Gothic novel哥特文学
Gothic_novel哥特式小说(英文)
哥特小说，属于英语文学派别，是西方通俗 文学中惊险神秘小说的一种。一般被认为随 着霍勒斯· 沃波尔的《奥特兰托城堡》而产生。 哥特小说可以说是恐怖电影的鼻祖，更重要 的是，它使我们今天习惯地将哥特式与黑暗、 恐怖联系在一起。 显著的哥特小说元素包括 恐怖，神秘，超自然，厄运，死亡，颓废， 住着幽灵的老房子，癫狂，家族诅咒等。
Gothic novel as one branch of the English literature and the father of horror movies origins from The Castle of Otranto(1764). More importantly, it leads habitually with darkness and horror. Gothic elements include horror, mystery, supernatural phenomenon, misfortune, death, haunted houses, and family curses.
4. Omens, portents, visions（预兆）. A character may have a disturbing dream vision, or some phenomenon may be seen as a portent of coming events. For example, if the statue of the lord of the manor falls over, it may portend his death. In modern fiction, a character might see something (a shadowy figure stabbing another shadowy figure) and think that it was a dream. This might be thought of as an "imitation vision."
英美文学名词解释Z
英美文学名词解释Z英美文学名词解释1. Epic(史诗)Epic, in poetry, refers to a long work dealing with the actions of goods and heroes.2>Epic poems are not merely entertaining stories of legendary or historical heroes; they summarize and express the nature or ideals of an entire nation at a significant or crucial period of its history.3>Beowulf is the greatest national Epic of the Anglo-Saxons.Epic:Epic is a narrative poem on the grand scale and in majestic style concerning the exploits and adventures of a superhuman hero (or heroes) engaged in a quest or some serious endeavor. Among noted epics are Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey, old English Beowulf and Milton’s Paradise Lost.史诗：讲述英雄事迹并反映出这些英雄事迹的社会价值观的长篇叙事诗。
在成为之前，很多史诗都来自于口头传统并通过歌唱和背诵流传。
2. Allegory（寓言）: The word derives from the Greek allegoria. It loosely describes any writing in verse or prose, in which persons, abstract ideas, or events represent not only themselves on literal level, but also stand for something else on the symbolic level. An allegorical reading usually involves moral or spiritual concepts that may be more significant than the actual, literal events described in a narrative. Probably the most famous allegory in English literature is Joh n Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress, a prose narrative symbolically concerning the human soul’s pilgrimage through temptation and doubt to reach salvation.3. Sonnet(十四行诗)A sonnet is a fourteen-line poem in iambic pentameter with a carefully patterned rhyme scheme.It is a lyric poem of 14 lines with a formal or recited and characterized by its presentation of a dramatic or exciting episode in simple narrative form.2>it is one of the most conventional and influential forms of poetry in Europe.3>S hakespeare’s so nnets are well-known. The famous poets are Shakespeare, Sidney, Daniel, Spenser and so on.4. Humanism(人文主义)Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.2> it emphasizes the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life. Humanists voiced their beliefs that man was the center of the universe and man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of the present life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders.In Greek and Roman civilization, man is the measure of all things. Contrary to the medieval philosophy, the humanists believed that it was justified to praise human nature and that human beings are glorious creatures capable of development in the direction of perfection. The world was theirs not to dislike but to question, explore and enjoy. Thus, by emphasizing the value of human beings and the important of the present life, the emphasized that man not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of this life, but have the ability to perfect themselves and create wonders.5. The angel in the house（屋中天使）The Angel in the House is a narrative poem by Coventry Patmore, first published in 1854 and expanded until 1862. Although largely ignored upon publication, it becameenormously popular during the later 19th century and its influence continued well into the twentieth. The poem was an idealized account of Patmore's courtship of his first wife, Emily, whom he believed to be the perfect woman. Angel in the house are usually immensely sympathetic, immensely charming, utterly unselfish.6. Byronic Hero(拜伦式英雄)Byronic hero refers to a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin.2> with immense superiority in his passions and powers, this Byronic Hero would carry on his shoulders the burden of righting all the wrongs in a corrupt and evil society, and would rise single-handedly against any kind of tyrannical rules either in government, in religion, or in moral principles with unconquerable wills and inexhaustible energies. The conflict is usually one of rebellious individuals against outworn social systems and convention. Such a hero appears first in Childe Harold’s pilgrimage and then further developed in later works such as Manfred and Don Juan.3> Byron’s chief contribution to English literature is his creation of the “Byronic Hero”The Byronic hero is an idealized but flawed character exemplified in the life and writings of Lord Byron, characterized by his ex-lover Lady Caroline Lamb as being "mad, bad, and dangerous to know".