宏观经济学第六章习题及标准答案

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宏观经济学题及答案

第一章结论复习思考题：1．重要概念：超长期；总供给曲线；实际GDP的趋势线；长期；总需求曲线；产出缺口；中期；菲利普斯曲线；潜在产出；短期；增长率；通货膨胀；增长理论；经济周期；消费价格指数；总供给-总需求模型2．长期中为什么产出水平只取决于总供给？3．短期中为什么产出水平只取决于总需求？第二章国民收入核算复习思考题：1．重要概念：GDP；GNP；GDP缩减指数；CPI；PPI；生产要素；最终/中间产品；名义GDP/实际GDP；通货膨胀；名义利率/实际利率2．下列交易的价值是否应当计入国内生产总值（GDP）？为什么？（1）顾客在饭店支付餐费。

（2）一家公司购买一幢旧楼。

（3）一家供应商向制造个人计算机的公司出售计算机芯片。

（4）一位消费者从交易商手中买进一辆汽车。

3．国内生产总值（GDP）高是否一定意味着福利状况好呢？在评价经济福利状况时还应考虑哪些因素？4．.假定某经济社会有A、B、C三个厂商，A厂商年产出5000美元，卖给B、C和消费者。

其中B买A 的产出200美元，C买2000美元，其中2800美元卖给消费者。

B年产出500美元直接卖给消费者，C年产6000美元，其中3000美元由A买，其余由消费者买。

（1）假定投入在生产中用光，计算价值增加；（2）计算GDP为多少；（3）如果只有C有500美元折旧，计算国民收入。

5．假定GDP是6000美元，个人可支配收入是5100美元，政府预算赤字是200美元，消费是3800美元，外贸赤字是100美元，求：（1）储蓄S是多大；（2）投资I是多大；（3）政府支出是多大？第三章增长与积累复习思考题：1．重要概念：增长核算方程；柯布－道格拉斯生产函数；趋同；全要素生产率；索洛剩余；新古典增长理论；稳态均衡；2．索络增长模型能否有助于解释趋同现象？3．在新古典增长模型中，人均生产函数为()25.02k k k f y -==，人均储蓄率为0.3，设人口增长率为3%，求：（1）使经济达到稳态均衡时的k 值。

《宏观经济学》——第六章习题答案

第六章习题参考答案一、名词解释1、总供给曲线：表明了价格与产量的相结合，即在某种价格水平时整个社会的厂商所愿意供给的产品总量。

2、总需求曲线：描述在产品市场和货币市场同时实现均衡时，产量（国民收入）与价格水平的组合。

3、总需求—总供给模型：将总需求与总供给结合在一起放在一个坐标图上，用以解释国民收入和价格水平的决定，考察价格变化的原因以及社会经济如何实现总需求与总供给的均衡。

4、古典总供给曲线：不受价格水平变动的影响，位于充分就业水平上的垂直的总供给曲线。

5、粘性工资模型：即阐述粘性名义工资对总供给影响的模型。

6、利率效应：物价水平的变化将引起利率水平的变化，从而影响国民收入的变化的现象。

7、税收效应：物价水平的变化将引起税收的变化，从而影响国民收入的变化的现象。

二、单项选择题DCAAB DCCBD D1.D．总需求曲线向右下方倾斜的原因主要有：实际余额效应、利率效应、汇率效应以及税收效应。

2.C．价格的变化不影响IS曲线的位置，而价格下降会导致实际货币余额增加，利率下降，投资需求增加从而收入增加，所以LM曲线向右移。

3.A．在凯恩斯条件下，由于供给曲线是一条水平线，扩张的财政政策会使价格不变但国民收入y将增加。

y增加，则对货币的需求将增加，当货币供给不变时利率提高；当处于古典区域时，由于产量已达到了充分就业时的最大产出，所以y不会变，扩张性的财政政策将会使得价格上涨，从而实际货币余额将减少，利率提高。

4.A．劳动需求函数为Nd=Nd(WP),WP指实际工资，劳动需求与实际工资成反向关系，因此价格水平越低，名义工资不变，则实际工资上升，因而劳动需求下降。

5.B．劳动的供给函数为Ns=Ns（WP），W指名义工资，P为价格水平。

在短期内，实际工资率越高，劳动的供给越多，因此呈现正斜率。

6.D．古典学派假设工资和价格水平可以迅速自行调节，从而使得经济总是处于充分就业状态，因而此时古典供给曲线存在。

7.C．8.C．A、B、D三选项均属于潜在产出的短期决定因素,技术是长期决定因素。

宏观经济学习题(6-8)

第六章开放经济一、选择题1．当一国的净资本流入为正值时：A 该国的资本账户处于盈余状态。

B 该国存在贸易盈余和资本账户盈余。

C 该国的资本账户处于平衡状态。

D 该国存在贸易赤字和资本账户赤字。

E 该国资本账户处于赤字状态。

答案：A2．以下选项正确的是：A 进口＋出口＝净资本流入。

B 进口＝出口－净资本流入。

C 进口＝出口＋净资本流入。

D 进口＋净资本流入＝出口。

E 进口＝净资本流入。

答案：C3．对于一个大国开放经济来说，紧缩性的财政政策对该国的长期影响是（ C ）A．国民储蓄的减少 B．利率上升 C．净出口的上升 D．产出减少4．在开放经济中：A 私人储蓄＋净资本流入＝投资＋政府储蓄B 私人储蓄＝净资本流入＋投资＋政府储蓄C 私人储蓄＋投资＝净资本流入＋政府储蓄D 私人储蓄＋政府储蓄＋净资本流入＝投资E 私人储蓄＋净资本流入＋投资＝政府储蓄答案：D5．在小型开放经济中，预算赤字的上升将：A 降低利率和投资。

