英国文学史知识点
英国文学史及选读复习要点总结概要
英国文学史及选读复习要点总结概要第一篇：英国文学史及选读复习要点总结概要《英国文学史及选读》第一册复习要点1.Beowulf: national epic of the English people;Denmark story;alliteration, metaphors and understatements(此处可能会有填空,选择等小题2.Romance(名词解释3.“Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”: a famous roman about King Arthur’ s story4.Ballad(名词解释5.Character of Robin Hood6.Geoffrey Chaucer: founder of English poetry;The Canterbury Tales(main contents;124 stories planned, only 24 finished;written in Middle English;significance;form: heroic couplet7.Heroic couplet(名词解释8.Renaissance(名词解释9.Thomas More—— Utopia 10.Sonnet(名词解释 11.Blank verse(名词解释12.Edmund Spenser “The Faerie Queene” 13.Francis Bacon “essays” esp.“Of Studies”(推荐阅读,学习写正式语体的英文文章的好参照,本文用词正式优雅,多排比句和长句,语言造诣非常高,里面很多话都可以引用做格言警句,非常值得一读14.William Shakespeare四大悲剧比较重要,此外就是罗密欧与朱立叶了,这些剧的主题,背景,情节,人物形象都要熟悉,当然他最重要的是Hamlet 这是肯定的。
英国文学史--最全总结中英
盎格鲁撒克逊时代426—1066盎格鲁诺曼时代1066—1350Chaucder乔叟时代 1350—1485莎士比亚时代1564—1636清教徒时代 Puritan 1636—1660古典主义时代 1660—1744约翰逊时代 1744—1785浪漫主义时代1786—1832维多利亚时代 1832—1900现代第一章Anglo-Saxon （426—1066）旧约：上帝创世纪新约：耶稣古英语诗歌分为的世俗的1.Beowulf 史诗（三千行的长诗，关于英雄战绩的故事）2.文字来源于日耳曼系3.基督教的文学：瑞特文的故事Caedmon第二章Angol-Norman（1066—1350）中世纪英语：基督教义，自我拯救1.传奇文学---传奇的兴起Romances1）容：传奇好像现在的长篇，有诗，有散文唯一的描写古代的高贵的英雄所经历的冒险生活和恋爱故事。
2）产生：传奇文学完全是由中世纪的“骑士制度”(Chivalry)所产生的，骑士制度的精神产物就是传奇文学所以他们和平民丝毫没有关系，且平民也绝写不出这一类的文字。
3）分类：不列颠的事迹 the matter of Britain法国的事迹罗马的事迹第三章：乔叟的时代（1350—1458）背景：百年战争（The Hundred’s War）1.Geoffrey Chaucer：文艺复兴以前，英国文学界最伟大的人物。
The Canterbury Tales1）三个阶段：第一时期--早年—模仿法国简短的情歌和寓言第二时期—研究意大利文艺的时期第三时期—在文学上成功的时期，为他自己以国文写作的时期2）．近代诗人英文作家中，第一个以浪漫作风写男女日常生活的人3）.特点：反对迫害，反对禁欲，文艺复兴的报春者a他在英语上发明音调b他把英国中部的日常言语加以修改，以告成英文与英国文学。
c完美的音律，倾向于音乐化d 创设接近社会生活的作品；眼光思想都很广阔；音乐的眼光第四章：民间文学1．歌谣的来源：歌德Geothe说：民歌的价值，全在直接从“自然“中得到它的原动力。
英国文学简史复习资料（整理版）
英国文学简史复习资料（整理版）第一篇：英国文学简史复习资料(整理版)I.Old English Literature & the Late Medieval Ages 贝奥武夫:the national epic of the Anglo-SaxonsGeoffrey Chaucer 杰弗里•乔叟1340(?)~1400 The father of English poetry.① 坎特伯雷故事集：first time to use …heroic couplet‟(双韵体)by middle English ②特罗伊拉斯和克莱希德③ 声誉之宫II The Renaissance Period A period of drama and poetry.The Elizabethan drama is the real mainstream of the English Renaissance.Renaissance: the activity, spirit, or time of the great revival of art, literature, and learning in Europe beginning in the 14th century and extending to the 17th century, marking the transition from the medieval to the modern world.Three historical events of the Renaissance – rebirth or revival: 1.new discoveries in geography and astrology 2.the religious reformation and economic expansion 3.rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek culture The most famous dramatists:Christopher Marlowe William Shakespeare Ben Johnson.William Shakespeare威廉•莎士比亚1564~1616① Historical plays: Henry VI 亨利六世;Henry IV : Richard III 查理三世;Henry V ；Richard II；Henry VIII ②Four Comedies: 皆大欢喜;第十二夜;< A Midsummer Night‟S Dream>仲夏夜之梦;威尼斯商人③Four Tragedies: 哈姆莱特;奥赛罗;李尔王;麦克白④Shakespeare Sonnet :154Three quatrain and one couplet, ababcdcdefefggA sonnet is a lyric consisting of 14 lines, usually iniambic pentameter restricted to a definition rhyme scheme.⑤the comedy of errors 错中错，Titus Andronicus泰特斯·安特洛尼克斯，The Taming of the shrew 驯悍记Love's labour's lost（爱的徒劳）Romeo and Juliet 罗密欧与朱丽叶Much ado about nothing（无事生非）The merry wives of Windsor.温莎的风流娘们King John 约翰王All's well that ends well 终成眷属Measure for measure（一报还一报）Bacon: Of Studies;Of Beauty;Of Marriage and Single Life English Bourgeois Revolution，学术的推进 III：the period of the English bourgeois ton：1608~1674Paradise Lost;Samson Agonistes(力士参孙);On the morning of Christ’s Nativity，复乐园我的失明论出版自由为英国人民声辩Bunyan: 1628~1688 ①Religionary Allegory:天路历程Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinner;the Holy War John Don: the Metaphysical poet(玄学派诗人).Metaphysical Poetry(玄学诗)：（用语）the diction is simple, the imagery is from the actual,(形式)the form is frequently an argument with the poet’s beloved, with god, or with himself.（主题：love, religious, thought）The Flea;跳蚤Forbbiding Mourning，Songs And Sonnets歌与十四行诗，emergent occasions 突变引起的诚念Hely sonnets IV The 18th Century：EnlightenmentA revival of interest in the old classical works, order, logic, restrained emotion(抑制情感)and accuracy The Age ofEnlightenment/Reason: the movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance of the 15th and 16th centries, a progressive intellectual movement, reason(rationality), equality&science(the 18th century)小说崛起：In the mid-century, the newly literary form, modern English novel rised(realistic novel现实主义小说)Gothic novel(哥特式小说)：mystery, horror, castles(from middle part to the end of century)Jonathan Swift乔纳森•斯威夫特1667~1745（十八世纪杰出的政论家和讽刺小说家 a master satirist。
英国文学史考试要点
1、it is “Beowulf”,the national epic of the English people.《贝奥武夫》（Beowulf），又译贝奥武甫，完成于西元八世纪，约750年左右的英雄叙事长诗，长达3000行。
故事的舞台位于北欧的斯堪的纳维亚半岛。
是以古英语记载的传说中最古老的一篇，在语言学方面也是相当珍贵的文献。
贝奥武夫（Beowulf）乃现存古英文文学中最伟大之作，也是欧洲最早的方言史诗。
该诗中并未提及英国，但学者相信该诗约於西元七二五年左右在英国完成。
全诗凡三千一百八十二行，以斯堪地那维亚的英雄贝奥武夫的英勇事迹构成主要内容。
虽然历史上并未证实确有贝奥武夫其人，但诗中所提及的许多其他人物与事迹却得到印证。
Features of “Beowulf”:The most striking feature in its poetical form is the use of alliteration.Other features of “Beowulf” are the use of metaphors and of understatements.本诗原以西撒克逊方言写成，押头韵而不押尾韵，用双字隐喻而不用明喻。
全诗内容分为两部分：第一部分描叙丹麦霍格国王（King Hrothgurs）宏伟的宫殿，在前后十二年中，半人半魔的妖怪格兰戴（Grendel）每晚出没捉食霍格的战士。
此时恰巧瑞典南部济兹（Geats）王子贝奥武夫率家臣来访，协助除害。
国王当晚设宴款待，熟料妖怪格兰戴又复出现，捉食一名济兹战士，贝奥武夫与之格斗，贝氏扭断其臂，妖怪落荒而逃，因受重伤致死。
第二天晚上，格兰戴的母亲前来为其子复仇，其后贝氏把她在一湖泊的洞穴中杀死。
第二部分描叙贝奥武夫返国，被拥为王，前后五十年，举国大治。
最后贝奥武夫以垂老之年，杀一喷火巨龙，但其个人亦因而身受重创，终於身死。
诗末叙其葬礼，并有挽歌。
2012英国文学史知识要点总结
A Survey of British LiteratureI. Early and Medieval Literature (Unit 2)1. three conquests2. the medieval period: 476 A. D—the 15th century3. Anglo-Saxon Period (449-1066):--oral traditions;--“Beowulf”: the national epic--Caedmon: the first known English religious poet4. Anglo-Norman Period (1066-15th century):--Popularity of romancens;--Chaucer: the father of English poetry;--Ballads developed;5. “Beowulf”--longest; an epic; features (Pagan and Christian coloring; kenning; metaphor)6. Romance--Definition: It is a narrative verse of prose singing knightly adventures or other heroic deeds. Romances are popular in the medieval period.--“Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”7. Geoffrey Chaucer--the father of English literature/poetry;--The Canterbury Tales: a double fiction; the Wife of Bath‟s prologue; The Wife of Bath‟s Tale;heroic couplet)8. Ballad:--Definition:A story told in song, usually in four line stanzas, with the 2nd and the 4th lines rhymed.