷、气促、咳嗽5年，诊断为弥漫性肺间质纤维化，请问下面哪项为该病的特征性体征，A、哮鸣音B、小水泡音C、大水泡音D、痰鸣音√E、吸气相高调爆裂音4、女性，60岁。
吸气性呼吸困难3个月。
体检：肺部可闻及吸气相喘鸣音。
以下诊断最不可能的是：A、喉头水肿B、喉、气管炎症C、肺癌D、异物√E、哮喘5、痰的性状、量及气味对诊断有一定帮助，以下哪项不正确A、大量黄脓痰常见于肺脓肿或支气管扩张B、铁锈样痰可能是肺炎链球菌感染C、红棕色胶冻样痰可能是肺炎克雷白杆菌感染D、肺水肿时，咳粉红色稀薄泡沫痰√E、肺吸虫病为咖啡样痰6、从2002年底以来，在我国及世界范围内暴发的传染性非典型肺炎(严重急性呼吸综合征，severe acute respiratory syndrome，简称SARS)疫情，关于其特点，下列哪项不正确√A、多发生于儿童B、多发生于中青年C、传染性强D、病死率高缺乏针对性药物E、急性起病7、男性，20岁。
1周前因劳累后出现咳嗽、咯痰、发热。
体检：右下肺可闻及湿罗音，胸片示右下肺炎，诊断为社区获得性肺炎。
请问下列哪项不是最主要的病原菌A、肺炎链球菌B、流感嗜血杆菌C、军团菌√D、衣原体E、大肠埃希菌8、男性，70岁。
吸烟史40年，3月来出现咳嗽，以高亢的干咳为特点，伴有呼吸困难，最可能的诊断：A、气管炎B、肺炎C、肺脓肿D、哮喘√E、肺癌9、与体循环比较，肺是一个低压的器官，肺循环血压是体循环的多少A、1／2B、1／5√C、1／10D、1／8E、1／310、女性，14岁。
呼吸内科考试试题及答案精选全文完整版
B、肺性脑病
C、自发性气胸
D、急性肺部感染
E、右心衰竭
20.肺脓肿肺叶切除的指征（D）
A、血源性肺脓肿
B、脓性痰伴有臭味者
C、并发铜绿假单胞菌感染
D、支气管阻塞，引流不畅
21.支原体肺炎治疗首选（D）
A、青霉素B、氨基糖苷类C、喹诺酮类D、大环内酯类
22.老年患者突然发生寒战高热，咳嗽咳痰，痰粘稠，呈砖红色，胶冻状，引起感染最可能的致病菌是（A）
E、卷曲霉素、异烟肼
32.慢性支气管炎的诊断标准是（B）
A、咳嗽.咳痰或伴喘息反复发作2年以上
B、咳嗽.咳痰或伴喘息反复发作，每年至少3个月，并持续2年或以上者
C、咳嗽.咳痰伴喘息3个月以上
D、长期有咳嗽.咳痰伴喘息经一般内科治疗不愈者
33.下列哪项是降低肺心病肺动脉高压的首选治疗（A）
A、氧疗
B、支气管扩张剂
43.严重Ⅱ呼吸衰竭不宜高浓度给氧的原因是（C）
A、缺氧不是主要原因
B、可引起氧中毒
C、降低颈动脉窦化学感受器的兴奋性
D、促使二氧化碳排除过快
E、诱发代谢性碱中毒
44.男性，59岁。咳嗽、咳痰6年，心悸气短2年、口唇发绀、颈静脉充盈、桶状胸、双下肢轻度水肿、肝颈回流征阴性、三尖瓣区收缩期杂音。腹水征阴性。血气：PaO249mmHg，PaCO256mmHg，pH7.36，诊断为(C)
三、简答题（每题5分，共计15分）
1、简述支气管哮喘的诊断标准？
A、克雷伯杆菌
B、葡萄球菌
C、铜绿假单胞菌
D、流感嗜血杆菌
23.男性，25岁。农民，发作性咳嗽伴哮鸣音2年，多出现在清理谷仓后，下列哪一项最有助于区别肺嗜酸性粒细胞增多性浸润和支气管哮喘（E）
呼吸内科考试试卷及答案(3卷)