B 不改变利率或投资。

C提高利率和投资。

D 提高利率但降低投资。

E 降低利率但提高投资。

答案：B6．汇率是指：A 两国之间的贸易赤字。

B 一国的净资本流入。

C 两种货币的相对价格。

D 一国货币的升值率。

E 一国货币的贬值率。

答案：C7．在开放经济中，投资—储蓄恒等式表明：A 私人储蓄必定等于私人投资。

B 私人储蓄加上从国外的资本流入必定等于投资C 私人储蓄加上从国外的资本流入必定等于投资加上政府赤字。

D 私人储蓄加上从国外的资本流入必定等于政府赤字加上经常账户赤字。

E 私人储蓄加上从国外的资本流入必定等于政府赤字加上经常账户赤字再加上投资。

答案：C8．对美国而言，提高私人储蓄可能会：A 提高预算赤字。

B 降低预算赤字。

C 增加投资。

D 对利率和投资没有影响。

E 引起美元升值答案：C二、名词解释1．贸易逆差 2．贸易顺差 3．名义汇率 4．实际汇率1．贸易逆差：一国在一定时期内进口贸易总值大于出口总值。

宏观经济学习题库(附参考答案)

习题库第一章导论一、名词解释宏观经济学、总量分析、非均衡分析、凯恩斯革命二、简答题1、宏观经济学有什么特点？2、宏观经济学主要研究哪些问题？3、现代宏观经济学是如何产生与演变的？第二章国民收入核算一、名词解释GDP、GNP、NDP、NI、PI、PDI、名义GDP、实际GDP、GDP紧缩指数二、选择题1、下列那些项目应计入GDP？( )。

A. 政府转移支付B. 购买一辆用过的卡车C. 购买普通股票D. 购买一块地产2、已知某一经济中的消费额为6亿元，投资额为1亿元，间接税为1亿元，政府用于物品和劳务的支出额为1.5亿元，出口额为2亿元，进口额为1.8亿元，则（）。

A. NDP=8.7亿元B. GDP=7.7亿元C. GDP=8.7亿元D. NDP=5亿元3、所谓净出口是指（）。

A. 出口减进口B. 进口减出口C. 出口加进口D. GNP减出口4、在三部门经济中，如果用支出法来衡量，GDP等于（）。

A. 消费+投资B. 消费+投资+政府支出C. 消费+投资+政府支出+净出口D. 消费+投资+进出口5、GDP与NDP之间的差别是（）。

A. 直接税B. 折旧C. 间接税D. 净出口6、按最终使用者类型，将最终产品和劳务的市场价值加总起来核算GDP的方法是（）。

A. 支出法B. 收入法C. 生产法D. 增加价值法7、在统计中，社会保险税增加对（）有影响？A. GDPB. NDPC. NID. PI三、简答题1、指出下列各项中，哪些是中间产品，哪些是最终产品？①小王购买一本杂志②某电脑公司购买一批英特尔公司生产的芯片③某政府机构购买一批红旗轿车④旅游时付给入住酒店的房租⑤律师支付租用办公室的房租⑥家庭支付的水电费⑦美国公司向中国购买的农产品2、GDP的统计口径是否忽视了对中间产品生产的核算？3、在证券市场购买股票和债券属于经济学意义上的投资活动吗？4、为什么政府转移支付不能计入GDP?5、为什么间接税应该计入GDP?6、GDP指标有哪些缺陷或不足？7、为什么要区分名义国内生产总值和实际国内生产总值？8、国内生产总值与国民生产总值关系如何？四、计算题1、若某国GDP为8800单位，总投资为1150单位，净投资为292单位，消费为5800单位，政府购买的产品和劳务价值为1500单位，间接税为620单位，政府财政盈余为44单位，求该国NDP、净出口、个人可支配收入、个人储蓄各为多少。

萨缪尔森《宏观经济学》(第19版)习题详解(含考研真题)(第6章消费与投资)

以下内容为跨考网独家整理，如您还需更多考研资料，可选择经济学一对一在线咨询进行咨询。
一、概念题 1．可支配收入，消费，储蓄（disposable income，consumption，saving）答：（1）可支配收入指人们可用来消费或储蓄的收入，个人收入不能全归个人支配，因为要缴纳个人所得税，税后的个人收入才是可支配收入。可支配收入被认为是消费开支的最重要的决定性因素。常被用来衡量一国的生活水平。（2）消费指消费者个人购买的产品和服务的价值，它是国民收入核算恒等式的一项。消费分为三个子项目：非耐用品、耐用品以及服务。非耐用品是使用持续较短时间的产品，如食物和衣服。耐用品是使用持续时间长的产品，如汽车和电视。服务包括个人和企业为消费者所做的工作，如理发和就医。决定消费的因素很多，主要因素是可支配收入、利率、价格水平、收入分配等。（3）储蓄指将一部分不用于当前消费的收入存储和积蓄起来的行为及其相应的金额。支配人们将收入用于储蓄而不是用于当前消费的动机，称为“储蓄动机”。影响储蓄水平高低的两个主要因素是收入水平和储蓄倾向。若储蓄倾向不变，个人收入水平越高，则储蓄水平也越高。若收入水平不变，储蓄倾向越高，则储蓄水平也越高。个人储蓄与企业储蓄、政府储蓄的加总构成国民总储蓄。国民总储蓄是一国资本形成和经济增长的重要基础。
（3）预期。决定投资的第三个因素是利润预期和企业信心。只有在企业预期收益超过投资成本时，企业才有激励去从事投资。
15．利率 I （interest rates I ）答：利率又称“利息率”，指一定期限内利息额与本金额的比率。利率的高低对资金借出者来说，意味着收益的多少；对资金使用者来说，则意味着成本的高低。因此，利率的高低会影响投资的成本，从而影响企业的投资决策：利率高时，投资的成本也较高，企业会减少投资；利率低时，投资的成本也较低，企业会增加投资。因此，投资与利率一般情况下呈反向变动的关系。

