宏观经济学第六章试题及答案
宏观经济学第6章+总需求与总供给习题
第六章总需求与总供给一、名词解释题1．扩张性财政政策 3．扩张性货币政策5．总供给 7．交易动机 8．投机动机 11．自生支出13．边际支出倾向 15．流动性偏好17．IS曲线19．工资粘性21．菲利普斯曲线23．成本推进的通货膨胀二、单项选择1．总需求曲线向下倾斜是由于（）。
A、实际资产效应B、跨期替代效应C、开放替代效应D、以上三项都是3．价格在一定程度上不具备弹性的条件下短期总供给曲线是（）。
A、垂直的B、水平的C、向上倾斜的D、向下倾斜的5．在古典模型的长期均衡中，当货币供给增加时（）。
A、均衡的就业水平和产出不受影响B、均衡的产出和均衡价格水平不受影响C、均衡的价格水平，货币工资不受影响D、均衡就业量和均衡货币工资不受影响7．变动时不会导致总需求曲线移动的因素是（）。
A、公众的预期B、价格水平C、宏观经济政策D、汇率9．“滞胀”理论不符合（）观点。
A、货币主义B、凯恩斯主义C、理性预期学派D、实际经济周期11．假设可支配收入增加50元，消费支出增加45元，那么边际消费倾向为（）。
A、0.05B、0.10C、0.90D、1.0013．按照凯恩斯的观点，人们需要货币，是出于（）。
A、交易动机B、预防动机C、投机动机D、以上三项15．一般地说，位于LM曲线左方的收入和利率的组合，都是（）。
A、货币需求大于货币供给的非均衡组合B、货币需求等于货币供给的均衡组合C、货币需求小于货币供给的非均衡组合D、产品需求小于产品供给的非均衡组合17．IS曲线向左方移动的条件是（）。
A、总支出增加B、总支出减少C、价格水平下降D、价格水平上升19．IS曲线为y=500-2000 r，下列哪一个利率和收入水平的组合不在IS 曲线上（）。
A、r=0.02，y=450B、r=0.05，y=400C、r=0.07，y=360D、r=0.10，y=30021．计划总支出曲线（）。
A、是向上倾斜的B、是向下倾斜的C、是垂直的D、是水平的23．如果总存货等于计划存货，那么（）。
《西方经济学(宏观)》(全)答案——郑大远程教育
第一题、单项选择题（每题1分，5道题共5分）1、计算GDP的方法有A、支出法B、收入法C、增加值法D、以上都对2、一个企业的增加值等于A、总销售额B、总销售额减生产成本C、产值减生产过程中的中间投入品价值D、产值减由于生产而发生的资本折旧3、政府购买支出不包括A、警察的薪水B、政府对农民的补贴C、建造政府办公大楼D、研究市区交通的花费4、按收入法，国民收入不包括A、租金收入B、失业救济C、薪水D、净利息5、以下较为正确的说法是A、国民收入大于个人收入B、国民收入小于个人收入C、国民收入等于个人收入D、都可能第二题、多项选择题（每题2分，5道题共10分）1、GDPA、是一国在一年内生产的最终产品和服务的货币价值。
B、计算服务C、等于一国在一年中的总销售额D、以上都对2、GDP的计算方法有A、支出法B、收入法C、增加值法D、中间产品法3、下列各项中引起国民收入核算中总投资增加的是A、企业购买新机器B、私人购买新房子C、企业购买股票D、企业没有全部销售掉的当年产品增加4、按照支出法，GDP包括A、消费B、投资C、政府购买D、出口5、以下说法中不正确者是A、GDP必定大于GNPB、GDP必定小于GNPC、国民收入等于国民的个人收入之和D、个人可支配收入等于消费加上储蓄第三题、判断题（每题1分，5道题共5分）1、GDP＝当年的总产值。
正确错误2、家庭购买汽车属于消费。
正确错误3、总投资与净投资之差等于GNP与NNP之差。
正确错误4、个人收入＝NI+挣到没有收到的收入-收到的不是挣到的收入。
正确错误5、如果一国每年的储蓄保持不变且政府保持其预算平衡，那么，贸易盈余增加100单位就意味着本国居民私人投资减少100单位。
正确错误第二章第一题、单项选择题（每题1分，5道题共5分）1、在一个简单经济中，消费函数为C＝0.8Y，那么，乘数等于A、0.5B、4C、5D、102、如果MPC＝0.8，没有所得税的情况下，转移支付乘数为A、4B、5C、6D、83、如果MPC＝0.9，税率为1/3，那么，投资乘数为A、0.5B、2.5C、5D、104、消费函数的向上移动A、不影响均衡收入B、增加均衡收入C、减少均衡收入D、都可能5、如果MPC＝0.8，那么最有可能的是A、平均消费倾向是0.9B、乘数为5C、乘数为1.25D、在均衡状态，投资等于储蓄的80％第二题、多项选择题（每题2分，5道题共10分）1、简单收入决定模型中均衡收入的条件是A、总需求等于总产出B、非自愿存货等于零C、漏出等于注入D、价格水平不变2、边际消费倾向A、等于可支配收入增加1单位所导致的消费增加B、等于1减去边际储蓄倾向C、一般来说小于1D、短期内可以小于平均消费倾向3、当消费函数线位于45°线下方时A、消费大于收入B、消费等于收入C、消费小于收入D、平均消费倾向大于边际消费倾向4、如果在某一收入水平上储蓄为0，那么，A、MPC＝1B、平均消费倾向为1C、投资乘数为0D、消费等于收入5、预算盈余或赤字A、并不完全受政府控制B、依赖于经济运行情况C、受气候影响D、与贸易盈余直接相关第三题、判断题（每题1分，5道题共5分）1、均衡收入（产出）的条件是，企业的非自愿存货等于零。
《宏观经济学》——第六章 习题答案
第六章习题参考答案一、名词解释1、总供给曲线：表明了价格与产量的相结合，即在某种价格水平时整个社会的厂商所愿意供给的产品总量。
2、总需求曲线：描述在产品市场和货币市场同时实现均衡时，产量（国民收入）与价格水平的组合。
3、总需求—总供给模型：将总需求与总供给结合在一起放在一个坐标图上，用以解释国民收入和价格水平的决定，考察价格变化的原因以及社会经济如何实现总需求与总供给的均衡。
4、古典总供给曲线：不受价格水平变动的影响，位于充分就业水平上的垂直的总供给曲线。
5、粘性工资模型：即阐述粘性名义工资对总供给影响的模型。
6、利率效应：物价水平的变化将引起利率水平的变化，从而影响国民收入的变化的现象。
7、税收效应：物价水平的变化将引起税收的变化，从而影响国民收入的变化的现象。
二、单项选择题DCAAB DCCBD D1.D．总需求曲线向右下方倾斜的原因主要有：实际余额效应、利率效应、汇率效应以及税收效应。
2.C．价格的变化不影响IS曲线的位置，而价格下降会导致实际货币余额增加，利率下降，投资需求增加从而收入增加，所以LM曲线向右移。
3.A．在凯恩斯条件下，由于供给曲线是一条水平线，扩张的财政政策会使价格不变但国民收入y将增加。
y增加，则对货币的需求将增加，当货币供给不变时利率提高；当处于古典区域时，由于产量已达到了充分就业时的最大产出，所以y不会变，扩张性的财政政策将会使得价格上涨，从而实际货币余额将减少，利率提高。
4.A．劳动需求函数为Nd=Nd(WP),WP指实际工资，劳动需求与实际工资成反向关系，因此价格水平越低，名义工资不变，则实际工资上升，因而劳动需求下降。
5.B．劳动的供给函数为Ns=Ns（WP），W指名义工资，P为价格水平。
在短期内，实际工资率越高，劳动的供给越多，因此呈现正斜率。
6.D．古典学派假设工资和价格水平可以迅速自行调节，从而使得经济总是处于充分就业状态，因而此时古典供给曲线存在。
7.C．8.C．A、B、D三选项均属于潜在产出的短期决定因素,技术是长期决定因素。
宏观经济学习题(6-8)
第六章开放经济一、选择题1．当一国的净资本流入为正值时：A 该国的资本账户处于盈余状态。
B 该国存在贸易盈余和资本账户盈余。
C 该国的资本账户处于平衡状态。
D 该国存在贸易赤字和资本账户赤字。
E 该国资本账户处于赤字状态。
答案：A2．以下选项正确的是：A 进口＋出口＝净资本流入。
B 进口＝出口－净资本流入。
C 进口＝出口＋净资本流入。
D 进口＋净资本流入＝出口。
E 进口＝净资本流入。
答案：C3．对于一个大国开放经济来说，紧缩性的财政政策对该国的长期影响是（ C ）A．国民储蓄的减少 B．利率上升 C．净出口的上升 D．产出减少4．在开放经济中：A 私人储蓄＋净资本流入＝投资＋政府储蓄B 私人储蓄＝净资本流入＋投资＋政府储蓄C 私人储蓄＋投资＝净资本流入＋政府储蓄D 私人储蓄＋政府储蓄＋净资本流入＝投资E 私人储蓄＋净资本流入＋投资＝政府储蓄答案：D5．在小型开放经济中，预算赤字的上升将：A 降低利率和投资。
B 不改变利率或投资。
C提高利率和投资。
D 提高利率但降低投资。
E 降低利率但提高投资。
答案：B6．汇率是指：A 两国之间的贸易赤字。
B 一国的净资本流入。
C 两种货币的相对价格。
D 一国货币的升值率。
E 一国货币的贬值率。
答案：C7．在开放经济中，投资—储蓄恒等式表明：A 私人储蓄必定等于私人投资。
B 私人储蓄加上从国外的资本流入必定等于投资C 私人储蓄加上从国外的资本流入必定等于投资加上政府赤字。
D 私人储蓄加上从国外的资本流入必定等于政府赤字加上经常账户赤字。
E 私人储蓄加上从国外的资本流入必定等于政府赤字加上经常账户赤字再加上投资。
答案：C8．对美国而言，提高私人储蓄可能会：A 提高预算赤字。
B 降低预算赤字。
C 增加投资。
D 对利率和投资没有影响。
E 引起美元升值答案：C二、名词解释1．贸易逆差 2．贸易顺差 3．名义汇率 4．实际汇率1．贸易逆差：一国在一定时期内进口贸易总值大于出口总值。
习题6-1-1 第六章 国民生产总值、总需求和总供给
第六章国民生产总值、总需求和总供给1.(265).三部门经济中，总需求的表达式为（）。
A . 总需求＝消费＋投资＋政府支出B . 总需求＝消费＋储蓄＋税收C . 总需求＝消费＋投资D . 总需求＝消费＋政府支出＋出口答案：A2.(261).在下列情形中，应该计入当年国内生产总值的是（）。
A . 去年生产而在今年销售出去的汽车B . 当年生产的汽车C . 某人去年购买而在今年转售给他人的汽车D . 某汽车生产商当年计划在明年生产的汽车答案：B3.(268).宏观经济学的核心理论是（）。
A . 经济决定理论B . 价格决定理论C . 宏观决定理论D . 国民收入决定理论答案：D4.(266).三部门经济中，收入的恒等关系可以表示为（）。
A . I＋S＝G＋TB . I＋G＝S＋TC . I＋G＋X＝S＋T＋MD . I＝S答案：B5.(264).个人收入与个人可支配收入的差额是（）。
A . 个人所得税B . 间接税C . 公司未分配利润D . 折旧答案：A6.(263).国内生产总值与国内生产净值的差额是（）。
A . 直接税B . 间接税C . 公司未分配利润D . 折旧答案：D7.(262).国内生产总值中的最终产品是指（）。
A . 有形的产品B . 无形的产品C . 既包括有形的产品，也包括无形的产品D . 供以后的生产阶段作为投入的产品答案：C8.(267).净出口是指（）。
A . 出口减进口B . 出口加进口C . 出口加政府转移支付D . 进口减出口答案：A9.(477).在理解国内生产总值时要注意（）。
A . 国内生产总值是指最终产品的总值B . 国内生产总值是指一年内生产出来的产品的总值C . 国内生产总值指的是最终产品市场价值的总和D . 国内生产总值是指一年内在本国领土上所生产的最终产品的价值总和答案：ABCD10.(478).国内生产总值的计算方法主要有（）。
A . 支出法B . 收入法C . 平衡法D . 动态法答案：AB11.(479).在国民收核算中，除了国内生产总值之外还有另外几个重要总量，它们是（）。
宏观经济学第六章习题及答案