[1] The Byronic hero first appears in Byron's semi-autobiographical epic narrative poem Childe Harold's Pilgrimage (1812-18).7. Gothic novel(哥特式小说)Gothic novel is a type of romance very popular late in the 18th century and at the beginning of the 19th century.2> Gothic novel emphasizes things which are grotesque, violent, mysterious, supernatural, desolate and horrifying.3> Gothic,originall y in the sense of “medi, not classical”. With its descriptions of the dark, irrational side of human nature, Gothic novel has exerted a great influence over the writers of the Romantic period.Gothic Fiction: Gothic Fiction means a style of writing popular in the late 18th century which produced stories set in lonely frightening places. Gothic Fiction invariably exploits ghosts and monsters and setting such as castles, dungeons and graveyards, which imparts a suitably sinister and terrifying atmosphere. The Gothic Fiction have opened up to later fictions the dark, irrational side of human nature —the savage egoism, the perverse impulses, and the nightmarish terror that lie beneath the controlled and ordered surface of the conscious mind. Gothic Fiction has exerted significant influence on the literature of later generations. The first Gothic Fiction is Horace Walpole’s The Castle of Otranto.8. Naturalism(自然主义)Naturalism is a literary movement related to and sometimes described as an extreme form of realism but which may be more appropriately considered as a parallel to philosophic Naturalism.2) as a more deliberate kind of realism Naturalism usually involves a view of human beings as passive victims of natural forces and social environment. In Naturalism a more documentary-like approach is in evidence, with a great stress on how environment and heredity shape people. 3) As a literary movement, Naturalism was initiated in France. 4) Naturalist fiction aspired to a sociological objectivity, offering detailed and fully researched investigations into unexplored concerns of modern society. One of those significant works of naturalism is Theodore Dreiser’s Sister Carrie.9. The Graveyard School(墓地派诗歌)The Graveyard School refers to a school of poets of the 18th century whose poems are mostly devoted to a sentimental lamentation or meditation on life. Past and present, with death and graveyard as themes.2>Thomas Gray is considered to be the leading figure of this school and hisElegy written in a country churchyard is its most representative work.10. Metaphysical poets(玄学派诗人）It is the name given to a diverse group of 17th century English poets whose work is notable for its ingenious use of intellectual and theological concepts in surprising conceits, strange paradoxes and far-fetched imagery. The leading Metaphysical poet was John Donne, whose colloquial, argumentative abruptness of rhythm and tone distinguishes his style from the conventions of Elizabethan love lyrics.Metaphysical poetry(玄学派诗歌)Metaphysical poetry is commonly used to name the work of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne.2>with a rebellious spirit, the Metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry.3>the diction is simple as compared with that of the Elizabethan or the Neoclassical periods, and echoes the words and cadences of common speech.4>the imagery is drawn from actual life.Metaphysical poetry: The poetry of John Donne and other 17th century poets who wrote in a similar style. Metaphysical poetry is characterized by verbal wit and excess, ingenious structure; irregular meter, colloquial language, elaborate imagery, and a drawing together of dissimilar ideas. 玄学诗：约翰?多恩的诗或17世纪其他诗人写的相同风格的诗。
Gothic-novel哥特式小说(英文)PPT课件
3. An ancient prophecy（预言） is connected with the castle or its inhabitants (either former or present). The
prophecy is usually obscure, partial, or confusing. "What could it mean?" In more watered down modern examples, this may amount to merely a legend: "It's said that the ghost of old man Krebs still wanders these halls."
5
6
2. An atmosphere of mystery and suspense （悬念）. The work is pervaded by a threatening
feeling, a fear enhanced by the unknown. Often the plot itself is built around a mystery, such as unknown parentage, a disappearance, or some other inexplicable event. Elements 3, 4, and 5 below contribute to this atmosphere. (Again, in modern filmmaking, the inexplicable events are often murders.)
