Historical background美国浪漫主义
美国超验主义英语介绍
希望谨慎地生活，只 面对生活的基本事实， 看看我是否学得到生 活要教育我的东西，
and not, when I came to 免得到了临死的时候，
die, discover that I had
才发现我根本就没有
not lived.”
生活过。
பைடு நூலகம்
that evil was nonexistent appeared to be an optimistic folly
Sources
1.欧洲浪漫主义文学 【the romantic literature of Europe】
2.新柏拉图主义 【neo-Platonism】
3.德国理想主义哲学 【German idealistic philosophy】
2. the importance of the individual
3. nature is the symbol of Spirit or God
Creeds
• 1.至善 absolute good • 2.纯洁无暇 unspotted innocence of nature • 3.人具有神性 humanity was godlike and
“American Scholar”: American’s declaration of intellectual independence.( to develop American’s own culture)
Henry David Thoreau 1817-1862
He is best known for his book Walden, a reflection upon simple living in natural surroundings, and his essay, Civil Disobedience, an argument for individual resistance to civil government in moral opposition to an unjust state.
第三章 浪漫主义时期 (The Romantic Period)
第三章浪漫主义时期(The Romantic Period)一、背景知识 (Background knowledge)1、历史背景(Historical background)（1）浪漫主义，作为一种文学思潮来说，乃是一定的历史转折时期——即十八世纪末至十九世纪初——的特征。
在英国它出现于1798年，以《抒情民谣集》的出版为起点，以1832年瓦尔特•司各特爵士的逝世和第一个改革法案在议会通过为终点。
（2）美国的独立战争和法国的大革命极大地鼓舞了英国人民为自由、平等、博爱而斗争。
（3）在这时期，经过巨大的社会斗争和残酷的经济改造，资本主义的“金钱”王国逐渐在英国确立。
一个新社会出现在英国。
它比封建主义社会更高级，但同时也孕育着其固有的矛盾。
始自十九世纪的工业革命为富人大量敛财而给穷人的工作条件和生活条件带来极大地破坏，劳资矛盾由此加剧。
（4）在英国，现代化的工业社会逐渐取代了原先的农业社会。
（5）一系列的政治改革和群众游行示威动摇了不列颠王国的贵族统治。
2、文化背景(Cultural background)（1）浪漫主义学派的灵感最初是来自两位著名的思想家：法国哲学家简·雅克•卢梭和德国作家约翰·沃尔夫贡·冯•歌德。
卢梭首先提出了个人尊严的概念，首创人的精神自由；他的最著名的宣言是：“我感受而后我思”。
歌德和他的追随者们对浪漫主义精神大加赞美，这种精神具体体现在德国民谣、歌特式建筑以及英国戏剧家威廉•莎士比亚的戏剧中。
暴风雨般的社会冲突，引起了并且推动了英国浪漫主义文学的发展。
（2）浪漫主义运动对现存的社会和政治环境多多少少持有一种否定的态度，因为浪漫主义作家都经历了封建主义社会的腐朽与不公，以及资本主义社会的经济、社会和政治势力的非人性特点。
（3）浪漫主义有意将自己的注意力从外部世界的社会活动转移到人文精神的内心世界，旨在把个人看作是所有生命和一切经验的中心。
（4）理性是十八世纪作家和哲学家的占统治地位的思维方式。
美国文学史浪漫主义时期
The short story as a genre in American literature probably began with Irving’s The Sketch Book, a collection of essays, sketches, and tales,
James Fenimore Cooper(1789-1851) Ralph Waldo Emerson (拉尔夫. 华尔多. 爱默生)
Henry David Thoreau Nathaniel Hawthorne (纳撒尼尔. 霍桑) Herman Melville (赫尔曼. 麦尔维尔)
Edgar Allan Poe Walt Whitman (华尔特. 惠特曼)
Emily Dickinson
• Washington Irving (华盛顿. 欧文, 1783-1859)
• The father of American Literature
• short story writer, essayist, poet, travel book writer, best known for the short stories “The Legend of Sleepy Hollow (睡谷的传说)” and “Rip Van Winkle (瑞普. 凡. 温克尔)".
(1) American westward expansion (美国西部扩展)---“拓荒小说”
(2) New England Transcendental Movement (新英格兰超验主义运 动)-----”宗教性”、“象征”
New England Transcendental Movement
美国浪漫主义
American Romanticism
The origin of American Romanticism
one of the most important periods in the history of American literature stretches from the end of the 18th century to the outbreak of the Civil War. It started with the publication of Washing ton Irving's The Sketch Book and ended with Whitman's Leaves of Grass.