--Robin Hood Ballads.9. Appreciation:--from “Beowulf”--from “The Canterbury Tales”II. The Renaissance (Unit 3, Unit 4, Unit 5,Unit 6)1.three discoveries2.Renaissance--a thristing curiosity for classical literature;--a keen interest in life and human activities.3.Humanism--individualism; the joy of the present life; reason; the affirmation of self-worth--Humanism emphasizes the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life.Humanists voiced their beliefs that man was the center of the universe and man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of the present life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders.4.Sonnet:--Definition: It is a poem of 14 lines that follows a strict rhyme scheme and specific structure; it expresses a single idea or theme. (Thomas Wyatt first introduced it to England)5.Shakespearean sonnet:--Definition: A Shakespearean sonnet consists of three four-line stanzas (called quatrains) and a final couplet composed in iambic pentameter with the rhyme scheme abab cdcd efef gg.6.Blank verse: having a regular meter, but no rhyme. (Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey)7.Spenserian stanza:--Definition: Each stanza contains nine lines in total: eight lines in iambic pentameter followed by a single 'Alexandrine' line in iambic hexameter. The rhyme scheme of these lines is "ababbcbcc."8.Appreciation:--Edmund Spenser and “The Faerie Queene”(written in blank verse)--Thomas More and “Utopia”--Christopher Marlowe‟s Dr. Faustus(Appreication);Tamburlaine;The Jew of Malta; The Passionate Shepherd to His Love;--Sonnet 18by Shakespeare (“Shall I Compare Thee to a Summer‟s Day”): time, mortality, immortality9.The first English essayist: Francis Bacon (“Of Studies”)10.Elizabethan theatre—the golden age of English drama;11.Shakespearean comedies: As You Like It; The Merchant of Venice; A Midsummer Night‘s Dream;Much Ado About Nothing; Twelfth Night12.Shakespearean tragedies: Macbeth; King Lear; Hamlet; Othello13.Shakespearean comedies:--Features: clowns, servants, jesters, fools; dramatic irony; mistaken identity, cross-dressing;--Patterns: The Green World Pattern (Sample: A Mid-summer Night’s Dream)19. Shakespearean tragedies:--Features: characters; structure; soliloquy; traveling; the role of fate/chance20. Appreciation:--“To be, or not to be” (from Hamlet) (Hamlet‟s dilemma)--“Tommorrow, tomorrow,…”(from Macbeth) (Mabeth is tired of the world; bored with life;metaphors:)III. The Period of Revolution and Restoration (the 17th century) (Unit 7)1.17th: the beginning of modern England;2.Cavalier poets:--Reflected the royalist values;--Themes: beauty, love, loyalty, morality;--Style: Direct, short, frankly erotic--Motto:“Carpe Diem”“Seize the Day”--Robert Herrick, Ben Johnson, Rochard Lovelace, etc;--Appreciation: “To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time” (Herrick; “to seize the day”)3.Metaphysical school:--the founder of the Metaphysical school: John Donne--conceit: an extended metahpor involving dramatic contrasts or far-fetched comparisons;--John Donne‟s love poems: “The Flea”;“V alediction: Forbidden Mourning” (Appreciation) --Andrew Marvell: “To His Coy Mistress”4.Puritan writers:--John Bunyanh: “The Pilgrim‟s Progress” (a religious allegory)--John Milton: “Paradise Lost”(based on The Old Testament) (…Paradise Regained”; “Samson Agonistes”) (Appreciation)IV. The 18th Century Literature—The Age of Enlightenment (Unit 8 and Unit 9)1.18th century: the golden age of English novels2.Enlightenment--an intellectual movement in Europe in the 18th century;--Reason as the guiding principle for thinking and action;--the belief in eternal truth, eternal justice, natural equality ;--a continuation of Renaissance;(Belief in the possibility of human perfection through education).3.Neo-classicism:--A revival of classical standards of order, harmony, balance, simplicity and restrainedemotion in literature in the 18th century.--Alexander Pope4.“Essay on Criticism” by Alexander Pope--a manifesto of neoclassicism;--Appreciation: “A Little Learning is a Dangerous Thing…”(learning as mountain climbing;inadequate learning may impair a balanced apprecation of a poem).5.Realistic novels:--Jonathan Swift;Gulliver’s Travels; A Modest Proposal; A Tale of a Tub; The Battle of the Books;--Daniel Defoe: Robinson Crusoe;(Appreciation)--Henry Fielding: Tom Jones; Joseph Andrews; Jonathan Wilde the Great;6. Sentimentalism--the middle and later decades of the 18th c.;--definition: passion over reason, personal instincts over social duties; the return of the patriarchal times; lamenting over the destructive effects of industrialization--Oliver Goldsmith, Thomas Gray, etc.7. The Graveyard School--subjects, style;--Thomas Gray‟s “Elegy written in a country churchyard”: structure; theme; (Appreciation)8. Pre-romanticism:--the latter half ot the 18th century;--Robert Burns: “Auld Lyne Syne”; “A Red, Red Rose”--William Blake: “Songs of Innocence” “Songs of Experience”; “The Lamb”, “The Tyger”;9. Richard Bringsley Sheridan: The School for Scandal; The Rivals;10. Oliver Goldsmith: The Vicar of Wakefield; She Stoops to ConquerV. The Romantic Period (1789-1832) (Unit 10 , Unit 11 and Unit 12)1.The Romantic period: an age of poetry2.Romanticism:--Manifesto of British Romanticism: Lyrical Ballads: co-published by Wordsworth and Coleridge--Features: individual as the center of all life and experience; from the outer world to the innerworld; Passion; imagination ; Nature; pastoral; past ; Individual freedom; simple and spontaneous expression; symbolic presentations; fantastic elements;3.English Romantic Poets--Lake Poets: Wordsworth, Coleridge, Southey--The Satanic Poets: Byron; Shelley; Keats--Lyrical Ballads: the manifesto of the English Movement;4.William Wordsworth--“a worshipper of nature”;--nature and country poems: “I Wanderered Lonely as a Cloud”; “The World is Too Much with us”; “Tintern Abbey”; “To a Butterfly” “The Solitary Reaper”; “Lucy Poems”;--theories on poetry; “Poetry is a spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings; it takes its orgin from emotion recollected in tranquility.”--W ordsworth‟s view of nature: critique of materialism; a source of mental cleanliness; the guardian of the heart; the beneficial influence of nature;--Appreciation: “I Wanderered Lonely as a Cloud”; “Tintern Abbey”;5.Samuel Taylor Coleridge:“The Rime of the Ancient Mariner”6. George Gordon Byron:--Byronic Hero: an idealised but flawed anti-hero created by Byron; love of freedom, hatred of tyranny, passionate, rebellious, chivalrous, arrogant, cynical, individualistic, isolated, single-handedly, melancholy--major poems by Byron: “Childe Harold‟s Pilgrimage”(Byronic Hero); “Don Juan”; “She Walks in Beauty”; “The Isles of Greece” (Appreciation)7. Percy Bysshe Shelley:--Plato‟s influence; pantheism--“Prometheus Unbound”; “Ode to the West Wind”“Prometheus Unbound”; “Ode to a Skylark”;“Queen Mab”; “A Defense of Poetry”;-- Appreciation : “Ode to the West Wind”: themes of death and rebirth; destruction and regeneration;8. John Keats-- “Ode on a Grecian Urn”; “Ode to a Nightingale”; “Ode to Autumn”; “Endymion”; “Isabella”--Appreciation: “Ode on a Greican Urn”: the powers and limitations of artVI The Victorian Literature (1832-1901) (Unit 13 and Unit 14)1. Authors and Works--William Makepeace Thackray: Vanity Fair--George Eliot: The Mill on the Floss; Silas Marner; Middlemarch; Adam Bede--Jane Austen: Pride and Prejudice: Emma; Sense and Sensibility; Mansfield Park--Thomas Hardy: Far from the Madding Crowd; Tess of the D’Urbervilles; Jude the Obscure; The Return of the Native; The Mayor of Casterbridge--Charlotte Bronte:Jane Eyre; Shirley;--Emily Bronte: Wuthering Heights--Oscar Wilde: The Importance of Being Earnest; A Woman of No Importance--Walter Scott: Ivanhoe;1.Bronte Sisters and the Female Gothic Tradition:--Female Gothic refers to the tradition of Gothic writing by women . . . that represents the female experience within domesticity as one of imprisonment, claustrophobia and terror.2.Appreciation:--Jane Eyre by Charolotte Bronte;--Wuthering Heights by Emily Bronte;3.Naturalism--Definition:Heredity and social environment as the sha ping forces of one‟s character; to determine "scientifically" the underlying forces influencing the actions of the characters.pessimism; fatalism; detached perspective;--Appreciation: “Tess of D‟Urbervilles” by Thomas Hardy4.Aestheticism--Oscar Wilde4. Charles Dickens:--Oliver Twist; David Copperfield; A Tale of Two Cities; Hard Times; Great Expectations; The Pickwick Papers; Little Dorrit5. Poets--Alfred Tennyson: “Break, Break, Break”--Robert Browning: “My Last Duchess” (dramatic monologue)--Mathew Arnold: “Dover Beach” (Appreciation)6.Thomas Hardy--“Shakespeare of the English novel.”