宏观经济学试题库及答案

第一单元一、单项选择题1、宏观经济学的中心理论是（）A、价格决定理论；B、工资决定理论；C、国民收入决定理论；D、汇率决定理论。

2、表示一国在一定时期内生产的所有最终产品和劳务的市场价值的总量指标是（）A、国民生产总值；B、国内生产总值；C、名义国民生产总值；D、实际国民生产总值。

3、GNP核算中的劳务包括（）A、工人劳动；B、农民劳动；C、工程师劳动；D、保险业服务。

4、实际GDP等于（）A、价格水平除以名义GDP；B、名义GDP除以价格水平；C、名义GDP乘以价格水平；D、价格水平乘以潜在GDP。

5、从国民生产总值减下列项目成为国民生产净值（）A、折旧；B、原材料支出；C、直接税；D、间接税。

6、从国民生产净值减下列项目在为国民收入（）A、折旧；B、原材料支出；C、直接税；D、间接税。

二、判断题1、国民生产总值中的最终产品是指有形的物质产品。

（）2、今年建成并出售的房屋和去年建成而在今年出售的房屋都应计入今年的国民生产总值。

（）3、同样的服装，在生产中作为工作服就是中间产品，而在日常生活中穿就是最终产品。

（）4、国民生产总值一定大于国内生产总值。

（）5、居民购房支出属于个人消费支出。

（）6、从理论上讲，按支出法、收入法和部门法所计算出的国民生产总值是一致的。

（）7、所谓净出口是指出口减进口。

（）8、在三部门经济中如果用支出法来计算，GNP等于消费+投资+税收。

（）第二单元一、单项选择题1、根据消费函数，引起消费增加的因素是（）A、价格水平下降；B、收入增加；C、储蓄增加；D利率提高。

2、消费函数的斜率取决于（）A、边际消费倾向；B、与可支配收入无关的消费总量；C、平均消费倾向；D、由于收入变化而引起的投资的总量。

3、在简单凯恩斯模型中，投资增加使储蓄（）A、不变；B、增加；C、减少；D、不确定。

4、以下四种情况中，投资乘数最大的是（）A、边际消费倾向为0.6；B、边际消费倾向为0.4；C、边际储蓄倾向为0.3；D、边际储蓄倾向为0.1。

宏观经济学第六章习题及答案

第六单元通货膨胀与失业理论本单元所涉及到的主要知识点：1．通货膨胀的含义、衡量与种类2．通货膨胀的原因3．通货膨胀对经济的影响及其对策4．失业的含义与衡量5．失业的种类6．失业的原因7．失业的影响及其治理8．失业与通货膨胀的关系：菲利普斯曲线一、单项选择1．一般用来衡量通货膨胀的物价指数是（ D ）。

a．消费者物价指数； b．生产物价指数；c．GDP缩减指数； d．以上均正确。

2．可以称为温和的通货膨胀的情况是指（ D）。

a．通货膨胀率以每年5％的速度增长； b．通货膨胀率在10％以上；c．通货膨胀率一直保持在2％－3％水平；d．通货膨胀率处于3％—10％之间。

3．通货膨胀的主要类型有（ D ）。

a．需求拉上型； b．成本推进型；c．结构型； d．以上均正确。

4．通货膨胀会（ C ）。

a．使国民收入提高到超过其平常水平；b．使国民收入下降到其平常水平以下；c．使国民收入提高或下降，主要看通货膨胀产生的原因；d．只有在经济处于潜在的产出水平时，国民收入才会增长。

