Chapter 7 参考答案

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米什金货币金融学英文版习题答案chapter 7英文习题

Economics of Money, Banking, and Financial Markets, 11e, Global Edition (Mishkin) Chapter 7 The Stock Market, the Theory of Rational Expectations, and the Efficient Market Hypothesis7.1 Computing the Price of Common Stock1) A stockholder's ownership of a company's stock gives her the right toA) vote and be the primary claimant of all cash flows.B) vote and be the residual claimant of all cash flows.C) manage and assume responsibility for all liabilities.D) vote and assume responsibility for all liabilities.Answer: BAACSB: Analytical Thinking2) Stockholders are residual claimants, meaning that theyA) have the first priority claim on all of a company's assets.B) are liable for all of a company's debts.C) will never share in a company's profits.D) receive the remaining cash flow after all other claims are paid.Answer: DAACSB: Analytical Thinking3) Periodic payments of net earnings to shareholders are known asA) capital gains.B) dividends.C) profits.D) interest.Answer: BAACSB: Analytical Thinking4) The value of any investment is found by computing theA) present value of all future sales.B) present value of all future liabilities.C) future value of all future expenses.D) present value of all future cash flows.Answer: DAACSB: Analytical Thinking5) In the one-period valuation model, the value of a share of stock today depends uponA) the present value of both the dividends and the expected sales price.B) only the present value of the future dividends.C) the actual value of the dividends and expected sales price received in one year.D) the future value of dividends and the actual sales price.Answer: AAACSB: Analytical Thinking6) In the one-period valuation model, the current stock price increases ifA) the expected sales price increases.B) the expected sales price falls.C) the required return increases.D) dividends are cut.Answer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking7) In the one-period valuation model, an increase in the required return on investments in equityA) increases the expected sales price of a stock.B) increases the current price of a stock.C) reduces the expected sales price of a stock.D) reduces the current price of a stock.Answer: DAACSB: Reflective Thinking8) In a one-period valuation model, a decrease in the required return on investments in equity causes a(n) ________ in the ________ price of a stock.A) increase; currentB) increase; expected salesC) decrease; currentD) decrease; expected salesAnswer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking9) Using the one-period valuation model, assuming a year-end dividend of $0.11, an expected sales price of $110, and a required rate of return of 10%, the current price of the stock would beA) $110.11.B) $121.12.C) $100.10.D) $100.11Answer: CAACSB: Analytical Thinking10) Using the one-period valuation model, assuming a year-end dividend of $1.00, an expected sales price of $100, and a required rate of return of 5%, the current price of the stock would beA) $110.00.B) $101.00.C) $100.00.D) $96.19.Answer: DAACSB: Analytical Thinking11) In the generalized dividend model, if the expected sales price is in the distant futureA) it does not affect the current stock price.B) it is more important than dividends in determining the current stock price.C) it is equally important with dividends in determining the current stock price.D) it is less important than dividends but still affects the current stock price.Answer: AAACSB: Analytical Thinking12) In the generalized dividend model, a future sales price far in the future does not affect the current stock price becauseA) the present value cannot be computed.B) the present value is almost zero.C) the sales price does not affect the current price.D) the stock may never be sold.Answer: BAACSB: Analytical Thinking13) In the generalized dividend model, the current stock price is the sum ofA) the actual value of the future dividend stream.B) the present value of the future dividend stream.C) the present value of the future dividend stream plus the actual future sales price.D) the present value of the future sales price.Answer: BAACSB: Analytical Thinking14) Using the Gordon growth model, a stock's current price will increase ifA) the dividend growth rate increases.B) the growth rate of dividends falls.C) the required rate of return on equity rises.D) the expected sales price rises.Answer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking15) Using the Gordon growth model, a stock's current price decreases whenA) the dividend growth rate increases.B) the required return on equity decreases.C) the expected dividend payment increases.D) the growth rate of dividends decreases.Answer: DAACSB: Reflective Thinking16) In the Gordon growth model, a decrease in the required rate of return on equityA) increases the current stock price.B) increases the future stock price.C) reduces the future stock price.D) reduces the current stock price.Answer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking17) Using the Gordon growth formula, if D1 is $2.00, k e is 12% or 0.12, and g is 10% or 0.10, then the current stock price isA) $20.B) $50.C) $100.D) $150.Answer: CAACSB: Analytical Thinking18) Using the Gordon growth formula, if D1 is $1.00, k e is 10% or 0.10, and g is 5% or 0.05, then the current stock price isA) $10.B) $20.C) $30.D) $40.Answer: BAACSB: Analytical Thinking19) Using the Gordon growth model, if D1 is $.50, k e is 7%, and g is 5%, then the present value of the stock isA) $2.50.B) $25.C) $50.D) $46.73.Answer: BAACSB: Analytical Thinking20) One of the assumptions of the Gordon Growth Model is that dividends will continue growing at ________ rate.A) an increasingB) a fastC) a constantD) an escalatingAnswer: CAACSB: Analytical Thinking21) In the Gordon Growth Model, the growth rate is assumed to be ________ the required return on equity.A) greater thanB) equal toC) less thanD) proportional toAnswer: CAACSB: Analytical Thinking22) You believe that a corporation's dividends will grow 5% on average into the foreseeable future. If the company's last dividend payment was $5 what should be the current price of the stock assuming a 12% required return?Answer: Use the Gordon Growth Model.$5(1 + .05)/(.12 - .05) = $75AACSB: Analytical Thinking23) What rights does ownership interest give stockholders?Answer: Stockholders have the right to vote on issues brought before the stockholders, be the residual claimant, that is, receive a portion of any net earnings of the corporation, and the right to sell the stock.AACSB: Reflective Thinking7.2 How the Market Sets Stock Prices1) In asset markets, an asset's price isA) set equal to the highest price a seller will accept.B) set equal to the highest price a buyer is willing to pay.C) set equal to the lowest price a seller is willing to accept.D) set by the buyer willing to pay the highest price.Answer: DAACSB: Reflective Thinking2) Information plays an important role in asset pricing because it allows the buyer to more accurately judgeA) liquidity.B) risk.C) capital.D) policy.Answer: BAACSB: Analytical Thinking3) New information that might lead to a decrease in a stock's price might beA) an expected decrease in the level of future dividends.B) a decrease in the required rate of return.C) an expected increase in the dividend growth rate.D) an expected increase in the future sales price.Answer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking4) A change in perceived risk of a stock changesA) the expected dividend growth rate.B) the expected sales price.C) the required rate of return.D) the current dividend.Answer: CAACSB: Reflective Thinking5) A stock's price will fall if there isA) a decrease in perceived risk.B) an increase in the required rate of return.C) an increase in the future sales price.D) current dividends are high.Answer: BAACSB: Reflective Thinking6) A monetary expansion ________ stock prices due to a decrease in the ________ and an increase in the ________, everything else held constant.A) reduces; future sales price; expected rate of returnB) reduces; current dividend; expected rate of returnC) increases; required rate of return; future sales priceD) increases; required rate of return; dividend growth rateAnswer: DAACSB: Reflective Thinking7) The global financial crisis lead to a decline in stock prices becauseA) of a lowered expected dividend growth rate.B) of a lowered required return on investment in equity.C) higher expected future stock prices.D) higher current dividends.Answer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking8) Increased uncertainty resulting from the global financial crisis ________ the required return on investment in equity.A) raisedB) loweredC) had no impact onD) decreasedAnswer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking7.3 The Theory of Rational Expectations1) Economists have focused more attention on the formation of expectations in recent years. This increase in interest can probably best be explained by the recognition thatA) expectations influence the behavior of participants in the economy and thus have a major impact on economic activity.B) expectations influence only a few individuals, have little impact on the overall economy, but can have important effects on a few markets.C) expectations influence many individuals, have little impact on the overall economy, but can have distributional effects.D) models that ignore expectations have little predictive power, even in the short run. Answer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking2) The view that expectations change relatively slowly over time in response to new information is known in economics asA) rational expectations.B) irrational expectations.C) slow-response expectations.D) adaptive expectations.Answer: DAACSB: Analytical Thinking3) If expectations of the future inflation rate are formed solely on the basis of a weighted average of past inflation rates, then economists would say that expectation formation isA) irrational.B) rational.C) adaptive.D) reasonable.Answer: CAACSB: Analytical Thinking4) If expectations are formed adaptively, then peopleA) use more information than just past data on a single variable to form their expectations of that variable.B) often change their expectations quickly when faced with new information.C) use only the information from past data on a single variable to form their expectations of that variable.D) never change their expectations once they have been made.Answer: CAACSB: Reflective Thinking5) If during the past decade the average rate of monetary growth has been 5% and the average inflation rate has been 5%, everything else held constant, when the Federal Reserve announces that the new rate of monetary growth will be 10%, the adaptive expectation forecast of the inflation rate isA) 5%.B) between 5 and 10%.C) 10%.D) more than 10%.Answer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking6) The major criticism of the view that expectations are formed adaptively is thatA) this view ignores that people use more information than just past data to form their expectations.B) it is easier to model adaptive expectations than it is to model rational expectations.C) adaptive expectations models have no predictive power.D) people are irrational and therefore never learn from past mistakes.Answer: AAACSB: Reflective Thinking7) In rational expectations theory, the term "optimal forecast" is essentially synonymous withA) correct forecast.B) the correct guess.C) the actual outcome.D) the best guess.Answer: DAACSB: Analytical Thinking8) If a forecast is made using all available information, then economists say that the expectation formation isA) rational.B) irrational.C) adaptive.D) reasonable.Answer: AAACSB: Analytical Thinking9) If a forecast made using all available information is NOT perfectly accurate, then it isA) still a rational expectation.B) not a rational expectation.C) an adaptive expectation.D) a second-best expectation.Answer: AAACSB: Analytical Thinking10) If expectations are formed rationally, then individualsA) will have a forecast that is 100% accurate all of the time.B) change their forecast when faced with new information.C) use only the information from past data on a single variable to form their forecast.D) have forecast errors that are persistently low.Answer: BAACSB: Analytical Thinking11) If additional information is not used when forming an optimal forecast because it is not available at that time, then expectations areA) obviously formed irrationally.B) still considered to be formed rationally.C) formed adaptively.D) formed equivalently.Answer: BAACSB: Analytical Thinking12) An expectation may fail to be rational ifA) relevant information was not available at the time the forecast is made.B) relevant information is available but ignored at the time the forecast is made.C) information changes after the forecast is made.D) information was available to insiders only.Answer: BAACSB: Analytical Thinking13) According to rational expectations theory, forecast errors of expectationsA) are more likely to be negative than positive.B) are more likely to be positive than negative.C) tend to be persistently high or low.D) are unpredictable.Answer: DAACSB: Analytical Thinking。

