考研英语大纲附录 (1)

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全国硕士研究生招生考试英语一考试大纲

全国硕士研究生招生考试英语一考试大纲National Postgraduate Entrance Examination (NPEE) English Test OutlineIntroduction:The National Postgraduate Entrance Examination (NPEE) is an important exam for Chinese students seeking admission to postgraduate programs. The English test is a crucial part of the exam, designed to assess the English proficiency of the candidates. This document outlines the key components of the NPEE English test and provides some tips for preparing for the exam.Test Format:The NPEE English test consists of four parts: listening, reading, writing, and translation. Each part is designed to evaluate different skills and aspects of the candidates' English proficiency.1. Listening:The listening section of the NPEE English test includes multiple-choice questions based on recorded conversations and dialogues. Candidates are required to listen carefully and choosethe correct answer based on the information presented in the recordings.Tip: Practice listening to different accents and speeds of English speakers to improve your listening skills.2. Reading:The reading section of the NPEE English test includes multiple-choice questions, fill-in-the-blank exercises, and essay questions. Candidates are required to read and understand passages on various topics, including literature, science, and current affairs.Tip: Read a variety of English texts, including newspapers, magazines, and academic journals, to improve your reading comprehension skills.3. Writing:The writing section of the NPEE English test requires candidates to write essays on assigned topics. Candidates are assessed on their ability to present arguments, organize ideas, and use correct grammar and vocabulary.Tip: Practice writing essays on different topics and have them reviewed by a teacher or tutor to improve your writing skills.4. Translation:The translation section of the NPEE English test requires candidates to translate sentences from Chinese to English and vice versa. Candidates are assessed on their ability to accurately convey the meaning of the original text in the target language.Tip: Practice translating sentences and passages between Chinese and English to improve your translation skills.Preparation Tips:1. Start preparing early: Begin studying for the NPEE English test as soon as possible to give yourself enough time to improve your English proficiency.2. Practice regularly: Make a study schedule and practice listening, reading, writing, and translation exercises on a daily basis.3. Seek help: Consider hiring a tutor or attending English classes to receive personalized instruction and feedback on your language skills.4. Take practice tests: Familiarize yourself with the format and types of questions on the NPEE English test by taking practice tests and reviewing your answers.5. Stay confident: Believe in your abilities and stay positive throughout your preparation and during the exam.In conclusion, the NPEE English test is an important component of the National Postgraduate Entrance Examination and requires candidates to demonstrate their English proficiency in listening, reading, writing, and translation. By following the tips outlined in this document and dedicating time and effort to your preparation, you can improve your chances of success on the exam. Good luck!。

2023年英语(一)考研大纲

全国硕士研究生招生考试英语（一）考试大纲（非英语专业）I．考试性质英语（一）考试是为高等学校和科研院所招收硕士研究生而设置的具有选拔性质的全国统一入学考试科目，其目的是科学、公平、有效地测试考生对英语语言的运用能力，评价的标准是高等学校非英语专业本科毕业生所能达到的及格或及格以上水平，以保证被录取者具有一定的英语水平，并有利于各高等学校和科研院所在专业上择优选拔。

II．考查目标（一）语言知识考生应掌握词汇、语法、语篇和语用等方面的语言知识，并能在特定情景下的语言活动中加以有效运用。

1．词汇考生应掌握5500个左右的单词及相关附表中的内容（见附录1）。

附录1的词汇表仅包含单词的基本词形，未包含单词的读音、词性、意义和形态变化等。

考生应在听、说、读、写等语言实践中学习和掌握这些内容。

同时，考生应掌握单词的习惯用法，包括搭配、固定表达等，并掌握单词之间的语义关系，如上下文关系、同义关系、反义关系等。

此外，考生还应掌握转化、合成等英语构词法，能根据常用的前缀和后缀（见附录2）进行单词的派生，掌握常见的缩写（见附录2）。

英语（一）试卷中出现超出词汇表及相关附表单词时，不会给出中文注释，但会严格控制此类单词的数量。

2.语法、语篇、语用语法知识指词、词组、分句、句子等语法单位的类别、构成和功能等，语篇知识指书面和口头语篇的组织结构和上下文的衔接和连贯，语用知识指特定语言运用情境中的言语功能、话语规范及语体、修辞等表达形式。

本大纲不列出语法、语篇、语用知识的具体项目，考生应在听、说、读、写等语言实践中学习和掌握这些内容，提高准确性、丰富性和得体性，能熟练运用于具体语境，有效把握和传递信息，实现特定交际意图。

（二）语言技能考生应掌握理解英语话语意义的能力，包括听力理解能力和阅读理解能力；掌握运用英语表达意义的能力，包括口头表达能力和书面表达能力。

英语（一）考试重点考查阅读和写作两种技能。

1．阅读考生应能读懂多种话题、多种类型的语言较为复杂的文字材料。

2022年考研英语一大纲原文(完整版)

业)(2022 年版)I.考试性质英语(一)考试是为高等学校和科研院所招收硕士研究生而设置的具有选拔性质的全国统一入学考试科目，其目的是科学、公平、有效地测试考生对英语语言的运用能力，评价的标准是高等学校非英语专业本科毕业生所能达到的及格或及格以上水平，以保证被录取者具有一定的英语水平，并有利于各高等学校和科研院所在专业上择优选拔。

II.考查目标考生应掌握下列语言知识和技能：(一)语言知识1.语法知识考生应能熟练地运用基本的语法知识。

本大纲没有专门列出对语法知识的具体要求，其目的是鼓励考生用听、说、读、写的实践代替单纯的语法知识学习，以求考生在交际中能更准确、自如地运用语法知识。

2.词汇考生应能掌握 5500 左右的词汇以及相关附表中的内容(详见附录 1、2)。

除掌握词汇的基本含义外，考生还应掌握词汇之间的词义关系，如同义词、近义词、反义词等;掌握词汇之间的搭配关系，如动词与介词、形容词与介词、形容词与名词等;掌握词汇生成的基本知识，如词源、词根、词缀等。