5．在通货膨胀不能完全预期的情况下，通货膨胀将有利于（ A ）。

a．债务人； b；债权人；c．在职工人； d．离退休人员。

6．已知充分就业的国民收入是12000亿元，实际国民收入11800亿，边际消费倾向0.8，在增加3000亿的投资后，经济将发生（ A ）。

a．需求拉上通货膨胀；b．成本推进通货膨胀；c．结构性通货膨胀； d．需求不足的失业。

7．收入政策主要是用来治理（ B ）。

a．需求拉上的通货膨胀； b．成本推进的通货膨胀；c．结构性通货膨胀； d．供求混合通货膨胀。

8．抑制通货膨胀的收入政策是指（ C ）。

a．收入初次分配； b．收入再分配；c．收入—价格管制； d．以上均正确。

9．失业率是指（ A ）。

a．失业人口占劳动力的百分比； b．失业人数占人口总数的百分比； c．失业人数占就业人数的百分比； d．以上均正确。

10．充分就业的含义是（B ）。

多恩布什《宏观经济学》(英文第八版)答案-第六章

Chapter 6 Solutions to the Problems in the Textbook:Conceptual Problems:1. The aggregate supply curve and the Phillips curve describe very similar relationships and bothcurves can be used to analyze the same phenomena. The AS-curve shows a relationship between the price level and the level of output. The Phillips curve shows a relationship between the rate of inflation and the unemployment rate, given certain inflationary expectations. For example, a movement along the AS-curve depicts an increase in the price level that is associated with an increase in the level of output. As output increases, the rate of unemployment decreases (see Okun’s law).Therefore, with a larger increase in the price level (a higher level of inflation) there will be a decrease in unemployment, creating a downward-sloping Phillips curve.This downward sloping Phillips curve shifts whenever inflationary expectations change. If one assumes that workers will change their wage demands whenever their inflationary expectations change, one can conclude that a shift in the Phillips curve corresponds to a shift in the upward sloping AS-curve, since higher wages mean higher cost of production.2. In the short run, when wages and prices are assumed to be fixed, there can be no inflation and thusthe Phillips curve makes no sense over this very brief time frame. But in the medium run (in this chapter also often referred to as the short run), the Phillips curve is downward sloping as inflationary expectations are assumed to be constant. In the long run, the Phillips curve is vertical at the natural rate of unemployment, which corresponds to the vertical long-run AS-curve at the full-employment level of output.3. A variety of explanations are given in this chapter for the stickiness of wages in the short orintermediate run. One is that workers have imperfect information and nobody knows the actual price level. People don’t know whether a change in their nominal wage is the result of an increase in prices or in the real wage they receive for the work they provide. Due to this uncertainty, labor markets will not clear immediately. Another argument relies on coordination problems, that is, different firms within an economy cannot coordinate price changes in response to monetary policy changes.Individual firms change their prices only reluctantly, since they are afraid of losing market share. The efficiency wage theory argues that employers pay above market-clearing wages to motivate their workers to work harder. Firms are also reluctant to change wages because of the perceived menu costs involved. There are long-term relations between firms and workers and wages are usually set in nominal terms by wage contracts, which are renegotiated only periodically. Thus real wages fluctuate over time as the price level changes. Finally, the insider-outsider model argues that firms negotiate only with their own employees but not with unemployed workers. Since a turnover in the labor force is costly to firms, they are willing to offer above market-clearing wages to the currently employed rather than hiring the unemployed who may be willing to work for lower wages.These different views are not necessarily mutually exclusive and it is up to students to decide which of the arguments presented here they find most plausible. The explanations differ mainly in their assumption of how fast markets clear and whether employment variations are voluntary.4.a. Stagflation is defined as a period of high unemployment accompanied by high inflation.4.b. Stagflation can occur in time periods when people have high inflationary expectations. If theeconomy goes into a recession, the actual rate of inflation will fall below the expected rate of inflation.However, the actual inflation rate may still be very high while the rate of unemployment is increasing.For example, the Fed may have let money supply grow much too fast in the past, so everyone expectsa high inflation rate. If a supply shock occurs, we will see an increase in the rate of unemploymentwhile inflationary expectations and actual inflation remain very high. This scenario occurred during the 1970s. Once we have reached such a situation, it becomes necessary to design policies that will reduce inflationary expectations to shift the Phillips curve back to the left.5. Assume a disturbance occurs and the AD-curve shifts to the right. Unemployment decreases andinflation increases, and we move along the downward sloping Phillips curve to the left. However, as soon as people realize that actual inflation is higher than their inflationary expectations, they adjust their inflationary expectations upward and the downward-sloping Phillips curve shifts to the right, eventually returning unemployment back to its natural rate. In other words, the economy adjusts back at the full-employment level of income.If an adverse supply shock occurs (the upward-sloping AS-curve shifts to the left), unemployment and inflation increase simultaneously. This will correspond to a shift of the downward-sloping Phillips curve to the right. However, when people realize that actual inflation is less than expected inflation, then the downward-sloping Phillips curve starts to shift back and the economy adjusts back to the natural rate of unemployment in the long run.6.The expectations-augmented Phillips curve predicts that inflation will rise above the expected levelwhen unemployment drops below its natural rate. However, if people know that this is going to happen, why don’t they immediately adjust to it? And if people immediately adjusted to it, wouldn’t this imply that anticipated monetary policy would be ineffective to cause any deviation from the full-employment level of output? In reality, however, even if people have rational expectations, they may not be able to adjust immediately. One reason is that wage contracts often set wages for an extended time period. Similarly, prices cannot always be changed right away and the costs of changing prices may outweigh the benefits. A further argument is that even rational people make forecasting mistakes and learn only slowly.In other words, the location of the expectations-augmented Phillips curve is determined by the level of expected inflation, which is set by recent historical experience. A shift in this curve caused by changing inflationary expectations occurs only gradually. The rational expectations model, on the other hand, assumes that the Phillips curve shifts almost instantaneously as new information about the near future becomes available.Technical Problems:1. A reduction in the supply of money leads to excess demand for money and increased interest rates,reducing the level of private spending (especially investment). Therefore the AD-curve shifts to the left. This causes an excess supply of goods and services at the original price level so the price level starts to decrease. Since the AS-curve is upward sloping, a new short-run macro-equilibrium is reached at a lower level of output (and thus a higher level of unemployment) and a lower price level.PP1However, the higher level of unemployment eventually puts downward pressure on wages, reducing the cost of production and shifting the upward-sloping AS-curve to the right. Alternatively, since this equilibrium output level is below the full-employment level, prices will continue to fall, and the upward-sloping AS-curve will shift to the right. As long as output is below the full-employment level Y*, the upward-sloping AS-curve will continue to shift to the right, which means that the price level will continue to decline. Eventually a new long-run equilibrium will be reached at the full-employment level of output (Y*) and a lower price level.2. According to the rational expectations theory, an announced change in monetary policy wouldimmediately change people’s perception in regard to the expected inflation rate. If people could adjust immediately to this change in inflationary expectations, then the rate of unemployment or the output level would remain the same. In other words, we would immediately move from point 1 to point 3 in the diagram used to explain the previous question and the Fed would be unable to affect the unemployment rate. In reality, however, even if people have rational expectations and can anticipate the effects of a policy change correctly, they may not be able to immediately adjust due to wage contracts, etc. Thus, there will always be some deviation from the full-employment output level Y*.3.a. A favorable supply shock, such as a decline in material prices, shifts the upward-sloping AS-curve tothe right, leading to excess supply at the existing price level. A new short-run equilibrium is reached at a higher level of output and a lower price level. But since output is now above the full-employment level Y*, there is upward pressure on wages and prices and the upward-sloping AS-curve shifts back to the right. A new long-run equilibrium is reached back at the original position (Y*), and the original price level (assuming that the change in material prices did not affect the full-employment level of output). Since nominal wages (W) will have risen but the price level (P) will not have changed, real wages (W/P) will have increased.PP1P20 13.b. Lower material prices lower the cost of