第二章18世纪美国文学富兰克林
Benjamin Franklin
• 光学：他发明了老人用的双焦距眼镜，能够看清近处及远处的事 物，并且因此最先解释了北极光。
发明了口琴、摇椅、路灯、避雷针。 发现了墨西哥海湾的海流。 最先绘制暴风雨推移图。 发现人们呼出气体的有害性。 发现了颗粒肥料。 设计出夏天穿的白色亚麻服装，设计了最早的游泳眼镜和蛙噗。 制定了新闻传播法。 最先组织了消防厅。 创立了近代的邮信制度。 创立了议员的近代选举法。
读书
• 1 读书是易事，思索是难事，但两者缺一，便全无用处。 • 2 诚实和勤勉应该成为你永久的伴侣。 • 3 读书是我唯一的娱乐，我不把时间浪费与酒店、赌博或者任何 一种低劣的游戏。 • 学而不能致用的人是一头背着书的牛马。蠢驴是否知道它背上背 的是一堆书而不是一捆柴？
勤奋与光阴
• 1 懒鬼起来吧！别再浪费时间，将来在坟墓内有足够的时 间让你睡的。 • 2 懒惰像生锈一样，比操劳更能消耗身体；常使用的钥匙 ，总是闪闪亮的。 • 切勿坐耗时光，须知每刻都有无穷的利息；日计不足，岁 月有余。 • 3 不劳苦，无所得 • 4 时间就是生命，时间就是金钱。 • 5 今日能做的事，勿延至明日。 • 6勤劳的人，饥饿过其门而不入
行为习惯
• • • • • 1 恶习知道自己委实很丑陋，所以往往戴了假面具。 2 虚伪和欺诈师一切罪恶之母。 3 真话说一半常是弥天大谎。 4 饮食节制常常使人头脑清醒，思想敏捷。 5 早眠早起，使人健康，富有，明智。
THAT'S ALL
THANK YOU!!
• A man wrapped up in himself makes a very small bundle. • -------Benjamin franklin, inventer • 一个只关心自己的人只能成就很小的事。
美国文学 富兰克林 Benjamin Franklin
Evaluation • “Franklin was the only good American author before the Revolutionary War.” • “The Scottish philosopher David Hume called him America’s “first great man of letters”.” • “Franklin was the embodiment of American dream.” • “Franklin was a spokesman for the new order of the 18th century enlightenment.” • When Franklin died in 1790, at the age of 84, he was an honored figure, mourned by many nations. One of his fellow Americans said, “His shadow lies heavier than any other man’s on this young nation.”
“positive” and “negative” to electrical charges.
d. He was one of the first men to study and map the Gulf Stream(墨西哥湾流) .
• His Contributions to the U.S.
• His Contributions to Science
a. Inventions : Franklin stove, effective street lighting, bifocal glasses, a miniature printing press, efficient heating devices and even a strange musical instrument called an “armonica”玻璃口琴. b. And for his lightning-rod, he was called “the new Prometheus who had stolen fire from heaven.” c. the theories of electricity; first applied the terms
第二章18世纪美国文学富兰克林
2. The Main Features of this period
1) American literature grew out of humble origins. Diaries, histories, journals, letters, commonplace books, travel books, sermons, in short, personal literature in its various forms, occupy a major position in the literature of the early colonial period.
Puritan values (creeds): Hard work, thrift, piety, sobriety, simple tastes. Puritans are more practical, tougher, and to be ever ready for any misfortune and tragic failure. They are optimistic. P12
3.Therefore the writing in this period was essentially two kinds: (1) practical matter-offact accounts of farming, hunting, travel, etc. designed to inform people “at home” what life was like in the new world, and, often, to induce their immigration;
❖ On the Burning of Our House 《写在我家失火之 际》
美国文学-富兰克林-Franklin
The Literature of Reason and Revolution
(1765-1800)
Hale Waihona Puke I. Background
--The Enlightenment Movement
--The War of Independence (1775-1783)
He conducted the difficult negotiations with France that brought financial and military support for America in the war. He was the only American to sign the four documents that created the United States: The Declaration of Independence, The Treaty of Alliance with France, The Treaty of Peace with England, The Constitution
2. Life
Successful businessman
Born in a poor candle maker‟s family in Boston and had no regular education; At 12, apprenticed to his elder brother, a printer; At 16, began to publish essays under the pseudonym “Silence Do good” . At 17, he ran away to Philadelphia to make his own fortune and became a successful printer and publisher.