第六单元通货膨胀与失业理论本单元所涉及到的主要知识点：1．通货膨胀的含义、衡量与种类2．通货膨胀的原因3．通货膨胀对经济的影响及其对策4．失业的含义与衡量5．失业的种类6．失业的原因7．失业的影响及其治理8．失业与通货膨胀的关系：菲利普斯曲线一、单项选择1．一般用来衡量通货膨胀的物价指数是（ D ）。
a．消费者物价指数； b．生产物价指数；c．GDP缩减指数； d．以上均正确。
2．可以称为温和的通货膨胀的情况是指（ D）。
a．通货膨胀率以每年5％的速度增长； b．通货膨胀率在10％以上；c．通货膨胀率一直保持在2％－3％水平；d．通货膨胀率处于3％—10％之间。
3．通货膨胀的主要类型有（ D ）。
a．需求拉上型； b．成本推进型；c．结构型； d．以上均正确。
4．通货膨胀会（ C ）。
a．使国民收入提高到超过其平常水平；b．使国民收入下降到其平常水平以下；c．使国民收入提高或下降，主要看通货膨胀产生的原因；d．只有在经济处于潜在的产出水平时，国民收入才会增长。
5．在通货膨胀不能完全预期的情况下，通货膨胀将有利于（ A ）。
a．债务人； b；债权人；c．在职工人； d．离退休人员。
6．已知充分就业的国民收入是12000亿元，实际国民收入11800亿，边际消费倾向0.8，在增加3000亿的投资后，经济将发生（ A ）。
a．需求拉上通货膨胀；b．成本推进通货膨胀；c．结构性通货膨胀； d．需求不足的失业。
7．收入政策主要是用来治理（ B ）。
a．需求拉上的通货膨胀； b．成本推进的通货膨胀；c．结构性通货膨胀； d．供求混合通货膨胀。
8．抑制通货膨胀的收入政策是指（ C ）。
a．收入初次分配； b．收入再分配；c．收入—价格管制； d．以上均正确。
9．失业率是指（ A ）。
a．失业人口占劳动力的百分比； b．失业人数占人口总数的百分比； c．失业人数占就业人数的百分比； d．以上均正确。
10．充分就业的含义是（B ）。
多恩布什《宏观经济学》(英文第八版)答案-第六章
Chapter 6 Solutions to the Problems in the Textbook:Conceptual Problems:1. The aggregate supply curve and the Phillips curve describe very similar relationships and bothcurves can be used to analyze the same phenomena. The AS-curve shows a relationship between the price level and the level of output. The Phillips curve shows a relationship between the rate of inflation and the unemployment rate, given certain inflationary expectations. For example, a movement along the AS-curve depicts an increase in the price level that is associated with an increase in the level of output. As output increases, the rate of unemployment decreases (see Okun’s law).Therefore, with a larger increase in the price level (a higher level of inflation) there will be a decrease in unemployment, creating a downward-sloping Phillips curve.This downward sloping Phillips curve shifts whenever inflationary expectations change. If one assumes that workers will change their wage demands whenever their inflationary expectations change, one can conclude that a shift in the Phillips curve corresponds to a shift in the upward sloping AS-curve, since higher wages mean higher cost of production.2. In the short run, when wages and prices are assumed to be fixed, there can be no inflation and thusthe Phillips curve makes no sense over this very brief time frame. But in the medium run (in this chapter also often referred to as the short run), the Phillips curve is downward sloping as inflationary expectations are assumed to be constant. In the long run, the Phillips curve is vertical at the natural rate of unemployment, which corresponds to the vertical long-run AS-curve at the full-employment level of output.3. A variety of explanations are given in this chapter for the stickiness of wages in the short orintermediate run. One is that workers have imperfect information and nobody knows the actual price level. People don’t know whether a change in their nominal wage is the result of an increase in prices or in the real wage they receive for the work they provide. Due to this uncertainty, labor markets will not clear immediately. Another argument relies on coordination problems, that is, different firms within an economy cannot coordinate price changes in response to monetary policy changes.Individual firms change their prices only reluctantly, since they are afraid of losing market share. The efficiency wage theory argues that employers pay above market-clearing wages to motivate their workers to work harder. Firms are also reluctant to change wages because of the perceived menu costs involved. There are long-term relations between firms and workers and wages are usually set in nominal terms by wage contracts, which are renegotiated only periodically. Thus real wages fluctuate over time as the price level changes. Finally, the insider-outsider model argues that firms negotiate only with their own employees but not with unemployed workers. Since a turnover in the labor force is costly to firms, they are willing to offer above market-clearing wages to the currently employed rather than hiring the unemployed who may be willing to work for lower wages.These different views are not necessarily mutually exclusive and it is up to students to decide which of the arguments presented here they find most plausible. The explanations differ mainly in their assumption of how fast markets clear and whether employment variations are voluntary.4.a. Stagflation is defined as a period of high unemployment accompanied by high inflation.4.b. Stagflation can occur in time periods when people have high inflationary expectations. If theeconomy goes into a recession, the actual rate of inflation will fall below the expected rate of inflation.However, the actual inflation rate may still be very high while the rate of unemployment is increasing.For example, the Fed may have let money supply grow much too fast in the past, so everyone expectsa high inflation rate. If a supply shock occurs, we will see an increase in the rate of unemploymentwhile inflationary expectations and actual inflation remain very high. This scenario occurred during the 1970s. Once we have reached such a situation, it