信号与系统奥本海姆英文版课后答案chapter7

137Chapter 7 Answers7.1 From the Nyquist sampling theorem , we know that only if X (j w)=0 for |w| > w s /2 will be signal be recoverable from its samples. Therefore, X(jw)>5000л.7.2 From the Nyquist theorem ,we know that the sampling frequency in this case must be at least w s =2000п.In other words ,the sampling period should be at most T=2п/ (w s )=1＊10-3.Clearly ,only (a) and (e) satisfy this condition.7.3 (a) We can easily show that X(j w)=0 for |w| >4000п.Therefore, the Nyquist rate for this signal is w N =2(4000п)=8000п.(b)From the Tables 4.1 and 4.2 we know that X(j w) is a rectangular pulse for which X(j w)=0 for |w| > 4000п.Therefore, the Nyquist rate for this signal is w N =2(4000п)=800п.(c) From the Tables 4.1 and 4.2 we know that X(j w) is the convolution of two rectangular pulses each of which is zero for |w| > 4000п.Therefore ,X(j w)=0 for |w| >8000пand the Nyquist rate for this signal is w N =2(8000п)=16000п.7.4 If the signal x(t) has a Nyquist rate of w o ,then its Fourier transform X (j w)=0 for |w| > w o /2. (a) From chapter 4,y(t) = x (t) + x (t-1) −→←FTY (jw) = X (jw) + e -jwt X (jw).Clearly, we can only guarantee that Y (jw) =0 for |w| > w o /2. Therefore, the Nyquist rate for y(t) is also w o . (b) From chapter 4,y(t) = dtt dx )( −→←FTY (jw)= jw X(jw).Clearly, we can only guarantee that Y (jw) =0 for |w| > w o /2. Therefore, the Nyquist rate for y(t) is also w o . (c) From chapter 4,y(t) =x 2(t) −→←FTY (jw)= (1/2п)[X(jw)*X(jw)]Clearly, we can only guarantee that Y (jw) =0 for |w| > w o . Therefore, the Nyquist rate for y(t) is also 2w o . (d) From chapter 4,y(t)=x(t)cos (w o t) −→←FTY (jw)= (1/2)X(j(w- w o )) +(1/2)X(j(w+ w o )).Clearly, we can guarantee that Y (jw) =0 for |w| > w o + w o /2. Therefore, the Nyquist rate for y(t) is 3w o. 7.5 Using Table 4.2,p(t) −→←FT Tπ2∑∞-∞=-K T K )/2(πωδFrom Table 4.1 p(t-1) −→←FT Tπ2 e -jw T jk k eTk ππωδ2)2(-∞-∞=∑-. Since y(t)=x(t)p(t-1),we haveY (jw)= (1/2п)[X(jw)*FT{P(t-1)}]=(1/T)T jk K e Tk j X ππω2))2((-∞-∞=∑-Therefore, Y(j ω) consists of replicates of X(j ω) shifted by k2π/T and added to earth other (see Figure⎩⎨⎧≤=otherwiseT j H c ,0||,)(ωωωWhere (2/0ω)<c ω<(2π/T) - (2/0ω).7.6 Consider the signal w(t)=x 1(t)x 2(t).The Fourier transform W(j ω) of w(t) is given by W(j ω)=π21[])(*)(21ωωj X j X .Since 0)(1=ωj X for |ω|≥1ωand X 2(j ω)=0 for |ω|≥2ω, we may conclude that W(j ω)=0 for |ω|≥1ω+2ω.Consequently ，the Nyquist rate for w(t) iss ω=2(1ω+2ω).Therefore ,the maximum sampling138period which would still allow w(t) to be recovered is T=2π/(s ω)=π/(1ω+2ω). 7.7 We note thatx 1(t) =h 1(t)*{∑∞-∞=-n nT t nT x )()(δ}Form Figure 7.7 in the book ,we know that the output of the zero-order hold may be written as x 0(t)=h 0(t)* {∑∞-∞=-n nT t nT x )()(δ}where h 0(t) is as shown in Figure S7.7 By taking the Fourier transform of the two above equations, we have X 1(j ω)=H 1( j ω)X p ( j ω)X 0(j ω)=H 0( j ω) X p ( j ω)We now need to determine a frequency response H d ( j ω) for a filter which produces x 1(t) at its output when x 0(t) is its input. Therefore, we needX 0(j ω) H d ( j ω)= X 1(j ω)The triangular function h 1(t) may be obtained by convolving two rectangular pulses as shown in Figure S7.7Therefore,h 1(t)={(1/T ) h 0(t+T/2)}*{( 1/T ) h 0(t+T/2)} Taking the Fourier transform of both sides of the above equation, H 1( j ω)=T1e T j ω H 0( j ω) H 0( j ω) ThereforeX 1(j ω)= H 1( j ω) X p ( j ω)=T 1e T j ω H 0( j ω) H 0( j ω) X p ( j ω) =T1e Tj ω H 0( j ω) X 0(j ω)ThereforeH d ( j ω)=T1eTj ω H 0( j ω)=e2/jwT TT ωω)2/sin(2 7.8 (a) Yes, aliasing does occur in this case .This may be easily shown by considering the sinusoidal term of x(t) for k=5. This term is a signal of the form y(t)=(1/2)5sin(5πt).If x(t) is sampled as T=0.2, then we will always be sampling y(t) at exactly its zero-crossings (This is similar to the idea presented in Figure 7.17 of your textbook). Therefore ,the signal y(t) appears to be identical to the signal (1/2)5sin(0πt) for frequency 5π is a liased into a sinusoid of frequency 0 in the sampled signal.(b) The lowpass filter performs band limited interpolation on the signal ∧x(t).But since aliasing has alreadyresulted in the loss of the sinusoid (1/2)5sin(5πt),the output will be of the formx γ(t)=k k )21(40∑= sin(k πt)The Fourier series representation of this signal is of the form139x γ(t)=∑-=44k k a e )/(t k j π-Where a k =-j(1/2)1+kj(1/2)1+-k7.9 The Fourier transform X(jWe know from the results on impulse-train sampling thatG(jw)=∑∞∞--ωωk j X T ((1s )),Where T=2π/s ω=1/75.therefore,G(jw) is as shown in Figure S7.9 .Clearly, G(jw)=(1/T)X(j ω)=75 X(j ω) for |ω|≤50π.7.10 (a) We know that x(t) is not a band-limited signal. Therefore, it cannot undergo impulse-train sampling without aliasing.(b) Form the given X(j ω) it is clear that the signal x(t) which is bandlimited. That is, X(j ω)=0 for |ω|>0ω.Therefore, it must be possible to perform impulse-train sampling on this signal without experiencing aliasing. The minimum sampling rate required would bes ω=20ω,This implies that thesampling period can at most be T=2π/s ω=π/0ω(c) When x(t) undergoes impulse train sampling with T=2π/0ω,we would obtain the signal g(t) with Fourier transformG(jw)= T1∑∞-∞=-k T k j X ))/2((πωFigure S7.10It is clear from the figure that no aliasing occurs, and that X(jw) can be recovered by using a filter with frequency response T 0≤ωω≤0 H(jw)= 0 otherwiseTherefore, the given statement is true. 7.11 We know from Section 7.4 thatX d (ωj e )= T1∑∞-∞=-k cT k j X ))/2((πω(a) Since X d (ωj e) is just formed by shifting and summing replicas of X(jw),we may argue that ifX d (ωj e ) is real , then X(jw) must also be real(b) X d (ωj e) consists of replicas of X(jw) which are scaled by 1/T,Therefore,if X d (ωj e) has amaximum of 1, then X(jw) must also be real.(c) The region πωπ≤≤||4/3in the discrete-time domain corresponds to the regionT T /||)4/(3πωπ≤≤ in the discrete-time domain. Therefore ,if X d (ωj e )=0 forπωπ≤≤||4/3,then X(jw)=0 for πωπ2000||1500≤≤,But since we already have X(jw)=0 for140πω2000||≥,we have X(jw)=0 for πω1500||≥(d) In this case, sinceπ in discrete-time frequency domain corresponds to 2000π in the continuous-time frequency domain, this condition translates to X(jw)=(j(ω-2000π))7.12 Form Section 7.4 ,we know that the discrete and continuous-time frequencies Ω and ω are related by Ω=ω.Therefore, in this case for Ω=43π,we find the corresponding value of ω toω=43πT1=3000π/4=7500π7.13 For this problem ,we use an approach similar to the one used in Example 7.2 .we assume thatx c (t)=tT t ππ)/sin(The overall output isy c (t)= x c (t-2T)= )2()]2)(/sin[(T t T t T --ππForm x c (t). We obtain the corresponding discrete-time signal x d [n] to be x d [n]= x c (nT)= T1][n δalso, we obtain from y c (t),the corresponding discrete-time signal y d [n] to be y d [n]= y c (nT) =)2()]2(sin[(--n T n ππWe note that the right-hand side of the above equation is always zero when n ≠2.When n=2 ,wemay evaluate the value of ratio using L ,Hospital ,s rule to be 1/T ,Thereforey d [n]= T1]2[-n δWe conclude that the impulse response of the filter is h d [n]= ]2[-n δ7.14 For this problem ,we use an approach similar to the one used in Example 7.2.We assume that x c (t)= tT t ππ)]/sin[(The overall output isy c (t)=)2(T t x dt d c -=)2/()]2/()/[()/(T t T t T COS T ---πππ-2))2/(()]2/)(/sin[(T t T t T --πππForm x c (t) , we obtain the corresponding discrete-time signal x d [n] to be x d [n]= x c (nT)= T1][n δAlso, we obtain from yc(t),the corresponding discrete-time signal y d [n] to beY d [n]=y c (nT)=)2/1()]2/1(cos[)/(--n T n T πππ- )2/1()]2/1(sin[--n T n ππThe first term in rig πht-hang side of the above equation is always zero because cos[π(n-1/2)]=0, therefore, y d [n]= )2/1()]2/1(sin[--n T n ππWe conclude that the impulse response of the filter is h d [n]= )2/1()]2/1(sin[--n T n ππ7.15. in this problem we are interested in the lowest rate which x[n] may be sampled without the possibility of aliasing, we use the approach used in Example 7.4 to solve this problem. To find the lowest rate at which x[n] may be sampled while avoiding the possibility of aliasing, we must find an N such that (22≥Nπ)73πN ≤7/37.16 Although the signal x 1[n]=2sin(πn/2)/( πn) satisfies the first tow conditions, it does not satisfy the thirdcondition . This is because the Flurries transform X 1(e j ω) of this signal is rectangular pulse which is zero for π/2<|ω|<π/2 We also note that the signal x[n]=4[sin(πn/2)/(πn)]2 satisfies the first tow conditions. Fromour numerous encounters with this signal, we know that its Fourier transform X(e j ω) is given by the periodic141convolution of X 1(e j ω) with itself. Therefore, X(e j ω) will be a triangular function in the range 0≤|ω|≤π. This obviously satisfies the third condition as well. T therefore, the desired signal is x[n]=4[sin(πn/2)/(πn)]2.7.17 In this problem .we wish to determine the effect of decimating the impulse response of the given filter by a factor of 2. As explained in Section 7.5.2 ,the process of decimation may be broken up into two steps. In the first step we perform impulse train sampling on h[n] to obtain H p [n]∑∞-∞=k h[2k]δ[n-2k]The decimated sequence is then obtained using h 1[n]=h[2n]=h p [2n]Using eq (7.37), we obtain the Fourier transform H p (e j ω) of h p [n] to beH 1(e j ω)=H p (e jω/2)In other words , H 1(e j ω) is H p (e j ω/2) expanded by a factor of 2. This is as shown in the figure above. Therefore, h 1[n]=h[2n] is the impulse response of an ideal lowpass filter with a passband gain of unity and a cutoff frequency of π/27.18 From Figure 7.37,it is clear interpolation by a factor of 2 results in the frequency response getting compressed by a factor of 2. Interpolation also results in a magnitude sealing by a factor of 2. Therefore, in this problem, the interpolated impulse response will correspond to an ideal lowpass filter with cutoff frequency π/ and a passband gain of 2.7.19 The Fourier transform of x[n] is given by1 |ω|≤ω1X(e j ω)= 0 otherwiseThis is as shown in Figure 7.19.