富兰克林简介_富兰克林的资料介绍、故事传奇
富兰克林中文名称: 富兰克林生卒年: 1706-1790国别: 美国生平简介本杰明·富兰克林——资本主义精神最完美的代表，十八世纪美国最伟大的科学家，著名的政治家和文学家。
他一生最真实的写照是他自己所说过的一句话“诚实和勤勉，应该成为你永久的伴侣。
”学习一生1706年1月17日，本杰明.富兰克林出生在北美州的波士顿。
他的父亲原是英国漆匠，当时以制造蜡烛和肥皂为业，生有十个孩子，富兰克林排行第八。
富兰克林八岁入学，虽然学习成绩优异，但由于他家中孩子太多，父亲的收入无法负担他读书的费用。
所以，他到十岁时就离开了学校，回家帮父亲做蜡烛。
富兰克林一生只在学校读了这两年书。
十二岁时，他到哥哥詹姆士经营的小印刷所当学徒，自此他当了近十年的印刷工人，但他的学习从未间断过，他从伙食费中省下钱来买书。
同时，利用工作之便，他结识了几家书店的学徒，将书店的书在晚间偷偷地借来，通宵达旦地阅读，第二天清晨便归还。
他阅读的范围很广，从自然科学、技术方面的通俗读物到著名科学家的论文以及名作家的小说诗歌文学作品。
就是在当学徒的这段时期里，富兰克林把在学校曾两度考试不及格的算术学了一遍，又读了赛勒和舍尔梅的关于航海的书，从这些航海的书里，他接触到了几何学知识。
他还读了洛克的《人类的悟性》和波尔洛亚尔派的作者们写的《思维的艺术》。
富兰克林的学习日渐深入。
1723年富兰克林离开了波士顿，到费城的基未尔印刷所和英国伦敦的帕尔未和瓦茨印刷厂当工人。
1726年秋，富兰克林回到费城，这时他已掌握了精湛的印刷技术，开始独立经营印刷所，印刷和发行《宾夕尼亚报》，并出版了《可怜的李查历书》，当时被译成十二种文字，销行于欧美各国。
1727年秋，在费城他和几个青年创办了“共读社”，组织了小型图书馆，帮助工人、手工业者和小职员进行自学。
每星期五晚上，论讨有关哲学、政治和自然科学等问题。
这时富兰克林还不到三十岁，通过刻苦自修，已经成为一个学识渊博的学者和启蒙思想家，在北美的声誉日益提高。
美国文学(本杰明富兰克林)
American literatureChapter 1 The Embryo of American Literature1、Benjamin FranklinA Brief Introduction of Benjamin FranklinFranklin was one of the leading founding fathers of the United States of America. He was a member of the committee that drafted the Declaration of Independence and was one of its signatories(签名人)。
He also signed the Constitution of the United States, and served as the new nation’s ablest diplomat. Franklin was also unequaled in America as an inventor until Thomas Edison. He invented the Franklin stove(火炉，窖，温室)，bifocal eyeglasses and the lightning rod.※BiographyBenjamin Franklin was born on January 17,1706 in Boston, Massachusetts. He was the youngest child ,and tenth boy of 17 children. Franklin’s formal schooling ended early but his education never did. He believed that “the door to wisdom are never shut,” and read every book he could get his hands on. Franklin taught himself simple algebra and geometry ,navigation, logic, history, science, English grammar and a working knowledge of five other languages.Franklin had a simple formula for success. He believed that successful people worked just a little harder than other people. Benjamin Franklin certainly did. He built a successful printing and publishing business in Philadelphia; he conducted scientific studies of electricity and made several important discoveries; he was an accomplished diplomat and statesman; he helped establish Pennsylvania’s first university and America’s first city hospital. He also organized the country’s first subscription library.Franklin had strong belief that good citizenship included an obligation of public service. Franklin himself served the city of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania and the new United States of America, in one way or the other, for most of his life. To Benjamin Franklin there was no greater purpose in life than to“live usefully.”※The Works·Poor Richard’s Almanac.1733·The Way to Wealth,1758·Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin ，1791·Benjamin Franklin’s Thirteen Virtues1TEMPERANCE. Eat not to dullness; drink not to elevation.2SIlENCE. Speak not but what may benefit others or yourself; avoid trifling conversation.3ORDER.Let all your things have their places; let each part of your business have its time.4RESOLUTION.Resolve to perform what you ought; perform without fail what you resolve.5FRUGALITY. Make no expense but to do good to others or yourself; i.e.,waste nothing.6INDUSTRY.Lose no time;be always employeed in something useful; cut off all unneccessary actions.7. SINCERITY. Use no hurtful deceit; think innocently and justly, and, if you speak, speak accordingly.8. JUSTICE. Wrong none by doing injuries, or omitting the benefits that are your duty.9. MODERATION. Avoid extremes; forbear resenting injuries so much as you think they deserve.10. CLEANLINESS. Tolerate no uncleanliness in body, clothes, or habitation.11. TRANQUILLITY. Be not disturbed at trifles, or at accidents common or unavoidable.12. CHASTITY. Rarely use venery but for health or offspring, never to dulness, weakness, or the injury of your own or another's peace or reputation.13. HUMILITY. Imitate Jesus and Socrates.