becomes necessary to design policies that will reduce inflationary expectations to shift the Phillips curve back to the left.5. Assume a disturbance occurs and the AD-curve shifts to the right. Unemployment decreases andinflation increases, and we move along the downward sloping Phillips curve to the left. However, as soon as people realize that actual inflation is higher than their inflationary expectations, they adjust their inflationary expectations upward and the downward-sloping Phillips curve shifts to the right, eventually returning unemployment back to its natural rate. In other words, the economy adjusts back at the full-employment level of income.If an adverse supply shock occurs (the upward-sloping AS-curve shifts to the left), unemployment and inflation increase simultaneously. This will correspond to a shift of the downward-sloping Phillips curve to the right. However, when people realize that actual inflation is less than expected inflation, then the downward-sloping Phillips curve starts to shift back and the economy adjusts back to the natural rate of unemployment in the long run.6.The expectations-augmented Phillips curve predicts that inflation will rise above the expected levelwhen unemployment drops below its natural rate. However, if people know that this is going to happen, why don’t they immediately adjust to it? And if people immediately adjusted to it, wouldn’t this imply that anticipated monetary policy would be ineffective to cause any deviation from the full-employment level of output? In reality, however, even if people have rational expectations, they may not be able to adjust immediately. One reason is that wage contracts often set wages for an extended time period. Similarly, prices cannot always be changed right away and the costs of changing prices may outweigh the benefits. A further argument is that even rational people make forecasting mistakes and learn only slowly.In other words, the location of the expectations-augmented Phillips curve is determined by the level of expected inflation, which is set by recent historical experience. A shift in this curve caused by changing inflationary expectations occurs only gradually. The rational expectations model, on the other hand, assumes that the Phillips curve shifts almost instantaneously as new information about the near future becomes available.Technical Problems:1. A reduction in the supply of money leads to excess demand for money and increased interest rates,reducing the level of private spending (especially investment). Therefore the AD-curve shifts to the left. This causes an excess supply of goods and services at the original price level so the price level starts to decrease. Since the AS-curve is upward sloping, a new short-run macro-equilibrium is reached at a lower level of output (and thus a higher level of unemployment) and a lower price level.PP1However, the higher level of unemployment eventually puts downward pressure on wages, reducing the cost of production and shifting the upward-sloping AS-curve to the right. Alternatively, since this equilibrium output level is below the full-employment level, prices will continue to fall, and the upward-sloping AS-curve will shift to the right. As long as output is below the full-employment level Y*, the upward-sloping AS-curve will continue to shift to the right, which means that the price level will continue to decline. Eventually a new long-run equilibrium will be reached at the full-employment level of output (Y*) and a lower price level.2. According to the rational expectations theory, an announced change in monetary policy wouldimmediately change people’s perception in regard to the expected inflation rate. If people could adjust immediately to this change in inflationary expectations, then the rate of unemployment or the output level would remain the same. In other words, we would immediately move from point 1 to point 3 in the diagram used to explain the previous question and the Fed would be unable to affect the unemployment rate. In reality, however, even if people have rational expectations and can anticipate the effects of a policy change correctly, they may not be able to immediately adjust due to wage contracts, etc. Thus, there will always be some deviation from the full-employment output level Y*.3.a. A favorable supply shock, such as a decline in material prices, shifts the upward-sloping AS-curve tothe right, leading to excess supply at the existing price level. A new short-run equilibrium is reached at a higher level of output and a lower price level. But since output is now above the full-employment level Y*, there is upward pressure on wages and prices and the upward-sloping AS-curve shifts back to the right. A new long-run equilibrium is reached back at the original position (Y*), and the original price level (assuming that the change in material prices did not affect the full-employment level of output). Since nominal wages (W) will