北外 02-07 语言学及应用语言学

2002年语言学与应用语言学（100 points）All the questions are to be answered in English on the answer sheets provided.1. Displacement,arbitrariness,productivity,cultural transmission,discreteness and duality are sometimes listed as the 6 core features of human language.Choose 3 out of the 6 and explain with examples what they mean. (12 points)2. Briefly explain what phonetics and phonology are concerned with and what kind of relationsips hold between the two.(10 points)3.In deriving new words via a prefix such as mis-, there seems to be some constraint on what is permitted. The words in the first colum below are acceptable formations,but in the other columns are not.Work out what the rule(s) might be for making new adjectives with the prefix mis-. (18 points)Column I : misadventure misjudgement misplaced mistrustfulColumn II: *mishappy *mismeal *misglad *misroleColumn III: *mismilk *missad *misword *miscrazy4. Using what you know about Grice's cooperative principle and its four maxims,analyze the following short exchange.(20 points)同事甲：小张昨晚去哪儿了？同事乙：今天在早上我看见一辆白色富康停在小林家门口。

5. In each of the following sentences,the second part cancels some information given by the first part. However,this seems to result in quite acceptable utterances in group (1) and in very awkward utterances in guoup (2). Explain why. (20 points)Group (1)a.老张有三个孩子，其实还不止三个。