※Selected ReadingToo Dear for the WhistleWhen I was a child of seven years old , my friends , on a holiday ,filled my pocket with coppers . I went at once to a shop where they sold toys for children . Being charmed with the sound of a whistle that I had seen by the way , in the hands of another boy , I handed over all my money for one . I then came home , went whistling all over house , much pleased with my whistle , but disturbing all my family .My brother and sister and cousins ,when I told of the bargain I had made,said I had given four times as much as the whistle was worth . They put me in mind of what good things I might have bought with the rest of the money, and laughed at me so much for my folly that I cried with vexation(n.苦恼，恼怒，令人烦恼的事) . Thinking about the matter gave me more chagrin than the whistle gave me pleasure.This , however , was afterwards of use to me , for the impression continued on my mind . so that often , when I was tempted to buy something I do not need . I said to myself . “Don't give too much for the whistle ,”and I saved my money . As I grew up , came into the world，and observed the actions of men . I thought I met with many ,very many ,who “gave too much for the whistle .”When I saw some man too eager for cout favour, wasting his time at court getherings ,giving up his rest , his liberty ,his virtue, and perhaps his friends ,for royal favour , I said to myself “This man gives too much for the whistle.”When I saw another fond of popularity , constantly taking part in political affairs ,neglecting his own business ,and ruining it by neglect , “He pays , indeed ,”said I , “too dear for his whistle .”If I knew a miser（守财奴，吝啬鬼）who gave up every kind of comfortable living , all the pleasure of doing good to others , all the esteem of his fellow citizens and the joys of friendship , for the sake of gathering and keeping wealth —“Poor man.”said I , “you pay too dear for your whistle .”When I met a man of pleasure , who did not try to improve his mind or his fortune but merely devoted himself to having a good time ,perhaps neglecting his health ,“Mistaken man,”said I , “you are providing pain for yourself , instead of pleasure ; you are paying too dear for your whistle .”If I saw someone fond of appearance of who had fine clothes , fine houses , fine furniture , fine earrings , all above his fortune , and for which he had run into debt ,and ends his career in a prison .“Alas,”said I , “he has paid dear , very dear , for his whistle . ”In short the miseries of mankind are largely due to their putting a false value on things —to giving “too much for their whistles”.。
2美国文学第二讲 启蒙时期与独立战争时期的文学 富兰克林
2 Enlightenment Movement
Natural Science Social Science Key Points: Resources Basic Principles Significance Representatives Influence on Literature
Historical Introduction
Literary Terms
Humanism Classicism Neo-classicism
Historical Introduction
Humanism
Humanism: a mode of thought (a movement) in which human interests, values, and dignity were taken to be of primary importance. Franklin was a scientist; a master of diplomacy; a humanitarian [hju:，mænɪ’teəri:ən] 人道主义者 who helped establish hospitals, schools, and libraries. He was a believer in the possibilities of human progress and the comforts of material success; and he was a prose stylist whose writing reflected the neoclassic ideals of clarity, restraint, simplicity, and balance.