(a) when ω1 ≤3π/5, the Fourier transform X 1(e j ω) of the output of the zero-insertion system is shown inFigure 7.19. The output w(e j ω) of the lowpass filter is as shown in Figure 7.19. The Fourier transform of theoutput of the decimation system Y(e j ω) is an expanded or stretched out version of W(e j ω). This is as shown in Figure 7.19.therefore, y[n]=51nn πω)3/5sin(1(b) When ω1＞3π/5, the Fourier’s transform X 1(e j ω) of the output of the zero-insertion system is as shownin Figure 7.19 The output W(e j ω142The Fourier transform of the output of the decimation system Y(e j ω) bis an expanded or stretched outversion of W(e j ω) .This is as shown in Figure S7.19. Therefore,y[n]=][51n δ7.20 Suppose that X(e j ω) is as shown in Figure S7.20, then the Fourier transform X A (e j ω) of the output of theoutput of S A , the Fourier transform X 1(e j ω) of the output of the lowpass filter , and the Fourier transform X B (e j ω) of the output of S B are all shown in the figures below. Clearly this system accomplishes the filtering task .Figure S7.20(b) Suppose that X(e j ω) is as shown in Figure S7.20 ,then the Fourier transform X B (e j ω) of the output ofS B ,the Fourier transform X 1(e j ω)of the output of the first lowpass filter ,the Fourier transfore X A (e j ω) of theoutput of S A ,the Fourier transform X 2(e j ω) of the output of the first lowpass filter are all shown in the figure below .Clearly this system does not accomplish the filtering task. 7.21(a) The Nyquist rate for the given signal is 2×5000π=10000π. Therefore in order to be able to recover x(t)from x p (t) ,the sampling period must at most be T max =2π/10000π=2×10-4 sec .Since the sampling period used is T=10-4＜T max ,x(t) can be recovered from x p (t).(b) The Nyquist rate for the given signal is 2×15000π=30000π. Therefore in order to be able to recover x(t)from x p (t) ,the sampling period must at most be T max =2π/30000π=0.66×10-4 sec .Since the sampling period used is T=10-4＞T max , x(t) can not be recovered from x p (t).(c) Here,I m {X(j ω)} is not specified. Therefore, the Nyquist rate for the signal x(t) is indeterminate. Thisimplies that one cannot guarantee that x(t) would be recoverable from x p (t).(d) Since x(t) is real,we may conclude that X(j ω)=0 for |ω|＞5000. Therefore the answer to this part isidentical to that of part (a)(e) Since x(t) is real, X(j ω)=0 for |ω|＞15000π. Therefore the answer to this part is identical to that of part(b)(f) If X(j ω)=0 for |ω|＞ω1,then X(j ω)*X(j ω)=0 for |ω|＞2ω1,Therefore in this part X(j ω)=0 for |ω|＞7500. The Nyquist rate for this signal is 2×7500π=15000π. Therefore in order to be able to recover x(t) from x p (t) ,the sampling period must at most be T max =2π/15000π=1.33×10-4 sec .Since the sampling period used is T=10-4＜T max , x(t) can be recovered from x p (t). (g)If |X(j ω)|=0 for ω＞5000π,then X(j ω)=0 for |ω|＞5000π. Therefore the answer to this part is identical to that of part (a).7.22 Using the properties of the Fourier transform, we obtain Y(j ω)=X 1(j ω)X 2(j ω).Therefore, Y(j ω)=0 for |ω|＞1000π.This implies that the Nyquist rate for y(t) is2×1000π=2000π.Therefore, the sampling period T can at most be 2π/(2000π)=10-3sec. Therefore we have to use T<10-3sec in order to be able to recover y(t) from y p (t). 7.23(a) We may express p(t) asP(t)=p 1(t)-p 1(t-△);Where p 1(t)=∑∞-∞=∆-k k t )2(δnow,143P 1(j ω)=∆π∑∞-∞=∆-k )/(πωδTherefore,P(j ω)= P 1(j ω)-e -j ω∆P 1(j )ωIs as shown in figure S7.23. Now,X p (j ω)=)](*)([21ωωπjP j XTherefore, X p (j ω) is as sketched below for △<π/(2ωM ),The corresponding Y(j ω) is also sketched in figure S7.23.(b) The system which can be used to recover x(t) from x p (t) is as shown in FigureS7.23. (c) The system which can be used to recover x(t) from x(t) is as shown in FigureS7.23.(d) We see from the figures sketched in part (a) that aliasing is avoided when ωM ≤π/△.therefore, △max =π/ωM.7.24 we may impress s(t) as s(t)=s(t)-1,where s(t) is as shown in Figure S7.24 we may easily show thats (j )ω= ∑∞-∞=-∆k T k kT k )/2()/2sin(4πωδπFrom this, we obtainS(j =-=)(2)()ωπδωωj S∑∞-∞=-∆k T k k T k )/2()/2sin(4πωδπ-2)(ωπδ Clearly, S(j ω) consists of impulses spaced every 2π/T.(a) If △=T/3, thenS(j =)ω∑∞-∞=-k T k kk )/2()3/2sin(4πωδπ-2)(ωπδNow, since w(t)=s(t)x(t),πω21)(=j W ∑∞-∞=--k X T k j X kk )(2))/2(()3/2sin(4ωππωπTherefore, W(j ω)consists of replicas of X(j ω) which are spaced 2π/T apart. Tn order to avoid aliasing,ωW should be less that π/T. Therefore, T max =2π/ωW. (b) If △=T/3, then(a)(b)()jw Figure S7.24x144S(j =)ω∑∞-∞=-k T k k k )/2()4/2sin(4πωδπ-2)(ωπδ we note that S(j ω)=0 for k=0,±2, ±4,…..This is as sketched in Figure S7.24.Therefore, the replicas of X(j ω)in W(j ω) are now spaced 4π/T apart. Tn order to avoid aliasing,ωW should be less that2π/T. Therefore, T max =2π/ωW. 7.25 Here, x T (kT) can be written asX T (kT)= ∑∞-∞=--k nT x n k n k )()()](sin[ππNote that when n ≠k,0)()](sin[=--n k n k ππAnd when n=k,1)()](sin[=--n k n k ππ Therefore,x τ(kT)=x(kT)7.26. We note thatp(j ω)=Tπ2δ(ω－k2π/T)Also, since x p (t)=x(t)p(t).X p (j ω)=12π{ x(j ω) * P(j ω)}=1Tx(j(ω－k2π/T))Figure S7.26Note that as T increase, Tπ2－ω2 approaches zero. Also, we note that there is aliasingWhen2ω1-ω2<Tπ2－ω2<ω2If 2ω1-ω2≥0(as given) then it is easy to see that aliasing does not occur when 0≤Tπ2－ω2≤2ω1－ω2For maximum T, we must choose the minimum allowable value for Tπ2－ω2 (which is zero).This implies that T max =2π/ω2. We plot x p (j ω) for this case in Figure S7.26. Therefore, A=T, ωb =2π/T, and ωa =ωb －ω11457.27.(a) Let x 1(j ω) denote the Fourier transform of the signal x 1(t) obtained by multiplyingx(t) with e -j ω0t Let x 2(j ω) be the Fourier transform of the signal x 2(t) obtained at the output of the lowpass filter. Then, x 1(j ω), x 2(j ω),and x p (j ω),are as shown in Figure S7.27(b) The Nyquist rate for the signal x 2(t) is 2×(ω2－ω1)/2=ω2－ω1.Therefore, thep 7.28. (a) The fundamental frequency of x(t) is 20π rad/sec.From Chapter 4 we know that the Fourier transform of x(t) is given byX(j ω)=2πk ∞=-∞∑a k δ(ω－20πk).This is as sketched below. The Fourier transform x c (j ω) of the signal x c (t) is also Sketched in Figure S7.28. Note thatP(j ω)=2510π⨯3(2/(510))k k δωπ∞-=-∞-⨯∑Andx p (j ω)=12π[ x c (j ω)* p(j ω)]Therefore, x p (j ω) is as shown in the Figure S7.28.Note that the impulses from adjacentReplicas of x c (j ω) add up at 200π.Now the Fourier transform x(e j Ω) of the sequence x[n] is given byx(e j Ω)= x p (j ω)|ω=ΩT. This is as shown in the Figure S7.28.Since the impulses in x(e j ω) are located at multiples of a 0.1π,the signal x[n] is146(b) The Fourier series coefficients of X[n] aT π2(12)k , k=0,±1,±2,….,±9 a k =4T π(12)10 , k=10 7.29. x p (j ω)=1T((2/))k x j k T ωπ∞=-∞-∑x(jwe ), Y(jwe ), Y p (j ω),and Y c (j ω) are as shown in Figure S7.29. 7.30. (a) Since x c (t)=δ(t),we have()c dy t dt+y c (t)= δ(t) Taking the Fourier transform we obtainj ωY(j ω)+ Y(j ω)=1 Therefore , Y c (j ω)=11j ω+, and y c (t) =e -t u(t). (b) Since y c (t) =e -tu(t) , y[n]= y c (nT)= e -nT u[n].Therefore, j ωH(e j ω)=()()j W e Y e ω=11/(1)T j e e ω---=1－e －T e －j ωTherefore,h[n]= δ[n]－e －T δ[n －1]7.31. In this problem for the sake of clarity we will use the variable Ωto denote discretefrequency. Taking the Fourier transform of both sides of the given difference equation we obtainH(j e Ω)=()()j j Y e X e ΩΩ=1112j e -Ω-Given that the sampling rate is greater than the Nyquist rate, we have147x(j eΩ)=1Tx c (j Ω/T), for －π≤Ω≤π Therefore,Y(j eΩ)=1(/)12c j x j T T e -ΩΩ-For －π≤Ω≤π.From this we getY(j ω)= Y(jw eT)= =1()12c j Tx j T e ωω--For －π/T ≤ω≤π/T. in this range, Y(j ω)= Y c (j ω).Therefore,H c (j ω)=()()c c Y j X j ωω=1/112j TT e ω--7.32. Let p[n]=[14]k n k δ∞=-∞--∑.Then from Chapter 5,p(jwe )= e -j ω24π(2/4)k k δωπ∞=-∞-∑=2π2/4(2/4)j k k k eπδωπ∞--=-∞∑Therefore, G(jw e )=()1()()2j j p e x e d πθωθπθπ--⎰=32/4(2/4)01()4j k j k k e x e πωπ--=∑jwjwFigure S7.32Clearly, in order to isolate just x(jwe ) we need to use an ideal lowpass filter with Cutoff frequency π/4 and passband gain of 4. Therefore, in the range |ω|<π, 4, |ω|<π/4H(e j ω)= 0, π/4≤|ω|≤π7.33. Let y[n]=x[n][3]k n k δ∞=-∞-∑.ThenY(e j ω)=3(2/3)1()3j k k x eωπ-=∑Note that sin(πn/3)/(πn/3) is the impulse response of an ideal lowpass filter with cutoff frequency π/3 and passband gain of 3.Therefore,we now require that y[n] when passed through this filter should yieldx[n].Therefore, the replicas of x(e j ω) contained in Y(e j ω) should not overlap with one another. This ispossible only if x(e j ω) =0 for π/3≤|ω|≤π.7.34. In order to make x(e j ω) occupy the entire region from －πto π,the signal x[n]148must be downsampled by a factor of 14/3.Since it is not possible to directly downsample by a noninteger factor, we first upsample the signal by a factor of 3. Therefore, after the upsampling we will need toreduce the sampling rate by 14/3× 3=14. Therefore, the overall system for performing the sampling rate conversion isy[n][]2nx ,n=0,±3,±6,… y[n]=p[14n] ω[n]= 0, otherwise Figure S7.34)(e xp)(ωj d e x 7.36. (a) Let us decnote the sampled signaled signal by x p (t). We have∑∞-∞=-=n pnT t nT x t x )()()(δSince the Nyquist rate for the signal x(t) is T /2π,we can reconstruct the signal from x p (t). From Section 7.2,we know that)(*)()(t h t x t x p = whereTt T t t h /)/sin()(ππ=Thereforedtt dh t x dtt dx p )(*)()(=Denoting dtt dh )( by g(t),we have∑∞-∞=-==n pnT t g nT x t g t x dtt dx )()()(*)()(Therefore,2)/sin()/cos()()(tT t T tT t dtt dh t g πππ-==(b) No.7.37. We may write p(t) asp(t)=p 1(t)+p 1(t-∆),where∑∞-∞=-=k W k t t p )/2()(1πδTherefore,)()1()(1ωωωj p e j p j ∆-+= where∑∞-∞=-=k kW w j p )()(1ωδω149Let us denote the product p(t)f(t) by g(t).Then,)()()()()()()(11t f t p t f t p t f t p t g ∆-+== This may be written as)()()(11∆-+=t bp t ap t g Therefore,)(()(1)ωωωj p be a j G j ∆-+= with )(1ωj p is specified in eq.(s7.37-1). Therefore [])()(kw be a w j G k w jk -+=∑∞-∞=∆-ωδωWe now have)()()()(1t f t p t x t y = Therefore,[])(*)(21)(1ωωπωj x j G j Y =This give us[]))((2)(1kW j x be a Wj Y wjk -+=∑∆-ωπωIn the range 0<ω<W, we may specify Y 1(j ω) as[]))(()()()(2)(1W j x be a j x b a w j Y w jk -+++=∆-ωωπωsince )()()(112ωωωj H j Y j Y =, in the range 0<ω<W we may specify Y 2(j ω) as []))(()()()(2)(2W j x be a j x b a jW j Y W j -+++=∆-ωωπωSince ),()()(3t p t x t y =in the range 0<ω<W we may specify Y 3(j ω) as []))(()1()(22)(3W j x e j x W j Y W j -++=∆-ωωπωGive that 0<W △<π,we require that )()()(32ωωωj kx j Y j Y =+ for 0<ω<W. That is[][])())(()1(2)()(2ωωπωπj kx W j x e W j x jb ja a Ww j =-++++∆-This implies that01=+++∆-∆-W j Wj jbe ja e Solving this we obtainA=1, b= -1, When W △=π/2. More generally, we also geta=sin(W △)+)tan())cos(1(∆∆+W W and )sin()cos(1∆∆+-=W W bexcept when 2/π=∆W Finally, we also get [])2/(12jb ja Wk ++=π。