英语语言的演化是一个世界范围内的动态发展过程，它受到科技发展和社会进步的影响。

这意味着需要对本大纲词汇表不断进行研究和定期的修订。

到交际的需要，考生还应自行掌握与本人工作或专业相关的词汇，以及涉及个人好恶、生活习惯和宗教信仰等方面的词汇。

(二)语言技能1.阅读考生应能读懂选自各类书籍和报刊的不同类型的文字材料(生词量不超过所读材料总词汇量的 3%)，还应能读懂与本人学习或工作有关的文献资料、技术说明和产品介绍等。

对所选材料，考生应能：1)理解主旨要义;2)理解文中的具体信息;3)理解文中的概念性含义;4)进行有关的判断、推理和引申;5)根据上下文推测生词的词义;6)理解文章的总体结构以及上下文之间的关系;7)理解作者的意图、观点或态度;8)理解文章的论证方法，比较不同观点。

2.写作考生应能写不同类型的应用文，包括私人和公务信函、备忘录、报告等，以及一般描述性、叙述性、说明性或议论性的文章。

2020考研大纲-英语一

全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)考试大纲(非英语专业)(2020年版)I.考试性质英语(一)考试是为高等学校和科研院所招收硕士研究生而设置的具有选拔性质的全国统一入学考试科目，其目的是科学、公平、有效地测试考生对英语语言的运用能力，评价的标准是高等学校非英语专业本科毕业生所能达到的及格或及格以上水平，以保证被录取者具有一定的英语水平，并有利于各高等学校和科研院所在专业上择优选拔。

II.考查目标考生应掌握下列语言知识和技能：(一)语言知识1.语法知识考生应能熟练地运用基本的语法知识。

2.词汇考生应能掌握5500左右的词汇以及相关附表中的内容(详见附录1、2)。

英语语言的演化是一个世界范围内的动态发展过程，它受到科技发展和社会进步的影响。

这意味着需要对本大纲词汇表不断进行研究和定期的修订。

此外，全国硕士研究生入学英语统一考试是为非英语专业考生设置的。

考虑到交际的需要，考生还应自行掌握与本人工作或专业相关的词汇，以及涉及个人好恶、生活习惯和宗教信仰等方面的词汇。

(二)语言技能1.阅读考生应能读懂选自各类书籍和报刊的不同类型的文字材料(生词量不超过所读材料总词汇量的3%)，还应能读懂与本人学习或工作有关的文献资料、技术说明和产品介绍等。

对所选材料，考生应能：1)理解主旨要义;2)理解文中的具体信息;3)理解文中的概念性含义;4)进行有关的判断、推理和引申;5)根据上下文推测生词的词义;6)理解文章的总体结构以及上下文之间的关系;7)理解作者的意图、观点或态度;8)区分论点和依据。

