Phonetics
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语言学chapter 2 phonetics
To make a speech sound visible so that we can measure its components objectively we must then go into the domain of acoustic phonetics, which studies the physical properties of speech sounds, as transmitted between mouth and ear.
3.1.2 Places of articulation
In terms of place of articulation, the English consonants can be classified into the following types:
bilabial
labiodental
j
4. Vowels (refer to Poole, 2000: 60)
4.1 cardinal vowels 基本元音(refer to Poole, 2000: 50-51)
British phonetician Daniel Jones first fixed the qualities of the two vowels which were produced with the tongue is as high and as far forward as possible in [i]. Another, represented by [a], is the sound produced when the tongue is as low as possible at the back. The other six vowels have been plotted down between these two extremes, the front vowels being plotted at equal acoustic distances as are the back vowels.
语言学phonetics解析
1.2 Three Phases in Communication process
speaker encodes meaning into sounds and utters strings of sounds
Articulatory phonetics:
（发音语音学）
speech production by
1. the place of articulation 2. the manner of articulation
1.7.1 The place of articulation
▪ Bilabial 双唇音 e.g. [p], [m]. ▪ Labio-dental 唇齿音 e.g. [f]. ▪ Dental 齿音 e.g. [ð] ▪ Alveolar 齿龈音 e.g. [t] ▪ Palatal 腭音 e.g. [j] ▪ Palato-alveolar 腭龈音 e.g. [ʃ] ▪ Velar 软腭音 e.g. [k] ▪ Glottal 声门音，喉音 e.g. [h] ▪ Retroflex 卷舌音 ▪ Uvular 小舌音 ▪ Pharyngeal 咽音ory phonetics
1.3 The process of producing speech
air breathed in lungs
air pressed out
Pharynx 咽
Larynx 喉 trachea (windpipe)
nasal cavity 鼻腔
Articulatory phonetics: （发音语音学）
speech production by speech organs
Acoustic phonetics: （声学语音学） physical properties of speech sounds
语音学phonetics整理
语音学phonetics整理●语言●语言的本质特征●任意性Arbitrariness 叫啥任意●二重性Duality 两层●能产性/创造性Productivity/Creativity 新词●文化传播性Cultural transmission 后天学习●互换性Interchangeability 可作为发出者和接收者●语言的主要功能●信息功能 Informative function 信息真假●移位性Displacement 时间空间●人际功能 Interpersonal f 称呼●施为功能 Performative f 做事情●情感功能 Emotive f 情感改变●寒暄功能 Phatic f 打招呼●娱乐功能 Recreational f for fun●元语言功能 Metalinguistic f 一种语言解释另一种语言●语音学phonetics●发音语音学，声学语音学，听觉语音学●英语语音分类（气流是否受阻）●元音vowels 20个●单元音monophthongs 12个●划分方式●位置:前4，央3，后5●高度:高4，中5，低3（开合，开大舌低）●长度/松紧:长5，短7，紧5松7●圆展度:圆4，非圆●双元音diphthongs 8个●（阻）辅音Consonants 28 个●按发音方式分●爆破音stops/plosives /p/ ，/b/ ，/t/ ，/d/， /k/●摩擦音fricatives /f /，/v/，/ s/，/Θ/ ，/δ/ ，/z/, /ς/, /3/，/h/，●塞/破擦音affricatives /tf/ /dg/ /dr/ /dz/ /tr/●鼻音nasals/m/，/n/，/n/●边音lateral /l/●近音approximants /w/ /r/ /j/●按发音部位分●双唇音 bilabial /p/，/b/，/m/，/w/●唇齿音 labiodental /f/，/v/，●齿间音dental /Θ/,/δ/●齿龈音 alveolar /t/,/d/,/s/,/z/,/l/,/r/●后齿龈音 post alveolar●硬腭音 palatal /j/●软腭音 velar /k/ /g/ /n/●声门音 glottal /h/●按带声性划分voicing（声带震动）●清辅音voiceless consonants●浊辅音voiced consonants。