have risen but the price level (P) will not have changed, real wages (W/P) will have increased.PP1P20 13.b. Lower material prices lower the cost of production, shifting the upward-sloping AS-curve shiftsto the right, and leading to an increase in output and a lower price level. Since unemployment is now below its natural rate, there is a shortage of labor, providing upward pressure on wages. This will increase the cost of production again, eventually shifting the upward-sloping AS-curve back to the original long-run equilibrium (assuming that potential GDP has not been affected).Additional Problems:1. Explain the long-run effect of an increase in nominal money supply on the amount of realmoney balances available in the economy.In the very short run, the price level is fixed, so if nominal money supply (M) increases, a higher level of real money balances is available, causing interest rates to fall and the level of investment spending to increase. This leads to an increase in aggregate demand. The shift to the right of the AD-curve causes the price level (P) to increase, leading to a reduction in real money balances (M/P). In the medium run (an upward-sloping AS-curve), we reach a new equilibrium at a higher output level and a higher price level. Since prices have gone up proportionally less than nominal money supply, real money balances have increased. However, to reach a new long-run equilibrium, prices have to increase further, and as a result, the level of real money balances will decrease further. When the new long-run equilibrium at Y* is finally reached, the price level will have risen proportionally to nominal money supply and the level of real money balances will be back at its original level.2. Assume the economy is in a recession. Describe an adjustment process that will ensure that theeconomy eventually will return to full employment. How can the government speed up this process?If the economy is in a recession, there will be downward pressure on wages and prices, which will bring the economy back to the full-employment output level. The upward-sloping AS-curve will shift to the right due to lower production costs. However, this process may take a fairly long time. The government can shorten this adjustment process with the help of expansionary fiscal or monetary policies to stimulate aggregate demand. The resulting shift to the right of the AD-curve implies that the final long-run equilibrium will be at a higher price level. In other words, the reduction in unemployment can only be achieved at the cost of higher inflation.3. "The stickiness of wages implies that policy makers can achieve low unemployment only if theyare willing to put up with high inflation." Comment on this statement.There are several explanations of why wages and prices adjust only slowly. One is that workers have imperfect information, so they do not realize that lower prices mean higher real wages. Another is that firms are reluctant to change prices and wages since they are unsure about the behavior of their competitors and want to avoid the perceived cost of making these changes. Finally, wage contracts tend to be long-term and staggered, so it takes time to adjust wages to price changes. Some firms may pay their workers above market-clearing wages to keep them happy and productive. For these reasons, wages and prices tend to be rigid in the short run. Thus it takes time for the economy to adjust back to full-employment.If there were a stable Phillips-curve relationship, a low rate of unemployment could only be achieved by allowing inflation to increase. However, such a stable relationship does not exist. Wages tend to be rigid in the short run, so expansionary policies lower unemployment and increase inflation in the short run. In the long run, however, the economy will adjust back to the natural rate of unemployment, so expansionary policies simply lead to a higher price level.4. "If we assume that people have rational expectations, then fiscal policy is always irrelevant.But monetary policy can still be used to affect the rate of inflation and unemployment."Comment on this statement.Individuals and firms with rational expectations consistently make optimal decisions based on all information available. As long as a policy change is anticipated, people are able to assess its long-run outcome and will try to immediately adjust. Since fiscal policy doesn't affect inflation or unemployment in the long run, it is also ineffective in the short run if wages and prices are assumed to be flexible. An anticipated change in monetary growth, on the other hand, will be reflected in a change in the inflation rate. If wages are flexible, workers will adjust their wage demands immediately and no significant change in the unemployment rate will occur. However, even if people have rational expectations, wages tend to be fairly rigid in the short run due to wage contracts. Therefore, it will take time for the economy to