考研英语大纲样题

附录I样题Section ⅠUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word （s）for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on ANSWER SHEET1. （10 points）During the 1980s, unemployment and underemployment in some countries was as high as 90 percent. Some countries did not _1_ enough food; basic needs in housing and clothing were not _2_ . Many of these countries looked to the industrial processes of the developed nations _3_ solutions._4_, problems cannot always be solved by copying the industrialized nations. Industry in the developed nations is highly automated and very _5_. It provides fewer jobs than labor-intensive industrial processes, and highly _6_ workers are needed to _7_ and repair the equipment. These workers must be trained, _8_ many nations do not have the necessary training institutions. Thus, the _9_ of importing industry becomes higher. Students must be sent abroad to _10_ vocational and professional training. _11_, just to begin training, the students must 12 learn English, French, German, or Japanese. The students then spend many years abroad, and _13_ do not return home.All nations agree that science and technology _14_ be shared. The point is, countries _15_ the industrial processes of the developed nations need to look carefully _16_ the costs, because many of these costs are _17_ . Students from these nations should _18_ the problems of the industrialized countries closely. _19_ care, they will take home not the problems of science and technology, _20_ the benefits.1. [A] generate [B] raise [C] produce [D] manufacture2. [A] answered [B] met [C] calculated [D] remembered3. [A] for [B] without [C] as [D] about4. [A] Moreover [B] Therefore [C] Anyway [D] However5. [A] expensive [B] mechanical [C] flourishing [D] complicated6. [A] gifted [B] skilled [C] trained [D] skillful7. [A] keep [B] maintain [C] retain [D] protect8. [A] since [B] so [C] and [D] yet9. [A] charge [B] price [C] cost [D] value10. [A] accept [B] gain [C] receive [D] absorb11. [A] Frequently [B] Incidentally [C] Occasionally [D] Eventually12. [A] soon [B] quickly [C] immediately [D] first13. [A] some [B] others [C] several [D] few14. [A] might [B] should [C] would [D] will15. [A] adopting [B] conducting [C] receiving [D] adjusting16. [A] to [B] at [C] on [D] about17. [A] small [B] secret [C] obvious [D] hidden18. [A] tackle [B] learn [C] study [D] deal19. [A] In [B] Through [C] With [D] Under20. [A] except [B] nor [C] or [D] butSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C, or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1It was 3:45 in the morning when the vote was finally taken. After six months of arguing and final 16 hours of hot parliamentary debates, Australia's Northern Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die. The measure passed by the convincing vote of 15 to 10. Almost immediately word flashed on the Internet and was picked up, half a world away, by John Hofsess, executive director of the Right to Die Society of Canada. He sent it on via the group's on-line service, Death NET. Says Hofsess: "We posted bulletins all day long, because of course this isn't just something that happened in Australia. It's world history."The full import may take a while to sink in. The NT Rights of the Terminally Ill law has left physicians and citizens alike trying to deal with its moral and practical implications. Some have breathed sighs of relief, others, including churches, right-to-life groups and the Australian Medical Association, bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage. But the tide is unlikely to turn back. In Australia —where an aging population, life-extending technology and changing community attitudes have all played their part —other states are going to consider making asimilar law to deal with euthanasia. In the US and Canada, where the right-to-die movement is gathering strength, observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling.Under the new Northern Territory law, an adult patient can request death — probably by a deadly injection or pill — to put an end to suffering. The patient must be diagnosed as terminally ill by two doctors. After a "cooling off" period of seven days, the patient can sign a certificate of request. After 48 hours the wish for death can be met. For Lloyd Nickson, a 54-year-old Darwin resident suffering from lung cancer, the NT Rights of Terminally Ill law means he can get on with living without the haunting fear of his suffering: a terrifying death from his breathing condition. "I'm not afraid of dying from a spiritual point of view, but what I was afraid of was how I'd go, because I've watched people die in the hospital fighting for oxygen and clawing at their masks," he says.21. From the second paragraph we learn that[A] the objection to euthanasia is diminishing in some countries.[B] physicians and citizens have the same view on euthanasia.[C] technological changes are chiefly responsible for the new law.[D] it takes time to appreciate the significance of laws passed.22. B y saying that ―observers are waiting for the dominoes to start falling‖(Line 7-8, Paragraph 2), the author means that[A] observers are taking a wait-and-see attitude towards the future of euthanasia.[B] there is a possibility of similar bills being passed in the U.S. and Canada.[C] observers are waiting to see the movement end up in failure.[D] the process of bill taking effect may finally come to a stop.23. When Lloyd Nickson dies, he will[A] undergo a cooling off period of seven days.[B] experience the suffering of a lung cancer patient.[C] have an intense fear of terrible suffering.[D] face his death with calm characteristic of euthanasia.24. What is the author’s attitude towards euthanasia?[A] Hostile.[B] Suspicious.[C] Approving.[D] Indifferent.25. We can infer from the text that the success of the right-to-die movement is[A] one a matter of time.[B] far from certain.[C] just an illusion.[D] a fading hope.TEXT 2Much of the language used to describe monetary policy, such as "steering the economy to a soft landing" or "a touch on the brakes", makes it sound like a precise science. Nothing could be further from the truth. The link between interest rates and inflation is uncertain. And there are long, variable lags before policy changes have any effect on the economy. Hence the analogy that likens the conduct of monetary policy to driving a car with a blackened windscreen, a cracked rearviewmirror and a faulty steering wheel.Given all these disadvantages, central bankers seem to have had much to boast about of late. Average inflation in the big seven industrial economies fell to a mere 2.3% last year, close to its lowest level in 30 years, before rising slightly to 2.5% this July. This is a long way below the double-digit rates which many countries experienced in the 1970s and early 1980s.It is also less than most forecasters had predicted. In late 1994 the panel of economists which The Economist polls each month said that America's inflation rate would average 3.5% in 1995. In fact, it fell to 2.6% in August, and is expected to average only about 3% for the year as a whole. In Britain and Japan inflation is running half a percentage point below the rate predicted at the end of last year. This is no flash in the pan; over the past couple of years, inflation has been consistently lower than expected in Britain and America.Economists have been particularly surprised by favourable inflation figures in Britain and the United States, since conventional measures suggest that both economies, and especially America's, have little productive slack. America's capacity utilisation, for example, hit historically high levels earlier this year, and its jobless rate (5.6% in August) has fallen below most estimates of the natural rate of unemployment — the rate below which inflation has taken off in the past.Why has inflation proved so mild? The most thrilling explanation is, unfortunately, a little defective. Some economists argue that powerful structural changes in the world have upended the old economic models that were based upon the historical link between growth and inflation.26. According to the text, making monetary policy changes[A] is comparable to driving a car.[B] is similar to carrying out scientific work.[C] will not influence the economy immediately.[D] will have an immediate impact on the inflation rate.27. From the text we learn that[A] there is a clear relationship between inflation and interest retes.[B] the economy always follows particular trends.[C] the current economic problem are entirely predictable.[D] the present economic situation is better than expected.28. The text suggests that[A] the previous economic models are still applicable.[B] an extremely low jobless rate will lead to inflation.[C] a high unemployment rate will result from inflation.[D] interest rates have an immediate effect on the economy.29. By saying "This is no flash in the pan" (line 5, paragraph 3), the author implies that[A] the low inflation rate will continue.[B] the inflation rate will rise again.[C] inflation will disappear entirely.[D] there is no inflation at present.30. How does the author feel about the present situation?[A] Tolerant.[B] Indifferent.[C] Disappointed.[D] Surprised.TEXT 3In the first year or so of Web business, most of the action has revolved around efforts to tap the consumer market. More recently, as the Web proved to be more than a fashion, companies have started to buy and sell products and services with one another. Such business-to-business sales make sense because business people typically know what product they're looking for.Nonetheless, many companies still hesitate to use the Web because of doubts about its reliability. "Businesses need to feel they can trust the pathway between them and the supplier," says senior analyst Blane Erwin of Forrester Research. Some companies are limiting the risk by conducting online transactions only with established business partners who are given access to the company's private intranet.Another major shift in the model for Internet commerce concerns the technology available for marketing. Until recently, Internet marketing activities have focused on strategies to "pull" customers into sites. In the past year, however, software companies have developed tools that allow companies to "push" information directly out to consumers, transmitting marketing messages directly to targeted customers. Most notably, the Pointcast Network uses a screen saver to deliver a continually updated stream of news and advertisements to subscribers' computer monitors. Subscribers can customize the information they want to receive and proceed directly to a company's Web site. Companies such as Virtual Vineyards are already starting to use similar technologies to push messages to customers about special sales, product offerings, or other events. But push technology has earned the contempt of many Web users. Online culture thinks highly of the notion that the information flowing onto the screen comes there by specific request. Once commercial promotion begins to fill the screen uninvited, the distinction between the Web and television fades. That's a prospect that horrifies Net purists.But it is hardly inevitable that companies on the Web will need to resort to push strategies to make money. The examples of Virtual Vineyards, , and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will attract online customers. And the cost of computing power continues to free fall, which is a good sign for any enterprise setting up shop in silicon. People looking back 5 or 10 years from now may well wonder why so few companies took the online plunge.31. We learn from the beginning of the passage that Web business[A] has been striving to expand its market.[B] intended to follow a fanciful fashion.[C] tried but in vain to control the market.[D] has been booming for one year or so.32. Speaking of the online technology available for marketing, the author implies that[A] the technology is popular with many Web users.[B] businesses have faith in the reliability of online transactions.[C] there is a radical change in strategy.[D] it is accessible limitedly to established partners.33. In the view of Net purists,[A] there should be no marketing messages in online culture.[B] money making should be given priority to on the Web.[C] the Web should be able to function as the television set.[D] there should be no online commercial information without requests.34. We learn from the last paragraph that[A] pushing information on the Web is essential to Internet commerce.[B] interactivity, hospitality and security are important to online customers.[C] leading companies began to take the online plunge decades ago.[D] setting up shops in silicon is independent of the cost of computing power.35. The purpose of the author in writing the text is to[A] urge active participation in online business.[B] elaborate on various marketing strategies.[C] compare web business with traditional commerce.