production, shifting the upward-sloping AS-curve shiftsto the right, and leading to an increase in output and a lower price level. Since unemployment is now below its natural rate, there is a shortage of labor, providing upward pressure on wages. This will increase the cost of production again, eventually shifting the upward-sloping AS-curve back to the original long-run equilibrium (assuming that potential GDP has not been affected).Additional Problems:1. Explain the long-run effect of an increase in nominal money supply on the amount of realmoney balances available in the economy.In the very short run, the price level is fixed, so if nominal money supply (M) increases, a higher level of real money balances is available, causing interest rates to fall and the level of investment spending to increase. This leads to an increase in aggregate demand. The shift to the right of the AD-curve causes the price level (P) to increase, leading to a reduction in real money balances (M/P). In the medium run (an upward-sloping AS-curve), we reach a new equilibrium at a higher output level and a higher price level. Since prices have gone up proportionally less than nominal money supply, real money balances have increased. However, to reach a new long-run equilibrium, prices have to increase further, and as a result, the level of real money balances will decrease further. When the new long-run equilibrium at Y* is finally reached, the price level will have risen proportionally to nominal money supply and the level of real money balances will be back at its original level.2. Assume the economy is in a recession. Describe an adjustment process that will ensure that theeconomy eventually will return to full employment. How can the government speed up this process?If the economy is in a recession, there will be downward pressure on wages and prices, which will bring the economy back to the full-employment output level. The upward-sloping AS-curve will shift to the right due to lower production costs. However, this process may take a fairly long time. The government can shorten this adjustment process with the help of expansionary fiscal or monetary policies to stimulate aggregate demand. The resulting shift to the right of the AD-curve implies that the final long-run equilibrium will be at a higher price level. In other words, the reduction in unemployment can only be achieved at the cost of higher inflation.3. "The stickiness of wages implies that policy makers can achieve low unemployment only if theyare willing to put up with high inflation." Comment on this statement.There are several explanations of why wages and prices adjust only slowly. One is that workers have imperfect information, so they do not realize that lower prices mean higher real wages. Another is that firms are reluctant to change prices and wages since they are unsure about the behavior of their competitors and want to avoid the perceived cost of making these changes. Finally, wage contracts tend to be long-term and staggered, so it takes time to adjust wages to price changes. Some firms may pay their workers above market-clearing wages to keep them happy and productive. For these reasons, wages and prices tend to be rigid in the short run. Thus it takes time for the economy to adjust back to full-employment.If there were a stable Phillips-curve relationship, a low rate of unemployment could only be achieved by allowing inflation to increase. However, such a stable relationship does not exist. Wages tend to be rigid in the short run, so expansionary policies lower unemployment and increase inflation in the short run. In the long run, however, the economy will adjust back to the natural rate of unemployment, so expansionary policies simply lead to a higher price level.4. "If we assume that people have rational expectations, then fiscal policy is always irrelevant.But monetary policy can still be used to affect the rate of inflation and unemployment."Comment on this statement.Individuals and firms with rational expectations consistently make optimal decisions based on all information available. As long as a policy change is anticipated, people are able to assess its long-run outcome and will try to immediately adjust. Since fiscal policy doesn't affect inflation or unemployment in the long run, it is also ineffective in the short run if wages and prices are assumed to be flexible. An anticipated change in monetary growth, on the other hand, will be reflected in a change in the inflation rate. If wages are flexible, workers will adjust their wage demands immediately and no significant change in the unemployment rate will occur. However, even if people have rational expectations, wages tend to be fairly rigid in the short run due to wage contracts. Therefore, it will take time for the economy to adjust back to a long-run equilibrium. This implies that both fiscal and monetary policy can affect the rate of inflation and unemployment to some degree in the short run.5. "Inflation cannot accelerate in a recession, when the rate of unemployment is above its naturalrate." Comment on this statement.Inflation can accelerate even in a recession, that is, when the unemployment is high, if a supply shock occurs. An oil price increase will increase the cost of production, so the upward-sloping AS-curve will shift to the left. This will increase the inflation rate and the rate of unemployment simultaneously, as firms increase their product prices and cut their production. If the Fed tries to accommodate the supply shock with expansionary monetary policy in an effort to stimulate the economy, then inflation will accelerate even more, as the AD-curve shifts to the right.6. Comment on the following statement:"The coordination approach to the Phillips curve focuses on the problems that the administration has in coordinating its fiscal policies with the monetary policies of the Fed." The coordination approach has nothing to do with fiscal or monetary policy but is simply one explanation of why wages adjust slowly. This view asserts that firms generally are unable to coordinate wage and price changes in response to a monetary policy change. For example, any firm that cuts workers' wages in response to monetary contraction while other firms don't, will anger its employees who may then choose to leave. Firms are also reluctant to change their prices since they are unsure about their competitors' behavior. Thus wages and prices change only slowly in response to a change in aggregate demand. This implies an upward-sloping (short-run) AS-curve.7. Comment on the following statement:"The unemployment rate is zero at the full-employment level of output."With a higher price level real wages decline, increasing the quantity of labor demanded. Therefore the nominal wage rate is bid up until the real wage rate is restored to its unique equilibrium level. Similarly, if prices fall, real wages increase, leading to unemployment. The nominal wage rate falls to bring the real wage rate back to its equilibrium level. So the nominal wage rate changes in proportion to the price level to maintain a real wage rate that clears the labor market. At this wage rate, the full-employment level of output is produced. However, at the full-employment output level the unemployment rate is not zero. Due to frictions in the labor market, there is always a positive unemployment rate, as workers switch between jobs. This is called the natural rate of unemployment.8. Briefly state the reason for the slow adjustment of wages to changes in aggregate demand. The reasons for the slow adjustment of nominal wages can be explained in several ways. One explanation is that workers have imperfect information, that is, they do not immediately realize whether a change in their nominal wage is the result of an increase in prices or in the real wage they receive for the work they provide. Another explanation is that coordination problems exist, that is, different firms within an economy are unsure about the behavior of their competitors and thus they only reluctantly change wages or prices. The efficiency wage theory, on the other hand, argues that firms pay above market-clearing wages to motivate their workers to work harder. Firms are also reluctant to change wages due to the perceived cost of doing so. Another argument is that wage contracts tend to be long-term, so real wages tend to fluctuate over the length of the contract and output adjusts only slowly to price changes. Finally, the insider-outsider model argues that firms negotiate only with their employees but not the unemployed. Since a turnover of the labor force is costly to firms, they are willing to offer above market-clearing wages to the currently employed rather than hiring the unemployed who may be willing to work for less. These various explanations are not mutually exclusive, and they all imply that the AS-curve is positively sloped, that is, that a change in aggregate demand will affect both output and prices in the short run.9. True or false? Why?"There is no frictional unemployment at the natural rate of unemployment."False. The natural rate of unemployment is the rate at which the labor market is in equilibrium. But there is always some unemployment due to new entrants into the labor force, people between jobs, and the like.This rate of unemployment is considered normal, due to frictions in the labor market, and is often called frictional unemployment.10. "If everyone in this economy had rational expectations, then wages would be flexible andunemployment could not occur." Comment on this statement.The new Keynesian models argue that even if people have rational expectations, socially undesirable outcomes may still occur due to imperfect