Gothic elements include horror, mystery,
Gothicnovel哥特文学
路漫漫其修远兮, 吾将上下而求索
一般认为第一座真正的哥特式教 堂是巴黎郊区的圣丹尼教堂。
路漫漫其修远兮, 吾将上下而求索
最著名的有世界上最大的哥特尖塔建筑
米兰大教ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ Duomo di Milano
米兰大堂是意大利最大的哥特式主教堂，有“ 米兰的象征”之美称。主教堂始建于1386年，由 米兰望族吉安•维斯孔蒂主持奠基。1500年完成 拱顶，1774年中央塔上的镀金圣母玛丽亚雕像 就位。1813年教堂的大部分建筑完工。1897年 最后完工，历时五个世纪。1805年拿破仑曾在 米兰大教堂举行加冕仪式。至1965年教堂正面 最后一座铜门被安装，才算全部竣工。举世闻 名的米兰大教堂，坐落于意大利米兰市中心的 广场，是世界上最大的哥特式教堂，也是仅次 于梵蒂冈的圣彼得教堂和西班牙的塞维利亚教 堂的欧洲第三大教堂。米兰大教堂的建造历经 五个多世纪才完工，因此，它的建筑风格包含 了哥特式、新古典式和巴洛克式。上半部分是 哥特式的尖塔，据统计共138座，最高的尖塔高 达108米，尖塔之林直立挺拔，给人以飞腾升华 、超脱尘世之感。下半部分是典型的巴洛克式 风格，从上而下满饰雕塑，极尽繁复精美，是 文艺复兴时期具有代表性的建筑物。由12根巨 型石柱支撑的教堂大殿，内饰精美，仅雕像就 有800余座。教堂有24扇世界上最大的彩绘玻璃 窗，这些彩色玻璃造于500多年前，至今仍光彩 夺目，令人惊叹 .
Gothicnovel哥特文学
路漫漫其修远兮, 吾将上下而求索
2020年4月12日星期日
哥特(Gothic) ：
1、of the Goths (Germanic people who invaded the Roman Empire)；
2、 of or in a style common in W Europe from the 12th to the 16th centuries and characterized by pointed arches, arched roofs, tall thin pillars
哥特式小说
哥特小说，属于英语文学派别，是西方通俗文学中惊险神秘小说的一种。
一般被认为随着贺瑞斯·华尔波尔的《奥特朗图堡》而产生。
哥特小说可以说是恐怖电影的鼻祖，更重要的是，它使我们今天习惯地将哥特式与黑暗、恐怖联系在一起。
显著的哥特小说元素包括恐怖，神秘，超自然，厄运，死亡，颓废，住着幽灵的老房子，癫狂，家族诅咒等。
源起据历史文献记载，“哥特式”（Gothic）这个词来自“哥特”（Goths），而“哥特”是生活在罗马帝国东北边界的一个日耳曼部落。
长期以来，“哥特”与罗马帝国边界纠纷不断。
公元376年，该部落开始联合其他部落向罗马帝国大举进攻，并于410年攻克罗马，在城内大肆掠夺，无恶不作。
从那以后，“哥特”便有了“掠夺、野蛮”的含义，虽说他们后来撤离了罗马，在法兰西和意大利建立了哥特式建筑自己的王国。
自公元6世纪起，“哥特”的含义逐步有了扩展，人们开始用它来泛指日耳曼所有部落，其中包括449年以后定居在英格兰的盎格鲁人、撒克逊人和朱特人，而“哥特式”也成为指代中世纪欧洲文化的一个术语。
但这时，“哥特式”还没有摆脱“掠夺、野蛮”的含义。
这可从“中世纪”（公元7世纪至13世纪）被称为“黑暗时代”（theDarkAges）得到见证。
当时的英国评论家内森·德雷克即有这样的评论话语：“欧洲基督教黑暗时代是以粗暴、凶残的征服者的野蛮和无知为特征的。
”到了公元18世纪，“哥特式”依旧保留着“野蛮”的词义。
据这个时候问世的塞缪尔·约翰逊编撰的《英语词典》所下的定义，“哥特”这个词仍旧表示“未开化者，缺乏一般知识者，野蛮人”。
哥特式小说起源于18世纪后期的英国，开山鼻祖是霍勒斯·沃波尔。
他的《奥特兰托城堡》创立了早期古典哥特式小说的模式。
哥特式小说的出现，既与当时英国墓园派诗人的“哥特式”情结有关，也与埃德蒙·伯克(EdmundBurke，1729—1797）的“哥特式”美学标准有联系。
Gothic Novel
Intro. of The Castle of Otranto
First published in 1764, The Castle of Otranto purported to be a translation of an Italian story of the time of the crusades（十字军东 征）. In it Walpole attempted, as he declared in the Preface to the Second Edition, "to blend the two kinds of romance: the ancient and the modern." Crammed with invention, entertainment, terror, and pathos, the novel was an immediate success and Walpole's own favorite among his numerous works. The novel is reprinted here from a text of 1798, the last that Walpole himself prepared for the press.