[D] illustrate the transition from the pull to push strategy.TEXT 4In the last half of the nineteenth century "capital" and "labour" were enlarging and perfecting their rival organizations on modern lines. Many an old firm was replaced by a limited liability company with a bureaucracy of salaried managers. The change met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large professional element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders. It was moreover a step away from individual initiative, towards collectivism and municipal and state-owned business. The railway companies, though still private business managed for the benefit of shareholders, were very unlike old family business. At the same time the great municipalities went into business to supply lighting, trams and other services to the taxpayers.The growth of the limited liability company and municipal business had important consequences. Such large, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners; and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business. All through the nineteenth century, America, Africa, India, Australia and parts of Europe were being developed by British capital, and British shareholders were thus enriched by the world's movement towards industrialization. Towns like Bournemouth and Eastbourne sprang up to house large "comfortable" classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community except that of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders' meeting to dictate their orders to the management. On the other hand "Shareholding" meant leisure and freedom which was used by many of the later Victorians for the highest purpose of a great civilization.The "shareholders" as such had no knowledge of the lives, thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares, and his influence on the relations of capital and labour was not good. The paid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away. Indeed the mere size of operations and the numbers of workmen involved rendered such personal relations impossible. Fortunately, however, the increasing power and organization of the trade unions, at least in all skilled trades, enabled the workmen to meet on equal terms the managers of the companies who employed them. The cruel discipline of the strikeand lockout taught the two parties to respect each other's strength and understand the value of fair negotiation.36. The author says that old family firms[A] were ruined by the younger generations.[B] failed for lack of individual initiative.[C] lacked efficiency compared with modern companies.[D] were able to supply adequate services to taxpayers.37. The growth of limited liability companies resulted in[A] the separation of capital from management.[B] the ownership of capital by managers.[C] the emergence of capital and labour as two classes.[D] the participation of shareholders as land ownership.38. The text indicates that[A] some countries developed quickly because of their limited liability companies.[B] the tide of industrialisation benefited British shareholders greatly.[C] shareholders contributed a lot to the fast growth of the British economy.[D] the system of shareholding impaired the management of modern companies.39. We learn from the text that[A] shareholders often cast negative influence on the well-being workers.[B] owners of traditional firm enjoyed a good relationship with their employees.[C] limited liability companies were too large to run smoothly.[D] trade unions had a positive role between workers and the management.40. The author appears to be very critical of[A] family firm owners.[B] shareholder.[C] managers.[D] landowners.Part BSample OneIn the following article, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 41—45, choose the most suitable one from the list A—G to fit into each of the numbered blank. There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10 points)Long before Man lived on the Earth, there were fishes, reptiles, birds, insects, and some mammals. Although some of these animals were ancestors of kinds living today, others are now extinct, that is, they have no descendants alive now. 41）_ ____.Very occasionally the rocks show impression of skin, so that, apart from color, we can build up a reasonably accurate picture of an animal that died millions of years ago. The kind of rock in which the remains are found tells us much about the nature of the original land, often of the plants that grew on it, and even of its climate.42）____ _. Nearly all of the fossils that we know were preserved in rocks formed by water action, and most of these are of animals that lived in or near water. Thus it follows that there must be many kinds of mammals, birds, and insects of which we know nothing.43）____ _. There are also crab-like creatures, whose bodies were covered with a horny substance. The body segments each had two pairs of legs, one pair for walking on the sandy bottom, the other for swimming. The head was a kind of shield with a pair of compound eyes, often with thousands of lenses. They were usually an inch or two long but some were 2 feet.44）__ ___. Of these, the ammonites are very interesting and important. They have a shell composed of many chambers, each representing a temporary home of the animal. As the young grew larger it grew a new chamber and sealed off the previous one. Thousands of these can be seen in the rocks on the Dorset Coast.45）_ ____. About 75 million years ago the Age of Reptiles was over and most of the groups died out. The mammals quickly developed, and we can trace the evolution of many familiar animals such as the elephant and horse. Many of the later mammals, though now extinct, were known to primitive man and were featured by him in cave paintings and on bone carvings.[A] The shellfish have a long history in the rock and many different kinds are known.[B] Nevertheless, we know a great deal about many of them because their bones and shells have been preserved in the rocks as fossils. From them we can tell their size and shape, how they walked, the kind of food they ate.[C] The first animals with true backbones were the fishes, first known in the rocks of 375 million years ago. About 300 million years ago the amphibians, the animals able to live both on land and in water, appeared. They were giant, sometimes 8 feet long, and many of them lived in the swampy pools in which our coal seam, or layer, or formed. The amphibians gave rise to the reptiles and for nearly 150 million years these were the principal forms of life on land, in the sea, and in the air.[D] The best index fossils tend to be marine creatures. These animals evolved rapidly and spread over large areas of the world.[E] The earliest animals whose remains have been found were all very simple kinds and lived in the sea. Later forms are more complex, and among these are the sea-lilies, relations of the starfishes, which had long arms and were attached by a long stalk to the sea bed, or to rocks.[F] When an animal dies, the body, its bones, or shell, may often be carried away by streams into lakes or the sea and there get covered up by mud. If the animal lived in the sea its body would probably sink and be covered with mud. More and more mud would fall upon it until the bones or shell become embedded and preserved.[G] Many factors can influence how fossils are preserved in rocks. Remains of an organism may be replaced by minerals, dissolved by an acidic solution to leave only their impression, or simply reduced to a more stable form.Sample TwoDirections:The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45. you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G to fill in each numbered box. The first and the last paragraphs have been placed for you in Boxes. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1 (10 points)[A] ―I just don't know how to motivate them to do a better job. We're in a budget crunch and I have absolutely no financial rewards at my disposal. In fact, we’ll probably have to lay somepeople off in the near future. It's hard for me to make the job interesting and challenging because it isn't－it's boring, routine paperwork, and there isn't much you can do about it.[B] ―Finally, I can't say to them that their promotions will hinge an the excellence of their paperwork. First of all, they know it's not true. if their performance is adequate, most are more likely to get promoted just by staying on the fore a certain number of years than for some specific outstanding act. Second, they were trained to do the job they do out in the streets, not to fill out forms. All through their career it is the arrests and interventions that get noticed.[C] "I've got real problem with my officers. They come on the force as young, inexperienced men, and we send them out on the street, either in ears or on a heat. They seem to like the contact they have with the public, the action involved in crime prevention, and the apprehension of criminals. They also like helping people out at fires, accidents, and other emergencies.[D]"Some people have suggested a number of things like using conviction records as a performance criterion. However, we know that's not fair-too many other things are involved. Bad paperwork increases the chance that you lose in court, but good paperwork doesn't necessarily mean you'll win. We tried setting up team competitions based on the excellence of the reports, but the guys caught on to that pretty quickly. No one was getting any type of reward for winning the competition, and they figured why should they labor when there was no payoff.[E]The problem occurs when they get back to the station. They hate to do the paperwork, and because they dislike it, the job is frequently put off or done inadequately .This lack of attention hurts us later on when we get to court. We need clear, factual reports. They must be highly detailed and unambiguous. As soon as one part of a report is shown to be inadequate or incorrect, the rest of the report is suspect. Poor reporting probably causes us to lose more cases than any other factor.[F]“S o I just don’t know what to do. I’ve been groping in the dark in a number of years. And I hope that this seminar will shed some light on this problems of mine and help me out in my future work..‖[G]A large metropolitan city government was putting on a number of seminars for administrators , managers and/or executives of various department throughout the city. At one of these sessions the topic to be discussed was motivation---how we can get public servants motivated to do a good job. The difficulty of a police captain became the central focus of the discussion.Order:G——41. ——42. ——43. ——44. ——45. ——FSample ThreeDirections:You are going to read a text about the tips on resume writing, followed by a list of examples. Choose the best example from the list A-F for each numbered subheading (41-45). There is one extra example which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (10points)The main purpose of a resume is to convince an employer to grant you an interview . There are two kinds . One in the familiar ―tombstone‖ that lists where you went to school and wh e re you’ve worked in chronological order. The other is what I call the ―functional‖ resume——descriptive, fun to read , unique to you and much more likely to land you an interview.It’s handy to have a ―tombstone‖ for certain occasions. But prospective employers throw away most of those un-requested ―tombstone‖ lists, preferring to int erview the quick rather than the dead.What follows are tips on writing a functional resume that will get read—a resume that makes you come alive and look interesting to employers.(41) Put yourself firstIn order to write a resume others will read with enthusiasm , you have to feel important about yourself.(42) Sell what you can do ,not who you are :Practice translating your personality traits . character, accomplishments and achievements into skill areas . There are at least five thousand skill areas in the world of work .Toot your own born!Many people clutch when asked to think about their abilities. Some think they have none at all! But everyone does, and one of yours may just be the ticket an employer would be glad to punch—if only you show it.(43) Be specific , be concrete , and be brief!Remember that ―brevity is the best policy,‖(44) Turn bad news into good:Everybody has bad disappointments in work.. If you habe to mention yours , look for the positive side.(45) Never apologize:If you’re returning to the work force after fifteen years as a parent , simply write a short paragraph(summary of background) in place of a chronology of experience . Don’t apologize for working at being a mother ; it’s the hardest job of all. If you have no special training or higher education, just don’t mention education.The secret is to think about the self before you start writing about yourself .Take four or five hours off, nit necessarily consecutive , and simply write down every accomplishment in your life , on or off the job, that made you feel effective. Don’t worry at first about what it all means. Study the list and try to spot patterns . As you study your list , you will cone closer to the meaning: identifying your marketable skills. Once you discover patterns ,give names to your cluster of accomplishments(leadership skills ,budget management skills, child development skills etc.) Try。