《商务英语函电》 Chapter 7

II. Fill in the blanks with the proper forms of the following words or
expressions.
1. captioned
2. With regaห้องสมุดไป่ตู้d to, so far
3. enabling
4. see that, avoid
5. the fact that
6. stress v./n. 着重强调；重点
1) stress + that clause
2) stress + n.
The sellers stressed the importance of establishing L/C in strict accordance with the stipulations of the contract.
6. relevant
7. in exact accordance with
8. drawing near
9. call, attention
III. Identify and correct the mistakes in the following sentences.
1. A. have
2. C. be opened
谨启
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3. A. With regard to

英语语言学chapter 7

chapter 7Ⅱ. Fill in each of the blanks below with one word which begins with the letter given:1. The social group isolated for any given study is called the speech c_________.2. Speech v_________ refers to any distinguishable form of speech used by a speaker or group of speakers.3. From the sociolinguistic perspective, a speech variety is no more than a d_________ variety ofa language.4. Language standardization is also called language p_________.5. Social variation gives rise to s_________ which are subdivisible into smaller speech categories that reflect their socioeconomic, educational, occupational background, etc.6. S_________ variation in a person’s speech or writing usually ranges on a continuum from casual or colloquial to formal or polite according to the type of communicative situation.7. A regional dialect may gain status and become standardized as the national or o_________ language of a country.8. The standard language is a s_________, socially prestigious dialect of language.9. Language varieties other than the standard are called nonstandard, or v_________ languages.10. A pidgin typically lacks in i_________ morphemes.11. Linguistic taboo reflects s_________ taboo.12. The avoidance of using taboo language mirrors social attitudes, emotions and value judgments and has no l_________ basis.13.The four-letter words like “hell”, “shit” in English are called_________ .14.The process from pidgin to Creole is called .15.The term _________was first put forward by linguist Feuguson.16. _________is the type of British Standard English pronunciation which has been regarded as the prestige variety and which shows no regional variation.17.British educational sociologist_________ first made the distinction between elaborated code and restricted code.18. _________is a neutral term, and it can be used instead of regional dialect, social dialect, or pidgin.19.Linguist _________published his paper “The social stratification of English in New Y ork City” in 1966.20.L.L. Zamenhof invented the artificial language .21.Gumperz divided code switching into situational code switching and_________.22. _________is the language system of an individual as expressed by the way he or she speaks or writes within the overall system of a particular language.Ⅲ.There are four choices following each statement. Mark the choice that can best complete the statement:1. _______ is concerned with the social significance of language variation and language use in different speech ommunities.A. PsycholinguisticsB. SociolinguisticsC. Historical linguisticsD. General linguistics2. The most distinguishable linguistic feature of a regional dialect is its _____.A. use of wordsB. use of structuresC. accentD. morphemes3. ____ is speech variation according to the particular area where a speaker comes from.A. Regional variationB. Language variationC. Social variationD. Register variation4. _______ are the major source of regional variation of language.A. Geographical barriersB. Loyalty to and confidence in one’s native speechC. Physical discomfort and psychological resistance to changeD. Social barriers5. _________ means that certain authorities, such as the government choose, a particular speech variety, standardize it and spread the use of it across regional boundaries.A. Language interferenceB. Language changesC. Language planningD. Language transfer6. _________ in a person’s speech or writing usually ranges on a continuum from casual or colloquial to formal or polite according to the type of communicative situation.A. Regional variationB. Changes in emotionsC. V ariation in connotationsD. Stylistic variation7. A ____ is a variety of language that serves as a medium of communication among groups of people for diverse linguistic backgrounds.A. lingua francaB. registerC. CreoleD. national language8. Although _______ are simplified languages with reduced grammatical features, they are rule-governed, like any human language.A. vernacular languagesB. creolesC. pidginsD. sociolects9. In normal situations, ____ speakers tend to use more prestigious forms than their ____ counterparts with the same social background.A. female; maleB. male; femaleC. old; youngD. young; old10. A linguistic _______ refers to a word or expression that is prohibited by the “polite” society from general use.A. slangB. euphemismC. jargonD. taboo11. The sub-field of linguistics that studies the relation between language and society is called _______.A. SociolinguisticsB. NeurolinguisticsC. MacrolinguisticsD. Microlinguistics12. Which of the followings doesn’t belong to dialectal varieties? _______.A. Regional dialectsB. SociolectC. IdiolectD. Diglossia13. The dialect which is cause by social status is _______.A. regional dialectsB. sociolectC. idiolectD. diglossia14. Standard dialect is _______.A. designated as the official or national language of a countryB. a dialect a child acquires naturally like his regional dialectC. used by people who speak different languages for restricted purposeD. used by people who belong to the higher social status15. Sometimes, two varieties of a language exist side by side throughout the community, with each having a definite role to play. This phenomenon is ______.A. bilingualismB. diglossiaC. pidginD. creole16. Which of the followings does NOT constitute the reason for regional dialect?A. Geographical barrier.B. Loyalty to one’s native speech.C. The existence of standard dialect.D. Physical and psychological resistance to change.17. Which of the following statements is not the concern of sociolinguists?A. The language a person uses reveals his social background.B. There exist social norms that determine the type of language to be used on a certain occasion.C. How does the human mind work when they use language.D. To investigate the social aspects of language.18. The word “language” is someti mes used to refer to the whole of a person’s language. This is called ________.A. scientific languageB. idiolectC. colloquial languageD. formal language19. The form of a given language used in a certain geographical space is called ______.A. styleB. dialectC. registerD. pidgin20. According to Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis, which of the following is NOT true?A. Different languages offer people different ways of expressing the world around.B. Language filters people’s perception and the way they categorize experiences.C. Language patterns determine or influence people’s thinking and behavior.D. Language structure people habitually uses hows no influence on people’s behavior.21. Which of the following about the relationship between language and culture is NOT true?A. Language use is tinted with its culture.B. Language expresses cultural reality.C. The relationship is analogous to that of structures and processes.D. The relationship of language to cultures that of part to whole.22. The famous line “My love is a red, red rose”, stirs up vividly the imagination of a beautifullady. This is the ________meaning of “rose”.A. denotativeB. connotativeC. iconicD. dictionary23. The meaning that can be found in the dictionaries the _______ meaning of a word.A. denotativeB. connotativeC. iconicD. culture24. In English, “green” in the phrase “green-eyes” is associated with _______.A. unhappy feelingsB. high social positionsC. envy or jealousyD. negative qualities25. France has made special efforts to protect its language from being corrupted by other languages especially American English. This is a kind of ______.A. linguistic imperialismB. linguistic nationalismC. cultural imperialismD. cultural diffusion26. The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is about_______.A. language and thoughtB. language and translationC. grammatical structureD. second language acquisition27. Sapir-Whorf hypothesis is also known as linguistic ________.A. reliabilityB. relativityC. reversibilityD. reach ability28. Which of the following statements about nonverbal communication is NOT true?A. Nonverbal communication and culture are similar in that both are learned, both are passed on from generation to generation, and both involve shared understandings.B. Studying nonverbal behavior can lead to the discovery of a culture’s underlyi ng attitudes and values.C. Nonverbal actions always occur in isolation.D. Nonverbal communication has five basic functions: to repeat, to complement, to substitute for a verbal action, to regulate, and to contradict a communication event.29. Which statement is NOT right in describing the behaviorists’ view?A. Behaviorists view stresses imitation, stimulation and reinforcement.B. Behaviorists offer a reasonable account of how children acquire some of the regular and routine aspects of the language.C. Behaviorists hold that children learn the language gradually in much the same way as habit-forming.D. Behaviorists’ accounts are convincing especially when it is used to explain children’s acquiring complex system.30. According to Chomsky, the Universal Grammar is ______.A. got through imitation and practiceB. acquired through the interaction with the environmentC. pre-equipped in children’s brainsD. gained specifically for each language31. Which of the following statement is true?A. All normal children plays equal ability in learning their first language.B. Linguistic environment plays an important role in first language learning.C. A child can begin his first language acquisition at any time.D. It is easy for parents to teach their children grammar.32. The child may get confused at hearing the color of white used for paper when he/she first thought is as the word for snow. This is an example for ______.A. under-extensionB. over-extensionC. hearing impairmentD. mental retardation33. Around the age of two, children begin to produce two-word utterances such as “mommy sock”, which of the following statements about this is NOT true. (B)A. This kind of speech is called telegraphic speech.B. This kind of speech is called caretaker talk.C. There are content words in the speech.D. There are not function elements in the speech.34. The children know the taboo words, the polite forms of address during______. (A)A. Pragmatic developmentB. Atypical developmentC. Grammatical developmentD. V ocabulary development35. The theory of universal grammar was proposed by _______.A. Noam ChomskyB. FirthC. F.D. Saussure D. Sapir。

形式语言与自动机Chapter7练习参考解答

Chapter 7 练习参考解答Exercise 7.1.3 从以下文法出发：S → 0A0 | 1B1 | BBA → CB → S | AC → S | εa) 有没有无用符号？如果有的话去除它们。

b) 去除ε-产生式。

c) 去除单位产生式。

d) 把该文发转化为乔姆斯基范式。

参考解答：a)没有无用符.b) 所有符号S,A,B,C都是可致空的，消去ε-产生式后得到新的一组产生式:S → 0A0 | 1B1 | BB | B | 00 | 11A → CB → S | AC → Sc) 单元偶对包括：（A,A）,（B,B）,（C,C）,（S,S）,（A,C）,（A,S）,（A,B）,（B,A）,（B,C）,（B,S）,（C,A）,（C,B）,（C,S）,（S,A）,（S,B）,（S,C）,消去单元产生式后得到新的一组产生式S → 0A0 | 1B1 | BB | B | 00 | 11A → CB → S | AC → SS → 0A0 | 1B1 | BB | 00 | 11A → 0A0 | 1B1 | BB | 00 | 11B → 0A0 | 1B1 | BB | 00 | 11C → 0A0 | 1B1 | BB | 00 | 11d)先消去无用符号C，得到新的一组产生式:S → 0A0 | 1B1 | BB | 00 | 11A → 0A0 | 1B1 | BB | 00 | 11B → 0A0 | 1B1 | BB | 00 | 11引入非终结符C，D，增加产生式C → 0和D → 1，得到新的一组产生式:S → CAC | DBD | BB | CC | DDA → CAC | DBD | BB | CC | DDB → CAC | DBD | BB | CC | DDC → 0D → 1引入非终结符E，F，增加产生式E → CA和F → DB，得到满足Chomsky范式的一组产生式:S → EC | FD | BB | CC | DDA → EC | FD | BB | CC | DDB → EC | FD | BB | CC | DDE → CAF → DBC → 0D → 1Exercise 7.2.1(b)用CFL泵引理来证明下面的语言都不是上下文无关的：b) {a n b n c i | i ≤n}。

