专业英语 2

Sub-process子系统子过程information flow 信息流daily management 日常管理company life cycle 企业生命周期customer satisfaction 顾客满意度strategic plan 战略规划Cash flow 现金流trade credit 商业信贷commercial paper 商业票据Monetary and fiscal policy 货币与财政政策market economy市场经济Consumer price index (CPI) 消费者价格指数Producer price index (PPI) 生产者价格指数GDP price deflator 国民生产总值价格平减指数trade barriers贸易壁垒oil embargo 石油禁运federal budget 联邦预算inflation deflation 通货膨胀、通货紧缩sanction of a society 社会控制机制Legal code 法典federal court system 联邦法院系统Compensatory damage, punitive damage补偿性/惩罚性损失赔偿Jury trial 陪审团审判Trial court 初审法院The federal arbitration act 联邦仲裁法案the equal employment opportunity commission公平就业机会委员会sole proprietorship, partnership, corporation 个人独资企业合伙制企业公司制企业assumed name certificate 假名证书Limited partnership有限合伙制Partnership agreement 合伙协议Articles of partnership 合伙章程professional partnerships 专业合伙制intangible entity无形实体non-profit and for-profit corporation（非）营利性公司close corporation, publicly held corporation封闭公司、公开招募性公司Article of corporation公司章程by-law 议事程序Stock certificate 股权证明The internal revenue code 国内税务法规limited liability company 有限责任公司articles of organization 组织章程Strategic management 战略管理Internet economy 互联网经济intended strategy宣称战略Realized strategy 实际战略industrial organization 产业组织resource-based theory 基于资源的理论Distinctive competence 特异能力Tangible and intangible assets 有形和无形资产Contingency theory 权变理论The organization’s mission组织使命sustained competitive advantage 持续竞争优势rare resources稀有资源strategy decision战略决策Corporate- level strategy公司层战略Business- level strategy事业层战略Functional- level strategy职能层战略Information symmetry信息对称Information asymmetry信息不对称Pure competitive完全竞争Distribution channel分销渠道Trade association同业公会virtual storefront虚拟店面*Each relationship is established by one or more processes: division of labor, departmentalization, and delegation.*Based on this simple model it is easy to understand at least the theoretical arguments advanced by those who espouse the use of countercyclical monetary and fiscal actions反周期的货币和财政措施to stabilize the economy.* “Aggregate Economic Analysis”总量经济分析or “National Income Theory” 国民收入理论involves the examination of broad economic variables 涉及广泛的经济变量的检验such as the level of the nation’s aggregate income and output unemployment, inflation (or deflation), growth, the level of interest rates, and the status of a nation’s international trade balance一个国家的贸易平衡的状态.*Strategic management is a broader term that includes top management’s analysis of the environment in which the organization operates prior to formulating a strategy, as well as the plan for implementation and control of the strategy.*IO assumes that an organization’s performance and ultimate survival depend on its ability to adapt to industry forces over which it has little or no control.If one firm deviates from the industry norm and implemented a new, successful strategy, other firms would rapidly mimic the higher-performing firm by purchasing the resources, competencies, or management talent that have made the leading firm so profitable.如果一个公司偏离了行业规范，实施了新的成功的战略，其他公司会快速地通过购买资源竞争力，或是挖走那些使公司盈利的高管来消防这些高绩效的公司。

英['di:vɪeɪt] 美[ˈdiviˈet]Firms can become proactive by choosing to operate in environments where opportunities and threats match the firm’s strength and weaknesses.contract law seeks to assure that promises under private agreements are enforceable and that parties under a contract honor their respective obligations.Should the industry environment change in a way that is unfavorable to the firm, its top managers should consider leaving that industry and reallocating its resources to other, more favorable industries.Individuals and groups pursue business for both monetary gain and for personal identification and recognition.Broadly speaking the capital or cash comes from three sources: the direct sale of goods or service, debt, or equity.In equilibrium, the plans of demanders are consistent with the plans of suppliers. The predominant characteristic of Common Law is its dependence on judicial decision, developed over a period of time.There are four types of intellectual property rights--patents, copyrights, trademarks and trade secrets.Generally, anything that makes a company unique and that would have value to a competitor would fall under the purview of trade secret.This is the oldest and most widespread form of entrepreneurship in the world.A general partnership is an association of two or more persons to carry on a business as co-owners for profit.Partners share management responsibilities and profits.Most large businesses chose the corporate structure, as do many small businesses. These companies combine the taxation benefits of partnerships with the limited liability advantage of a corporation.At various points of the enterprise, an entrepreneur must decide on the business form most appropriate for his activities.We hedge on this issue because an individual could possess the raw materials, production capabilities, and provide the end product for personal use and therefore exist as a business of one.While these categories are, of course, an oversimplification, with much overlapping, a company doing business in a legal system different from its own must learn theperimeters of the foreign law.The sanctions against a defendant in civil case are generally monetary whereas in criminal court the penalties include not only fines but imprisonment or even execution.Contract law seeks to assure that promises under private agreements are enforceable and that parties under a contract honor their respective obligations.The gap between the intended and realized strategies can be attributed to unforeseen environmental or organizational events, better information that was not available when the strategy was formulated, or an improvement in top management’s ability to assess its env ironment.The strategic challenges it faces are usually ambiguous and unstructured, requiring its managers to understand the relationships among the organization’s parts and chart a course for moving it forward.Debates over the nature of the organization’s competitive advantage, its mission, and whether or not a strategic plan is really needed can be widespread.If one firm deviates from the industry norm and implemented a new, successful strategy, other firms would rapidly mimic the higher-performing firm by purchasing the resources, competencies, or management talent that have made the leading firm so profitable.There are a number of definitions of the word management.The definition of the unemployment rate is the number of persons unemployed as a percent of the labor force.In order to use the mark, it must be registered the mark with the Patent and Trademark Office.Registration provides for unlimited protection of the mark to the creator so long as the mark is in use.An individual simply owns and runs his own business.In the United States, no formalities are required to create a sole proprietorship. Economics studies the way that people and governments allocate the resources at their disposals. In this way, we are all involved in economics since we produce,distribute, and consume goods and services. When we look at economics on the personal level and the decisions involved there, we refer to it as microeconomics. However, when we view it from a broad perspective, we call it macroeconomics. Every segment of the economy has an impact upon the economy. In this way it is systemic. While consumers provide the demand, businesses provide the supply. Governments provide controls that retard or stimulate the economy. The American economy functions on the private enterprise system.Since the economy is a system, the outputs of one component affect other components. Everything in the system has a relationship with, and many times an impact upon, other components in the system. This is generally a good thing, but can have some negative effects as well. For instance, if an industry finds the need to lay off significant numbers of employees, we will see an economic impact. Those employees won’t have money to buy products and services from other companies. Eventually, those other companies will have to lay off employees, who will in turn not have the money to buy products and services this will continue in a downward spiral, until something intervenes to halt the process and allow the economy the recover.Structural innovators seek to imitate and enhance the successful product and service enhancements initiated by the first movers. Although critical to effective product innovation, speed—reaction time, including redesign, manufacturing, testing, and distribution—is especially critical to the effective structural innovation. Whereas product innovators must respond effectively to changes in the external environment, structural innovators attempt to create barriers to discourage followers, whereas structural innovators seek to develop skills to respond and reinvent first moves as expediently as possible. Marketing expertise is often critical, as customers may see the structural innovator’s offerings as mere imitations without an effective ca mpaign. As such, structural innovators accept some degree of industry influence on profitability, but seek to minimize substantial effects by modifying the change efforts initiated by the first movers.。