With the founding of the American Independent Govern ment, the nation felt an urge to have its own literary expr ession, to make known its new experience that other nat ions did not have
Historical Background
The development of the American society nurtured "the litera ture of a great nation." America was flourishing into a politic ally, economically and culturally independent country.
Freneau, Bryant, and Cooper showed a great interest in external nature in their respective works. The literary use of the more colorful aspects of the past was also to be found in Irving's effort to exploit the legends of the Hudson River region, and in Cooper's long series of historical tales. In short, American Romanticism is, in a certain way, derivative.
美国文学浪漫主义时期(英文版ppt)
Several names attached to Irving: A. He is Father of American Literature. He is the first American writer of imaginative
literature to gain international fame. He is equal to English writers. Before him, American literature was influenced by British Literature. Through Irving, American literature attained its independent status. The short story, as a literary genre, begins with Washington’s The Sketch Book.
Commonplaces of American Romanticism
New emphasis upon the imaginative and emotional qua1ities of literature.
An increasing emphasis on the free expression of emotions and displayed an increasing attention to the psychic states of their character.
New England Transcendentalism • The phase of New England Transendentalism is the summit of American Romanticism on Puritan soil.
美国浪漫主义
Economically, the whole nation was experiencing an industrial transformation.
Politically, democracy and equa1ity became the ideal of the new nation, and the two-party system came into being.
Major writers of this period
Poets:Philip Freneau, William Cullen Henry
Word sworth Long Fellow, James Russel Lowell, John Greenleaf Whitter, Edgar Ellen Poe, and, especially, Walt Whitman, whose Leaves Of Grass established him as the most popular American poet of the 19th century.
With the founding of the American Independent Govern ment, the nation felt an urge to have its own literary expr ession, to make known its new experience that other nat ions did not have
The desire for an escape from society and a return to nature became a permanent convention of American literature. Such a desire is particularly evident in Cooper's Leather Stocking Tales, in Thoreau's Walden and, later, in Mark Twain's Adventures of Huckleberry Finn.
英美文学选读美国部分第一章浪漫主义时期
英美文学选读中文翻译及重点习题答案美国文学(AMERICAN LITERATURE)第一章浪漫主义时期(The Romantic Period)一、背景知识(Background knowledge)1、历史背景(Historical background)（1）美国清教（2）美国西进运动（3）新英格兰超验主义运动2、主要特点(General characteristics)（1）衍生的美国浪漫主义作品(American Romantic writings as being derivative) （a）强调文学的想象力和情感特质（b）倡导情感的自由表达和人物心理状态的展示（c）颂扬普通人和作为个体的人（d）迷恋历史和异国情调（2）本土的美国浪漫主义作品(American Romantic writings on the native grounds) （a）全国性“西部拓荒”的体验（b）自然/美国山水风光的作用（c）清教道德（d）超验主义哲学二、本时期主要作家(Major writers of the period)A、华盛顿·欧文（Washington Irving,1783-1859）1、观点(Points of view)（1）社会保守主义(Social conservatism)总体上看，欧文是保守主义者。
他不喜欢疆土扩张以及当时席卷整个大陆的政治、文化的急剧变化。
因此通常欧文在故事中以正在不可避免地变化着的美国为背景，并对过去的荣耀和安宁的古老公社生活时时流露出哀惋叹息。
这种对人类万物皆无常，或人生苦短的伤感浸染了欧文的大多数作品。
然而，欧文并不是强求时间停止，或者逆转历史进程，而是暗示人类舍稳求变时丢掉了重要的价值观念。
（2）怀古的文学偏好(Literary preference for the past)在欧文看来，文学想象力应该孕育于有着丰富历史文化的土地之上，具体体现于岁月沉积而成的珍宝中，如破败的城堡、坍塌的塔楼、艺术的珍品、高度文明社会的精妙物件以及远古和当地风俗的古怪意趣。
浪漫主义时期历史背景及诗人简介
浪漫主义时期（1798-1832）历史背景：Political and social factors:1. The American and French revolution: an upsurge of national liberation and democratic movementsAmerican revolution (1775-1783)—The formation of the independent United States.French revolution of 1789—“Liberty, equality and fraternity”2. The Industrial RevolutionEffect：1. One of the main effects of the rapid and vast economic changes was the urbanization of the growing population.2. The conditions of the working poor in the cities was intolerable.3. There were children working in dark, dangerous factories.4. The working classes and the poor lived in polluted, congested slums. Mass epidemics like typhoid fever afflicted the slums. The romantics, the liberals, the socialists, the anarchists and the communists all emerged with their ideologies at this point in history to criticize these man-made horrors.3. The Luddite movement （工人运动）思想文化背景:1.Rousseau 卢梭(page 2)—the father of romanticism—To rely on feelings, to follow the instincts and emotions.—Return to nature。
大学英语专业美国文学浪漫主义时期1
New England Transcendentalism • The phase of New England Transendentalism is the summit of American Romanticism on Puritan soil.