b.我只喜欢黄色和蓝色，不过试试红色也未尝不可。

c.约翰的普通话说得还可以，确切地说是非常棒。

Group (2)*d.我特后悔选修了这门课，其实我没有选修这门课。

*e.她这次考试又不及格，不过她上次及格了。

*f.我在乡下日子过得很苦，说真的我没在向下呆过。

6. Put yourself into the position of an English teacher in China. What are your goals and the goals of the students and the educational sysem in the teaching and learning of English? When the goeals do not converge,how can you reconcile the differences between them?(20 points)2003 年语言学与应用语言学All the questions are to be answered in English on the answer sheets provided.1.Words in our mental lexicon are known to be related to one another. Discuss the relationships between words,using examples from the English language.(15 points)2.Some grammar books say there are three basic tenses in English-the present,the past and the future; others say there are only two basic tenses,-the present and the past. Explain what tense is and whether it is justifiable to say there is a future tense in English.(35 points)3.(1) Give an account of what you know about the English subjuntive mood.(20 points)(2) If you are to teach a group of senior middle school students the subjunctive mood in 45 minutes,how are you going to plain your class?(20 points)4. It has been observed that women tend to approximate more closely to the standard language than men do.Why do you think is this so?(30 points)5.What do you think are teh similarities and dissimilarities between learning a first and a second language?(30 points)2004年语言学与应用语言学IMPORTANT!!!All the questions are to be answered in English on the answer sheets provided.1. Shakespeare has Juliet say:What is in a name?That which we call a roseBy any other name would smell as sweet.What do you think the above lines say to you about the relationship between the form (sounds) andmeaning (concept) of a word in spoken language?Explain with positive evidence as well as exceptions from the English language. (15 points)2.How much does our language influence the way we think? How deeply do language and culture interpenetrate and influence one another?These questions about language have fascinated thinkers throughout the ages.For example,Johann Gottfried Herder and Wilhelm von Humboldt in the German Romantic tradition regarded language as a prisma or grid spread over things in the world so that each language reflects a different worldview. Write a short essay to explain your position on this view. (35 points)3.Is English a language that uses a phonetic alphabet system? Explain briefly why or why not with examples.(15 points)4.Suppose you were given four cards,each of which had a different phoneme of English printed on it:/k/, /b/, /l/, /i/Now arrange these cards to form all "possible" words that these four phonemes could form. Discuss what rules you have followed to come up with these words. (20 points)5.Paraphrase each of the following sentences in two different ways to show that you understand the ambiguity involved: (10 points)a. Dick finally decided on the boat.b. The professor's appointment was shocking.c. The governor is a dirty street fighter.d. Terry loves his wife and so do I.e. No smoking section available.6.It is argued that grammatically judgments do not depend on whether the sentence is meaningful or not,as shown by the sentence "Colorless green ideas sleep furiously",which doesn't make much sense but is syntactically well formed. How would you respond to this argument? (25 points)7.TOEFL often requires the examinees to specify the situational context after listening to a conversation.See for example a tape-script below for an exam item:V oice A (male): How much is this tie?V oice B (female): Forty.V oice C (male): Where does this conversation most probably take place?What do you think is the TOEFL people's belief about what constitutes linguistic competence and howlinguistic competence can be tested? (30 points)2005年语言学与应用语言学All the questions are to be answered in English on the answer sheets provided.1.Examine the following two statements about language,and discuss the similarities and differences between them.Do you agree with the two statements?Explain your answer.(25 points)1) Sapir (1921: "Language"): "Language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas,emotions and desires by means of voluntarily produced symbols" (p.8)2) Bloch and Trager (1942: "Outline of Linguistic Analysis"): "A language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols by means of which a social group co-operates" (p.5)2. What are phonemes,phones and allophones?Explain their relationship with examples from English or Chinese.(15 points)3. Is it possible to seperate semantics and pragmatics?Why or why not? What are the implications of your answer for second language teaching? (30 points)4.It has been noticed that Chinese learners of English tend to make mistakes in the marking of past tense,even at the advanced level of proficiency. What do you think are the possible causes of this problem?How can language teachers help solve this problem and why? (30 points)5. Look at the following real newspaper headlines and explain why they are considered ambiguous. Then revise the headlines so that they can express the intended meanings unambiguously. (20 points)(1) Complaints about NBA Referees Growing Ugly(2) Milk Drinkers Are Turning to Powder(3) Two Sisters Reunited After 18 Years at Checkout Counter(4) Enraged Cow Injures Farmer with Ax(5) Safety Experts Say School Bus Passengers Should Be Belted6. In interpreting utterances such as (1) and (2), the hearer generally treats the events described in the two sentences in each group as causally related even though such relationship is not encoded in the meanings of the sentences. That is,the hearer tends to think htat Helen fell on the ground BECAUSE OF Tom's pushing and that the vase broke BECAUSE it was dropped.Explain why. (30 points)(1) Tom pushed Helen. Helen fell on the ground.(2) Peter dropped the vase. It broke.2006年语言学与应用语言学All the questions are to be answered in English on the answer sheets provided.1,why do you think that, all other things being equal, women use more standard variants of stable sociolinguistic variables than men? (20 points)2,look at the sentence: …colorless green ideas sleep furiously‟. Explain why the sentence is semantically odd even though it is syntactically well formed. (25 points)3,what, in your view, makes a text, rather than a series of unconnected utterances? What are the implications of your answer for second language teaching? (30 points)4,It has been noted that first language (L1) acquisition is completely successful, but second language (L2) learning is usually not. As Towell & Hawkins(1994:p.14) observe, …v ery few learners appear to be fully successful in the way that native speakers are‟. How do you account for this difference in ultimate attainment between L1 and L2 acquisition. (25 points)5,analyse the following speech errors, by commenting on how they might have arisen:(20 points)a, he rode his bike to school tomorrow. (ß yesterday )b, gone mild (ß wild/ mad)c, he misfumbled the ball.(ß mishandled/ fumbled)d, that‟s torrible. (ß terrible /horrible)6,research has found that two-year-old English children produce negative sentences such as a) to d), but not e):a) he doesn‟t like cabbage.b) Doesn‟t like cabbage.c) Him no like cabbage.d) No like cabbage.e) * him doesn‟t like cabbage.How can you account for this? (30 points)语言学和应用语言学07试卷All the questions are to be answered in English on the answer sheets provided1. Imagine you were at a bus stop and two people approached you one after the other. The first said “哎，几点了？”and the other said “不好意思，打扰一下，请问您戴表了么?”What assumptions would you make if you were addressed in these two ways and why would you make them?2. Explain this statement and give at least two examples of it“In studying other cultures, we do so from the perspective of our own culture.”3. 1）Give an account of what you know about the English present perfect tense.2) If you are to teach a group of junior middle school students the present perfect tense in 45 minutes, how are you going to plan your class?4.A teacher drilled his /her students in the structure called indirect questions:Do you know where my book is?Do you know what time it is?Did he tell you what time it is?As a direct result of the drills, all the students were able to produce the structure correctly in class. After class, a s tudent came up to the teacher and asked, “Do you know where is Mrs. Smith?”, which shows that only minutes after the class the student used the structure incorrectly in spontaneous speech. What do you think is the reason for this misuse? Ws the lesson a waste of time? Why or why not?4. 1) What do you think are the differences between a good language learner and a poor language learner?2) If we know what strategies good language learners use, does it follow that teaching so-called poor language learners to use those strategies will result in their successful language learning? Why or why not?。