competition and the existence of wage contracts. Prices may not change freely, since firms in imperfectly competitive markets are reluctant to change them, due to the menu costs involved. Nominal wages are set by contracts over a period of time, so the economy may adjust only slowly to a decrease in aggregate demand. Thus a rate of unemployment higher than the natural rate can exist over an extended period of time.11. True or false? Why?"If nominal wages were more flexible, expansionary policies would be more effective in reducing the rate of unemployment."False. In Chapter 5 we learned that in the classical case (where nominal wages are completely flexible) the AS-curve is vertical, whereas in the Keynesian case (where wages do not change, even if unemployment persists) the AS-curve is horizontal. From this we can conclude that more flexible nominal wages imply a steeper upward-sloping AS-curve. Any type of expansionary demand-side policy will shift the AD-curve to the right and this will cause the level of output and prices to increase (at least in the short-run). A steeper upward-sloping AS-curve results in a larger price increase and a smaller increase in output. But a smaller increase in the level of output results in a smaller reduction in unemployment. In either case, the economy will settle back at the full-employment level of output in the long run. In the long run, the rate of unemployment always goes back to its natural level.12. Explain the short-run and long-run effects of an increase in the level of government spendingon output, unemployment, interest rates, prices, and real money balances.An increase in government spending increases aggregate demand, shifting the AD-curve to the right. Because there is excess demand, the price level increases, which reduces the level of real money balances. Therefore interest rates increase, leading to some crowding out of investment. Due to this real balance effect, the increase in output is less than the shift in the AD-curve. Assuming an upward-sloping AS-curve, a new equilibrium is reached at a higher price level, a higher level of output, a lower unemployment rate and a higher interest rate. Since output is now above the full-employment level, wages and prices will continue to rise and the upward-sloping AS-curve will start shifting to the left. This process will continue until a new long-run equilibrium is reached at the full-employment level of income Y*, that is, until unemployment is back at its natural rate. At this point the price level, nominal wages, and interest rates will be higher than previously and real money balances will be lower.13. Briefly explain why there seems to be so much interest in finding ways to shift theupward-sloping aggregate supply curve to the right.Shifting the upward-sloping AS-curve to the right seems to be the only way to offset the effects of an adverse supply shock without any negative side effects. An adverse supply shock, such as an increase in oil prices, causes a simultaneous increase in unemployment and inflation, and policy makers have only two options for demand-management policies. Expansionary fiscal or monetary policy will help to achieve full employment faster but will raise the price level, while restrictive fiscal or monetary policy will reduce inflationary pressure but increase unemployment. Therefore, any policy that would shift the upward sloping AS-curve back to the right seems preferable, since it might bring the economy back to the original equilibrium by simultaneously lowering inflation and unemployment.14. Use an AD-AS framework to show the effect of monetary restriction on the level of output,prices and the interest rate in the medium and the long run.A decrease in nominal money supply will increase interest rates, leading to a decrease in investment spending. This will shift the AD-curve to the left, creating an excess supply of goods and services. Therefore price level will decrease and real money balances will increase. A new equilibrium will be achieved at the intersection of the new AD-curve and the upward-sloping AS-curve at an output level that is below the full-employment level.In the long run, higher unemployment will cause downward pressure on wages. As the cost of production decreases, the upward-sloping AS-curve will keep shifting to the right until a new long-run equilibrium is established at the full-employment level of output, that is, where the new AD-curve intersects the long-run vertical AS-curve at Y*. At this point, real output, the real interest rate, real money balances, and the real wage rate will be back at their original level. Nominal money supply, the price level and the nominal wage rate will all have decreased proportionally.A simplified adjustment can be shown as follows:1-->2: Ms down ==> i up ==> I down ==> Y down ==> the AD-curve shifts left ==>excess supply ==> P down ==> real ms up ==> i down ==> I up ==> Y up(The first line describes a policy change, that is, a shift in the AD-curve; the second line describes the price adjustment, that is, a movement along the AD-curve.)Short-run effect:Y down, i up, P down2-->3: Since Y < Y* ==> downwards pressure on nominal wages ==> cost of production down ==> the short run AS-curve shifts right ==> excess supply of goods ==> P down ==> real ms up==> i down ==> I up ==> Y up (This process continues until Y = Y*)Long-run effect:Y stays at Y*, i remains the same, P down.Note: Even though only one shift of the short-run AS-curve to the new long-run equilibrium is shown here, this shift is actually a combination of many shifts.P2P1P2P30 215. Briefly discuss the importance of Okun’s law in evaluating the cost of unemployment.Okun’s law states that a reduction in the unemployment rate of 1 percent will increase the level of output by about 2 percent. This relationship allows us to measure the cost to society (in terms of lost production) of a given rate of unemployment.16. True or false? Why?"If monetary policy accommodates an adverse supply shock, it will worsen any inflationary effects."True. An adverse supply shock shifts the upward-sloping AS-curve to the left. There is excess demand for goods and services at the original price level and prices start to rise, leading to lower real money balances, higher interest rates, and lower output. If no policy is implemented, then unemployment will force the nominal wage down to restore equilibrium at the original position. If the government views this adjustment process as too slow, it can respond by implementing expansionary policies. Accommodating the supply shock in this way shifts the AD-curve to the right and a new equilibrium can be reached at full-employment but at a higher price level. It is unlikely, though, that the economy will remain there for long since workers will realize that their purchasing power has been diminished by higher prices and will demand a wage increase. If they are successful, the cost of production will increase and the upward-sloping AS-curve will shift to the left again. In other words, we will enter a wage-price spiral.PP3P2P1217. Assume oil prices decline. What kind of monetary policy should the Fed undertake if its goal isto stabilize the level of output while keeping inflation low? Show with the help of an AD-AS diagram and briefly explain the adjustment process.1-->2: As oil prices decline, the cost of production decreases and the upward-sloping AS-curve shifts to the right, causing excess supply of goods. Thus the price level decreases, real money balances increase, and the interest rate declines.2-->3: A decrease in money supply will increase the interest rate, decrease private spending, and shift the AD-curve to the left. This means that prices will decrease even further and the level of output will decline. (We assume, for simplicity, that it goes back to the full-employment level Y*, so no long-run adjustment is needed.) Overall, the level of output has remained at its full-employment level but the level of prices and the interest rate have decreased.PP1P2218. Comment on the following statement:"A favorable oil shock causes lower inflation and lower unemployment."A decrease in material prices (or any other favorable supply shock) shifts theupward-sloping AS-curve to the right, and prices begin to decrease. The new equilibrium is at a lower price level and a higher level of output (a lower level of unemployment).Since output is now above the full-employment level, there will be upward pressure on nominal wages and prices, and the upward-sloping AS-curve will start shifting back to its original position (assuming that potential output was not affected). In the long run, unemployment will be back at its natural rate but the price level will have decreased (and thus real wages increased).19. “Falling oil prices will lead to increased employment, higher wage rates an dincreased real money balances.” Comment on this statement with the help of an AD-AS diagram and explain the short-run and long-run adjustment processes.A decline in material prices shifts the upward-sloping AS-curve to the right, leading to excess supply at the existing price level. A new equilibrium is reached at a higher level of output and a lower price level. But since output is now above the full-employment level Y*, there is upward pressure on wages and prices and the upward-sloping AS-curve starts shifting back to the right. A new long-run equilibrium is reached back at the original position (Y*), and the original price level (assuming that the change in material prices did not affect the full-employment level of output). Since nominal wages (W) will have risen but the price level (P) will not have changed, real wages (W/P) will have increased.PP1P2Y*Y2Y。