2019考研英语(一)考试大纲

全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)考试大纲I. 考试性质英语(一)考试是为高等学校和科研院所招收硕士研究生而设置的具有选拔性质的全国统一入学考试科目，其目的是科学、公平、有效地测试考生对英语语言的运用能力，评价的标准是高等学校非英语专业本科毕业生所能达到的及格或及格以上水平，以保证被录取者具有一定的英语水平，并有利于各高等学校和科研院所在专业上择优选拔。

II.考查目标考生应掌握下列语言知识和技能：(一) 语言知识1. 语法知识考生应能熟练地运用基本的语法知识。

2. 词汇考生应能掌握5500左右的词汇以及相关附表中的内容(详见附录1、2)。

英语语言的演化是一个世界范围内的动态发展过程，它受到科技发展和社会进步的影响。

这意味着需要对本大纲词汇表不断进行研究和定期的修订。

此外，全国硕士研究生入学英语统一考试是为非英语专业考生设置的。

考虑到交际的需要，考生还应自行掌握与本人工作或专业相关的词汇，以及涉及个人好恶、生活习惯和宗教信仰等方面的词汇。

(二) 语言技能1. 阅读考生应能读懂选自各类书籍和报刊的不同类型的文字材料(生词量不超过所读材料总词汇量的3%)，还应能读懂与本人学习或工作有关的文献资料、技术说明和产品介绍等。

对所选材料，考生应能：1) 理解主旨要义;2) 理解文中的具体信息;3) 理解文中的概念性含义;4) 进行有关的判断、推理和引申;5) 根据上下文推测生词的词义;6) 理解文章的总体结构以及上下文之间的关系;7) 理解作者的意图、观点或态度;8) 区分论点和依据。

(完整版)2020考研英语一大纲原文

全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（一)考试大纲(非英语专业)(2020 年版)I。

考试性质英语（一) 考试是为高等学校和科研院所招收硕士研究生而设置的具有选拔性质的全国统一入学考试科目，其目的是科学、公平、有效地测试考生对英语语言的运用能力，评价的标准是高等学校非英语专业本科毕业生所能达到的及格或及格以上水平，以保证被录取者具有一定的英语水平，并有利于各高等学校和科研院所在专业上择优选拔。