Two Branches
• One is horrible Gothic Novels. • Features: This branch of gothic novels insist on traditional ways. Morbid evil are added in order to make the novel more mysterious and horrible. • Representative: • Matthew Lewis (1775-1818), The Monk (1795) • Charles Brown，1771-1810), Wieland (1798)
美国文学名词解释整理版
Colonial Period:1.American Puritanism（p16）It is the practices and beliefs of the Puritans.,who were the first immigrants moved to American continent in the 17th century. They werea group of serious, religious people, advocating highly religious andmoral principles. They wanted to purity their religious beliefs and practices. They accepted the doctrine of predestination original sin and total depravity and limited atonement through a special infusion of grace from God. As a culture heritage, Puritanism did have a profound influence on the early American mind.Romanticism Period:2.Romanticism(p32)the literature term was first applied to the writers of the 18th century in Europe who broke away from the formal rules of classical writing. When it was used in American literature it referred to the writers of the middle of the 19th century who stimulated（刺激）the sentimental emotions of their readers. They wrote of the mysterious of life, love, birth and death.The Romantic writers expressed themselves freely and without restraint.They wrote all kinds of materials, poetry, essays, plays, fictions, history, works of travel, and biography.3.American Romantism(P34)①it is one of the most important periods in the history of American literature that stretches from the 18th century to the outbreak of the civil war. It started with the publication of Washington Irving‟s The Sketch Book and ended with Walt Whitman‟s Leaves of Grass.②being a period of the great flowering of American literature, it is also called “the American Renaissance ”.③American romantic works emphasize the imaginative and emotional qualities of nature literature. The strong tendency to eulogize the individual and common man was typical of this period. Most importantly, the writings of American Romanticism are typically American. Works concentrate on unique characteristics of the American land.⑤Romanticists include such literary figures as Washington Irving, Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, William Cullen Bryant, Henry Wordsworth Longfellow, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Edgar Allan Poe, Herman Melville, Walt Whitman and some others.4.Gothic tradition (哥特传统)Gothic novel or Gothic romance is a story of terror and suspense, usually set in a gloomy old castle or monastery very popular late in the 18th century and at the beginning of the 19th century.In an extended sense, many novels do not have a medievalzed setting, but share a comparably sinister, grotesque, or claustrophobic atmosphere have been classed as Gothic. It contributed to the new emotional climate of Romanticism.5.Transcendentalism (先验说,超越论)(p47)It is a philosophic and literary movement that flourished in New England, particular at Concord, as a reaction against Rationalism and Calvinism (理性主义and喀尔文主义). Mainly it stressed intuitive understanding of God, without the help of the church, and advocated independence of the mind,stress the importance of the Over-soul, the Individual and Nature.The representative writers are Emerson and Thoreau.6.Stream of consciousness（意识流）：It is one of the modern literarytechniques. It is the style of writing that attempts to imitate the natural flow of a character‟s thoughts, feelings, reflections, memories, and mental images as the character experiences them. It was first used in 1922 by the Irish novelist James Joyce. Those novels broke through the bounds of time and space, and depicted vividly and skillfully the unconscious activity of the mind fast changing and flowing incessantly。
gothic fiction名词解释
gothic fiction名词解释
哥特小说（Gothic Fiction）是一种起源于18世纪末期英国的文学流派，
通常以神秘、恐怖、超自然和死亡为主题。
这种小说通常发生在荒凉、偏僻的地方，如古老的城堡、修道院或荒野，并涉及到幽灵、诅咒、复仇和魔法等元素。
哥特小说的风格往往具有神秘、压抑和阴森的气氛，旨在通过描写人类的恐惧和不确定性来探索人性的深度。
这种小说也经常涉及到社会和道德的议题，如阶级斗争、不道德行为和道德沦丧等。
著名哥特小说家包括英国作家威廉·戈德文（William Godwin）、安·莱基（Ann Radcliffe）和美国作家纳撒尼尔·霍桑（Nathaniel Hawthorne）。
这些作家的作品对后来的恐怖、悬疑和奇幻文学产生了深远的影响。
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Clara Reeve(1729–1807) ,an English novelist, best known for her Gothic fiction work : The Old English Baron (1778), Ann Radcliffe(9 July 1764 – 7 February 1823) ,an English author 安· 莱德克利夫 : The Mysteries of Udolpho (1794) 《乌铎尔弗的奥秘》 Radcliffe made the gothic novel socially acceptable. Among other elements, Ann Radcliffe introduced the brooding figure of the gothic villain. Radcliffe's novels, above all The Mysteries of Udolpho , were best-sellers, although along with all novels they were looked down upon by well-educated people as sensationalist women's entertainment (despite some men's enjoyment of them).
