被动语态

被动语态一、构成英语有两种语态: 主动语态和被动语态。

主动语态表示主语是谓语动作的执行者, 被动语态表示主语是谓语动作的承受者, 其构成为be + 过去分词。

1 . 被动语态各种时态形式表一般时态进行时态完成时态现在am /is /are+ asked am /is /are +being asked has /have been asked过去was /were+asked was /were +being asked had been asked将来shall /will +be asked shall /will +have been asked过去将来should /would +be asked should /would +have been askedI’m afraid I am being followed . We had to take a detour . The road was being repaired .The case has recently been tried . All the tickets had been sold out when they arrived .English is taught in most schools in China . They were given a warm send-off .Their wedding will be held in the church . They were told that the result would be announced2 . 情态动词的被动语态含有情态动词的谓语变为被动语态时, 结构为:一般式: 情态动词( can, could, may, might , must , should, need 等) + be + 过去分词完成式: 情态动词( can, could, may, might , must , should, need 等) + have + 过去分词This can be done by hand . This mustn’t be neglected .二、被动语态使用要点1 . 不及物动词不能用于被动语态appear , rise, die, happen, occur, lie, depart , belong to, break out , take place 等都属此类动词。

例如: Great changes have been taken place in my hometown . (误)Great changes have taken place in my hometown . (正)2 . 表示状态的动词不能用于被动语态英语中有些动词(短语动词)不是表示动作, 而是表示某种状态或情况, 有“拥有、容纳、适合、缺少、明白”等意, 这类动词不能用于被动语态, 常见的有: lack , fit , mean, hold , resemble, have, cost , equal , contain, suit , comprise, become, last , possess, benefit , lack, befall 降临, fail, consist of, look like 等。

例如:The book costs 10 yuan . Jane resembles her mother . Note: 当have 作“吃, 接收, 经历, 度过”解时, 虽用作行为动词, 但一般不用于被动语态。

例如: The children had a most enjoyable holiday ... 但当have 作“得到, 获得, 欺骗”解, 或同某些介词、副词结合构成及物性短语动词时, 可用于被动语态。

例如: She has been had in the dealing( over the bargain) .The ticket can be had for the asking .The young man was had up by the boss . ( = was summoned) 3 . 某些动词的进行时也可表示被动意义,常见的这类词有: bake, owe, brew, cook, print, bind, do 等。

例如: The meat is cooking .The book is printing . The guns are firing .Apples are selling cheaply . ( = are being sold) The cow was milking . ( = was being milked) Drums and gongs are beating .( are being beaten) Some clothes are airing on the fence .4 . 不及物动词构成的短语动词能否用于被动语态1)及物动词构成的短语动词总是及物性的, 故可以用于被动语态(注意不可省掉或漏掉介词或副词) , 如win over, give up, ask for , make mention of 等。

但是, 不及物动词构成的短语可以是及物性的, 也可以是不及物性的; 不及物性的短语动词不可用于被动语态, 如look up/ down, speak for 等Things are looking up .(正)2)不及物动词构成的及物性短语动词则可以用于被动语态The man has always been looked upon with disapproval by his wife .The ground has been sat on and the bed has been slept in .Note: pay attention to, take care of 等短语动词可以有两种被动语态形式。

例如:The situation has been paid attention to . Attentions have been paid to the situation .The wounded are taken good care o f . Good care is taken of the wounded .3) rain 等不及物动词, 有时也转用作及物动词The meeting was rained out (off ) . A wheat crop has been rained out .Note: 下列短语动词不用于被动语态, 或在某层意思上不用于被动语态:①动词+ 介词→aim for , agree with, admit of (有.. 的余地) , adjust to, come to( 涉及) , become of(结果是) , belong to, accord with, abound in②动词+ 副词→get back, face out(坚持到底) , answer back(顶嘴) , have on(穿上)③动词+ 名词+ 介词→set sail for, give way to(让位于) , have a hand in (插手) , giveplace to④动词+ 副词+ 介词→keep up withHe answered his father back . (正) The committee consists of ten members . (正)No conclusion has been come to yet . 还没有得出任何结论。

( come to 表示“达成,得出”可用于被动语态)When it comes to politics I know nothing . 关于政治我一窍不通。

( come to 表示“关于, 涉及”不用于被动语态)5 . 主动形式表示被动意义的词1)某些感官动词和系动词加形容词可以表示被动意义, 如: look , smell, taste, feel , prove, wear, sound 等The flower smells sweet . The dish tastes delicious .2)某些及物动词后加副词( 有些可不加副词) 也可以表示被动意义, 如: wash, write, sell , read, open , cut , lock, peel , pack, play , shut , spot , split , strike, record, act , clean, draw, iron , keep, photo-graph 等This type of recorder sells well . That kind of shirt washes very well . Ripe apples peel easily .比较: The box doesn’t lock . (箱子本身的性质) The box was not locked . (箱子当时的状态)The door opened . (强调门自身开了) The door was opened .(强调被人打开了)The theory proved to be correct . (含有自身“证明”的特征)The theory was proved to be correct . (被人证明)3)want , deserve, need, require, repay, stand, take, won..t bear 和worth 等词的后面可以用动名词的主动形式表示被动意义这时, 动名词同句中的主语有动宾关系, 若动名词是不及物的, 后面还应有适当的介词。

例如:The book is worth reading . The coat requires mending . The rule will take some learning .6 . 被动语态中的几个常用介词用法比较by( agents)表示动作的执行者或施动力; with( tools)表示用某种工具; of (materials )表示由某种原料制成(制成品可见原料) ; from( substance)表示源于某种物质(制成品不可见原料)。

例如: covered by a lid 被盖子盖住covered with a lid 为盖子所盖着The article was written by Jack . (施动者) The pencil was sharpened with a knife . (工具)The room was lighted by electricity . 房间由电照明。