adjust back to a long-run equilibrium. This implies that both fiscal and monetary policy can affect the rate of inflation and unemployment to some degree in the short run.5. "Inflation cannot accelerate in a recession, when the rate of unemployment is above its naturalrate." Comment on this statement.Inflation can accelerate even in a recession, that is, when the unemployment is high, if a supply shock occurs. An oil price increase will increase the cost of production, so the upward-sloping AS-curve will shift to the left. This will increase the inflation rate and the rate of unemployment simultaneously, as firms increase their product prices and cut their production. If the Fed tries to accommodate the supply shock with expansionary monetary policy in an effort to stimulate the economy, then inflation will accelerate even more, as the AD-curve shifts to the right.6. Comment on the following statement:"The coordination approach to the Phillips curve focuses on the problems that the administration has in coordinating its fiscal policies with the monetary policies of the Fed." The coordination approach has nothing to do with fiscal or monetary policy but is simply one explanation of why wages adjust slowly. This view asserts that firms generally are unable to coordinate wage and price changes in response to a monetary policy change. For example, any firm that cuts workers' wages in response to monetary contraction while other firms don't, will anger its employees who may then choose to leave. Firms are also reluctant to change their prices since they are unsure about their competitors' behavior. Thus wages and prices change only slowly in response to a change in aggregate demand. This implies an upward-sloping (short-run) AS-curve.7. Comment on the following statement:"The unemployment rate is zero at the full-employment level of output."With a higher price level real wages decline, increasing the quantity of labor demanded. Therefore the nominal wage rate is bid up until the real wage rate is restored to its unique equilibrium level. Similarly, if prices fall, real wages increase, leading to unemployment. The nominal wage rate falls to bring the real wage rate back to its equilibrium level. So the nominal wage rate changes in proportion to the price level to maintain a real wage rate that clears the labor market. At this wage rate, the full-employment level of output is produced. However, at the full-employment output level the unemployment rate is not zero. Due to frictions in the labor market, there is always a positive unemployment rate, as workers switch between jobs. This is called the natural rate of unemployment.8. Briefly state the reason for the slow adjustment of wages to changes in aggregate demand. The reasons for the slow adjustment of nominal wages can be explained in several ways. One explanation is that workers have imperfect information, that is, they do not immediately realize whether a change in their nominal wage is the result of an increase in prices or in the real wage they receive for the work they provide. Another explanation is that coordination problems exist, that is, different firms within an economy are unsure about the behavior of their competitors and thus they only reluctantly change wages or prices. The efficiency wage theory, on the other hand, argues that firms pay above market-clearing wages to motivate their workers to work harder. Firms are also reluctant to change wages due to the perceived cost of doing so. Another argument is that wage contracts tend to be long-term, so real wages tend to fluctuate over the length of the contract and output adjusts only slowly to price changes. Finally, the insider-outsider model argues that firms negotiate only with their employees but not the unemployed. Since a turnover of the labor force is costly to firms, they are willing to offer above market-clearing wages to the currently employed rather than hiring the unemployed who may be willing to work for less. These various explanations are not mutually exclusive, and they all imply that the AS-curve is positively sloped, that is, that a change in aggregate demand will affect both output and prices in the short run.9. True or false? Why?"There is no frictional unemployment at the natural rate of unemployment."False. The natural rate of unemployment is the rate at which the labor market is in equilibrium. But there is always some unemployment due to new entrants into the labor force, people between jobs, and the like.This rate of unemployment is considered normal, due to frictions in the labor market, and is often called frictional unemployment.10. "If everyone in this economy had rational expectations, then wages would be flexible andunemployment could not occur." Comment on this statement.The new Keynesian models argue that even if people have rational expectations, socially undesirable outcomes may still occur due to imperfect competition and the existence of wage contracts. Prices