一、标准配伍型(B型题)(2小题,共7.0分)(3分)[1]A、支气管哮喘B、心源性哮喘C、慢性阻塞性肺疾病D、支气管肺癌E、变态反应性肺浸润(1)多发生于中老年人，以慢性咳嗽咳痰为主，并发喘息，病程迁延，两肺有干湿啰音( )(2)气急、喘鸣、刺激性咳嗽，常痰中带血，支气管解痉药物治疗效果欠佳( )(3)发热、咳嗽、喘鸣，肺部X线显示多变多发性淡薄斑片状浸润阴影( )(4分)[2]A、选择性抑制炎症细胞释放介质B、抑制胆碱能受体，降低迷走神经兴奋性C、增强平滑肌细胞βD、抑制磷酸二酯酶，减少cAMP的水解E、激活腺苷酸环化酶，使细胞内cAMP含量增加(1)β( )(2)色甘酸二钠( )(3)茶碱类药物( )(4)糖皮质激素( )二、病例串型最佳选择题(A3-A4型题)(3小题,共9.0分)(3分)[1]男，16岁，反复阵发性干咳2年，寒冷天气发作更频。
本次发作时深呼气末可闻及干啰音，肺功能FEV/FVC为预计值的60%，IgE水平正常；缓解期肺部无体征，肺功能正常。
(1)最可能的诊断是( )A、肺结核B、支气管哮喘C、慢性阻塞性肺疾病D、支气管扩张E、支气管淋巴结核(2)为明确诊断可采用以下何项进一步检查措施( )A、胸部照片B、肺功能弥散试验C、血气分析D、支气管镜检查E、吸入支气管扩张剂后再作FEV(3)下列哪项治疗较为合适( )A、舒喘灵、二丙酸氯地米松交替气雾吸入B、氨茶碱+皮质激素C、色甘酸二钠+二丙酸氯地米松气管吸入D、抗生素+色甘酸二钠E、氧疗+氨茶碱(3分)[2]男，15岁，受凉后咽痛、干咳、低热乏力2周，近日感纳差，四肢肌肉痛。
X线显示下肺部多形态的浸润影，呈节段性分布。
(1)还应作哪项检查最有助于诊断( )A、冷凝试验B、肝功能C、痰培养D、血常规E、OT试验(2)该患者血常规：WBC 6.5×10/L，N 0.75，L 0.25，痰培养为口腔正常菌群；冷凝集试验确定效价为1:45。
第八版内科学呼吸内科考试试题
呼吸内科考试题及答案及解析 2017-12-13圆月弯刀著一、名词解释1. Ⅰ型呼吸衰竭和Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭鉴别：Ⅰ型呼吸衰竭Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭动脉血气分型缺氧,但没有CO2的潴留，PaO＜60mmHg缺氧还有CO2的潴留. PaO＜60mmHg，PaCO2＞50mmH发病机制机制换气功能障碍通气功能障碍常见病因常见病因肺血管病，如肺血管栓塞、毛细血管瘤、肺梗死气道阻塞，如COPD肺组织病变2.咯血：喉及喉部以下的呼吸道任何部位的出血，经口腔咳出称为咯血。
3. 院内获得性肺炎（HAP）：指病人在入院时不存在，也不处于感染潜伏期，而于入院48小时后（记住两天）在医院内发生的感染。
4. 急性呼吸窘迫综合征（ARDS）：ARDS是在严重感染、创伤、休克等打击后出现的以肺实质细胞损伤为主要表现的临床综合征。
临床特点：严重低氧血症、呼吸频速、X线胸片示双肺斑片状阴影。
病理生理特点：肺内分流增加、肺顺应性下降。
病理特点：肺毛细血管内皮细胞和肺泡上皮细胞损伤导致的广泛肺水肿、微小肺不张等。
记忆（ARDS）：A阿尔弟饿死诊断要点1.高危因素（严重感染、创伤、休克等打击）2. 急性呼吸窘迫综合征症状：呼吸急促，频率加快，一般在35次/min以上。
进行性加重，一般给氧无改善。
血痰或血水样痰：发热见于脓毒血症及脂肪栓塞引起的ARDS。
3.重要实验室检查：①血氧分型PaO2<60mmHg并渐进性下降②氧合指数PaO2 /FiO2 <200mmHg③毛细血管楔压<18mmHg.4.影像学检查：多在发病后24小时后出现。
二、填空题1. 肺结核的化疗原则＿早期、规律、全程、适量、联合。