• Transcendentalism emphasized the power of intuition, believing that people could learn things both from the outside world by means of the five senses and from the inner world by intuition. • Spirit first and matter second!
Several names attached to Irving: B. He is the first short stories writer of English literature as well as American literature.
The Sketch Book marks the beginning of Romanticism in U.S. A. C. He is considered as the prince of storytellers, skillful in telling a story.
Works:
A History of New York纽约的历史-----美国人 写的第一部诙谐文学杰作；(1809) The Sketch Book见闻札记(1819-1820)
The Legend of Sleepy Hollow睡谷的传说----使之成为美国第一个获得国际声誉的作家 Bracebridge Hall布雷斯布里奇田庄(1822)
英美文学的浪漫主义
6.Romanticism 浪漫主义时期文学特征：1.Background①shaped by their New World environment美洲大陆新环境②array of ideas inherited from the romantic traditions of Europe.欧洲早期浪漫主义思潮2.美国文学特点:pluralistic多元化，manifestations表现形式: Varied多样, Individualistic个人主义,Conflicting矛盾3.romanticism的特点Frequently shared certain general characteristics; moral enthusiasm, faith in the value of individualism and intuitive perception, and a presumption that the natural world was a source of goodness and man’s societies a source of corruption.浪漫主义之间大部分是相通的，都注重道德，强调个人主义价值观和直觉感受，并且认为自然是美的源头，人类社会是腐败之源。
4.transcendentalism超验主义：①As a moral philosophy, transcendentalism was neither logical nor systematized.It exalted feeling over reason, individual expression over the restraints of lawand custom.不讲逻辑，不讲系统，只强调超越理性的感受，超越法律和世俗束缚的个人表达。
②They spoke for cultural rejuvenation and against the materialism of Americansociety.呼吁文化复兴，反对美国社会的拜金主义。
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Romantic value were prominent in American politics, art,and philosophy until the Civil War. The romantic revolt against traditional art forms,rejected rationalism,injecting new blood to the American literature. Increasing number of Americans turned to the fervid joys of campmeeting revivalism or to the bouyant teachings of new England Transcendentalism.
Leaves of Grass.
It was also called New England Renaissance
Historical Background
Population Exposion
Booming Science and Technology The Social Development
Literary Characteristics American writers' attitudes shaped by their new world environment and ideas inherited from the romantic tradition of Europe. A new romanticism came to America in the early 19th century.
Booming Science and Technology
Before 1860,the U.S. had begun to change into an industrial and urban society.
The invention of one-man flour mill,cotton gin,the sewing machine,the telegragh and the principles of assembly-line mass production. The society became a land of contrasting riches and poverty.
Pursuit for Education and literature
Population Exposion
In 1810,the population expanded quickly. The pioneer pushed the frontier westward. democracy and political equality lay the foundation of Romanticism. Nhomakorabea
Pursuit for Education and Literature
By the 1850s,the levels of education and literacy had risen significantly. State legislatures had started to enact compulsory school attendance laws. Compensation for magazine contributors was known in 1820,male and female strove to earn a living with a pen. In the years preceding the Civil War,few volumes of imaginative literature were published. novels were increasingly popular,American writers won increasing national and international fame.
The social development Through the first half of the 18th century, American characteristic was the pursuit of simplicity,utility and perfection. Utopian communal societies flourished Reform and humanitarianism appeared: In 1817,the Prevention of Pauperism formed. In 1833,the American Anti-Slavery Society established. Imprisonment for debt abolished and women movement rised.
The general romantics characteristics: moral enthusiasm faith in the value of individualism and intuitive perception persumption that the natural world was a sources of goodness and man's societies a source of corruption
The Literature of Romanticism
American Romanticism is from the end of the 18th century to the outbreak of the civil war.
It starts with the publication of the washington Irving' s The Sketch book and end with Whitman's
The bouyant mood of the nation and the spirit of the times lead to spetacular outburst of romantic feelings
A nation bursting into new life cried for literary expression.