may not change freely, since firms in imperfectly competitive markets are reluctant to change them, due to the menu costs involved. Nominal wages are set by contracts over a period of time, so the economy may adjust only slowly to a decrease in aggregate demand. Thus a rate of unemployment higher than the natural rate can exist over an extended period of time.11. True or false? Why?"If nominal wages were more flexible, expansionary policies would be more effective in reducing the rate of unemployment."False. In Chapter 5 we learned that in the classical case (where nominal wages are completely flexible) the AS-curve is vertical, whereas in the Keynesian case (where wages do not change, even if unemployment persists) the AS-curve is horizontal. From this we can conclude that more flexible nominal wages imply a steeper upward-sloping AS-curve. Any type of expansionary demand-side policy will shift the AD-curve to the right and this will cause the level of output and prices to increase (at least in the short-run). A steeper upward-sloping AS-curve results in a larger price increase and a smaller increase in output. But a smaller increase in the level of output results in a smaller reduction in unemployment. In either case, the economy will settle back at the full-employment level of output in the long run. In the long run, the rate of unemployment always goes back to its natural level.12. Explain the short-run and long-run effects of an increase in the level of government spendingon output, unemployment, interest rates, prices, and real money balances.An increase in government spending increases aggregate demand, shifting the AD-curve to the right. Because there is excess demand, the price level increases, which reduces the level of real money balances. Therefore interest rates increase, leading to some crowding out of investment. Due to this real balance effect, the increase in output is less than the shift in the AD-curve. Assuming an upward-sloping AS-curve, a new equilibrium is reached at a higher price level, a higher level of output, a lower unemployment rate and a higher interest rate. Since output is now above the full-employment level, wages and prices will continue to rise and the upward-sloping AS-curve will start shifting to the left. This process will continue until a new long-run equilibrium is reached at the full-employment level of income Y*, that is, until unemployment is back at its natural rate. At this point the price level, nominal wages, and interest rates will be higher than previously and real money balances will be lower.13. Briefly explain why there seems to be so much interest in finding ways to shift theupward-sloping aggregate supply curve to the right.Shifting the upward-sloping AS-curve to the right seems to be the only way to offset the effects of an adverse supply shock without any negative side effects. An adverse supply shock, such as an increase in oil prices, causes a simultaneous increase in unemployment and inflation, and policy makers have only two options for demand-management policies. Expansionary fiscal or monetary policy will help to achieve full employment faster but will raise the price level, while restrictive fiscal or monetary policy will reduce inflationary pressure but increase unemployment. Therefore, any policy that would shift the upward sloping AS-curve back to the right seems preferable, since it might bring the economy back to the original equilibrium by simultaneously lowering inflation and unemployment.14. Use an AD-AS framework to show the effect of monetary restriction on the level of output,prices and the interest rate in the medium and the long run.A decrease in nominal money supply will increase interest rates, leading to a decrease in investment spending. This will shift the AD-curve to the left, creating an excess supply of goods and services. Therefore price level will decrease and real money balances will increase. A new equilibrium will be achieved at the intersection of the new AD-curve and the upward-sloping AS-curve at an output level that is below the full-employment level.In the long run, higher unemployment will cause downward pressure on wages. As the cost of production decreases, the upward-sloping AS-curve will keep shifting to the right until a new long-run equilibrium is established at the full-employment level of output, that is, where the new AD-curve intersects the long-run vertical AS-curve at Y*. At this point, real output, the real interest rate, real money balances, and the real wage rate will be back at their original level. Nominal money supply, the price level and the nominal wage rate will all have decreased proportionally.A simplified adjustment can be shown as follows:1-->2: Ms down ==> i up ==> I down ==> Y down ==> the AD-curve shifts left ==>excess supply ==> P down ==> real ms up ==> i down ==> I up ==> Y up(The first line describes a policy change, that is, a shift in the AD-curve; the second