当代医学英语答案chapter7复旦

当代医学英语答案chapter7复旦1、His remarks _____me that I had made the right decision. [单选题] *A.ensuredB.insuredC.assured(正确答案)D.assumed2、—Where ______ you ______ for your last winter holiday?—Paris. We had a great time. （）[单选题] *A. did; go(正确答案)B. do; goC. are; goingD. can; go3、Though my best friend Jack doesn’t get（）education, he is knowledgeable. [单选题] *A. ManyB. littleC. fewD. much(正确答案)4、Mr. White likes to live in a _______ place. [单选题] *A. quiteB. quiet(正确答案)C. quickD. quietly5、—______ my surprise, Zhu Hui won the first prize in the speech contest. —But I think he could, because he kept practicing speaking.（）[单选题] *A. To(正确答案)B. AboutC. ForD. In6、Could you tell me _____ to fly from Chicago to New York? [单选题] *A.it costs how muchB. how much does it costC. how much costs itD.how much it costs(正确答案)7、The manager demanded that all employees _____ on time. [单选题] *A. be(正确答案)B. areC. to beD. would be8、He always did well at school _____ having to do part-time jobs every now and then. [单选题] *A despite ofB. in spite of(正确答案)C. regardless ofD in case of9、In crowded places like airports and railway stations, you___ take care of your luggage. [单选题] *A. canB. mayC. must(正确答案)D. will10、66．—How much meat do you want?—________．[单选题] *A．Sorry, there isn't anyB．I can't give you anyC．Half a kilo, please(正确答案)D．Twelve yuan a kilo11、He held his（）when the results were read out. [单选题] *A. breath(正确答案)B. voiceC. soundD. thought12、Becky is having a great time ______ her aunt in Shanghai. （）[单选题] *A. to visitB. visitedC. visitsD. visiting(正确答案)13、Don't tell me the answer, I'll work out the problem _____. [单选题] *A .by meB. myself(正确答案)C. meD. mine14、No writer will be considered（）of the name until he writes a work. [单选题] *A. worthlessB. worthy(正确答案)C. worthwhileD. worth15、Everyone here is _______ to me. [单选题] *A. happyB. wellC. kind(正确答案)D. glad16、I gave John a present but he gave me nothing_____. [单选题] *A.in advanceB.in vainC.in return(正确答案)D.in turn17、( ) What other books have you read___ this English novel? [单选题] *A. besides(正确答案)B. exceptC.inD. about18、_____ the project, we'll have to work two more weeks. [单选题] *A. CompletingB. CompleteC. Having completedD.To complete(正确答案)19、_______ your parents at home last week? [单选题] *A. IsB. WasC. AreD. Were(正确答案)20、He _______ maths. [单选题] *A. does well in(正确答案)B. good atC. is well inD. does well at21、Julia’s on holiday in Shanghai _______. [单选题] *A. in a momentB. after a momentC. at the moment(正确答案)D. at any moment22、( ) You had your birthday party the other day,_________ [单选题] *A. hadn't you?B. had you?C. did you?D. didn't you?(正确答案)23、6．Hi, boys and girls. How are you ________ your posters for the coming English Festival at school? [单选题] *A．getting onB．getting offC．getting with (正确答案)D．getting24、--Why are you late for school today?--I’m sorry. I didn’t catch the early bus and I had to _______ the next one. [单选题] *A. wait for(正确答案)B. ask forC. care forD. stand for25、This year our school is _____ than it was last year. [单选题] *A. much more beautiful(正确答案)B. much beautifulC. the most beautifulD. beautiful26、—Whose book is it? Is it yours?—No, ask John. Maybe it’s ______.（）[单选题] *A. hersB. his(正确答案)C. he’sD. her27、The Titanic is a nice film. I _______ it twice. [单选题] *A. sawB. seeC. have seen(正确答案)D. have saw28、There are about eight ______ students in my school.（）[单选题] *A. hundred(正确答案)B. hundredsC. hundred ofD. hundreds of29、Look at those black clouds! Take ______ umbrella or ______ raincoat with you. （）[单选题] *A. a; anB. an; a(正确答案)C. an; anD. a; a30、She serves as a secretary in a university. [单选题] *A. 为…服务B. 担任…职务(正确答案)C. 竞争…服务D. 申请…职务。