再干预人类生活的)自然神论 Deists believed the teachings of religion must also be reasonable and rational. Anything that is contrary to rationality must be superstition and not true religion. Basic principles: stressing education; stressing Reason; employing Reason to reconsider the traditions and social realities; concerns for civil rights, such as equality and social justice Significance: accelerating social progress; freeing people from the limitations set by prevailing Puritanism; making spiritual preparation for American Revolution Representatives: Benjamin Franklin, Thomas Paine, Thomas Jefferson etc. Influence on literature: In form: imitating English classical writers In content: utilitarian 实用主义的 tendency (for political or educational purpose)
富兰克林生平事迹
富兰克林生平事迹富兰克林的生平事迹导读：我根据大家的需要整理了一份关于《富兰克林的生平事迹》的内容，具体内容：富兰克林，著名的政治家、外交家、哲学家、文学家以及美国独立战争的伟大领袖。
富兰克林是美国历史上第一位享有国际声誉的科学家和发明家。
下面是我跟大家分享的富兰克林事迹，欢迎大家来阅读学习~...富兰克林，著名的政治家、外交家、哲学家、文学家以及美国独立战争的伟大领袖。
富兰克林是美国历史上第一位享有国际声誉的科学家和发明家。
下面是我跟大家分享的富兰克林事迹，欢迎大家来阅读学习~富兰克林简介1.人物介绍本杰明富兰克林(BenjaminFranklin)(1706.1.17—1790.4.17)是 18 世纪美国的实业家、科学家、社会活动家、思想家、文学家和外交家。
他是美国历史上第一位享有国际声誉的科学家和发明家。
为了对电进行探索曾经作过著名的"风筝实验"，在电学上成就显著，为了深入探讨电运动的规律，创造的许多专用名词如正电、负电、导电体、电池、充电、放电等成为世界通用的词汇。
他借用了数学上正负的概念，第一个科学地用正电,负电概念表示电荷性质。
并提出了电荷不能创生、也不能消灭的思想，后人在此基础上发现了电荷守恒定律。
他最先提出了避雷针的设想，由此而制造的避雷针，避免了雷击灾难，破除了迷信。
这个震惊世界的实验还被苏教国标版语文第九册(五年级上册)介绍，为第 19 课《天火之谜》。
他是一位优秀的政治家，是美国独立战争的老战士。
他参加起草了《独立宣言》和美国宪法，积极主张废除奴隶制度，深受美国人民的崇敬。
他是美国第一位法国驻外大使,所以在世界上也享有较高的声誉。
2.人物生平他出身寒微，10 岁便辍学回家做工，12 岁起在印刷所当学徒、帮工.但他刻苦好学，在掌握印刷技术之余，还广泛阅读文学、历史、哲学方面的著作，自学数学和 4 门外语，潜心练习写作.他常常在做完了一天的工作后,到印刷厂的图书室阅读各种各样的书籍.有时看得入迷,直到夜幕降临,焦急的母亲来工厂找他,他才回家.所有这一切为他在一生中取得多方面的成就打下了坚实的基础.为了自立于当时的社会，他几经周折，创办了自己的企业——印刷所.由于吃苦耐劳，讲求信誉，注意经营管理，他不仅在印刷界激烈的竞争中站住了脚，并且把业务扩大到邻近几个州以及西印度群岛，成为北美洲印刷出版行业中的佼佼者.他注意观察自然现象，研究科学问题.他从实践出发，从事科学实验和观察，在电学上解答了"电为何物"的问题，将不同状态下的电称为"正电"和"负电"，提出了电学中的"一流论"，在大气电学方面揭示了雷电现象的本质，被誉为"第二个普罗米修斯".这些电学上划时代的研究成果使他成为蜚声世界的第一流的科学家.他在光学、热学、声学、数学、海洋学、植物学等方面也有研究，并有新式火炉、避雷针、电轮、三轮钟、双焦距眼镜、自动烤肉机、玻璃乐器、高架取书器、新式路灯等一系列发明创造.因而，他以仅读过两年小学的学历，被美国的哈佛大学、耶鲁大学，英国的牛津大学、爱丁堡大学、圣安德鲁大学等六七所大学授予硕士学位或博士学位.富兰克林成名以后在北美殖民地的文化传播和社会福利方面做了大量的工作.他先后组织建立了"共读社"、"美洲哲学学会"、"北美科学促进会"、报社、图书馆、书店、医院、大学、消防队、地方民兵组织等学术、文化、医疗卫生、消防、治安组织和机构;他还改革了北美殖民地的邮政制度，建立起北美殖民地统一的邮政系统.他是杰出的社会活动家，成为北美殖民地有影响的人物.他不仅善于解决自然科学里的专门问题和社会政治活动中的实际问题，还常常探索许多哲学问题和社会问题.