Matthew Gregory Lewis(9 July 1775 – 14 May 1818) , an English novelist and dramatist, often referred to as "Monk" Lewis :The Monk (1796). lurid tale of monastic debauchery, black magic, and diabolism Lewis' tale appalled some contemporary readers; however his portrayal of depraved monks, sadistic inquisitors and spectral nuns, and his scurrilous view of the Catholic Church was an important development in the genre
"The person, be it gentleman or lady, who has not pleasure in a good novel, must be intolerably stupid. I have read all Mrs. Radcliffe's works, and most of them with great pleasure. The Mysteries of Udolpho, when I had once begun it, I could not lay down again; I remember finishing it in two days – my hair standing on end the whole time." [said Henry] ... "I am very glad to hear it indeed, and now I shall never be ashamed of liking Udolpho myself. " [replied Catherine]
Mary Shelley's Frankenstein; or, the Modern Prometheus (1818) has come to define Gothic fiction in the Romantic period. Mary Shelley's novel, though clearly influenced by the gothic tradition, is often considered the first science fiction novel, despite the omission in the novel of any scientific explanation of the monster's animation and the focus instead on the moral issues and consequences of such a creation.
哥特(Gothic) ：
1、of the Goths (Germanic people who invaded
the Roman Empire)； 2、 of or in a style common in W Europe from the 12th to the 16th centuries and characterized by pointed arches, arched roofs, tall thin pillars 3、of or in an 18th-century style of literature which described romantic adventures in mysterious or frightening settings
Gothic literature : intimately associated with the Gothic Revival architecture of the same era. In a way similar to the gothic revivalists' rejection of the clarity and rationalism of the neoclassical style of the Enlightened Establishment, the literary Gothic embodies an appreciation of the joys of extreme emotion, the thrills of fearfulness and awe inherent in the sublime, and a quest for atmosphere.
“哥特复兴”（Gothic Revival） 将中古世纪的阴暗情调从历史 脉络的墓穴中挖掘出来。
一般认为第一座真正的哥特式教 堂是巴黎郊区的圣丹尼教堂。
最著名的有世界上最大的哥特尖塔建筑 米兰大教堂 Duomo di Milano
米兰大堂是意大利最大的哥特式主教堂，有 “米兰的象征”之美称。主教堂始建于1386年， 由米兰望族吉安•维斯孔蒂主持奠基。1500年完 成拱顶，1774年中央塔上的镀金圣母玛丽亚雕 像就位。1813年教堂的大部分建筑完工。1897 年最后完工，历时五个世纪。1805年拿破仑曾 在米兰大教堂举行加冕仪式。至1965年教堂正 面最后一座铜门被安装，才算全部竣工。举世 闻名的米兰大教堂，坐落于意大教堂和西班牙的塞维利亚 教堂的欧洲第三大教堂。米兰大教堂的建造历 经五个多世纪才完工，因此，它的建筑风格包 含了哥特式、新古典式和巴洛克式。上半部分 是哥特式的尖塔，据统计共138座，最高的尖 塔高达108米，尖塔之林直立挺拔，给人以飞 腾升华、超脱尘世之感。下半部分是典型的巴 洛克式风格，从上而下满饰雕塑，极尽繁复精 美，是文艺复兴时期具有代表性的建筑物。由 12根巨型石柱支撑的教堂大殿，内饰精美，仅 雕像就有800余座。教堂有24扇世界上最大的彩 绘玻璃窗，这些彩色玻璃造于500多年前，至 今仍光彩夺目，令人惊叹 .
The basic plot :
a threatening mystery and an ancestral curse, as well as countless trappings such as hidden passages and oft-fainting heroines.
The romance, usually held in contempt by the educated as a tawdry and debased kind of writing, had only recently been made respectable by the works of Richardson and Fielding (Fuchs, 2004; 106). A romance with superstitious elements, and moreover void of didactical intention, was considered a setback and not acceptable as a modern production.
电影
《异形》、 《沉默的羔羊》、 《惊声尖叫》、 《龙卷风》、 《世界末日》、 《天地大冲撞》、 《极度恐慌》、 《蝴蝶效应》
《历代的巫术》 《吸血鬼诺斯费拉杜》 《德古拉的噩梦》。 《欲望》。 《剪刀手爱德华》 《夜访吸血鬼》。 《乌鸦》 《人狼生死恋》 《理发师陶德》
The stock characters of Gothic fiction:
tyrants, villains, bandits, maniacs, Byronic heroes, persecuted maidens, monks, nuns, madwomen, magicians, vampires, werewolves, monsters, demons, dragons, angels, fallen angels, revenants归来者, ghosts, perambulating skeletons, the Wandering Jew and the Devil himself.