chap7中级宏观经济学答案华中科技大学

Microeconomics, 4e (Perloff)Chapter 7 Costs7.1 Measuring Costs1) Economic costs of an input includeA) only implicit costs.B) only explicit costs.C) both implicit and explicit costs.D) whatever management wishes to report to the shareholders.Answer: CTopic: Measuring Costs2) The cost of waiting two months for health care to address a debilitating problem in Canada is most accurately described asA) an explicit cost.B) an accounting cost.C) no real cost.D) an opportunity cost.Answer: DTopic: Measuring Costs3) Sarah earns $40,000 per year working for a large corporation. She is thinking of quitting this job to work full time in her own business. She will invest her savings of $50,000 (which currently has an annual 10% rate of return) into the business. Her annual opportunity cost of this new business isA) $0.B) $40,000.C) $45,000.D) $90,000.Answer: CTopic: Measuring Costs4) The Nifty Gum Co. has purchased a large parcel of land for $1 million. The company recently discovered that the land is contaminated and is worthless to all possible buyers. The opportunity cost of the land isA) $0.B) $1 million.C) some amount greater than $0 but less than $1 million.D) equal to the cost of the factory that was planned to be built there.Answer: ATopic: Measuring Costs5) Johnny has worked as a CPA for five years and wants to open his own public accounting practice. The cost of his college degree in accounting representsA) the opportunity cost of this endeavor.B) a sunk cost.C) an expense.D) a variable cost.Answer: BTopic: Measuring Costs6) Economists proclaim that competitive firms make zero economic profit in the long run. This shows howA) detached economists are from the real world.B) unrealistic economic theory is.C) firms cover all their cost, both monetary and non-monetary.D) firms cover only monetary cost when economic profits are zero.Answer: CTopic: Measuring Costs7) If a firm buys a building so as to have office space for its workers, the monthly opportunity cost of the building is best measured asA) the monthly mortgage payment the firm must pay.B) the price the firm paid divided by twelve.C) zero.D) the rent the firm could earn if it rented the building to another firm.Answer: DTopic: Measuring CostsFor the following, please answer "True" or "False" and explain why.8) When buying a piece of equipment, it is always best for the firm to pay cash instead of borrowing the funds since this renders the equipment less costly.Answer: False. It depends. The opportunity cost of the capital when paying cash is the interest the firm receives on its cash reserves. This is an implicit cost. The opportunity cost of the capital when the funds are borrowed is the interest the firm must pay to the lender. This is an explicit cost. If the rate the firm receives on its cash reserves exceeds the rate at which it borrows, the firm is better off borrowing the funds to buy the equipment.Topic: Measuring Costs9) Four years after graduating from college you must decide if you want to go on as an accountant (your college major) or if you want to make a career change and become a singer. The cost of your education will matter for your decision.Answer: False. At this point the cost of your education represents a sunk cost and therefore should not figure into your decision. You incur it no matter what decision you make.Topic: Measuring Costs10) An accountant may amortize the expense of a durable good by dividing the total amount spent on the good by the number of years the good is expected to last. An economist may amortize the expense of a durable and never fully account for the total expense.Answer: True. The accountant uses a set of predetermined rules to amortize the total expense of the good. The economist amortizes based on the opportunity cost of the good, which may never sum to the total expense of the good.Topic: Measuring Costs11) Your company makes copper pipes. Over the years, you have collected a large inventory of raw copper. The production process involves melting the copper and shaping it into pipes. You also have a large stockpile of pennies. Suppose the price of copper rises so much that the copper in the penny becomes worth more than one cent. Should you melt down your pennies?Answer: This problem appeared as a puzzle in the Journal of Economic Perspectives (Winter, 1988). It is true (in this problem) that the pennies when melted currently have a value greater than one cent. Yet, the price of copper can fluctuate. If the price of copper stays high, it does not matter if you melt pennies or not. However, if the price of copper falls so that the value of the copper in the penny falls below one cent, your unmelted pennies are still worth one cent. Your melted pennies would be worth less than one cent. Thus, as long as you have some other source of copper, you are better off melting that copper and not the pennies.Topic: Measuring Costs12) You have two career options. You can work for someone else for $50,000 a year, or, you can run your own business, with an annual revenue of $100,000, and explicit costs of $40,000 annually. Explain which career option a profit-maximizer would select and why.Answer: In the absence of other implicit costs a profit-maximizer will run their own business. The business owner will receive $100,000 - $40,000 = $60,000. The opportunity cost is only $50,000.Topic: Measuring Costs7.2 Short-Run Costs1) A firm's marginal cost can always be thought of as the change in total cost ifA) the firm produces one more unit of output.B) the firm buys one more unit of capital.C) the firm's average cost increases by $1.D) the firm moves to the next highest isoquant.Answer: ATopic: Short-run Costs2) Fixed costs areA) a production expense that does not vary with output.B) a production expense that changes with the quantity of output produced.C) equal to total cost divided by the units of output produced.D) the amount by which a firm's cost changes if the firm produces one more unit of output.Answer: ATopic: Short-run Costs3) Variable costs areA) a production expense that does not vary with output.B) a production expense that changes with the quantity of output produced.C) equal to total cost divided by the units of output produced.D) the amount by which a firm's cost changes if the firm produces one more unit of output.Answer: BTopic: Short-run Costs4) Which of the following statements is NOT true?A) AC = AFC + AVCB) C = F + VCC) AVC = wage/MP LD) AFC = AC - AVCAnswer: CTopic: Short-run Costs5) Joey's Lawncutting Service rents office space from Joey's dad for $300 per month. Joey's dad is thinking of increasing the rent to $400 per month. As a result Joey's marginal cost of cutting grass willA) increase by $100 divided by the amount of grass cut.B) increase by $100.C) decrease by $100.D) not change.Answer: DTopic: Short-run Costs6) Suppose a firm can only vary the quantity of labor hired in the short run. An increase in the cost of capital willA) increase the firm's marginal cost.B) decrease the firm's marginal cost.C) have no effect on the firm's marginal cost.D) More information is needed to answer the question.Answer: CTopic: Short-run Costs7) Suppose the total cost of producing T-shirts can be represented as TC = 50 + 2q. The marginal cost of the 5th T-shirt isA) 2.B) 10.C) 12.D) 60.Answer: ATopic: Short-run Costs8) Suppose the total cost of producing T-shirts can be represented as TC = 50 + 2q. The average cost of the 5th T-shirt isA) 2.B) 12.C) 52.D) 60.Answer: BTopic: Short-run Costs9) Suppose the total cost of producing T-shirts can be represented as TC = 50 + 2q. Which of the following statements is TRUE at all levels of production?A) MC = AVCB) MC = ACC) MC > AFCD) All of the above.Answer: ATopic: Short-run Costs10) Suppose the short-run production function is q = 10 * L. If the wage rate is $10 per unit of labor, then AVC equalsA) q.B) q/10.C) 10/q.D) 1.Answer: DTopic: Short-run Costs11) Suppose the short-run production function is q = 10 * L. If the wage rate is $10 per unit of labor, then MC equalsA) q.B) q/10.C) 10/q.D) 1.Answer: DTopic: Short-run Costs12) If average cost is decreasingA) Marginal cost equals average cost.B) Marginal cost exceeds average cost.C) Marginal cost is less average cost.D) Not enough informationAnswer: CTopic: Short-run Costs13) If average cost is positiveA) Marginal cost equals average cost.B) Marginal cost exceeds average cost.C) Marginal cost is less average cost.D) Not enough informationAnswer: DTopic: Short-run Costs14) Suppose the short-run production function is q = L0.5. If the marginal cost of producing the tenth unit is $5, what is the wage per unit of labor?A) $1B) $0.5C) $0.25D) It cannot be determined without more information.Answer: CTopic: Short-run Costs15) Suppose the short-run production function is q = 10 * L. If the wage rate is $10 per unit of labor, then AFC equalsA) 0.B) 1.C) 10/q.D) It cannot be determined from the information provided.Answer: DTopic: Short-run Costs16) When a firm produces one unit, the variable cost is $3. When the firm produces two units, the variable cost is $6. What is the marginal cost associated with two units of production?A) $2B) $0.5C) $6D) $3Answer: DTopic: Short-run Costs17) In the short run, the point at which diminishing marginal returns to labor begin is the point at which the marginal cost curveA) peaks.B) bottoms out.C) is upward sloping.D) is downward sloping.Answer: BTopic: Short-run Costs18) If the marginal cost of producing a good is increasing as a firm produces more of the good, then which of the following must be TRUE?A) AFC is rising.B) AVC is rising.C) MC > AVC.D) MPL is falling.Answer: DTopic: Short-run Costs19) If the average cost of producing a good is increasing as a firm produces more of the good, then which of the following must be TRUE?A) AFC is falling.B) AVC is rising.C) MC > AVC.D) All of the above.Answer: DTopic: Short-run Costs20) If a particular production process is subject to diminishing marginal returns to labor at every level of output, then at every level of outputA) AC is upward sloping.B) MC exceeds AVC.C) AFC is constant.D) All of the above.Answer: BTopic: Short-run Costs21) Marginal Cost is equal toA) the increase in total cost from increasing the amount of labor by one unit.B) the increase in average cost from increasing the amount of labor by one unit.C) Both A and B.D) Neither A nor B.Answer: CTopic: Short-run Costs22) Suppose each worker must use only one shovel to dig a trench, and shovels are useless by themselves. In the short run, an increase in the price of shovels will result inA) fewer shovels being purchased.B) more workers being hired.C) a decrease in the firm's output.D) no change in the firm's output.Answer: DTopic: Short-run Costs23) Which of the following will cause the marginal cost curve of making cigarettes to shift?A) A $5 million penalty charged to each cigarette maker.B) A $1 per pack tax on cigarettes.C) A $1 million advertising campaign by the American Cancer Society.D) All of the above.Answer: BTopic: Short-run Costs24) Which of the following will cause the average cost curve of making cigarettes to shift?A) A $5 million penalty charged to each cigarette maker.B) A $1 per pack tax on cigarettes.C) A $1 an hour wage increase paid to all cigarette production workers.D) All of the above.Answer: DTopic: Short-run Costs25) Which of the following will cause the average fixed cost curve of making cigarettes to shift?A) A $5 million penalty charged to each cigarette maker.B) A $1 per pack tax on cigarettes.C) A $3 per hour wage increase.D) An increase in the demand for cigarettes.Answer: ATopic: Short-run Costs26) A specific tax of $1 per unit of output will affect a firm'sA) average total cost, average variable cost, average fixed cost, and marginal cost.B) average total cost, average variable cost, and average fixed cost.C) average total cost, average variable cost, and marginal cost.D) marginal cost only.Answer: CTopic: Short-run CostsFor the following, please answer "True" or "False" and explain why.27) The "Law of Diminishing Marginal Returns" could also be termed the "Law of Increasing Marginal Costs."Answer: True. Since MC = w/MP L in the short run, the fact that MPL eventually declines means that MC must eventually increase.Topic: Short-run Costs28) The marginal cost curve intersects the average fixed cost curve at its minimum.Answer: False. Marginal cost intersects average variable cost (and average cost) at its minimum.Topic: Short-run Costs29) A consumer purchases a book by driving across town to a bookstore, standing in line for five minutes to pay the cashier, and then pays $5. The same book is purchased by another consumer who spends 2 minutes placing the order over the internet for $10. The book necessarily cost the first consumer less.Answer: False. The opportunity cost of driving across town and standing in line may have raised the total cost of the book to the first consumer to more than $10.Topic: Short-run Costs30) A firm's production function for pretzels is shown in the above figure. If the firm's fixed cost equals $100 per time period and the wage rate equals $1 per unit of labor per time