--novels of character and environment: Far from the Madding Crowd; Tess of the D’Urbervilles;Jude the Obscure--fatalism;--naturalistic tendencies;7. George Bernard Shaw--the greatest Irish dramatist in the 20th c.--a member of the Fabian society; reformist ideas--Plays: Mrs. Warren’s Profession; Major Barbara8. John Galsworthy--The Forsyte Saga: The Man of Property, In Chancery, and To Let.--Analysis: The Man of PropertyVII. The Modern Period (Unit 15)1. Modernism:--theorectical basis;--innovative forms;--thematic concerns;3. Steam of consciousness novel:--Bergson‟s theory of ps ychological time;--Definition:The style of writing that attempts to imitate the natural flow of a character‟s thoughts, feelings, reflections, memories, and mental images as the character experiences them.--Virginia Woolf and James Joyce4. Virginia Woolf--“Modern Fiction” (attacked the traditional way of novel-writing)--Mrs. Dalloway; To the Lighthouse; The Waves--Mrs. Dalloway: appreciation5. James Joyce--an Irish writer;--Dubliners, A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, Ulysses--Ulysses (Theme, techniques)6. Psychological Fiction--Freudian‟s theories;--D. H. Lawrence: Sons and Lovers; The Rainbow; Women in Love; Lady Chatterley’s Lover--Sons and Lovers: appreciation7. Other important writers:--E. M. Forster: A Passage to India; A Room with a View; Where Angels Fear to Tread; Howards End;--William Golding: Lord of the Flies;--Joseph Conrad: Heart of Darkness; Lord Jim;VIII. Postwar Literature (Unit 16)1.Existentialism--“Existence precedes essence”--Theme;2. Theatre of the Absurd--Samuel Beckett: Nobel prize--Harold Pinter: Nobel Prize--Definition--Waiting for Godot (Beckett):3. Angry Y oung Man:--mid-1950s;--John Osborne: Look Back in Anger4. Metafiction:--definition:--John Fowles: The French L ieutenant’s Woman5. Symbolism:--definiton;--T. S. Eliot: “The Waste Land” (spiritiual empitness and emotional impoverishment)--William Butler Y eats: “Sailing to Byzantium”;（Appreciation）“The Second Coming”; “Leda and the Swan”;。
英国文学史笔记学习资料
英国文学史简介英国文学史简介楼主一、中世纪文学（约5世纪-1485）英国最初的文学同其他国家最初的文学一样，不是书面的，而是口头的。
故事与传说口头流传，并在讲述中不断得到加工、扩展，最后才有写本。
公元5世纪中叶，盎格鲁、撒克逊、朱特三个日耳曼部落开始从丹麦以及现在的荷兰一带地区迁入不列颠。
盎格鲁-撒克逊时代给我们留下的古英语文学作品中，最重要的一部是《贝奥武甫》（beowulf），它被认为是英国的民族史诗。
《贝奥武甫》讲述主人公贝尔武甫斩妖除魔、与火龙搏斗的故事，具有神话传奇色彩。
这部作品取材于日耳曼民间传说，随盎格鲁-撒克逊人入侵传入今天的英国，现在我们所看到的诗是8世纪初由英格兰诗人写定的，当时，不列颠正处于从中世纪异教社会向以基督教文化为主导的新型社会过渡的时期。
因此，《贝奥武甫》也反映了7、8世纪不列颠的生活风貌，呈现出新旧生活方式的混合，兼有氏族时期的英雄主义和封建时期的理想，体现了非基督教日耳曼文化和基督教文化两种不同的传统。
二、文艺复兴时期文学（15世纪后期-17世纪初）相对于欧洲其他国家来说，英国的文艺复兴起始较晚，通常认为是在15世纪末。
文艺复兴时期形成的思想体系被称为人文主义，它主张以人为本，反对中世纪以神为中心的世界观，提倡积极进取、享受现世欢乐的生活理想。
托马斯·莫尔（Thomas more， 1478-1535）是英国最主要的早期人文主义者，他的《乌托邦》（utopia）批评了当时的英国和欧洲社会，设计了一个社会平等、财产公有、人们和谐相处的理想国。
utopia现已成为空想主义的代名词，但乌托邦是作者对当时社会状况进行严肃思考的结果。
《乌托邦》开创了英国哲理幻想小说传统的先河，这一传统从培根的《新大西岛》（the new Atlantis）、斯威夫特的《格列佛游记》（gulliver's travels）、勃特勒的《埃瑞璜》（erewhon）一直延续到20世纪的科幻小说。
(完整word版)最全面英国文学史知识点总结
英国文学史I. Old English Literature & The Late Medieval Ages<Beowulf>贝奥武夫:the national epic of the Anglo-SaxonsEpic: long narrative poems that record the adventures or heroic deeds of a hero enacted in vast landscapes. The style of epic is grand and elevated.Artistic features:1. Using alliterationDefinition of alliteration: a rhetorical device, meaning some words in a sentence begin with the same consonant sound（头韵）Some examples on P52. Using metaphor and understatementDefinition of understatement: expressing something in a controlled way Understatement is a typical way for Englishmen to express their ideasGeoffery Chaucer 杰弗里·乔叟1340~1400(首创“双韵体”，英国文学史上首先用伦敦方言写作。
约翰·德莱顿（John Dryden）称其为“英国诗歌之父”。
代表作《坎特伯雷故事集》。
)The father of English poetry.writing style: wisdom, humor, humanity.①<The Canterbury Tales>坎特伯雷故事集：first time to use ‘heroic couplet’(双韵体) by middle English②<Troilus and Criseyde>特罗伊拉斯和克莱希德③<The House of Fame>声誉之宫Medieval Ages’popular Literary form: Romance(传奇故事)Famous three：King ArthurSir Gawain and the Green KnightBeowulfII The Renaissance PeriodA period of drama and poetry. The Elizabethan drama is the real mainstream of the English Renaissance.Renaissance: the activity, spirit, or time of the great revival of art, literature, and learning in Europe beginning in the 14th century and extending to the 17th century, marking the transition from the medieval to the modern world.Three historical events of the Renaissance – rebirth or revival:1. new discoveries in geography and astrology2. the religious reformation and economic expansion3. rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek cultureThe most famous dramatists:Christopher MarloweWilliam ShakespeareBen Johnson.1. Edmund Spenser埃德蒙·斯宾塞1552~1599（后人称之为“诗人的诗人”。
英国文学史知识点
一、The Anglo-Saxon period 449-10661、这个时期的文学作品分类： pagan异教徒 Christian基督徒2、代表作： The Song of Beowulf 贝奥武甫 national epic 民族史诗采用了隐喻手法3、Alliteration 押头韵写作手法例子： of man was the mildest and most beloved;To his kin the kindest; keenest for praise.二、The Anglo-Norman period 1066-1350Canto 诗章1、romance 传奇文学2、代表作： Sir Gawain and the Green Knight 高文爵士和绿衣骑士是一首押头韵的长诗三、Geoffrey Chaucer 1340-1400 杰弗里.乔叟时期1、the father of English poetry 英国诗歌之父2、heroic couplet 英雄双韵体：a verse unit consisting of two rhymed 押韵 lines in iambic pentameter五步抑扬格3、代表作：the Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷的故事英国文学史的开端大致内容：the pilgrims are people from various parts of England; representatives of various walks of life and social groups.朝圣者都是来自英国的各地的人;代表着社会的各个不同阶层和社会团体小说特点：each of the narrators tells his tale in a peculiar manner; thus revealing his own views and character.这些叙述者以自己特色的方式讲述自己的故事;无形中表明了各自的观点;展示了各自的性格..小说观点：he believes in the right of man to earthly happiness. He is anxious to see man freed from superstitions迷信 and a blind belief in fate盲目地相信命运.他希望人们能从迷信和对命运的盲从中解脱出来..4、Popular Ballads 大众民谣：a story hold in 4-line stanzas with second and fourth line rhymed笔记Ballads are anonymous narrative songs that have been preserved by oral transmission书上.歌谣是匿名叙事歌曲;一直保存着口头传播的方式代表人物：Bishop Thomas Percy 托马斯.帕希主教代表作：Robin Hood and Allin-a-Dale 罗宾汉和阿林代尔四、The Renaissance 16世纪文艺复兴时期Greek and Roman 戏剧 drama 诗章 cantoThe term Renaissance originally indicated a revival of classical Greek and Roman arts and sciences.文艺复兴最初是指经典艺术和科学在英国的复兴..The epoch of Renaissance witnessed a particular development of English drama文艺复兴时期的英国戏剧也得到了迅速的发展..1、key work: humanism 人文主义： admire human beauty and human achievement2、代表人物：1、Thomas More 托马斯.莫尔 Utopia 乌托邦2、Francis Bacon 弗朗西斯.培根第一个散文家essayist3、Thomas Wyatt 托马斯.怀亚特引入十四行诗的第一人sonnet十四行诗： form of poetry intricately rhymed间隔押韵 in 14 lines iambic pentameter4、Edmund Spenser 埃德蒙.斯宾塞poet’s poet诗人中的诗人 The Fairy Queen仙后epic poem 史诗5、Christopher Marlowe 克里斯托弗.马洛blank verse无韵体：不押韵的五步抑扬格是十六世纪英国戏剧的主要表现形式..6、William Shakespeare 威廉姆.莎士比亚戏剧 drama四大悲剧：Hamlet哈姆雷五、the period of Revolution and Restoration 17世纪资产阶级革命与王权复辟prose 散文1、文学特点：the Puritans清教徒 believed in simplicity of life、disapproved of the sonnets and the love poetry、breaking up of old ideals.