II.考查目标考生应掌握下列语言知识和技能：( 一) 语言知识1. 语法知识考生应能熟练地运用基本的语法知识.本大纲没有专门列出对语法知识的具体要求, 其目的是鼓励考生用听、说、读、写的实践代替单纯的语法知识学习,以求考生在交际中能更准确、自如地运用语法知识。

2。

词汇考生应能掌握5500 左右的词汇以及相关附表中的内容( 详见附录1、2) 。

除掌握词汇的基本含义外，考生还应掌握词汇之间的词义关系，如同义词、近义词、反义词等；掌握词汇之间的搭配关系，如动词与介词、形容词与介词、形容词与名词等; 掌握词汇生成的基本知识，如词源、词根、词缀等。

英语语言的演化是一个世界范围内的动态发展过程，它受到科技发展和社会进步的影响.这意味着需要对本大纲词汇表不断进行研究和定期的修订。

此外，全国硕士研究生入学英语统一考试是为非英语专业考生设置的.考虑到交际的需要,考生还应自行掌握与本人工作或专业相关的词汇, 以及涉及个人好恶、生活习惯和宗教信仰等方面的词汇。

（二）语言技能1。

阅读考生应能读懂选自各类书籍和报刊的不同类型的文字材料( 生词量不超过所读材料总词汇量的3％）,还应能读懂与本人学习或工作有关的文献资料、技术说明和产品介绍等。

对所选材料，考生应能：1）理解主旨要义；2) 理解文中的具体信息；3) 理解文中的概念性含义;4) 进行有关的判断、推理和引申；5) 根据上下文推测生词的词义;6) 理解文章的总体结构以及上下文之间的关系；7）理解作者的意图、观点或态度;8）区分论点和依据.2. 写作考生应能写不同类型的应用文，包括私人和公务信函、备忘录、报告等, 以及一般描述性、叙述性、说明性或议论性的文章。

(完整版)2020考研英语一大纲原文

全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)考试大纲(非英语专业)(2020 年版)I.考试性质英语(一) 考试是为高等学校和科研院所招收硕士研究生而设置的具有选拔性质的全国统一入学考试科目，其目的是科学、公平、有效地测试考生对英语语言的运用能力，评价的标准是高等学校非英语专业本科毕业生所能达到的及格或及格以上水平，以保证被录取者具有一定的英语水平，并有利于各高等学校和科研院所在专业上择优选拔。

II.考查目标考生应掌握下列语言知识和技能：( 一) 语言知识1. 语法知识考生应能熟练地运用基本的语法知识。

2. 词汇考生应能掌握5500 左右的词汇以及相关附表中的内容( 详见附录1、2) 。

除掌握词汇的基本含义外，考生还应掌握词汇之间的词义关系，如同义词、近义词、反义词等; 掌握词汇之间的搭配关系，如动词与介词、形容词与介词、形容词与名词等; 掌握词汇生成的基本知识，如词源、词根、词缀等。

英语语言的演化是一个世界范围内的动态发展过程，它受到科技发展和社会进步的影响。

这意味着需要对本大纲词汇表不断进行研究和定期的修订。

此外，全国硕士研究生入学英语统一考试是为非英语专业考生设置的。

考虑到交际的需要，考生还应自行掌握与本人工作或专业相关的词汇，以及涉及个人好恶、生活习惯和宗教信仰等方面的词汇。

( 二) 语言技能1. 阅读考生应能读懂选自各类书籍和报刊的不同类型的文字材料( 生词量不超过所读材料总词汇量的3%)，还应能读懂与本人学习或工作有关的文献资料、技术说明和产品介绍等。

对所选材料，考生应能：1) 理解主旨要义;2) 理解文中的具体信息;3) 理解文中的概念性含义;4) 进行有关的判断、推理和引申;5) 根据上下文推测生词的词义;6) 理解文章的总体结构以及上下文之间的关系;7) 理解作者的意图、观点或态度;8) 区分论点和依据。