他是自然神论者，认为精神依附于物质;他认为社会贫困的原因是劳动者必须养活寄生者;他酷爱自由和平，反对战争，痛恨种族歧视和奴隶制度，主张维护黑人和印第安人的利益.他是当时最渊博的资产阶级自思想家之一.富兰克林生活的时代正值美国从殖民地向独立的资产阶级国家迈进的重大转折时期，他积极投身革命运动，对独立战争的胜利和美国国家制度的初期建设作出了重大的贡献.在 1754 年北美各殖民地领导人物出席的奥尔巴尼议上，他提出著名的"奥尔巴尼联盟"的计划，被会议通过，成为最早将美利坚合众国的大联合这种思想灌输到殖民地人民头脑中去的人.在宾夕法尼亚，他始终同殖民地人民一道同业主集团的横行不法作斗争.1757 年，他代表州议会赴伦敦向英王请愿，要求业主交纳税款，取得成功;1764 年，他第二次赴伦敦，要求英王保护殖民地利益，没有结果.其后，英国政府加强对北美殖民地的镇压，激发了殖民地人民更强烈的反抗斗争.富兰克林的立场彻底转到革命方面.宾夕法尼亚原为业主殖民地，是 1681 年英王查理二世赐予威廉宾的土地.后来，威廉宾的两个儿子继承产业.业主在其领有的殖民地享有委派包括州长在内的官吏、否决议会议案、免交捐税等特权.1775 年 5月，他回到美洲，立即投入到革命斗争中去.他担任宾州治安委员会主席，主持地方军委，并和潘恩共同起草了州宪法;他作为宾州代表出席第二议，成为美国独立言的起草人之一;他担任美国邮政部长，组织战争期间的邮政，成绩显著;在美军作战屡次受挫的情况下，他作为三人委员会成员顿会商，决定实行北美13 州的总动员，使得独立战争得以坚持 6 年之久.在英强美弱的局势下，殖民地人民必须争取外援.富兰克林奉大陆会议之命出使法国，争取美法结盟，共同对英作战.在当时复杂而不利于美国的外交环境中，他以美国必胜的信念、坚韧不拔的耐心，巧妙灵活的外交手腕，利用欧洲国家之间的矛盾，抓住有利时机，缔结了美法同盟盟约，争取了人力、物力、财力上的大量外援，确保了独立战争的胜利.在战争后期，他参加并一度主持美英议和谈判，签订了有利于美国的英美和平条约，胜利地完成了艰巨的战时外交使命.战后，他成为新生的美国第一任驻法特命全权大使留法工作，直到 1785 年归国.回国以后，他连续 4 年当选宾夕法尼亚州长.在美国宪法会议上，他是宪法起草委员会委员，他为了调解会议代表的意见分歧而提出的议会的两院制，成为美国的基本国家制度之一.1788 年后，他不再担任公职，但仍发表政论文章，以供政府采择，并致力于促进废除奴隶制的活动.1790 年 4 月 17 日，富兰克林与世长辞.在他出殡的那一天，为他送葬的人数多达两万，充分表达了美国人民对他的痛悼之情.同时，不仅美国国会决定为他服丧一个月，法国国民议会也决议为他哀悼，表明了他不仅属于美国，也属于全世界!3.捕捉雷电1746 年，一位英国学者在波士顿利用玻璃管和莱顿瓶表演了电学实验。
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Puritanism in America
Influence
- American Puritanism was one of the most enduring shaping influences in American thought and American literature. - American literature is based on a myth, i.e. the Biblical myth of the Garden of Eden. - Puritanism can be compared with Chinese Confucianism.
清教徒并不是一种派别，而是一种态度，
清教徒
一种倾向，一种价值观，它是对信徒群体 的一种统称。清教徒是最为虔敬、生活最 为圣洁的新教徒，他们认为“人人皆祭司， 人人有召唤”。认为每个个体可以直接与 上帝交流，反对神甫集团的专横、腐败和 繁文缛节、形式主义。他们主张简单、实 在、上帝面前人人平等的信徒生活。
Puritanism in America
Why
did Puritans come to America? - to reform the Church of England - to have an entirely new church - to escape religious persecution * God’s chosen people * To seek a new Garden of Eden * To build “City of God on earth”
2) In content these early writings served either God or colonial expansion or both. In form, if there was any form at all, English literary traditions were faithfully imitated and transplanted. 3)The Puritanism formed in this period was one of the most enduring shaping influences in American thought and American literature.