清教徒崇尚俭朴的生活、拒绝十四行诗和爱情诗、与旧思想脱离..2、代表人物：1、John Donne 约翰.多恩“metaphysical”poets 玄学派诗人的代表人物sonnet 十四行诗 Death be not proud笔记作品特点：①strike the reader in Donne’s extraordinary frankness and penetrating realism.坦诚的态度和现实描绘② novelty of subject matter and point新颖的题材和视角③ novelty of its form.新颖的形式2、John Milton 约翰.弥尔顿 a great poet 诗人 poem 诗歌 blank verseDefense for the English People为英国人辩护Paradise Lost失乐园“Satan is not a villain”撒旦不是坏人Paradise Regained复乐园、John Bunyan 约翰.拜扬a great prose writer “give us the only great allegory寓言”Pilgrim’s Progress天路历程 prose 散文该书采用的写作手法“written in the old-fashioned旧体形式; medieval form of allegory比喻and dream”六、The Age of Enlightenment 18世纪启蒙运动prose 散文1、Emphasized formality or correctness of style; to write prose like Addison; or verse like Pope. 特;Othello奥赛罗;King Lear李尔王;The Tragedy of Macbeth麦克白强调正确的格式和写作规范;像艾迪生一样创作散文;和蒲柏一样创作诗歌..The Enlightenment was an expression of struggle of the then progressive class of bourgeoisie against feudalism.启蒙运动实际上是当时先进的资产阶级同落后的封建主义斗争的一种形式..The enlighteners repudiate the false religious doctrines about the viciousness of human nature; and prove that man is born kind and honest; and if he becomes depraved; it is only due to the influence of corrupted social environment.启蒙主义者颠覆了宗教所宣扬的人类本恶的观点；论证了人生诚实而友善;而腐化堕落则是后天腐败的社会环境所致..Contrary to all reasoning; social injustice still held strong; found the power of reason to be insufficient; and therefore appealed to sentiment as a means of achieving happiness and social justice. 无论怎样讲究理性;社会不平等现象仍然普遍存在;理性的力量明显不足..因此呼吁把情感的诉求作为一种谋求幸福和社会公平的手段..2、18th century 文学的三个方面：Classicism古典主义、revival of romantic poetry新兴的浪漫主义诗歌、beginnings of the modern novel刚启萌的现代派小说3、代表人物：1、Daniel Defoe 丹尼尔.笛福 realistic novel 现实主义小说Novel：Robinson Crusoe鲁宾逊漂流记 Jonathan Wild乔纳森.威尔德Moll Flanders摩尔.弗兰德斯2、Henry Fielding 亨利.菲尔丁 father of modern fiction现代小说之父Joseph Andrews约瑟夫.安德鲁斯受到了理查森的帕美勒的启发作家之间的不同：Richardson ——no humor; minces words; moralizes. 不幽默;咬文嚼字;说教Fielding —— direct; vigorous; hilarious; and coarse to the point of vulgarity;full of animal spirits; tells the story of a vagabond life 语言直接、生动、欢快、粗糙;甚至有点俗;精神焕发;讲述流浪者的故事..The History of Tom Jones; a foundling弃婴汤姆.琼斯的故事 the best novel of him3、Jonathan Swift 乔纳森.斯威夫特Gulliver’s Travels格列佛游记 novel 反讽作品特点：no visible sign of anger; nor raising the voice; the tone is cold; restrained; ironic; varied only by some flashes of fooling when Swift’s sense of the ridiculour gets the better of him.努不动颜;骂不扬声;语调冷酷;锋芒暗藏;讽刺辛辣;仅在讽喻之情难以抑制时才偶露揶揄之态..A Modest Proposal一个温和的建议4、Samuel Richardson 塞缪尔.理查森Pamela帕美勒 The method of psychological analysis 心理分析的方法In the form of letters 书信体小说5、Richard B. Sheridan 理查德.B.谢尔丹School for Scandal造谣学校;喜剧 comedy6、Oliver Goldsmith’s 奥利佛.哥尔德斯密斯散文作家 essayist The Vicar of Wakefield威克菲尔德的牧师;小说 novelShe Stoops to Conquer委曲求全;欢乐喜剧 rollicking comedyThe Deserted Village荒村;诗歌 poems4、Sentimentalism 感伤主义 no belief 没有信仰The representatives of sentimentalism continued to struggle against feudalism but they vaguely sensed at the same time the contradictions of bourgeois progress that brought with it enslavement and ruin to the people.感伤主义的代表人物在继续反对封建主义的同时又模糊的感觉到资本主义进程中出现的种种矛盾;感觉到资本主义制度对人性的奴役和破坏..代表人物：Thomas Gray 托马斯.格雷 Elegy; Written in a Country Churchyard墓园挽歌七、the Romantic Period 1798-1832浪漫主义散文 prose1、前浪漫主义代表人物：William Blake 威廉.布莱克诗人 poet Robert Burns 罗伯特.彭斯苏格兰诗人 poetPre-Romanticism was greatly influenced by the Industrial Revolution and the French Revolution前浪漫主义极大地影响了工业革命和法国大革命..2、教育意义Educational：liberty; equality and fraternity 自由;平等;博爱3、开始的标志：beginning with the publication of William Wordsworth’s Lyrical Ballads从威廉.华兹华斯发表的"抒情歌谣"开始4、lake poets湖畔诗人：Coleridge Southey Wordsworth5、代表人物： 1、William Wordsworth 威廉.华兹华斯 poet-laureate 桂冠诗人The Prelude序曲自传性诗歌Autobiographical poetry作品特点：simplicity and purity of the language; fighting against the conventional forms of the 18th century poetry简单而纯洁的语言;反传统形式的18世纪诗歌2、Lord Byron 拜伦Childe Harold Pilgrimage查尔德哈罗德游记cantos 诗章成名作 Don Juan唐璜 poem 诗 satiric masterpiece 讽刺的杰作 Hours of Idleness闲散时刻 poem 诗 the first volume of poem 首卷诗3、Percy Bysshe Shelley 雪莱 Prometheus Unbound解放的普罗米修斯 drama 戏剧 Ode to the West Wind西风颂 poem 诗4、John Keats 济慈 poet 诗人 The Eve of St. Agnes圣阿格良斯之夜 poem On a Greeian Urn希腊古瓮颂 poem To a Nightingale致夜莺poem “Beauty is truth; truth beauty”美学原则5、Walter Scott 沃特.斯科特 He is the creator and a great master of the historical novel. 他是创造者和历史小说大师6、Jane Austen 简.奥斯丁女Pride and Prejudice傲慢与偏见 Sense and Sensibility理智与情感Emma爱玛写作特点：the love-making of her young people; though serious and sympathetic; is subdued by humor to the ordinary plane of emotion on which most of us live. She was the founder of the novel which deals with unimportant middleclass people. 她是中产阶级小说的发起人..7、Charles Lamb 查尔斯.兰伯 essayist散文家6、十九世纪散文的特点：In the first of these two periods Addison and Steele socialized the essay; so to speak; they brought it into everyday life and made it familiar and delightful to the multitude.在这两个时期的开始;艾迪生和斯蒂尔的社会散文把散文带入日常生活;并使其熟悉和并令人愉快..Early in the nineteenth century it became more definitely a means of intimate self-expression.在十九世纪前期;散文变得对自我的表达越来越肯定八、Critical Realism 批判现实主义 ;Victorian Period 维多利亚时期 humanism 人文主义1、意义：Chartism signified the first great political movement of the proletariat in English history.在英国的历史中;宪章运动是伟大的无产阶级政治运动..2、代表人物：1、Charles Dickens 狄更斯 Hard Times艰难时刻Pickwick Papers匹克威克外传 Oliver Twist雾都孤儿 A Tale of Two Cities双城记描述了法国大革命French Revolution特点：describing the misery and sufferings of common people.描述苦难和苦难的群众..2、Charlotte Bronte 夏洛特.勃郎特女 Shirley雪利 Jane Eyre简.爱Emily Bronte 艾米丽.勃郎特Wuthering Heights呼啸山庄主人公：Mr. Heathcliff特点：brought to the novel an introspection and anintense concentration on the inner life of emotion which before them had been the province of poetry alone.3、Mrs. Gaskell Mary Barton; North and South玛丽.巴顿;北方和南方4、William Makepeace Thackeray Vanity Fair名利场— this title was borrowed by Thackeray from The Pilgrim’s Progress by Bunyan. Thackeray draws a broad panorama of social life in his novel; ruthlessly criticizing money worship; cruelty and unscrupulousness. 在他的小说中描绘了广阔的社会生活;无情抨击了残酷和不择手段的拜金主义人物：Rebecca Sharp — a perfect embodiment of the spirit of Vanity Fair as her only aspiration in life is to gain wealth and position by and means.唯一的愿望人生就是在名利场中;完美的获取财富和地位的手段.. 特点： novels mainly contain a satirical portrayal of the upper strata of society..小说是一个含有讽刺意味的上流社会写照..5、George Eliot 乔治.艾略特女 Adam Bedenovel The mill on the flossMiddlemarch Her preoccupation was always with the serious consideration of the moral position of the individual in the universe; but her psychological insight into the development of character.她最认真考虑的是个人的道德立场;但是她的心洞察了个性的发展.. 特点：the significance of G. Eliot’s work lies in theportrayal of the pettiness and stagnancy of English provincial life 艾略特写作的意义在于琐碎的描绘和英国生活的停滞..3、桂冠诗人poet-laureate：1、Alfred Tennyson 2、Robert Browning My last duchess已故的公爵夫人 Jealousy嫉妒 Stingy小气贡献：Dramatic monologues 戏剧独白 dramatic lyrics 戏剧抒情诗dramatic romances 戏剧传奇九、The transition from 19th to 20th century in English literature 19到20世纪英国文学的过渡期1、Aestheticism 唯美主义“art for art’s sake” 为艺术而艺术2、代表人物..1、Thomas Hardy 悲观主义者Pessimists Tess of the D’Urbervilles 苔丝 Jude the obscure裘德 novel 特点：His career is thus divided sharply between his Victorian novels and his post-Victorian poetry. 他的生涯就是他的小说和他的后维多利亚诗歌之间的尖锐分歧..2、Oscar Wilde “art for art’s sake” 为艺术而艺术3、George Bernard Shaw 剧作家playwright Mrs. Warren’s profession华莱夫人的职业4、D. H. Lawrence Lady Chatterley’s Lover查泰莱夫人的情人 The Rainbow彩虹 Sons and lovers儿子与情人3、“stream of consciousness”意识流代表人物：1、Virginia Woolf Mrs. Dalloway A Room of One’s Own Woolf was much c oncerned with the position of women. 非常重视妇女的地位 2、James Joyce Ulysses。