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附录3常用的前缀和后缀，部分国家（或地区）、语言、国民及国籍表，洲名及常见缩写词一、常用的前缀和后缀1、常用前缀aero-：concerning the air of aircraftplane-aeroplane 飞机space-aerospace 航空空间anti-：against；opposite ofnuclear-antinuclear 反对核武器的matter-antimatter反物质war-antiwar反战的auto-：of or by oneselfbiography传记–autobiography自传criticism批评-autocriticism自我反省be-：to treat as the stated thingfriend-befriend以朋友的方式对待；照顾little-belittle使显得微小，轻视、贬低bi-：two；twice；doublelingual-bilingual 双语的；人cycle-bicyclebio-：concerning living thingschemistry-biochemistry生化sphere-biosphere 生物圈by-，bye-：less importantproduce-by-produceway-byway偏僻小路；学科的次要领域，冷门centi-：hundredth partgrade-centigrade ˈ摄氏meter-centimeter 厘米co-：together，withauthor-coauthor合著者，合著exist-coexist 同时共存、和平共处col-：( used before l ) together，withlocation-collocation排列，配置，词的搭配com-：( used before b，m，p ) together，withpassion-compassion 怜悯、同情con-：together，withcentric-concentric同一中心的、同轴federation-confederation结盟同盟，联邦contra-：oppositediction-contradiction 矛盾、否定反驳natural-contranatural违背自然的cor-：( used before r ) together，withrelate-correlate 有相关性respond-correspond 相符合相一致，相当类似通信counter-：oppositeact-counteract 对抗、抵消attack-counterattack 反攻、反击cross-：across；going between the stated things and joining themcountry-crosscountry越野的breed-crossbreed杂种，使杂交de-：showing an opposite；to remove；to reduce code-decode 译码、解码、分析电子信号value-devalue 贬值，贬低dis-：not；the opposite ofadvantage-disadvantage 不利、劣势、短处agree-disagree不同意、不一致、不适合honest-dishonest 不诚实、不老实em-：( used before b，m，p ) to cause to become body-embody 表现、象征；包括、包含power-empower 授权、准许en-：to cause to become；to makedanger-endanger 危及、使遭受危险large-enlarge 扩大、扩充放大ex-：former ( and still living )minister-ex-minister v辅助; 服侍,部长wife-ex-wife 前妻extra-：outside；beyondcurricular-extracurricular 学校课程以外的ordinary-extraordinary 奇怪；特别；额外，临时fore-：in advance，before；in or at the frontarm-forearm前臂，预先武装warn-forewarn 预先警告；事先告知il-：( used before l ) notlegal-illegal 非法literate-illiterate 目不识丁、文盲的im-：( used before b，m，p ) notmoral-immoral 不道德、邪恶；放荡的possible-impossible 不可能、办不到的；很难接受in-：notdirect-indirect 间接地，婉转的sensitive-insensitive 感觉迟钝，不友好的；麻木infra-：below in a range；beyondred-infrared 红外线的structure—infrastructure 基础设施，基础结构inter-：between；among change—interchange 互换、互易；交替变换national—international 国际的intra-：inside，within；intocity—intracity市内的department--intra-departmentir-：（used before r）notregular—irregular 不对称、不规则的；不定期的responsible—irresponsible 不负责kilo-：thousandgram—kilogram千克meter--kilometermacro-：large，esp. concerning a whole system rather thanparticular parts ofeconomics—macroeconomics 宏观经济学structure—macrostructure宏观结构mal-：bad or badlyfunction—malfunction 故障，障碍treat—maltreat 虐待、滥用micro-：extremely smallcomputer—microcomputer 微机electronics—microelectronics 微电子学mid-：middleday—midday 中午night—midnight 午夜mini-：small；shortbus—minibus 小汽车skirt—miniskirt超短裙mis-：bad or badly；wrong or wronglyfortune—misfortune 不幸，厄运；灾难、灾祸understand—misunderstand误会误解mono-：one；singleplane—monoplane单翼机tone—monotone 单调的multi-：more than one；manypurpose—multipurpose多种用途的，多目标national—multinational多国的，跨国公司non-：notresident--non(-)resident〉①不住在某地的②(指工作)不要求任职者住在工作地点的；不住在旅馆等中的sense—nonsense 胡说，无聊的事物out-：outside；beyondlive--outlive比(某人)长寿; 活到(某事)已被遗忘door—outdoor户外的露天over-：too much；above；additionalhead--overhead离地面的; 头顶上的; 上空的, 架空的time--overtime超出的时间; 额外的时间费poly-：manycentric—polycentric多中心的syllabic—polysyllabic 多音节的post-：later than；aftergraduate—postgraduate 研究生的，生war—postwar战后的pre-：before；in advancepay—prepay预付war—prewar战前的，在战前pro-：in favor of，supportingAmerica--pro-Americaabortion--pro-abortion 早产pseudo-：not real；falsename—pseudonym假名，化名；笔名science—pseudoscience 伪科学re-：again；back to the former stateunite—reunite重聚，再联合use—reuse 再用self-：by means of oneself or itself；of，to，with，for，or in oneself or itselfemployed--self-employedtaught--self-taughtsemi-：half；partlycircle—semicircle半圆形final—semifinal半决赛step-：not by birth but through a parent who has remarried mother—stepmother继母children—stepchildren养子sub-：under，below；less important；part of the stated bigger wholedivide—subdivide再分，细分section--subsection分部,分段,小部分,小单位,细分super-：more，larger，greater than usual market—supermarket超市natural—supernatural超自然的，超自然的现象tele-：at or over a long distance；by or for television communication—telecommunication电信screen--telescreentherm(o)-：concerning heatchemistry--thermochemistrymeter—thermometer 温度计trans-: across, on or to the other side of ; betweenAtlantic-transatlantic电视屏幕,荧光屏plant-transplant移植tri-: three; three timesangular-triangular 三角cycle-tricycle三轮车,机器三轮车ultra-: beyond; very, extremelymodern-ultramodern超现代化的sound-ultrasound超声，超声波un-: notcertain-uncertain不确定的fortunate-unfortunate 不幸的，不幸的人under-: too little; belowdevelop-underdevelop(使)发展不完全,(使)显影不足sea-undersea海面下的uni-: one, singerform-uniform制服，相同的，清一色的directional-unidirectional单向的，单向性的vice-: next in the rank; belowchairman-vice-chairman 副委员长president-vice-president副总统，副校长2.