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宏观经济学第六章习题及答案————————————————————————————————作者：————————————————————————————————日期：2思考与练习1．名词解释失业∕失业率充分就业摩擦性失业产出效应结构性失业通货膨胀自愿性失业自然失业率消费物价指数收入分配效应财富分配效应菲利普斯曲线附加预期的菲利普斯曲线长期菲利普斯曲线2．什么是失业？通货膨胀如何定义？3．什么是充分就业？4．充分就业与自然失业率之间有何关系？5．失业与通货膨胀有什么关系?6．度量通红膨胀有哪些途径？7．试述通货膨胀的成因以及如何治理？8．试述菲利普斯曲线的特性、经济含义及其依据。

9．附加预期的菲利普斯曲线与传统的菲利普斯曲线有什么不同？根据附加预期的菲利普斯曲线理论，在什么条件下，数据能够呈现出传统的菲利普斯曲线关系？10．短期内，政策制定者能否根据菲利普斯曲线关系，用高通货膨胀换取低失业？长期的状况又如何？分别用古典理论和凯恩斯理论观点进行解释。

11．政府治理通货膨胀的对策有哪些？12．如果将2000年定为基期年份，其时某国普通家庭每个月购买一组商品的费用为900元，2005年购买同样一组商品的费用是1500元，求该国2005年消费价格指数。

13．如果2000年商品价格水平为90，到2005年商品价格水平变为100，试求2005年得通货膨胀率。

14．假设菲利普斯曲线为π=-2（u-0.06）（1）若将失业率控制在3%、4%、5%，通货膨胀率分别是多少？（2）若通货膨胀预期为1%，通货膨胀率分别为多少？15．预计货币发行量增加6%可使经济增长达到4%，若货币需求的收入弹性为0.5，根据现代货币主义的观点，这会引起多大的通货膨胀？1．名词解释（1）失业∕失业率：指愿意并有能力工作的人没有得到就业岗位的现象；失业人口占劳动人口的比重即为失业率（2）充分就业：指在某一工资水平之下，所有愿意接受工作的人，都获得了就业机会。

（3）摩擦性失业：指生产过程中难以避免的、由于转换职业等原因而造成的短期、局部失业。

（4）产出效应：由于通货膨胀中物价水平的上升快于货币工资的上升，从而实际利润增加，产量和就业增加的情形。

（5）结构性失业：指劳动力的供给和需求不匹配所造成的失业，其特点是既有失业，也有职位空缺，失业者或者没有合适的技能，或者居住地点不当，因此无法填补现有的职位空缺。

（6）通货膨胀：即一般物价水平持续上涨的经济现象（7）自愿性失业：指工人所要求的实际工资超过其边际生产率，或者说不愿意接受现行的工作条件和收入水平而未被雇用而造成的失业。

（8）自然失业率：指在没有货币因素影响下，劳动力市场和商品市场自发供求力量发挥作用时应有的处于均衡状态的失业率，即是一个不会造成通胀的失业率。

（9）消费物价指数：指人们有选择地选取一组（相对固定）商品和劳务，然后比较它们按当期价格购买的花费和按基期价格购买的花费。

（10）收入分配效应：通货膨胀对不同的人有不同的影响；通货膨胀对债务人有利而对债权人不利；通货膨胀有利于政府而不利于公众。

（11）财富分配效应：因为在通货膨胀过程中，价格可变资产的实际价值没有变化，而金额固定的资产的实际价值发生下降，所以在资产构成中，金额固定的资产越大，居民受通货膨胀的损害就越大；债务数量越大得益就越大；厂商和政府是通货膨胀的得益者。

（12）菲利普斯曲线：W.菲利普斯根据英国1861~1957年间近百年失业率和货币工资变动率的经验统计资料，提出一条用以表示失业率和货币工资变动率之间交替关系的曲线。

（13）附加预期的菲利普斯曲线：未预期到的通货膨胀与周期性失业之间的负向关系。

（14）长期菲利普斯曲线：即一条垂直线，它表明失业率与通货膨胀率之间不存在替换关系。

2．什么是失业？通货膨胀如何定义？失业是指愿意并有能力工作的人没有得到就业岗位的现象。

而当一个经济中的大多数商品和劳务的价格持续在一段时间内普遍上涨时，宏观经济学就称这个经济经历着通货膨胀。

3．什么是充分就业？充分就业是指在某一工资水平之下，所有愿意接受工作的人，都获得了就业机会。

大多数经济学家认为存在4%~6%的失业率是正常的，此时社会经济处于充分就业状态。

4．充分就业与自然失业率之间有何关系？由于摩擦性失业和结构性失业的共同作用，即使是处于充分就业水平时，一个经济体的失业率也不可能为0。

当产出和就业处于充分就业水平时，仍然存在的那个失业率即为自然失业率。

5．失业与通货膨胀有什么关系?在宏观经济研究的过程中，不少专家学者认为失业与通货膨胀之间存在着某种关系，而后来的菲利普斯曲线表明了失业与通货膨胀间的一种经验性关系。