英国文学简史重点汇总及简答题（完整）
英国⽂学简史重点汇总及简答题（完整）英国⽂学简史Conquests & InfluencesA. Early period: The Roman conquest(1) The Roman civilization 罗马⽂明(2) Christianity 基督教(3) Flouring (兴旺) of towns along military roadsB. The English conquest:(1) Three tribes : the Angles, Saxons and Jutes(2) Tribal society-feudalism 社会封建制度C. Medieval period: The Danish and Norman conquest(1) The French-Speaking Normans under Duke William came in 1066(2) Establishment of feudalism 封建制度(3) French words came to EnglishD. Anglo-Saxon Poetry (499-1066)1.Anglo-Saxons: the ancestors of today’s Englishmen2.The beginning of history of English literature3.Features: Alliteration 头韵Rhymes metaphors押韵的⽐喻Understatements保守陈述4.The only great work: Beowulf【Beowulf】贝奥武夫( A folk song or poem )1. A national epic (史诗般的作品) of the English people.2. Pagan (异教徒的) poetry & No representative figure(没有代表性⼈物)3. A folk legend brought to England by Anglo-Saxon from Northern Europe.4. Praises man’s energy, intellect and love of life; and exposes the social vices. (社会的⿊暗⾯)Features of Beowulf: 1.Alliteration 2.Metaphors 隐喻3.UnderstatementsThe significance of Beowulf1.This glorious (辉煌的) epic presents us a vivid picture of the life of Anglo-Saxon people and highly praises the brave and courageous spirit of the fighting against the vices.2.The epic reflects the situations the pagan tribalism (部落⽂化) and of the era of the Christianized (基督教化) feudal society.3.The epic gives the vivid portrayal (写照) of a great national hero, strong andcourageous people and his kinfolk. (亲属)Feudal England1.The chief features of the society was division into two classes: Landlords and peasants. ( 地主和农民)2.The peasants’ rising shook the feudal system in England to the root.The Romance1.The code of manners and morals of a knight is known as chivalry (骑⼠精神).2.The English versions of romances were translated from French or Latin.3.The romance of King Arthur is the most important for the history of English literature.4.The romance’s culmination (顶点) in 《Sir Gawain and the Green Knight》国王与他的圆桌骑⼠(metrical romance )5.The romance’s summing up in （托马斯·马洛⾥）Tho mas Malory’s《Le Morte D’Arthur》亚瑟王之死(in English prose散⽂)6.《Le Morte D’ Arthur》is a collection of stories about King Arthur, and translated from French by Sir Thomas Malory.【Langland】朗格兰《Piers the plowman》农民⽪尔斯written by William Langland shows the existence of English popular literature.The English Ballads 英国民谣Ballad：a story told in song, usually in four-line stanzas, with the second and fourth lines rhymed. （The most important department of English folk literature is the ballad.）The various ballads of Robin Hood(罗宾汉) are gathered into a collection called: The Geste of Robin Hood 罗宾汉事迹【Chaucer】乔叟（the founder of English poetry）The three periods of C haucer’s career1. Works translated from French, as《The Romaunt of the Rose》玫瑰传奇2. Works adapted from the Italian, as《Troilus and Criseyde》特洛伊罗斯与克丽西达3.《The Canterbury Tales》坎特伯雷故事集which is purely EnglishThe Canterbury Tales’ Social Significance1. A true-to-life picture of Chaucer’s time2. Taking the stand of the rising bourgeoisie资产阶级, Chaucer affirms men’s rights to pursue their earthly happiness and opposes the dogma of asceticism preached by the church3. As a forerunner先驱者of humanism, he pr aises man’s energy, intellect and love of life4. Attack social evils of his timeChaucer’s Language，now called Middle English, is vivid and exact. He is a master of world-pictures. His verse (诗) is among the smoothest in English. There are pages where, in spite of trifling (微不⾜道的) differences in spelling and grammar, hardly a single word will offer difficulties to a man of tolerable (可容忍的) readingin modern English.Chaucer’s Contribution1. He introduced heroic couplet to English poetry, instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse.2. He was the first great poet who wrote in English language (Middle English) , thus establishing English as the literary language.3. He did much in making the London dialect the foundation for modern English language.名词解释1．Alliteration is regular repetition of the same sounds---usu. Initial consonants of words or of stressed syllables----in Old and Middle English verse:’ Kindest to kinsmen and keenest for fame’ in Beowulf Alliteration is also known as ‘initial rhyme’or‘head rhyme’.2．Epic史诗is a long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated.3．Ballad : a story told in song, usually in four-line stanzas, with the second and fourth lines rhymed.4．Heroic Couplet：A traditional form for English poetry: it reflects to rhymed iambic pentameter lines in pairs. Use of the heroic couplet was first pioneered by Geoffrey Chaucer in the Canterbury Tales.Part two：Old English in Transition (P27)1.The New Monarchy 新君主制（the Tudor dynasty, a centralized monarchy 都铎王朝：君主集中制）2.The Reformation(the Protestant Reformation 新教改⾰；宗教⽂化精神改⾰)3. The English Bible：Then appeared the Authorized Version, which was made in 1611 under the auspices of James Ⅰ and so was sometimes called the King James Bible. (The result is a monument (不朽的作品) of English language and English literature.)3. The Enclosure Movement (圈地运动)4. The Renaissance (⽂艺复兴) and Humanism （⼈道主义）(1). The Renaissance: an intellectual movement sprang first in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe.(2). People had a thirsting curiosity好奇⼼for the classical literature.(3) People showed the keen interest in the activities of humanity.(4). People ceased to look upon themselves as living only for God and a future world.5. Humanism is the essence（本质）of the Renaissance.A. The Renaissance, therefore, is a history period in which the Europe humanist thinkers and scholars tried to get rid of those old feudalistic ideas in Medieval Europe, to introduce new ideas that express the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, and to recover the purity of the early church from the corruption of the Roman catholic church.B. Humanism(1).Humanism emphasized the dignity and potential of the individual and theworth of life in this world.(2) .Man is the measure of all things.(3) .Man has ability to perfect themselves, to develop the individual.(4) .Man should enjoy the present life.【Thomas More】托马斯·莫尔1.《Utopia》is More’s masterpiece, written in the form of a conversation （dialogue）between More and Hythloday, a returned voyager (航海者).2. The name ‘Utopia’ comes from two Greek words meaning ‘no place’ and was adopted by More as the name of his ideal commonwealth.The Flowering of English Literature （P38Drama and Prose 散⽂)【Sir Philip Sidney】西德尼Sir Philip Sidney is well-known as a poet and critic of poetry.His collection of love sonnets (⼗四⾏诗),《Astrophel and Stella》1591爱星者与星星, His《Apology for Poetry》为诗辩护is one of the earliest English literary essays. It“the school of abuse.”【Edmund Spenser】斯宾塞( The Poet’s Poet of the period )The Shepheardes Calendar 《牧⽺⼈⽇历》1579Spenser’s greatest work, The Faerie Queene 《荣光⼥王》/《仙后》It is an allegorical work（寓⾔作品）dedicated to Queen Elizabeth Ⅰ.Spenserian stanza 斯宾塞诗节：A nine-line stanza of 8 lines in iambic pentameter plus an iambic hexameter 6-foot line. ⼀共九⾏诗，前⼋⾏⾏扬格五步⾳，第九⾏抑格六步⾳（abab baba c）Spenser’s position in English literature : Spenser has held his position as a model of poetical art among the Renaissance English poets, and his influence can betraced in the works of Milton, Shelley and Keats.