Chapter ONE. Colonial American
(1607-1765)
Puritanism in America
They follow the ideas of the
Swiss reformer John Calvin. Doctrines: - Predestination - Original sin and total depravity (human beings are basically evil.) - Limited atonement (or the Salvation of a selected few)
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
2. The Main Features of this period
1)
American literature grew out of humble origins. Diaries, histories, journals, letters, commonplace books, travel books, sermons, in short, personal literature in its various forms, occupy a major position in the literature of the early colonial period.
Puritan values (creeds):
Hard work, thrift, piety, sobriety, simple tastes. Puritans are more practical, tougher, and to be ever ready for any misfortune and tragic failure. They are optimistic. P12
清教徒
在清教徒的理解中，职业就是一件被冥冥之中的神所召唤、所使唤、 所命令、所安排的任务，而完成这个任务，既是每个个体天赋的职责 和义务，也是感谢神的恩召的举动。如上帝曾召唤亚伯拉罕作虔诚且 富有的君王，他凭着信心最后成就了召唤，成为富甲万国、繁衍众多 的君王。现在，上帝也召唤清教徒开拓北美的疆土，把在美国国度上 的创业视为天职。 他们也肯定现实生活，与出世厌世的观念相反，他们认为：“世 界就是我们的修道院”（加尔文语）。而尘世中的工作是我们修道的 方式，是上帝安排的任务，是神圣的天职。每个人要入世修行，将自 己在世间的工作和生活作好，就是在修行和敬拜，就是在尽一个人的 本分。 他们也肯定了营利活动，认为人是上帝财富的托管人，作为托管 人，有天职将财富增值。正像一位名叫普勒斯顿的清教徒领袖在他的 著作中所写：“若有人问如何能晓得神在他身上的旨意，我的答案很 简单：只要看看神赐给他的产业便成。”
1.
1. Introduction to colonial literature Instead of beginning with folk tales and
songs the American literature began with abstractions and proceeded from philosophy to fiction because there were no written literature among the more than 500 different Indian languages and tribal cultures that existed in North America before the first Europeans arrived there and set up the first colony Jamestown in about 1607. American writing began with the work of English adventurers and colonists in the New World chiefly for the benefit of readers in the mother country.
Early writers
John
Smith A Description of New England 《新英格兰叙事》 P16
Early writers
P17Anne Bradstreet ( 1617-1672 ) 安妮· 布拉兹 特里特 Anne Bradstreet was the first American poet. She came to America with her husband when she was 18, settling in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Though a mother of 8 children, she managed to write poems. Her first volume of poetry was published in London, entitled The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America ( 1650 ) 《第十位诗神》. On the Burning of Our House 《写在我家失火之 际》
P20
Questions
A.
B.
C.
D.
It is a critical commonplace now that American literature is based on a myth, that is, ________.(北二外） The ancient Greek myth of Zeus The British myth of the Saint Grail The Biblical myth of the Garden of Eden The legend of the sleep Hollow
2.
3.Therefore the writing in this period was essentially two kinds: (1) practical matter-offact accounts of farming, hunting, travel, etc. designed to inform people “at home” what life was like in the new world, and, often, to induce their immigration; (2) highly theoretical, generally discussions of religious questions. 4.Furthermore, the influential Protestant work ethic, reinforced by the practical necessities of a hard pioneer life, inhibited the development of any reading matter designed simply for leisure-time entertainment.
清教徒精神
清教徒是创业精神的代言人，他们认为人开创产业必须要 禁欲和俭省节约。他们限制一切纵欲、享乐甚至消费行为， 将消费性投入和支出全部用在生产性投资和扩大再生产上， 如此必然导致资本的积累和产业的发展。不是纵欲和贪婪 积累了财富，而是克制和禁欲增长了社会财富。 清教徒崇尚商业和工业活动，在商业中诚实守信、珍 视信誉、决不坑蒙拐骗，清教徒企业家不仅追求利润最大 化，而且具有对社会的回馈意识，担当社会责任、扶持社 会公正，为社会公益事业作出了巨大贡献，承担了巨大的 公共事业义务。 清教徒对一切充满了信心，无论从事商业贸易还是生 产耕种，都具有排除万难、获得非凡成功的勇气和信心， 他们善于创造和创新，不断地开拓和征服。他们身上值得 人们学习的可贵精神非常之多。