常用后缀（1）名词后缀-ability，-ibility 能力able-abilityflexible-flexibility弹性,适应性,机动性,挠性-age时期post-postage邮费，邮资short-shortage 不足-alarrive-arrival到达, 抵达；物refuse-refusal拒绝-an，-ian，-arian 员；人library-librarianmusic-musician-ance，-enceappear-appearancerefer-reference 人-ancy，-encyemerge-emergency紧急情况expect-expectancy期望-ant，-ent 人apply-applicant申请求职人correspond-correspondent 通信员记者-cyaccurate-accuratcy精确的, 准确private- praivit] privacyˈ隐居, 独处私事, 隐私-domking-kingdom国王，界，领域free-freedom自由，自主权-ee 人employ-employee雇工interview-interviewee接受面谈者; 被接见者-er，-or，-ar 人paint-painterbeg-beggar 乞丐-ery 行为；身份、制度brave-braveryslave-slavery奴隶身份制度-ese 人China-ChinaeseJapan-Japanese-ess 人actor-actresswaiter-waitress-ful 量hand-handful一把少数spoon-spoonful一匙的量-hoodchild-childhoodman-manhood成年, 成年期; 男子气概-ics 学科electron-electronicslinguist言学家-linguistics语言学-ion，-ition，-ation 物collect-collectionobserve-observation-ism 主义Marx-Marxismsocialist-socialism-ist 人psychiatry-psychiatristviolin-violinist-ity，-tycruel-cruelty残忍, 残酷pure-purity纯, 纯洁, 纯正, 洁净-mentmove-movementretire--retirement增加; 发展, 扩大-nessdark--darknesshappy--happiness-ologyclimate—climatology气候学future—futurology未来学-ship 关系friend—friendship友情、友谊scholar学者—scholarship学问学识，奖学金-sion，-ssion 物decide--decisionexpand--expansion-thgrow--growth增加; 发展, 扩大wide--width宽度, 阔度, 广度-ure 状态close—closure停业、关闭expose—exposure 暴露曝光(2)动词前缀-endeep--deepen变深, 加深fast--fasten系紧, 拴牢-ifyclass--classify分类; 归类simple—simplify简化-ize，-ise 使…怎么样modern--modernize / modernizepopular--popularize / popularize(3)形容词后缀-able，-ible 的suit--suitablequestion--questionable可疑的; 有疑问的-al nature--naturalstructure--structural-an，-arian，-iansuburb--suburbanCanada—Canadian 人的-ant，-ent 的differ--differentplease--pleasant-ary，-ory 的advise--advisorycustom--customary-ateconsider--consideratefortune--fortunate-en的gold--goldenwood--wooden-ese的，人China--ChineseJapan--Japanese-free 无..的care--carefreeduty--duty-free-fulcare--carefulpain--painful-ic，-ical的atom—atomic原子的psychology—psychological心理学的-ish的girl--girlish女孩子(似)的, 少女的child--childish孩子的, 孩子气的, 孩子所特有的-ivecreate--creative创造性的, 有创造力的support--supportive支持的, 拥护的; 赞助的-less 无…的hope--hopeless不抱希望的, 绝望的pain--painless-likechild--childlike孩子似的,天真烂漫的lady--ladylike风度雍容如贵妇的,温雅的-ly 的man—manly刚强的month—monthly一月的月刊-ous，-ious 的danger--dangerouspoison--poisonous-sometire--tiresome令人生厌的trouble--troublesome引起麻烦的, 令人讨厌的, 令人烦恼的-ward 向…的down--downward向下的, 往下的up--upward-y 的guilt-guilty内疚的；有罪的noise-noisy嘈杂的; 喧闹的(4)副词后缀-lyeasy-easily容易地, 不费力地heavy-heavily严重地; 大量地-ward，-wardseast-eastward(s)向东north-northward(s)-wiseclock-clockwise顺时针方向的other-otherwise 除此之外，否则二、部分国家（或地区）、语言、国名及国籍表国家（或地区）语言国民国籍America American AmericanAustralia Australian AustralianBrazil巴西Brazilian B razilianBritiain英国人English Briton BritishCanada Canadian CanadianChina Chinese Chinese ChineseEgypt 埃及Egyptian EgyptianEngland English Englishman EnglishFrance French Frenchman FrenchGermany German German GermanGreece Greek Greek GreekIndia Indian IndianIreland爱尔兰IrishIrishman IrishIsrael 以色列Israeli IsraeliItaly意大利 Italian Italian ItalianJapan Japanese Japanese JapaneseThe Netherlands荷兰Dutch Dutchman DutchNew Zealand 新西兰New ZealanderPortugal葡萄牙Portuguese Portuguese Portuguese Russia 俄国Russian Russian RussianScotland苏格兰 Scots,Scottish Scotsman Scots, Scottish Spain 西班牙Spanish Spaniard SpanishSweden 瑞典Swedish Swedish Swedish Switzerland 瑞士Swiss SwissWales 威尔士Welsh Welshman Welsh 三、洲名名词Africa非洲America美洲Antarctica 南极洲Asia亚洲Australia澳洲Europe欧洲North America北美洲Oceania大洋洲South America南美洲四、常见缩写词形容词AfricanAmericanAsianAustralianEuropeanNorth AmericanOceanicSouth AmericanBC, B.C. before Christ 公元前BS，BSc B achelor of Science 理科学士C° Centigrade 摄氏度cc cubic centimeter 立方厘米CD compact disk 光盘，激光唱片cf. confer(=compare) 试比较；参看cm centimeter 厘米Co company 公司c/o care of 由…转交cp. compare 比较Dec. December 十二月dept. , Dept. department 部，司，局，系Dr , Dr. doctor 博士；医生e.g. exempli gratia(=for example) 例如esp. e specially 尤其是et al. et alia(=and others) 以及其他等等etc. et cetera(=and the rest) 等等F Fahrenheit 华氏的Feb. F ebruary 二月Fri. Friday 星期五ft Foot,feet 英尺g,gm,gm. gram 克GMT Greenwich Mean Time 格林威治时间hr,hr. hour 小时ID identification card 身份证i.e. id est( = that is) 那就是，即in. inch 英寸Inc. incorporated 股份有限的Jan. January 一月Jr. junior 小(用于姓名后)Jul. July 七月Jun. June 六月kg,kg. kilogram 千克，公斤km,km. kilometer 千米，公里l,l. liter 升lb,lb. libra( = pound) 磅Ltd. limited 有限的, 股份有限m,m. meter 米MA Master of Arts 文科硕士Mar. March 三月min. minute 分钟ml,ml. millimeter 毫升Mon. Monday 星期一Mr,Mr. M ister …先生Mrs,Mrs. M istress …夫人，…太太Ms,Ms. Mrs or Miss …Antarctic女士MS,MSc Master of Science 理科硕士Mt mount,mountain 峰，山No. number 号码Nov. November 十一月Oct. October 十月P page;parking 页，停车处par,para paragraph （文章的）段Ph.D,PhD philosophiae Doctor 博士pl. plural 复数PM,P.M. post meridiem( = afternoon) 下午，午后PRC People's Republic of China 中华人民共和国Prof. professor 教授PS postscript 附言Rd.,rd road 路Sat. Saturday 星期六sec. second 秒Sep.,Sept. September 九月sing. singular 单数sq square 平方；广场st. street 街道sth something 某物，某事Sun. Sunday 星期日t,t. ton 吨tel. telephone 电话Thurs Thursday 星期四Tues Tuesday 星期二UK United Kingdom （大不列颠及北爱尔兰）联合王国，英国UN United Nations 联合国US,U.S. United States ( of America) 美利坚合众国，美国usu. u sually 通常v,vs versus …对…VIP very important person 重要人物，大人物vol. Volume 卷，册W,w watt 瓦特WC water closet 厕所Wed,Weds Wednesday 星期三。