2. 肺结核的诊断程序①痰抗酸杆菌和胸部X片的检查对可疑症状（咳嗽两周以上、咯血、午后低热、发热盗汗、月经不调、有结核接触病史或肺外结核）、②通过系统检查和复查确定肺部异常阴影是结核性或其他性、③确诊后根据X片、临床表现及痰菌结果判断病灶是否活动、④明确是否排菌。
内科主治医师呼吸内科学(专业知识)-试卷27
内科主治医师呼吸内科学（专业知识）-试卷27(总分：64.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、 A1型题(总题数：10，分数：20.00)1.诊断阻塞性肺气肿，最有价值的是（分数：2.00）A.PaO 2低于正常B.残气量／肺总量＞40％√C.第一秒用力呼气量／用力肺活量＜60％D.最大通气量低于预计值的80％E.潮气量低于预计值的80％解析：解析：阻塞性肺气肿系指终末细支气管远端的气道弹性减退、过度膨胀、充气和肺容积增大。
由于气道阻塞呼气时气道陷闭，残留肺泡的气体过多，肺泡充气过度，故肺功能检查表现为残气量增加，残气量／肺总量＞40％对诊断阻塞性肺气肿有重要意义。
2.有关慢性支气管炎的诊断标准，咳嗽、咳痰反复发作时间应为（分数：2.00）A.每年发作至少3个月，持续10年以上B.每年发作至少1个月，持续2年以上C.每年发作至少2个月，持续3年以上D.每年发作至少3个月，持续2年以上√E.每年发作至少6个月，持续4年以上解析：3.慢性支气管炎合并肺部感染的治疗，下列各项中不恰当的是（分数：2.00）A.应用敏感的抗生素B.菌苗注射√C.应用祛痰镇咳药物D.应用支气管扩张剂E.雾化吸入稀释痰液解析：解析：慢性支气管炎合并肺部感染的治疗有：(1)控制感染，根据感染的主要致病菌和严重程度或病原菌药物敏感试验选用抗生素；(2)祛痰、镇咳；(3)解痉、平喘，可用气道舒张剂，若气道舒张剂使用后仍有持续阻塞，可适用糖皮质激素；(4)气雾疗法：可以生理盐水气雾湿化吸入或加入化痰药物，可稀释痰液，利于排痰。
4.慢性支气管炎典型病变中没有（分数：2.00）A.黏膜上皮鳞化B.支气管腺体和杯状细胞增生C.支气管内有多量泡沫细胞√D.支气管壁有炎性细胞浸润E.黏膜下平滑肌断裂、萎缩解析：解析：慢性支气管炎为气管、支气管黏膜及其周同组织的慢性非特异性炎症。
由于慢性炎症刺激黏膜上皮可发生鳞状上皮化生，黏液腺及黏膜杯状细胞增生，支气管壁有大量杯状细胞浸润，病情进展，炎症向周围组织扩散，黏膜下层平滑肌断裂、萎缩。
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肺癌的TNM分期中Ⅲa、Ⅲb、Ⅳ期的定义（可以用文字描述）及治疗方案？
ARDS的治疗原则？
举出四种肉芽肿性疾病及简要特点？
举出胸片上常见的空洞性疾病，比较鉴别？
重症哮喘的诊断标准？
慢性咳嗽的诊断和常见病因？
三、是阅片的题，男性病人51岁，无吸烟史，咳嗽伴少许白痰1月，无胸痛，偶有盗汗。抗炎效果差，血象白细胞7千多，中性76%，嗜酸性2%，血沉43mm/h，CEA 2.5，给出一组胸部CT图像，其中左下肺有一个块影，有放大的增强图像，要求回答
1、描述CT读片结果
2、最可能的疾病及诊断理由
3、需要鉴别的疾病
4、最需要进行的检查
5、还需要补充的检查
6、治疗的原则
考
博
真
题
重庆医科大学
2012年攻读博士学位研究生入学案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释
1. Sarcoidosis
2. BCG
3. carcinoid syndrome
4. psv
5. ECMO
6. CVA
二、问答题
肺栓塞溶栓指征和时机，溶栓药的使用方法？