line describes the price adjustment, that is, a movement along the AD-curve.)Short-run effect:Y down, i up, P down2-->3: Since Y < Y* ==> downwards pressure on nominal wages ==> cost of production down ==> the short run AS-curve shifts right ==> excess supply of goods ==> P down ==> real ms up==> i down ==> I up ==> Y up (This process continues until Y = Y*)Long-run effect:Y stays at Y*, i remains the same, P down.Note: Even though only one shift of the short-run AS-curve to the new long-run equilibrium is shown here, this shift is actually a combination of many shifts.P2P1P2P30 215. Briefly discuss the importance of Okun’s law in evaluating the cost of unemployment.Okun’s law states that a reduction in the unemployment rate of 1 percent will increase the level of output by about 2 percent. This relationship allows us to measure the cost to society (in terms of lost production) of a given rate of unemployment.16. True or false? Why?"If monetary policy accommodates an adverse supply shock, it will worsen any inflationary effects."True. An adverse supply shock shifts the upward-sloping AS-curve to the left. There is excess demand for goods and services at the original price level and prices start to rise, leading to lower real money balances, higher interest rates, and lower output. If no policy is implemented, then unemployment will force the nominal wage down to restore equilibrium at the original position. If the government views this adjustment process as too slow, it can respond by implementing expansionary policies. Accommodating the supply shock in this way shifts the AD-curve to the right and a new equilibrium can be reached at full-employment but at a higher price level. It is unlikely, though, that the economy will remain there for long since workers will realize that their purchasing power has been diminished by higher prices and will demand a wage increase. If they are successful, the cost of production will increase and the upward-sloping AS-curve will shift to the left again. In other words, we will enter a wage-price spiral.PP3P2P1217. Assume oil prices decline. What kind of monetary policy should the Fed undertake if its goal isto stabilize the level of output while keeping inflation low? Show with the help of an AD-AS diagram and briefly explain the adjustment process.1-->2: As oil prices decline, the cost of production decreases and the upward-sloping AS-curve shifts to the right, causing excess supply of goods. Thus the price level decreases, real money balances increase, and the interest rate declines.2-->3: A decrease in money supply will increase the interest rate, decrease private spending, and shift the AD-curve to the left. This means that prices will decrease even further and the level of output will decline. (We assume, for simplicity, that it goes back to the full-employment level Y*, so no long-run adjustment is needed.) Overall, the level of output has remained at its full-employment level but the level of prices and the interest rate have decreased.PP1P2218. Comment on the following statement:"A favorable oil shock causes lower inflation and lower unemployment."A decrease in material prices (or any other favorable supply shock) shifts theupward-sloping AS-curve to the right, and prices begin to decrease. The new equilibrium is at a lower price level and a higher level of output (a lower level of unemployment).Since output is now above the full-employment level, there will be upward pressure on nominal wages and prices, and the upward-sloping AS-curve will start shifting back to its original position (assuming that potential output was not affected). In the long run, unemployment will be back at its natural rate but the price level will have decreased (and thus real wages increased).19. “Falling oil prices will lead to increased employment, higher wage rates an dincreased real money balances.” Comment on this statement with the help of an AD-AS diagram and explain the short-run and long-run adjustment processes.A decline in material prices shifts the upward-sloping AS-curve to the right, leading to excess supply at the existing price level. A new equilibrium is reached at a higher level of output and a lower price level. But since output is now above the full-employment level Y*, there is upward pressure on wages and prices and the upward-sloping AS-curve starts shifting back to the right. A new long-run equilibrium is reached back at the original position (Y*), and the original price level (assuming that the change in material prices did not affect the full-employment level of output). Since nominal wages (W) will have risen but the price level (P) will not have changed, real wages (W/P) will have increased.PP1P2Y*Y2Y。
第六章总需求—总供给模型(宏观)
第六章国民收入的决定：总需求—总供给模型一、名词解释1、总需求；2、总需求函数；3、总供给；4、总供给函数；5、古典的总供给曲线；6、凯恩斯主义的总供给曲线；7、利率效应；8、总生产函数；9、潜在就业量；10、潜在产出；二、单项选择题1、价格水平上升时，将（）。
A、减少实际货币供给并引起LM曲线右移；B、减少实际货币供给并引起LM曲线左移；C、增加实际货币供给并引起LM曲线右移；D、增加实际货币供给并引起LM曲线左移。