period, calculate the firm's MC, AVC, and AC schedules. Do these cost functions follow the general rules concerning the relationships between MC, AVC and AC?Answer:❑✌☞ ✌✞✌ MC > AVC, AVC is rising.MC < AC, AC is falling.Topic: Short-run Costs31) Explain why the marginal cost curve intersects a U-shaped average cost curve at its minimum point. Answer: At low quantities, the average cost curve declines as the quantity increases. The marginal cost is below the average cost. The marginal cost represents the cost of an additional unit of production. Thus, as the marginal cost curve declines, this pulls the average cost down from its previous level. Then, the marginal cost curve will begin to rise. However, the marginal cost is still below the average cost, which will continue to lower the average cost. When the two costs are equal the marginal cost will leave the average cost unchanged. Then, the marginal cost will be above the average cost so it will start to pull up the average cost. Thus, the marginal cost curve will intersect the average cost curve at its minimum point.Topic: Short-run Costs7.3 Long-Run Costs1) In the long run, fixed costs areA) sunk.B) avoidable.C) larger than in the short run.D) not included in production decisions.Answer: BTopic: Long-run Costs2) The slope of the isocost line tells the firm how muchA) capital must be reduced to keep total cost constant when hiring one more unit of labor.B) capital must be increased to keep total cost constant when hiring one more unit of labor.C) more expensive a unit of capital costs relative a unit of labor.D) the isocost curve will shift outward if the firm wishes to produce more.Answer: ATopic: Long-run Costs3) Which of the following does NOT represent a possible shape of the long-run average cost curve?A) downward-slopingB) upward-slopingC) U-shapedD) verticalAnswer: DTopic: Long-run Costs4) The slope of the isoquant tells the firm how muchA) output increases when labor increases by one unit.B) output increases when capital and labor are doubled.C) capital must decrease to keep output constant when labor increases by one unit.D) a unit of capital costs relative to the cost of labor.Answer: CTopic: Long-run Costs5) If an isocost line crosses the isoquant twice, a cost minimizing firm willA) use a different isocost line to select the bundle of inputs.B) use the input bundle associated with the intersection on the higher point of the isoquant.C) use the input bundle associated with the intersection on the lower point of the isoquant.D) Both B and C.Answer: ATopic: Long-run Costs6) When the isocost line is tangent to the isoquant, thenA) MRTS = w/r.B) the firm is producing that level of output at minimum cost.C) the last dollar spent on capital yields as much extra output as the last dollar spent on labor.D) All of the above.Answer: DTopic: Long-run Costs7) A firm can minimize cost byA) picking the bundle of inputs where the lowest isocost line touches the isoquant.B) picking the bundle of inputs where the isoquant is tangent to the isocost line.C) picking the bundle of inputs where the last dollar spent on one input gives as much extra output as the last dollar spent on any other input.D) All of the above.Answer: DTopic: Long-run Costs8) When the isocost line is tangent to the isoquant, thenA) MPL = MPK.B) the firm is producing that level of output at minimum cost.C) the firm has achieved the right economies of scale.D) All of the above.Answer: BTopic: Long-run Costs9) If the wage in increases the isocost line willA) stay the same.B) shift outward in parallel fashion.C) rotate inward around the point where only capital is employed in production.D) shift inward in parallel fashion.Answer: CTopic: Long-run Costs10) If the isoquants are straight lines or L-shaped, then a cost-minimizing firm willA) not be able to minimize costs.B) find the lowest isocost line touching the relevant isoquant.C) find the highest isocost line touching the relevant isoquant.D) choose not to produce any output.Answer: BTopic: Long-run Costs11) If the marginal rate of technical substitution for a cost minimizing firm is 10, and the wage rate for labor is $5, what is the rental rate for capital in dollars?A) .5B) 1C) 2D) 10Answer: ATopic: Long-run Costs12) Suppose MPL = 0.5 * (q/L) and MPK = 0.5 * (q/K). In the long run, the firm will hire equal amounts of capital and laborA) all of the time.B) only when w = r.C) only when w = 0.5 * r.D) at no point in time.Answer: BTopic: Long-run Costs13) Suppose that each worker must use only one shovel to dig a trench, and shovels are useless by themselves. In the long run, an increase in the price of shovels will result inA) fewer shovels being purchased to produce the same number of trenches.B) more workers being hired to produce the same number of trenches.C) the firm wishing to produce more trenches.D) no change in the firm's input mix.Answer: DTopic: Long-run Costs14) Suppose that each worker must use only one shovel to dig a trench, and shovels are useless by themselves. In the long run, the firm will experienceA) increasing returns to scale.B) constant returns to scale.C) decreasing returns to scale.D) The returns to scale cannot be determined from the information provided.Answer: BTopic: Long-run Costs15) Suppose that each worker must use only one shovel to dig a trench, and shovels are useless by themselves. In the long run, the firm's cost function isA) TC = (w/r) * q.B) TC = (w + r)/q.C) TC = (w + r).D) TC = (w + r) * q.Answer: DTopic: Long-run Costs16) At the XYZ Co., a unit of capital costs 3 times as much as a unit of labor. If the isoquants are convex, and the firm does not change its input mix in the long run, we can conclude thatA) MPK = 3 * MP L.B) the firm will not hire any capital.C) the firm will hire 3 times as much labor as capital.D) the firm will hire 3 times as much capital as labor.Answer: ATopic: Long-run Costs17) The production of cigarettes is highly automated; however, a worker is required to monitor each machine. Machines and workers do not interact with one another. Given this information, there are most likelyA) economies of scale.B) economies of scope.C) constant returns to scale.D) increasing returns to scale.Answer: CTopic: Long-run Costs18) Suppose that capital and labor must be kept in a fixed proportion to produce a particular good. For example, digging a trench requires one worker who has one shovel. What does this imply about returns to scale?A) There are constant returns to scale.B) There are increasing returns to scale.C) There are decreasing returns to scale.D) Nothing.Answer: ATopic: Long-run Costs19) A change in relative factor prices will always result inA) a change in the slope of the isoquants.B) a tangency between the new isocost line and a new isoquant.C) a rotation of the isocost lines.D) All of the above.Answer: CTopic: Long-run Costs20) Assuming that w and r are both positive, if the long-run expansion path is horizontal, thenA) MP K = 0.B) MRTS is a function of capital only.C) w = r.D) All of the above.Answer: BTopic: Long-run Costs21) The above figure shows the long-run expansion path. The long-run average cost curve will beA) horizontal.B) downward sloping.C) upward sloping.D) vertical.Answer: BTopic: Long-run Costs22) The long run average cost curve may initially slope downward due toA) decreasing average fixed costs.B) increasing marginal returns.C) economies of scale.D) All of the above.Answer: CTopic: Long-run Costs23) If a production function is represented as q = LαKβ, the long-run average cost curve will be horizontal as long asA) a + b = 0.B) a + b = 1.C) q > 0.D) L = K.Answer: BTopic: Long-run Costs24) If there are diseconomies of scale within a given range of output, which of following is(are) TRUE?A) The short-run average cost curve must be upward sloping within that range of output.B) The long-run average cost curve must be upward sloping within that range of output.C) Long-run average cost must equal short-run average cost.D) All of the above.Answer: BTopic: Long-run Costs25) The total cost of producing one unit is $50. The total cost of producing two units is $75. At a production level of two units, the cost function exhibitsA) economies of scale.B) rising average costs.C) increasing marginal costs.D) constant returns to scale.Answer: ATopic: Long-run CostsFor the following, please answer "True" or "False" and explain why.26) If increasing returns to scale are present, the long-run average cost increases as more output is produced. Answer: False. Increasing returns to scale imply that with a doubling of inputs, output more than doubles. Since average cost is the ratio of total cost divided by output, this increase in inputs will cause the numerator to be just double the old value while the new denominator is more than double the old value. As a result, long-run average cost falls as more output is produced.Topic: Long-run Costs27) Economies of scale and Increasing Returns to Scale are the same thing looked at from either the production or cost perspective.Answer: False. Increasing returns to scale imply economies of scale but the reverse is not true. A firm can experience economies of scale for other reasons (without increasing returns to scale)Topic: Long-run Costs28) Explain the difference between fixed costs in the short run and fixed costs in the long run.Answer: In the short run fixed costs are sunk; in the long run, fixed costs are avoidable.Topic: Long-run Costs29) What are the functions for MC and AC if TC = 100q + 100q2? Are the returns to scale increasing, decreasing, or constant?Answer: MC = 100 + 200qAC = 100 + 100qSince AC increases with an increase in output, there are decreasing returns to scale.Topic: Long-run Costs30) Explain how a firm can have constant returns to scale in production and economies of scale in cost. Answer: A firm can have constant returns to scale in production at every output level. If the firm doubled all inputs the output would double. However, the firm may have a decreasing average cost. As more inputs areused and output increases, the average cost declines, which is known as economies of scale.Topic: Long-run Costs31) Explain why the long-run total cost curve, not the short-run total cost curve, shows the lowest cost of producing any level of output. Is there an exception?Answer: In the long run, all costs are variable so the firm can select the least-cost mix of all inputs to produce any given quantity. The exception would be at minimum long-run cost where min. LR and min. SR costs are equal.Topic: Long-run Costs32) A local non-profit group prints a weekly newsletter. Professional typists earn $10 per hour and can type 2 pages per hour. Unpaid volunteers can type only 1 page per hour. Measuring hours of professional typist services on the vertical axis and hours of unpaid volunteer typist services on the horizontal axis, draw the relevant isoquant and isocost curves if the newsletter is 10 pages long. What input mix is chosen by the non-profit group if they wish to minimize the cost of the newsletter? If the group will reimburse volunteers for expenses (lunch, driving), how much must the reimbursement be for your answer to change? Answer:See the above figure. The isoquant is a straight line with a slope of 1/2. The group can use either 5 pros, 10 volunteers, or some combination of the two. The isocost curves are horizontal since volunteers are free. As a result, the lowest isocost curve is achieved by hiring all volunteers. If the group reimbursed volunteers for expenses (lunch, driving, etc.) then the group will still hire all volunteers as long as they do not cost more than $5 per hour.Topic: Long-run Costs33) A firm pays $5 for each unit of capital. Labor costs $5 per hour for the first 10 hours and $10 per hour for every hour thereafter. Draw the isocost curves for total costs of $50 and $100.Answer:See the above figure.Topic: Long-run Costs34) To dig a trench, each worker needs a shovel. Workers can use only one shovel at a time. Workers without shovels do nothing, and shovels cannot operate on their own. Graphically determine the number of shovels and workers used by a firm to dig 2 trenches when:(a) w = 10 and r = 10(b) w = 10 and r = 5Answer:See the above figure. Because the production process requires fixed proportions of K and L, the firm cannot change input mix when the relative factor costs change.Topic: Long-run Costs35) Suppose the production function is q = 12 L0.25K0.75. Determine the long-run capital-to-labor ratio (K/L) if the cost a unit of capital (r) is three times the cost of a unit of labor (w).Answer: The firm minimizes costs by setting MRTS = w/r. MRTS = MP L/MP K = K/3L = 1/3 = w/r. This firm will set K/L equal to one.Topic: Long-run Costs36) "If the wage rate paid to one form of labor is twice the cost of another form of labor, the first type of labor must be twice as productive." Comment.Answer: This is true. Firms minimize cost by setting the ratio of marginal productivity per unit cost equally across all inputs. If one form of labor is twice as expensive as another, the firm will want the MP of the first type of labor to be twice that of the second.Topic: Long-run Costs。