菲利普斯曲线表明，高失业对应低通货膨胀，而低失业则对应高通货膨胀。

通货膨胀与失业之间存在取舍的思想源于经济学家A．W．菲利普斯（A．W．Phillips）于1958年发表的文章。

在考察了英国97年内失业与名义工资增长的数据后，菲利普斯发现英国历史上名义工资增长快的年份，失业率低；而名义工资增长慢的年份，失业率高。

其他经济学家在菲利普斯理论的基础上，将研究的重点从失业与名义工资增长率的关系转移到失业与通货膨胀（价格的增长率）的关系上。

在20世纪五六十年代，许多统计研究对不同国家、不同时期的通货膨胀与失业的数据进行了检验。

多数情况下，检验结果表明这两个变量之间存在负向关系。

这种失业与通货膨胀之间检验上的负向关系被称为菲利普斯曲线。

经济学理论认为，总体上，通货膨胀与失业之间的负向相关关系是不稳定的。

相反，在一个总需求增长率存在未预期到得变化的经济中，未预期到的通货膨胀与周期性失业之间应该存在负向相关关系。

特别需要指出的是，真实的通货膨胀与预期通货膨胀相等时（此时未预期到得通货膨胀等于0），实际发生的失业率等于自然失业率（此时周期性失业等于0）。

未预期到得通货膨胀与周期性失业之间的这种负向相关关系被称为附加预期的菲利普斯曲线。

根据附加预期的菲利普斯曲线，宏观经济政策制定者只能通过使真实通货膨胀高于预期通货膨胀的方法来把实际发生的失业率降低至低于自然失业率的水平。

古典主义经济学家认为，由于理性预期和价格的迅速调整，经济政策在有目的地制造未预期到的通货膨胀方面是无效的。

因此，政策制定者不能有效地利用菲利普斯曲线关系在失业和通货膨胀之间进行取舍。

凯恩斯主义者则相信，不是所有的价格都能迅速调整以反映新信息，因此政策制定者能够暂时制造未预期到的通货膨胀，从而在短期内对通货膨胀和失业进行取舍。

古典主义和凯恩斯主义一致认为，在长期中，预期通货膨胀率和真实的通货膨胀率相等。

因此无论通货膨胀率处于什么水平，长期的真实失业率等于自然失业率。

长期菲利普斯曲线是一条经过自然失业率的垂直直线，说明长期中不存在通货膨胀与失业的取舍关系。

6．度量通货膨胀有哪些途径？通货膨胀的度量，从世界各国的实际做法看，主要采取三个标准：消费物价指数、批发物价指数和国内生产总值折算指数。

7．试述通货膨胀的成因以及如何治理？通货膨胀的成因分为四种：（1）需求拉动的通货膨胀；（2）成本推动的通货膨胀；（3）结构性的通货膨胀。

针对需求拉动的通货膨胀（传统的凯恩斯经济学派观点），可以采用紧缩性的财政政策和货币政策。

针对成本推进型的通货膨胀，则实行收入政策和促进竞争的政策。

收入政策包括两方面的内容，一是工资物价指导，二是工资物价控制。

8．试述菲利普斯曲线的特性、经济含义及其依据。

菲利普斯曲线的（1）特性：曲线向右下方倾斜。

（2）经济含义：某年工资增长率较高，则失业率比较低；某年工资增长率比较低，则失业率较高。

（3）依据：英国近百年的实际资料9．附加预期的菲利普斯曲线与传统的菲利普斯曲线有什么不同？根据附加预期的菲利普斯曲线理论，在什么条件下，数据能够呈现出传统的菲利普斯曲线关系？附加预期的菲利普斯曲线表明未预期到的通货膨胀与周期性失业负向相关；而传统的菲利普斯曲线认为真实的通货膨胀与实际发生的失业率之间成负向相关关系。

根据附加预期的菲利普斯曲线理论，只有在预期通货膨胀率和自然失业率保持不变时，数据才能呈现出传统的菲利普斯曲线关系。

预期通货膨胀率和自然失业率的任何变动都会引起传统菲利普斯曲线的移动。

10．短期内，政策制定者能否根据菲利普斯曲线关系，用高通货膨胀换取低失业？长期的状况又如何？分别用古典理论和凯恩斯理论观点进行解释。

古典主义经济学家认为，由于理性预期和价格的迅速调整，经济政策在有目的地制造未预期到的通货膨胀方面是无效的。

因此，政策制定者不能有效地利用菲利普斯曲线关系在失业与通货膨胀之间进行取舍。

而在长期中，古典主义和凯恩斯主义一致认为，预期通货膨胀率和真实的通货膨胀率相等，因此无论通货膨胀率处于什么水平，长期的真实失业率等于自然失业率。

长期的菲利普斯曲线是一条经过自然失业率的垂直线，说明长期中不存在通货膨胀和失业的取舍关系。

11．政府治理通货膨胀的对策有哪些？政府治理通货膨胀的对策主要体现在两个方面：一是用衰退来降低通货膨胀；二是采用收入政策，通过影响实际因素来达到控制通货膨胀的目的，包括工资与物价的控制、道德的劝说和改变预期。

12．如果将2000年定为基期年份，其时某国普通家庭每个月购买一组商品的费用为900元，2005年购买同样一组商品的费用是1500元，求该国2005年消费价格指数。

解答：100CPI =⨯一组固定商品按当期价格计算的价格一组固定商品按基期价格计算的价格 20051500100167900CPI =⨯= 即2005年消费价格指数为167。