【Francis Bacon】培根（famous for his Essays；Of Studies随笔集）The founder of English materialist philosophy. 唯物主义哲学1)his inductive method of reasoning and learning(归纳推理法) proved to be seminaland critically important to the development of modern science and the progress of humankind2)his thought system represented the beginnings of materialism in Englishphilosophy（英国唯物主义哲学）Bacon was the founder of modern science in England.The English version of his part forms his《Advancement of Learning》学问的发展.Then followed his《New Instrument》新⼯具论.A wide variety of subjects: love, truth, friendship, studies, youth and many others.作品⽂风：Clearness, brevity and forceEnglish Drama : the miracles（神迹剧）—the morality（道德剧）—the interlude （幕间剧）—the classical dramaThere was a group of so-called “university wits”⼤学才⼦（Lyly，Peele，Marlowe，Greene，Lodge and Nash）who wrote for the stage of the time.【Marlowe】马洛：the most gifted of the “university wits”works:《Tamburlaine》帖⽊⽿⼤帝《The Jew of Malta》马⽿他岛的犹太⼈《Doctor Faustus》浮⼠德博⼠（Marlowe’s masterpiece）Marlowe was the greatest of the pioneers（拓荒者）of English drama.Marlowe first made blank verse（留⽩：对莎⼠⽐亚影响重⼤）the principal medium of English drama.P55【William Shakespeare】Drama:37四⼤悲剧Great tragedies:《》麦克⽩《King Lear》李尔王《Othello》奥赛罗四⼤喜剧Great comedies: 《A Midsummer Night’s Dream》仲夏夜之梦《The Merchant of Venice》威尼斯商⼈(“grave comedy”) 《As You Like It》皆⼤欢喜《Twelfth Night》第⼗⼆夜In Sonnet 18, he eulogizes the power of artistic creation Blank verse is the principal form of his dramasShakespeare’s sonnets, 154 in total, were first published as a collection in 1609 The Shakespearean or English sonnet rhymed “abab cdcd efef gg”Themes: love、Beauty、mortality、the effects of timeStyle: grace in form, depth in thought, and vivacity in toneFeatures of Shakespeare’s Drama:(1)Shakespeare is one of the founders of realism in world literature.(2)Shakespeare was a great master of the English language.(3)Shakespeare was skilled in many poetic forms：the song, the sonnet, the couple, and the dramatic blank verse.(4)Shakespeare’s dramatic creation often used the method of adaptation.(5)Shakespeare’s long experience with the stage and his intimate knowledge of dramatic art thus acquired make him a master hand for playwriting.评价：1.Shakespeare has been universally acknowledged to be the summit of the English Renaissance, and one of the greatest playwright or poet in the whole world.2.All English writers of any importance cannot escape from Shakespeare’sinfluence.(影响单⼀：⽂艺复兴)【Ben Jonson】本·琼森（他的去世标志着伊丽莎⽩时代的结束）he was the last great Elizabethan and probably the first poet laureate（桂冠诗⼈）and the first literary dictator（⽂学泰⽃）in English history.Roman Tragedies:Sejanus 《席阶纳斯》Cateline 《克蒂琳》Comedies:Every Man in His Humor《个性互异》V olpone, or the Fox 《福尔彭奈，或狐狸》The Alchemist 《炼⾦术⼠》Bartholomew Fair 《巴梭罗缪市集》his reputation as a playwright was established by the success of his first comedy,Every Man in His Humour《个性互异》Jonson’s comedies are “comedies of humours”幽默的喜剧（behaviour, thoughts and manner of speech）In 1616 he published his Works《作品》, the complete collection of his poetrybring the classic form of the tree unities——unity of action, unity of time, andunity of place——back to the stage（把古典的三⼀原则——情节⼀致，时间⼀致和地点⼀致带回舞台）the heroic couplet（英雄双韵体）that he used in the poem was to become atyrannical bogue in the next century, and his emphasis on “nature” the basicprinciple in 18th century literary criticism【King James’ Bible】(最终形成于3世纪初)1)consists of 2 parts: the Old Testament and the New Testament旧约和新约2)The Old Testament: history and religious beliefs of the Jews3)The New Testament: the life of Jesus Christ and the birth and the growth of theChristian faith (创世)4）the authorized bible came into being in 1611【The 17th Century】basic features of the literature of the period:Seek certainty and intellectual harmony on the one hand, and to address thequestion of values through violence and sexualityThe main literary form of the early 17th century was poetry.P116【John Donne】约翰邓恩Metaphysical Poetry/Poe t ⽞学派诗歌/诗⼈Basic features: wit or conceit巧智&奇思妙喻The Flea《跳蚤》Valediction: Forbidden Mourning 《告别》The novelty consists in the comparison of two separate lovers to the legs of acompass圆规【John Milton】约翰弥尔顿The third greatest English poet after Chaucer and Shakespeare, and the greatest to come out of the 17th century.His life can be roughly divided into three phrases:1）The early phase of reading and lyric writing 抒情2）The middle phrase of service in the Puritan Revolution （清教）andpamphleteering（⼩册⼦）for it3）The last phrase of epic writing史诗( the greatest)作品：Two influential writings in Latin:In Denfense of the British People《为英国⼈民辩护》More in Defense of the British People《再为英国⼈民辩护》Paradise Lost《失乐园》：religious work, blank verse；One notable feature of the epic is evident ambiguity in the poet’s attitude toward God, the devil, and man.Samson Agonistes《⼒⼠参孙》：Verse drama, can be seen as objectifying（物化）the poet’s own unflinching spirit ；Samson is Milton.Lycidas《利西达斯》【John Dryden】约翰德莱顿：第⼀位新古典主义作家He was notorious for his frequent face-about in face of the changing politicalclimate of his day.In historical retrospect, Dryden is remembered for 2 things he did admirablywell for his country’s literature.His successful effort to prune the Elizabethan language of its formless exuberance and turn it into a cool, lucid, plain and natural medium for English writing.He was the first Neoclassic writer in English literary history.第⼀位新古典主义作家He made the heroic couplet(英雄双韵体)almost the one poetic medium acceptable for poetry.English literary criticism英语⽂学批评：The father of English criticismH is tragedy All for Love deals with the same story as William Shakespeare’sAntony and Cleopatra.【John Bunyan】约翰班扬When he was in prison he wrote--The Pilgrim’s Progress.《天路历程》is areligious allegory. 宗教寓⾔The Celestial City in The Pilgrim’s Progress is the vision of an ideal happy society dreamed by a poor tinker in the 17th century, through a veil of religious mist.One of the most remarkable passages is that in which Vanity Fair.名利场It is popular speech ennobled by the solemn dignity and simplicity of the language of the English Bible. 《天路历程》被称为“英国⼈的圣经”Chapter 6P127【Neo-classicism】新古典主义：18世纪中期到19世纪盛⾏【Alexander Pope】亚历⼭⼤蒲柏Essay on Criticism《论批评》The Rape Of the Lock 《卷发遇劫记》：Mock epic讽刺史诗: of five cantos about “a Homeric struggle of the tea cups”Essay on Men《⼈论》An Epistle to Dr.Arbuthnot《致阿布斯诺医⽣书》The Dunciad《群愚史诗》P178【Richard Brinsley Sheridan】谢⽴丹：He is considered to be the only important English dramatist of the 18th century.作品：The Rivals《情敌》The School for Scandal《造谣学校》:a great comedy of mannersa great comedy of manners (风俗喜剧)【Romanticism】浪漫主义P195【William Blake】布莱克pre-romantic writerHis major works, Songs of Innocence《天真之歌》and Songs of Experience《经验之歌》are his voluminous prophetic and mystical writings.天真：The Little Black Boy and The Chimney Sweeper扫烟囱的孩⼦经验：A Little Boy Lost and The Tiger ⽼虎【Robert Burns】罗伯特·彭斯pre-romantic writer （regard as the national ofScotland）His Poems : Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect 《苏格兰⽅⾔诗集》Numerous are Burn’s songs of love and friendship ：A Red, Red RoseMain Works：“John Anderson, my Jo ”约翰.