2、下列哪一种观点是不正确的？（）A、当价格水平的上升幅度大于名义货币供给的增长时，实际货币供给减少；B、当名义货币供给的增长大于价格水平的上升时，实际货币供给增加；C、在其他条件不变的情况下，价格水平上升，实际货币供给减少；D、在其他条件不变的情况下，价格水平下降，实际货币供给减少。
3、总需求向右下方倾斜是由于（）。
A、价格水平上升时，投资将减少；B、价格水平上升时，消费将减少；C、价格水平上升时，净出口将减少；D、以上几个因素都是。
4、当（）时，总需求曲线更平缓。
A、投资支出对利率变化较敏感；B、支出乘数较小；C、货币需求对利率变化较敏感；D、货币供给量较大。
5、总需求曲线（）/A、当其他条件不变时，政府支出减少时会右移；B、当其他条件不变时，价格水平上升时会左移；C、当其他条件不变时，税收减少会左移；D、当其他条件不变时，名义货币供给增加会右移。
6、短期劳动力供给函数（）。
A、由于不断增加的劳动负效用而呈正斜率；B、由于不断减少的劳动负效用而呈负斜率；C、由于不断减少的闲暇负效用而呈正斜率；D、由于不断增加的闲暇负效用而呈负斜率。
7、在既定的劳动需求函数中（）。
A、产品价格上升时，劳动需求减少；B、产品价格上升时，劳动需求增加；C、价格水平和名义工资同比例增加时，劳动需求增加；D、价格水平和名义工资同比例增加时，劳动需求减少。
8、当劳动力的边际产出函数是800－2N，（N是使用劳动的数量）产品的价格水平是2美元，每单位劳动的成本是4美元时，劳动力的需求量是（）。
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宏观经济学及其研究对象宏观经济学以整个国民经济活动作为考察对象，研究社会总体经济问题以及相应的经济变量的总量是如何决定及其相互关系。
它需要解决三个问题：一是已经配置到各个生产部门和企业的经济资源总量的使用情况是如何决定着一国的总产量(国民收入)或就业量;二是商品市场和货币市场的总供求是如何决定着一国的国民收入水平和一般物价水平;三是国民收入水平和一般物价水平的变动与经济周期及经济增长的关系。
它又称为国民收入决定论或收入分析。
宏观经济学研究的是经济资源的利用问题，包括国民收入决定理论、就业理论、通货膨胀理论、经济周期理论、经济增长理论、财政与货币政策等。
（一）选择题1. 依据哈罗德—多马模型的定义，自然增长率G N与实际增长率G之间的关系是（）：AG N≥G；BG N≤G； C G N＞G；DG N＜G。
2. 根据哈罗德—多马模型的分析，如果有保证的增长率G W大于实际增长率G，经济将（）：A持续高涨；B长期萧条；C均衡增长；D不能确定。
3. 根据哈罗德—多马模型的分析，如果有保证的增长率G W大于自然增长率G N，经济将（）：A持续高涨；B长期萧条；C均衡增长；D不能确定。
4. 要达到充分就业的均衡增长，必须使（）：AG=G N；BG=G W；CG=G N= G W；DG W= G N。
5. 在哈罗德—多马模型中，已知有保证的增长率G W小于实际增长率G，如果合意的储蓄率等于实际储蓄率，那么合意的资本—产出比将（）：A小于实际的资本—产出比；B大于实际的资本—产出比；C等于实际的资本—产出比；D以下情况都有可能。
6. 当合意的资本—产出比大于实际的资本—产出比时，厂商的合理反应是（）：A增加投资；B减少投资；C保持原有投资水平；D不能确定。
7. 哈罗德—多马模型的分析之所以是一种动态分析，是因为它（）：A从连续的各个时期来分析经济增长；B根据投资和储蓄之间的关系来分析经济增长；C根据有效需求来分析经济增长；D在技术、人口和资本均可发生变化的时期内分析经济增长。
8. 假设要使经济增长率从5%提高到8%，在资本—产出比为2时，根据哈罗德—多马模型，储蓄率应该增加（）：A10%；B16%；C6%；D5%。
9. 哈罗德—多马模型和新古典增长模型中，有些假设是相同的，而有些假设是不同的。
在以下假设中，不同的是（）：A技术水平不变，都为外生变量；B规模报酬不变C人口增长率为常数D整个社会使用劳动和资本两种要素进生产，且这两种生产要素可以相互替代。
10. 在新古典增长模型所描述的平衡增长路径上，有（）：A总资本的增长率、总产出的增长率与人口的增长率相等；B总资本的增长率等于人口的增长率，但总产出的增长率不等于人口的增长率；C 总产出的增长率等于人口的增长率，但总资本的增长率不等于人口的增长率；D总资本的增长率、总产出的增长率、人口的增长率三者之间的任意两者均不相等。
11. 在新古典增长模型中，下列说法是正确的（）：A储蓄率的变化影响短期的经济增长率；B储蓄率的变化影响长期的经济增长率；C储蓄率的变化既影响短期的经济增长率，又影响长期的经济增长率；D人口增长率的变化不影响人均资本水平和人均产出水平。
（二）计算与分析题：1. 已知资本—产出比为4，假设某国某年的国民收入为1000亿美元，消费为800亿美元。
根据哈罗德—多马模型，要使该年的储蓄全部转化为投资，第二年的增长率应该是多少？2. 假定某国的资本—产出比V=4，消费倾向C/Y=0.8，而G N=%326，按照新古典增长模型，怎样才能实现充分就业的均衡增长？3. 在新古典增长模型中，集约化生产函数为y=f(k)=2k−0.5k2，人均储蓄率为0.3，设人口增长率为3%，求：（1）使经济均衡增长的k值；（2）黄金分割律所要求的人均资本量。
4. 如果某国在十年中的经济增长率为9.8%，就业增长率为2.5%，资本增长率为5%，增长公式中的α=0.45，试计算全要素生产率的增长。
如果资本增长提高1%，那么产出增长率增加多少？5. 已知集约化生产函数为y=f(k)=k−0.2k2，其中y为人均产出，k为人均资本。
平均储蓄倾向为0.1，人口增长率为5%。
试求：（1）均衡资本—劳动比率；（3）均衡人均产出；（4）均衡人均储蓄；（5）均衡人均消费。
6. （1）某经济社会的资本存量K=200，劳动人口N=200，投资I=20，固定资产折旧率δ=5%，平均消费倾向c=0.6。
求劳动人口人均产出水平，并求资本增长率。
（2）如果劳动人口增长率n=1.2%，储蓄率s=12%，求资本-产出比率（K/L），并求劳动人口人均生产为0.5时的资本—劳动比率。
（三）简答题：1. 哈罗德-多马模型及其主要结论。
2. 在哈罗德-多马模型中，如果实际增长率与均衡增长率不相等，将会出现什么情况？3. 简述经济增长的黄金分割律。
4. 假设一个经济体中的总量生产函数为Y t=A t f (L t, K t)。
其中, Y t、L t、K t顺次表示第t期的总产量、投入的劳动数量和资本量，A t代表技术状况。
试推导经济增长率关于技术进步率、劳动和资本增长率的分解式，并指出其对经济增长问题的意义。
（四）论述题：1. 比较分析哈罗德-多马增长理论和新古典增长理论，并分别指出其可供我们借鉴之处。
2. 写出Solow经济增长模型，求出均衡的资本量与储蓄率之间的关系，并求出资本积累的黄金法则。
标准答案（一）1. A；2. B；3. B；4. C；5. B；6. B；7. A；8. C；9. D；10. A；11. A（二）1. 答：由题意可知，国民收入Y=1000亿美元，消费C=800亿美元，因此有：储蓄S=1000−800=200（亿美元）；储蓄率s=S/Y=200/1000=20%。
要使该年200亿美元的储蓄全部转化为投资，第二年的有保证的增长率G W应为：此时，如果第二年的增长率达到5%，则：Y2=1000×(1+5%)=1050（亿美元）ΔY=Y2−Y1=50（亿美元）由V=4，可得：投资I=ΔY×V=50×4=200（亿美元）即该年200亿美元的储蓄正好在第2年全部转化为投资，经济实现均衡增长。
2. 根据经济增长理论，当G=G W时，经济活动实现均衡增长；而当G=G N时，经济活动达到充分就业水平。
只有当G=G W=G N时，经济活动实现充分就业的均衡增长。
由消费倾向C/Y=0.8可知：储蓄率=(Y−C)/Y=1−0.8=0.2此时，有保证的增长率G W=S/V=0.2/4=5%已知自然增长率G N=%326>G W根据经济增长模型，G W<G N时，储蓄不足而导致利率上升，引起使用资本的成本上升，促使厂商以更多的劳动力替代资本，因为资本使用量减少，则资本—产出比下降，这种调整过程一直持续到资本—产出比为：此时，V=3，N WG VsG====%3263%20即经济实现充分就业的均衡增长。
3. 答：（1）经济均衡增长时，有：将s=0.3，n=3%代入得：所以，k k k =-2520得8.3=k（2）按资本黄金律水平的要求，对每个人的资本量的选择应使得资本的边际产品等于劳动的增长率，即于是，有：2−k=0.03，k=1.97。
4. 答：根据全要素增长率的公式L dL K dK Y dY AdA βα--=，可得： 全要素的增长率=9.8%−0.45×2.5%−(1−0.45)×5%=5.925%。
由劳动的产出弹性α=0.45，可知资本的产出弹性β=0.55。
因此，如果资本增长1%，则产出增长率增加0.55%。
5. 答:（1）在不考虑折旧和技术进步时，在稳定状态有：Δk=sy−nk=s(k−0.2k 2)−nk=0。
因为k>0，故整理得：k=5−5n/s=2.5，因此，均衡的资本—劳动比率为2.5。
（2）将k=2.5代入生产函数中，可得到均衡的人均产出：y=1.25。
（3）均衡人均储蓄sy=0.125。
（4）均衡人均消费c=y−sy=1.125。
6. 答：（1）已知储蓄倾向s=1−c=1−0.6=0.4，投资I 与产出水平Y 的关系满足：I=S=sY所以，Y=I/s=20/0.4=50故劳动人口的人均产出率为：Y/N=50/200=0.25要计算资本增长率ΔK/K ，就需先计算资本存量增加ΔK 。
资本存量的增加等于新增投资I 减去原有资本的折旧δK ，即：ΔK=I−δK=20−0.05×200=10所以，资本增长率ΔK/K=10/200=0.05（2）根据Solow 模型均衡条件k k f s n )(⋅=，将N Y k f =)(，N K k = 代入可得：N KNYs n ⋅= 由此可得出资本—产出比率K/Y 为：同样，由Solow 模型均衡条件整理可得到资本—劳动比率k=K/N 为：已知s=0.12，n=0.012，f(k)=Y/N=0.5，代入得：（三）1. 答：（1）该模型主要研究在保持充分就业的条件下，储蓄和投资的增长与收入增长之间的关系。
（2）模型的假设前提包括：①全社会只生产一种产品；②储蓄S 是收入Y 的函数，即S=sY ；③生产过程中只使用两种要素L 和K ；④劳动力按一固定的比例增长；⑤不考虑技术进步和折旧问题；⑥规模报酬不变。
哈罗德—多马模型的基本方程为：v s Y Y G =∆=。
它表明，要实现经济的均衡增长，国民收入的增长率必须等于社会储蓄倾向与资本—产出比的比率。
（3）哈罗德—多马模型以凯恩斯关于储蓄—投资分析的理论为基础，即均衡的经济增长能否实现，取决于储蓄率和资本—产出系数的高低，并且要求社会上每一时期的储蓄额必须等于和全部转化为投资。
（4）哈罗德—多马模型在西方经济学关于经济增长的模型分析中有着重要的影响，它是新古典学派、新剑桥学派分析经济增长模型的出发点。
2. 答：（1）均衡增长率也称为有保证的增长率（G W ），是指在储蓄率s 和资本—产出比v r 为既定的条件下，使储蓄率转化为投资所需要的产出增长率。
实现增长率G 是指实际上实现了的产出增长率，它取决于有效需求的大小，即一定资本—产出比下的社会实际储蓄率。
（2）如果G>G W ，说明社会总需求超过厂商所合意的生产能力，这时，厂商将增加投资，投资的增加在乘数的作用下使实际投资增长率更高，显得资本存量更加不足，因此，结果是需求膨胀，导致经济累积性持续扩张。