Chapter 7 - Multiple-Choice Questions

Chapter 7 - Multiple-Choice Questions1. Which one of the following is not an objective of a system of internal controls?a. Safeguard company assetsb. Overstate liabilities in order to be conservativec. Enhance the accuracy and reliability of accounting recordsd. Reduce the risks of errorsB is correct.Section "Internal control" –Internal controls incorporate policies to safeguard assets, enhance the completeness, accuracy and reliability of accounting records and reduce the risk of errors.2. Which one of the following is not an objective of a system of internal controls?a. Safeguard company assetsb. Enhance the accuracy and reliability of accounting recordsc. Fairness of the financial statementsd.Reduce the risks of errorsC is correct.Section "Internal control" –Internal controls incorporate policies to safeguard assets, enhance the completeness, accuracy and reliability of accounting records and reduce the risk of errors.3. All of the following are examples of internal control procedures excepta. using pre-numbered documentsb. reconciling the bank statementc. customer satisfaction surveysd. insistence that employees take vacationsC is correct.Section "Internal control" –Customer satisfaction surveys are not an internal control procedure.4. Each of the following is a feature of internal control excepta. an extensive marketing planb. safeguard its assets from theftc. separation of dutiesd. recording of all transactionsA is correct.Section "Internal control" –An extensive marketing plan is not a feature of internal control.5. Each of the following is a feature of internal control excepta. limited access to assetsb. independent internal verificationsc. authorisation of transactionsd. adequate design of documentsD is correct.Section "Internal control" – Adequate document design is not a feature of internal control.6. Which of the following is not a limitation of internal control?a. cost of establishing control procedures should not exceed their benefitb. the human elementc. collusiond. the size of the companyC is correct.Section "Internal control" – Collusion is not a limitation of internal control.7. Internal controls are concerned witha. only manual systems of accountingb. the extent of government regulationsc. safeguarding assetsd. preparing income tax returnsC is correct.Section "Internal control" – Internal controls include a focus on safeguarding assets.8. Internal control is defined, in part, as a plan that safeguardsa. all balance sheet accounts.b. assetsc. liabilitiesd. capitalB is correct.Section "Internal control" – Internal control is defined, in part, as a plan that safeguards a company’s assets.9. Internal controls are not designed to safeguard assets froma. natural disastersb. employee theftc. robberyd. unauthorised useA is correct.Section "Internal control" –Internal controls are not designed to safeguard assets from natural disasters.10. Having one person responsible for the related activities of ordering merchandise,receiving goods, and paying for thema. increases the potential for errors and fraudb. decreases the potential for errors and fraudc. is an example of good internal controld. is a good example of safeguarding the company's assetsA is correct.Section "Internal control" –Having one person responsible for the related activities of ordering merchandise, receiving goods, and paying for them increases the potential for errors and fraud.11. The custodian of a company asset shoulda. have access to the accounting records for that assetb. be someone outside the companyc. not have access to the accounting records for that assetd. be an accountantC is correct.Section "Internal control" – The custodian of a company asset should not have access to the accounting records for that asset.12. Internal auditorsa. are external consultants hired to audit business firmsb. are employees of the ATO who evaluate the internal controls ofcompanies filing tax returnsc. evaluate the system of internal controls for the companies that employthemd. cannot evaluate the system of internal controls of the company thatemploys them because they are not independentC is correct.Section "Internal control" – Internal auditors evaluate the system of internal controls for the companies that employ them.13. When two or more people get together for the purpose of circumventingprescribed controls, it is calleda. a fraud committeeb. collusionc. a division of dutiesd. bonding of employeesB is correct.Section "Internal control" – Collusion is when two or more people get together for the purpose of circumventing prescribed controls.14. The principle of establishing responsibility does not includea. one person being responsible for one taskb. authorisation of transactionsc. independent internal verificationd. approval of transactionsC is correct.Section "Internal control" – Independent internal verification is not one of the principles of establishing authority.15. The control principle related to not having the same person authorise and pay forgoods is known asa. establishment of responsibilityb. independent internal verificationc. separation of dutiesd. rotation of dutiesC is correct.Section "Internal control" – Separation of duties does not have the same person authorise and pay for goods.16. Two individuals at a retail store work the same cash register. You evaluate thissituation asa. a violation of establishment of responsibilityb. a violation of separation of dutiesc. supporting the establishment of responsibilityd. supporting internal independent verificationA is correct.Section "Internal control over cash" –When two individuals work at the same cash register it violates the establishment of responsibility.17. An accounts payable clerk has access to the approved supplier master file forpurchases. The control principle ofa. establishment of responsibility is violatedb. independent internal verification is violatedc. documentation procedures is violatedd. separation of duties is violatedD is correct.Section "Internal control" –If one person has access to a supplier master file and is responsible for making payments to those suppliers the control principle of separation of duties is violated.18. Related selling activities do not includea. ordering the merchandiseb. making a salec. shipping the goodsd. billing the customerA is correct.Section "Internal control" – Ordering the merchandise is not related to selling activities, it is related to purchasing activities.19. Related buying activities includea. ordering, receiving, payingb. ordering, selling, payingc. ordering, shipping, billingd. selling, shipping, payingA is correct.Section "Internal control" – Ordering, receiving and paying are related buying activities.20. Physical controls to safeguard assets do not includea. cashier department supervisorsb. vaultsc. safety deposit boxesd. locked warehousesA is correct.Section "Internal control" – Cashier department supervisors are not safeguards to assets.21. In large companies, the independent internal verification procedure is oftenassigned toa. computer operatorsb. managementc. internal auditorsd. outside accounting firmsC is correct.Section "Internal control" –Internal auditors often provide an independent internal verification for large companies.22. Maximum benefit from independent internal verification is obtained whena. it is made on a pre-announced basisb. it is done by the employee possessing custody of the assetc. discrepancies are reported to managementd. it is done at the time of the auditC is correct.Section "Internal control" – The maximum benefit from independent internal verification is obtained when discrepancies are reported to management.23. A system of internal controla. is infallibleb. can be rendered ineffective by employee collusionc. invariably will have costs exceeding benefitsd. is premised on the concept of absolute assuranceB is correct.Section "Internal control" – A system of internal control can be rendered ineffective by employee collusion.24. From an internal control standpoint, the asset most susceptible to improperdiversion and use isa. prepaid insuranceb. cashc. buildingsd. landB is correct.Section "Internal control over cash" – Cash is most susceptible to improper diversion and use from an internal control point.25. Which one of the following items would not be considered cash?a. Coinsb. Money ordersc. Currencyd. Postdated chequesD is correct.Section "Internal control over cash" Postdated cheques are not considered cash.26. Cash equivalents do not includea. money market accountsb. commercial paperc. Treasury billsd. investment securitiesD is correct.Section "Internal control over cash" –Investment securities are not considered cash or cash equivalents.27. The reconciliation of the cash register tape with the cash in the register is anexample ofa. other controlsb. independent internal verificationc. establishment of responsibilityd. segregation of dutiesB is correct.Section "Internal control over cash" – The reconciliation of the cash register tape with the cash in the register is an example of independent internal verification.28. Which of the following is not an internal control procedure for cash?a. Payments should be made with cashb There should be limited access to cashc. The amount of cash on hand should be kept to a minimumd. Cash should be deposited dailyA is correct.Section "Internal control over cash" –Making payments with cash is not an internal control procedure for cash.29. Control over cash disbursements is generally more effective whena. all bills are paid in cashb. disbursements are made by the accounts payable subsidiary clerkc.payments are made by chequed.all purchases are made on creditC is correct.Section "Internal control over cash" – when payments are made by cheque, control over cash disbursements is generally more effective.30. Supervisors counting cash receipts daily is an example ofa. other controlsb. independent internal verificationc. establishment of responsibilityd. segregation of dutiesB is correct.Section "Internal control over cash" –A supervisor counting cash receipts daily is an example of independent internal verification.31. Which of the following is not a suggested procedure to establish internal controlover cash disbursements?a. Anyone can sign the chequesb. Different individuals approve and make the paymentsc. Blank cheques are stored with limited accessd. The bank statement is reconciled monthlyA is correct.Section "Internal control over cash" –One suggested procedure to establish internal control over cash disbursements is to have only authorised persons such as a manager sign the cheques.32. Which of the following is not an internal control procedure for cash?a. Only designated personnel are authorised to handle cashb. The same individual receives the cash and pays the billsc. Surprise audits of cash on hand should be made occasionallyd. Access to cash is limitedB is correct.Section "Internal control over cash" – Having the same individual receive the cash and pay the bills is not an internal control procedure for cash.33. The use of pre-numbered cheques is an example ofa. documentation proceduresb. independent internal verificationc. establishment of responsibilityd. segregation of dutiesA is correct.Section "Internal control over cash" –Using pre-numbered cheques is an example of documentation.34. An exception to disbursements being made by cheque is acceptable when cash ispaida. to an ownerb. to employees as wagesc. from petty cashd. to employees as loansC is correct.Section "Internal control over cash" – Making payments from petty cash is an exception to making disbursements by cheque.35. Allowing only the financial controller to sign cheques is an example ofa. documentation proceduresb. separation of dutiesc. other controlsd. establishment of responsibilityD is correct.Section "Internal control over cash" –Allowing only the financial controller to sign cheques is an example of the establishment of responsibility.36. An employee authorised to sign cheques should not recorda. owner cash contributionsb. mail receiptsc. cash disbursement transactionsd. sales transactionsC is correct.Section "Internal control over cash" –An employee who is authorised to sign cheques should not record cash disbursement transactions.37. Electronic funds transfer (EFT) is a disbursement system that transfers cashfrom one location to another usinga. telephoneb. telegraphc. computerd. all of theseD is correct.Section "Internal control over cash" – electronic funds transfers can be made using any of these methods.38. A bank statementa. lets a depositor know the financial position of the bank as of a certaindateb. is a credit reference letter written by the depositor’s bankc. is a bill from the bank for services renderedd. shows the activity that increased or decreased the depositor’s accountbalanceD is correct.Section "Bank reconciliation" – A bank statement shows the activities that caused changes to the depositor’s bank balance.39. Which one of the following would not cause a bank to debit a depositor’saccount?a. Bank service chargeb. Collection of a note receivablec. EFT of funds to other locationsd. Cheques marked NSFB is correct.Section "Bank reconciliation" – The collection of a not receivable would cause a bank to credit a depositor’s account.40. A company maintains the asset account, Cash, on its books, while the bankmaintains a reciprocal account that isa. a contra asset accountb. a liability accountc. also an asset accountd. an owner's equity accountB is correct.Section "Bank reconciliation" – If a company maintains an asset account, Cash, then the bank maintains a reciprocal account that is a liability account.41. A deposit made by a company will appear on the bank statement as aa. debitb. creditc. debit memorandumd. credit memorandumB is correct.Section "Bank reconciliation" –a deposit made by a company will appear on the bank statement as a credit.42. Which of the following would be deducted from the balance per books on a bankreconciliation?a. Outstanding chequesb. Deposits in transitc. Notes collected by the bankd. Service chargesB is correct.Section "Bank reconciliation" – Deposits in transit are deducted from the book balance ona bank reconciliation.43. Which of the following would be added to the balance per books on a bankreconciliation?a. Outstanding chequesb. Deposits in transitc. Notes collected by the bankd. Service chargesC is correct.Section "Bank reconciliation" –Notes collected by the bank are added to the book balance on a bank reconciliation.44. Which of the following would be deducted from the balance per bank on a bankreconciliation?a. Outstanding chequesb. Deposits in transitc. Notes collected by the bankd. Service chargesA is correct.Section "Bank reconciliation" – Outstanding cheques are deducted from the bank balance on a bank reconciliation.45. Which of the following would be added to the balance per bank on a bankreconciliation?a. Outstanding chequesb. Deposits in transitc. Notes collected by the bankd. Service chargesB is correct.Section "Bank reconciliation" –Deposits in transit are added to the bank balance on a bank reconciliation.46. A bank reconciliation should be prepareda. whenever the bank refuses to lend the company moneyb. when an employee is suspected of fraudc. to explain any difference between the depositor's balance per bookswith the balance per bankd. by the person who is authorised to sign chequesC is correct.Section "Bank reconciliation" – A bank reconciliation should be prepared to explain any difference between the dep ositor’s balance per books and the balance per bank.47. Deposits in transita. have been recorded on the company's books but not yet by the bankb. have been recorded by the bank but not yet by the companyc. have not been recorded by the bank or the companyd. are customers’ cheques that have not yet been received by the company A is correct.Section "Bank reconciliation" –Deposits in transit have been recorded on the company’s books but not yet by the bank.48. In preparing a bank reconciliation, outstanding cheques area. added to the balance per bankb. deducted from the balance per booksc. added to the balance per booksd. deducted from the balance per bankD is correct.Section "Bank reconciliation" – In preparing a bank reconciliation, outstanding cheques are deducted from the balance per bank.49. If a cheque correctly written and paid by the bank for $438 is incorrectlyrecorded on the company's books for $483, the appropriate treatment on the bank reconciliation would be toa. add $45 to the bank's balanceb. add $45 to the book's balancec. deduct $45 from the bank's balanced. deduct $438 from the book's balanceB is correct.Section "Bank reconciliation" – The appropriate treatment in this situation is to add $45 t o the book’s balance.50. A cheque for $157 is incorrectly recorded by a company as $175. On the bankreconciliation, the $18 error should bea. added to the balance per booksb. deducted from the balance per booksc. added to the balance per bankd. deducted from the balance per bankA is correct.Section "Bank reconciliation" –In this situation the $18 error should be added to the balance per books.51. For which of the following errors should the appropriate amount be added to thebalance per bank on a bank reconciliation?a. Cheque for $43 recorded as $34b. Deposit of $500 recorded by bank as $50c. A returned $200 cheque recorded by bank as $20d. Cheque for $35 recorded as $53B is correct.Section "Bank reconciliation" – A deposit recorded by the bank as less than it actually is would be added to the balance per bank on a bank reconciliation.52. Which of the following bank reconciliation items would not result in anadjusting entry?a. Service chargeb. Outstanding chequesc. A dishonoured cheque of customerd. Collection of a note by the bankB is correct.Section "Bank reconciliation" – Outstanding cheques do not require an adjusting entry in a bank reconciliation.53. Which of the following items on a bank reconciliation would require anadjusting entry on the company’s books?a. An error by the bankb. Outstanding chequesc. A bank service charged. A deposit in transitC is correct.Section "Bank reconciliation" – A bank service charge would require an adjusting entry following a bank reconciliation.54. Management of cash is the responsibility of the companya. accountantb. finance director or finance managerc. presidentd. chief executive officerB is correct.Section "Managing and monitoring cash" –Cash management is usually the responsibility of the finance director or finance manager.55. Which of the following is not a basic principle of cash management?a. Increase collection of receivablesb. Keep inventory levels highc. Delay payment of liabilitiesd. Invest idle cashB is correct.Section "Managing and monitoring cash" –Maintaining high inventory levels is not a principle of cash management.56. Which of the following is not a basic principle of cash management?a. Increase collection of receivablesb. Keep inventory levels lowc. Pay all liabilities earlyd. Invest idle cashC is correct.Section "Managing and monitoring cash" – Paying liabilities when they are due i.e. not late and not early, is a principle of cash management.57. The ratio of cash to daily cash expenses is calculated by dividinga. cash by total expensesb. cash and cash equivalents by total expensesc. cash by daily cash expensesd. cash and cash equivalents by average daily cash expensesD is correct.Section "assessing cash adequacy" – The ratio of cash to daily cash expenses is calculated by dividing cash and cash equivalents by average daily cash expenses.58. The following information is available for Gibson Company: net income $1,200million; net cash provided by operating activities $950 million; total expenses$1,700 million; depreciation expense $240 million; cash dividends $200 million;capital expenditures $500 million; and cash and cash equivalents $800 million.Gibson’s cash to daily cash expenses ratio is calculated asa. $950 ÷ ($1,700 ÷ 365)b. $800 ÷ ($1,700 ÷ 365)c.$950 ÷ [($1,700 - $240) ÷ 365]d.$800 ÷ [($1,700 - $240) ÷ 365]D is correct.Section "assessing cash adequacy" – The ratio of cash to daily cash expenses is calculated by dividing cash and cash equivalents by average daily cash expenses.59. The following information is available for Donner Company: net income $1,100million; net cash provided by operating activities $800 million; total expenses$1,500 million; depreciation expense $240 million; cash dividends $200 million;capital expenditures $500 million; and cash and cash equivalents $600 million.Donner’s cash to daily cash expenses ratio is calculated asa. $800 ÷ ($1,500 ÷ 365)b. $600 ÷ ($1,500 ÷ 365)c. $800 ÷ [($1,500 - $240) ÷ 365]d. $600 ÷ [($1,500 - $240) ÷ 365]D is correct.Section "assessing cash adequacy" – The ratio of cash to daily cash expenses is calculated by dividing cash and cash equivalents by average daily cash expenses.60. Receivables are claims that are expected to be met ina. cashb. inventoryc. liabilitiesd. sharesA is correct.Section "Receivables" – receivables are claims that are expected to be met in cash.61. Accounts receivable includesa. non-trade receivablesb. amounts owed by customers on accountc. interest receivabled. loans to company officersB is correct.Section "Receivables" –Accounts receivable includes amounts owed by customers on account.62. Accounts receivable are reported on the balance sheet as a/ana. liabilityb. equityc. assetd. revenueC is correct.Section "Receivables" – Accounts receivable are reported on the balance sheet as an asset.63. Under the direct write-off method, when a particular account is considered to beuncollectible, the loss is charged toa. revenueb. accounts receivablec. allowance for doubtful debtsd. bad debts expenseD is correct.Section "Receivables" – Under the direct write-off method, when a particular account is considered to be uncollectible, the loss is charged to bad debts expense.64. The method being used to determine the amount of the allowance for doubtfuldebts that relies on a schedule in which customers balances are classified by thelength of time they have been unpaid, is known as thea. direct write-off methodb. net realisable methodc. aged accounts receivable methodd. conservatism methodC is correct.Section "Receivables" –Ageing the accounts receivable allows the allowance for doubtful debts to be determined.65. Receivables that mature within the entity’s operating cycle are classified in thebalance sheet asa. equityb. liabilitiesc. non-current assetsd. current assetsD is correct.Section "Receivables" – Receivables that mature wit hin the entity’s operating cycle are classified in the balance sheet as current assets.66. The recoverable amount of trade receivables is shown in thea. income statementb. balance sheetc. statement of changes in equityd. cash flow statementB is correct.Section "Receivables" – The recoverable amount of receivables is shown in the balance sheet.67. Managing accounts receivable involves five steps of which the following occursfirsta. determine to whom to extend creditb. accelerate cash receipts from receivablesc. establish a payment periodd. monitor the collectionsA is correct.Section "Managing receivables" –The management of accounts receivable firstly involves the determination of whom to extend credit to.68. The credit risk ratio is calculated by dividing the allowance for doubtful debts bya. total salesb. total assetsc. accounts receivabled. 365 daysC is correct.Section "Managing receivables" –The credit risk ratio is calculated by dividing the allowance for doubtful debts by accounts receivable.69. Which of the following will not help minimise potential losses resulting fromcredit customersa. Letters of credit/bank guaranteesb. Cash on deliveryc. bank/supplier referencesd. Extended payment periodD is correct.Section "Cash" –An extended payment period will not minimise potential losses from credit customers.70. The receivables turnover ratio is used to assess the liquidity of the:a. customerb. receivablesc. businessd. assetsB is correct.Section "Managing receivables" –The receivables turnover ratio is used to assess the liquidity of the receivables.71. A factor is used toa. borrow moneyb. apply for creditc. accelerate cash receiptsd. increase salesC is correct.Section "Managing receivables" – a factor is one way of accelerating cash receipts.。

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第七章练习题(参考答案)
I. Define the following terms (名词解释) ：
标准答案：略
II. Multiple Choice Questions (单项选择)：III. Fill in the Blanks Questions (填空题)
IV. True/False Questions (判断题)
标准答案：
1-5: TFTFT 6-10: TFTFT 11-15: TFFTT
V. Essay Questions (问答题)
1.参考答案:The first form is common law that is derived from English law. The
second form is code or civil law that was derived from Roman law. The third form is Islamic law that was derived from the interpretation of the Koran. The fourth form is Marxist-socialist tenets derived from this view of economics.
2.参考答案：Common law is based on tradition, past practices, and legal precedents
set by the courts through interpretations of statutes, legal legislation, and past rulings. Code or civil law is based on an all-inclusive system of written rules of law.
3.参考答案：Legal disputes can arise between governments, between a company
and a government, and between two companies. The World Court can adjudicate disputes between governments only.
4.参考答案：The usual arbitration procedure is for the parties involved to select a
disinterested and informed party or parties as referee to determine the merits of the case and make a judgment that both parties agree to honor.
5.参考答案：After reviewing the material in the text, students should see that code
law is based on an all-inclusive system of written rules (codes) of law. This is different from common law practiced in the United States. Code law is considered to be complete by those that practice it because there are many catchall provisions in a code-law country. Students can build their own case for or against code law (see information in the text), however, all students should see the value of hiring a French lawyer to interpret French law.。