安德⽣，我的爱⼈The Tree of Liberty ⾃由树A Red Red Rose⼀朵红红的玫瑰Auld Lang Syne 友谊地久天长My Heart's in the Highland 我的⼼在⾼原P138【Jonathan Swift】乔纳森斯威夫特1) one of the realist writers.2) expresses democratic ideas in his works.3 ) one of the greatest masters of English prose.The Battle of the Books《书战》A Tale of a Tub 《⼀只⽊桶的故事》, one of his greatest satires Pamphlets: The Drapier’s Letters 《布商来信》A Modest Proposal 《⼀个温和的建议》Gulliver’s T ravels 《格列夫游记》：the novel is a bitter satire and harsh criticism of all aspects in the then English and European life philosophically, socially, politically, scientifically, religiously, and morally.Swift: a man intensively critical of his fault, and believing in progress and the goodness of human nature and all the 18th century values.Swif t is one of the greatest masters of English prose. His language is simple, clear and vigorous.P146【Daniel Defoe】丹尼尔·笛福Pamphleteer 政治宣传册作家Defoe was a kind of jack-of –all-trades. 多才多艺He was a radical nonconformist (不信奉国教的⼈) in religion.His works：Robinson Crusoe《鲁滨孙漂流记》, Captain Singleton , Moll Flanders and Colonel Jacque (adventure)P153【Samuel Richardson】查理孙epistolary novel 书信体⼩说Pamela《帕梅拉》became a “best-seller” of the day .Clarissa is the best of Richardson’s novel.His main achievement as a novelist lies in his technique to show characters as personalities, thinking and feeling for themselves.P156【Henry Fielding】亨利菲尔丁“Father of the English realistic novel”He was the first to give the modern novel its structure and genre (style). Joseph Andrews 《约瑟夫安德鲁斯》The History of Jonathan Wild the Great《伟⼤的乔纳森·王尔德》Tom Jones the Founding《弃⼉汤姆琼斯》H e n r y F i e l d i n g’s m e t h o d o f r e l a t i n g a s t o r y i s t e l l i n g t h e s t o r y d i r e c t l y b y t h ea u t h o r.S a t i r e ab o u n d s e v e r y w h e r e i n h i s w o r k.Fielding is a master of style. His style is easy, smooth and familiar, but extremely vivid and vigorous.P128【Addison and Steele】The two names linked together because of their life-long friendship and the partnership in literary career.Steele and The Tatler闲谈者Addison and The Spectator旁观者1)They give a true picture of the social life of England in the 18th century. Intheir hands, English essay has completely established itself as a literature genre.2)Literary Term: Free EssayP265【Scott】司各特W a l t e r S c o t t was a prolific Scottish historical novelist and poet popular throughout Europe during his time. Many of his works remain classics of both English-language literature and of Scottish literature.O n t h e h i s t o r y o f S c o t l a n dWaverleyOld MortalityRob RoyThe Heart of MidlothianO n E n g l i s h h i s t o r yIvanhoeO n t h e h i s t o r y o f F r a n c e a n d o t h e r E u r o p e a n c o u n t r i e sQuentin DurwardP244【Keats】济慈His aesthetic theory of “negative capability”Main Works：Poems，《诗集》，his first book.Five long poemsEndymion,《恩底弥翁》his first long poemIsabella《伊莎贝拉》The Pot of Basil芳⾹的草本植物The Eve of St. Agnes《圣·爱格尼斯节前⼣》Lamia 《莱⽶亚》Hyperion 《赫坡⾥昂》Ode on a Grecian Urn 希腊古瓮颂Ode To A Nightingale 夜莺颂Ode to Autumn 秋颂Ode on Melancholy 忧郁颂Ode to Psyche ⼼灵颂Ode on Indolence 懒惰颂【Shelley】雪莱Shelley is one of the greatest English lyrical poets. He expresses his love for freedom and his hatred towards tyranny. Shelley is one of the most important dramatists of English Romanticism. His greatest achievement in theater lies in his poetic drama Prometheus Unbound.His Works：Ode to the West Wind西风颂To a Skylark云雀颂The Cloud云Prometheus Unbound 《解放了的普罗⽶修斯》Queen Mab 麦布⼥王The Masque of Anarchy 《专治魔王的化装游⾏》The Necessity of Atheism《⽆神论的重要性》A Defence of Poetry《诗辩》【Byron】拜伦Main Works：Don Juan（Byron’s masterpiece）《唐?璜》Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage《恰尔德?哈罗德游记》When We Two Parted 《昔⽇依依别》She walks in Beauty《她在美中⾏》Poetic Drama:ManfredCainThe Two FoscariOriental Tales：The GiaourThe CorsairLaraB y r o n i c H e r o：a proud revolutionary figure of noble origin, rising single handed against any kind of tyrannic rules in government or religion or moral society with unconquerable wills and inexhaustible energies.His hero is known as “Byronic Hero”, a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin. . For such a hero, the conflict is usually one of rebellious individual against outworn social systems and conventions.【Coleridge】柯勒律治In 1797 he began his friendship with Wordsworth. In 1798 they published The Lyrical Ballads.Demonic poems神祗诗The Rime of the Ancient Mariner《古⾈⼦吟》Kubla Khan 《忽必烈汗》ChristabelConversational poems 对话诗Frost at MorningDejection: An OdeEssaysBiographia Literaria ⽂学传记Lectures on Shakespeare.Coleridge is a great Romantic poet. His poetic imagination is unique. He is fond of unusual and supernatural things.【William Wordsworth】威廉·华兹华斯1)L y r i c a l B a l l a d s《抒情歌谣集》f o l l o w e d b y“T h e P r e f a c e t o t h e L y r i c a lB a l l a d s”—s e r v e d a s t h e m a n i f e s t o o f t h e E n g l i s h R o m a n t i c M o v e m e n t i n p o e t r y.2)f a m o u s s h o r t p o e m s：A b o u t n a t u r e：“I w o n d e r e d L o n e l y a s a C l o u d”“独⾃漫游似浮云”，o r“T h eD a f f o d i l s”“咏⽔仙”“I n t i m a t i o n o f I m m o r t a l i t y”“不朽颂”【George Eliot】(Victorian era)She is the author of seven novels, including Adam Bede, The Mill on the Floss , Silas Marner , Middlemarch , and Daniel Deronda , most of themset in provincial England and known for their realism and psychologicalinsight.【Thackeray】1.Thackeray was a representative of critical realists of the 19th century England2.Thackeray is a satirist. His satire is caustic(刻薄的，尖锐的) and hishumor subtle(精妙的).3.Thackeray is a moralist. His aim is to produce a moral impression in all hisnovels.1) The Book of Snobs《势利⼈脸谱》2) Vanity Fair《名利场》(A Novel Without a Hero)3) The History of Pendennis《彭登尼斯》4) The Newcomes《纽克姆⼀家》5) The History of Henny Esmond《亨利?埃斯蒙德》6) The Virginians《弗吉尼亚⼈》P277【Dickens】The Pickwick Papers《匹克威克先⽣外传》Oliver Twist《奥列佛?特维斯特》：FaginNicholas Nickleby《尼古拉斯?尼克尔贝》The Old Curiosity Shop《⽼古玩店》Barnaby Rudge《巴纳⽐?拉奇》American Notes《游美札记》Martin Chuzzlewit《马丁?朱什尔维特》A Christmas Carol《圣诞欢歌》Dombey and Son《董贝⽗⼦》David Copperfield《⼤卫?科波菲尔》Bleak House《荒凉⼭庄》Hard Times《艰难时事》Little Dorrit《⼩杜丽》A Tale of Two Cities《双城记》(Dickens takes the French Revolution as the subject of his novel, and the “two cities” are Paris and London in the time of that revolution) Great Expectations《远⼤前程》Our Mutual Friend《我们共同的朋友》Dickens’ novels offer a most complete and realistic picture of the English bourgeois society of his age. Dickens is a great humorist. His novels are full of humor and laughter.【Charlotte Bronte】Jane Eyre, Charlotte Bronte’s masterpiece, tells the story of an orphan girl.S h i r l e y,《舍丽》V i l l e t t e,《维莱特》【Emily Bronte】Emily Bronte published only one novel, Wuthering Heights .【Jane Austen】简?奥斯丁Works：Sense and Sensibility《理智与情感》Pride and PrejudiceMansfield ParkEmmaNorthanger AbbeyPersuasionRomanticism has five prominent characteristics:1. The Romantic Movement was a strong reaction and protest against the bondage of rule and custom, which generally tend to fetter the free human spirit.2. Romanticism returned to nature and to plain humanity for its material.3. It is marked by renewed interest in medieval ideals and literature.4. Romanticism was marked by intense human sympathy, an understanding of the human heart. The sympathy for the poor, and the cry against oppression grew stronger.5. The Romantic Movement was the expression of individual genius rather than of established rules.A Comparison Between Byron, Shelley, Keats：1. Under the influence of the ideas behind the revolutions in America,especially in France, all three looked at the world in a new and striking way.Their poetry reflected discontent against outworn tradition and conditions.But their attitudes, resulted from frustrations of their efforts in revoltingagainst the established code and the ugliness of society, are different. Byron turned somewhat pessimistic, even cynical; Keats showed certain aloofness from the interests of worldly life and seemed seeking refuge in an idealistic world of illusions and dreams; only Shelley never lost his optimism. All his life he cherished the hope for a better world.2.All of their poetry excels in imagery. In Byron’s poems, the imagelargely created through allusions; in Keats’s poems they are createdchiefly through elaborate and decorative description of nature, showingthe beauty of line, color, shape, odor and taste; in Shelley’s theexquisiteness of figurative language and symbolism extols 赞美thevisionary scenes, while the spontaneous flow from the poet’s heart isfull of youthful freshness and enthusiasm.3. Their poetry has a powerful musical effect. The stirring rhythms of Byron’s poems grip and hold the reader like martial 战争的music; in Keats’s it is touching melody; Shelley’s Ode to the West Wind is a wild symphony交响乐, and his many other poems are like some ethereal 天上的music, seemly descending from some heavenly place, appealing profoundly to the heart.4.Byron employs a manly and racy有活⼒的style, Shelley’s poetry shows excellence of artistry and the unification of ideas and form; in many aspects, Keats’s the best workman of t hem all. His poetry shows the mastery of artistic form, and the harmony of word and thoughts shows more perfection of artistic finish 完美.Lake Poets 湖畔派诗⼈In English literature Lake Poets refer to such romantic poets as William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge and Robert Southey who lived in the Lake District. They came to be known as the Lake School or “Lakers”.18～19世纪的英国浪漫主义诗歌流派。
英国文学史复习资料
英国文学史复习资料英国文学史复习资料英国文学史是指英国国内从古代到现代的文学作品和文学发展的历史。
以下是英国文学史的复习资料。
1. 古代文学时期（公元前450年至公元1066年）古代英国文学时期主要包括凯尔特传统和盎格鲁-撒克逊文学。
凯尔特传统涵盖了关于亚瑟王、魔法和传说的故事。
盎格鲁-撒克逊文学以史诗和散文的形式存在，其中最著名的作品是《贝奥武夫》和《安德·狄德》。
2. 中世纪文学时期（1066年至1485年）中世纪英国文学时期由法国诺曼人的入侵而引入众多法语和拉丁语的作品。
其中最著名的作品是《坎特伯雷故事集》，它由杰弗里·乔叟写成，并包含了各种各样的故事。
3. 文艺复兴时期（1485年至1660年）文艺复兴时期是英国文学的黄金时期，以莎士比亚为代表。
莎士比亚的作品包括许多戏剧，如《哈姆雷特》、《罗密欧与朱丽叶》和《麦克白》等。
其他重要的作家还包括斯宾塞、马洛等。
4. 17世纪文学时期17世纪文学时期是英国社会和政治变革的时期，也是宗教分裂的时期。
约翰·米尔顿的《失乐园》被认为是这一时期最重要的作品之一。
其他作家还包括约翰·唐纳森、詹姆斯·谢尔顿等。
5. 启蒙时期（1660年至1785年）启蒙时期是英国文学史上的一次重要转折点，代表了对理性、科学和自由思想的追求。
著名作家包括强纳森·斯威夫特、丹尼尔·笛福、亚历山大·蒲柏、简·奥斯汀等。
6. 浪漫主义时期（1785年至1837年）浪漫主义时期是对启蒙时期理性主义的反应。
浪漫主义作品强调情感、个人主义和自然。
威廉·华兹华斯、塞缪尔·柯勒律治、约翰·济慈等都是这一时期的重要作家。
7. 维多利亚时代（1837年至1901年）维多利亚时代是英国帝国的鼎盛时期，文学作品多样化。
查尔斯·狄更斯的《雾都孤儿》、古斯塔夫·福楼拜的《名利场》等作品成为经典。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
一、The Anglo-Saxon period (449-1066)1、这个时期的文学作品分类: pagan(异教徒) Christian(基督徒)2、代表作: The Song of Beowulf 《贝奥武甫》( national epic 民族史诗) 采用了隐喻手法3、Alliteration 押头韵(写作手法)例子: of man was the mildest and most beloved,To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise、二、The Anglo-Norman period (1066-1350)Canto 诗章1、romance 传奇文学2、代表作: Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (高文爵士与绿衣骑士) 就是一首押头韵的长诗三、Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) 杰弗里、乔叟时期1、the father of English poetry 英国诗歌之父2、heroic couplet 英雄双韵体:a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韵) lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格)3、代表作:the Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷的故事(英国文学史的开端)大致内容:the pilgrims are people from various parts of England, representatives of various walks of life and social groups、朝圣者都就是来自英国的各地的人,代表着社会的各个不同阶层与社会团体小说特点:each of the narrators tells his tale in a peculiar manner, thus revealing his own views and character、这些叙述者以自己特色的方式讲述自己的故事,无形中表明了各自的观点,展示了各自的性格。
小说观点:he believes in the right of man to earthly happiness、He is anxious to see man freed from superstitions(迷信) and a blind belief in fate(盲目地相信命运)、她希望人们能从迷信与对命运的盲从中解脱出来。
4、Popular Ballads 大众民谣:a story hold in 4-line stanzas with second and fourth line rhymed(笔记)Ballads are anonymous narrative songs that have been preserved by oral transmission(书上)、歌谣就是匿名叙事歌曲,一直保存着口头传播的方式代表人物:Bishop Thomas Percy 托马斯、帕希主教代表作:Robin Hood and Allin-a-Dale 罗宾汉与阿林代尔四、The Renaissance (16世纪) 文艺复兴时期(Greek and Roman) 戏剧drama 诗章cantoThe term Renaissance originally indicated a revival of classical (Greek and Roman) arts and sciences、文艺复兴最初就是指经典艺术与科学在英国的复兴。
The epoch of Renaissance witnessed a particular development of English drama文艺复兴时期的英国戏剧也得到了迅速的发展。
1、key work: humanism 人文主义: admire human beauty and human achievement2、代表人物:1)、Thomas More 托马斯、莫尔Utopia 乌托邦2)、Francis Bacon 弗朗西斯、培根第一个散文家(essayist)3)、Thomas Wyatt 托马斯、怀亚特引入十四行诗的第一人sonnet(十四行诗): form of poetry intricately rhymed(间隔押韵) in 14 lines iambic pentameter 4)、Edmund Spenser 埃德蒙、斯宾塞poet’s poet(诗人中的诗人) The Fairy Queen《仙后》(epic poem 史诗)5)、Christopher Marlowe 克里斯托弗、马洛blank verse(无韵体:不押韵的五步抑扬格) 就是十六世纪英国戏剧的主要表现形式。
6)、William Shakespeare 威廉姆、莎士比亚戏剧drama四大悲剧:Hamlet(哈姆雷五、the period of Revolution and Restoration (17世纪) 资产阶级革命与王权复辟prose 散文1、文学特点:the Puritans(清教徒) believed in simplicity of life、disapproved of the sonnets and the love poetry、breaking up of old ideals、清教徒崇尚俭朴的生活、拒绝十四行诗与爱情诗、与旧思想脱离。
2、代表人物:1)、John Donne 约翰、多恩“metaphysical”poets (玄学派诗人) 的代表人物sonnet 十四行诗《Death be not proud》(笔记)作品特点:①strike the reader in Donne’s extraordinary frankness and penetrating realism、(坦诚的态度与现实描绘)②novelty of subject matter and point(新颖的题材与视角)③novelty of its form、(新颖的形式)2)、John Milton 约翰、弥尔顿a great poet 诗人( poem 诗歌blank verse )《Defense for the English People》为英国人辩护《Paradise Lost》失乐园“Satan is not a villain”撒旦不就是坏人《Paradise Regained》复乐园)、John Bunyan 约翰、拜扬a great prose writer “give us the only great allegory(寓言)”Pilgrim’s Progress》天路历程prose 散文该书采用的写作手法“written in the old-fashioned(旧体形式), medieval form of allegory(比喻) and dream”六、The Age of Enlightenment (18世纪) 启蒙运动prose 散文1、Emphasized formality or correctness of style, to write prose like Addison, or verse like Pope、特),Othello(奥赛罗),King Lear(李尔王),The Tragedy of Macbeth(麦克白)强调正确的格式与写作规范,像艾迪生一样创作散文,与蒲柏一样创作诗歌。
The Enlightenment was an expression of struggle of the then progressive class of bourgeoisie against feudalism、启蒙运动实际上就是当时先进的资产阶级同落后的封建主义斗争的一种形式。
The enlighteners repudiate the false religious doctrines about the viciousness of human nature, and prove that man is born kind and honest, and if he becomes depraved, it is only due to the influence of corrupted social environment、启蒙主义者颠覆了宗教所宣扬的人类本恶的观点;论证了人生诚实而友善,而腐化堕落则就是后天腐败的社会环境所致。
Contrary to all reasoning, social injustice still held strong, found the power of reason to be insufficient, and therefore appealed to sentiment as a means of achieving happiness and social justice、无论怎样讲究理性,社会不平等现象仍然普遍存在,理性的力量明显不足。
因此呼吁把情感的诉求作为一种谋求幸福与社会公平的手段。
2、18th century 文学的三个方面:Classicism(古典主义)、revival of romantic poetry(新兴的浪漫主义诗歌)、beginnings of the modern novel(刚启萌的现代派小说)3、代表人物:1)、Daniel Defoe 丹尼尔、笛福realistic novel 现实主义小说Novel:《Robinson Crusoe》鲁宾逊漂流记《Jonathan Wild》乔纳森、威尔德《Moll Flanders》摩尔、弗兰德斯2)、Henry Fielding 亨利、菲尔丁father of modern fiction(现代小说之父)《Joseph Andrews》约瑟夫、安德鲁斯受到了理查森的《帕美勒》的启发作家之间的不同:Richardson —— no humor, minces words, moralizes、不幽默,咬文嚼字,说教Fielding —— direct, vigorous, hilarious, and coarse to the point of vulgarity,full of animal spirits, tells the story of a vagabond life 语言直接、生动、欢快、粗糙,甚至有点俗,精神焕发,讲述流浪者的故事。