音节划分phonetics解析
的轻音
浊辅音
/b/
/d/
/g/
/v/
/ð /
/z/
伯
得
个
勿 齿咬舌头
自
的浊音
轻辅音
/ʃ/
/h/
/ts/
/tʃ/
/tr/
西 轻音
和
次 轻音 七 轻音
缺
浊辅音
/ʒ/
/r/
/dz/
/dʒ/
/dr/
衣 浊音 蕊 浊音 自 浊音 姬 浊音 撅 浊音
鼻音
/m/
/n/
/ŋ/
呣
呢
半元音
/j/ / w/
也
我
边音
/ǀ/
[i:] [i] [e] [æ] [a:] [ʌ]
[p] [b] [k] [g] [t] [d] [f] [v]
[ɔ:] [ɔ]
[s] [z]
[ə:] [ə] [u:] [u]
[θ] [ð]
[ʃ] [ʒ] [tʃ] [dʒ]
[ei] [ai] [ɔi] [tr] [dr]
[əu] [iə]
[au] [eə]
请大声的读出下面的辅音
/p/, /b/, /t/, /d/, /k/, /g/ /f/, /v/, /∫/, /3 /, /θ /,/δ /, /s/, /z/, /h/, /r/ , /tʃ/, /d3/, /tr/, /dr/ ,/ts/, /dz/
/m/, /n/, /ŋ/ /l/ /w/, /j/
了
[m] 【嘴巴闭住，然后发音，气流从鼻子出 来，浊音】
[n] 【嘴巴微张，舌尖顶住上颚，气流从鼻 子出来而不是从嘴巴出来，浊音】
[ŋ] 【嘴巴长大，舌头向下弯曲，气流从鼻 子出来而不是从嘴巴出来，浊音】
语言学导论-第2章(1)Phonetics
Velar软腭音: back of the tongue raised to soft palate (velum) [k] [g] [ŋ]
Glottal喉音: at the larynx (space between vocal cords) [h]
Labial
Lips
Dental
Teeth
Consonants 辅音 Vowels 元音
Difference: In producing a vowel the air stream coming from the lungs meets with no obstruction whatsoever.
Consonants 辅音
In terms of manner of articulation 发音方式
Pah vs. Bah
•
• • •
b: voiced (bah), p: voiceless (pah) ba: vocal cord vibrates right away, pa has 80 ms delay What happens in between? No hybrids: either ba or pa
[k] [p] [s] (Speech sounds 语音)
What is phonetics 语音学
Phonetics: The study of speech sounds.
Articulatory(发音的)phonetics: how speech sounds are made. Acoustic(声学的)phonetics: physical properties of speech. Auditory(听觉的)phonetics: perception of speech sounds.
Phonetics 语言学方面
2.1 Phonetics
• Three Branches of phonetics
1. Articulatory phonetics 2. Acoustic phonetics 3. Auditory phonetics
Phonetics
----A branch of linguistics which studies the speech sounds that occur in all human languages.
Chapter 2 Phonetics & Phonology
语音学与音系学
Main Contents of the Lecture：
I. Phonetics语音学
II. Phonology音系学
Revision
1. The major branches of linguistics
2. Some important distinctions in linguistics
The diagram of speech organs 4. Hard palate 5. Soft palate (velum) 6. Uvula 小舌
The diagram of speech organs
7. Tip of tongue 8. Blade of tongue 舌面
9. Back of tongue 舌背
Articulatory phonetics
• 发音语音学： 研究语音的发生。
• Acoustic phonetics---deals with the transmission of speech sounds through the air.
Acoustic phonetics
英语语言学lecture 3 Phonetics
fricatives
When the obstruction is partial and the air is forced through a narrow passage in the mouth so as to cause definite local friction at the point.[f][v][s][z]…(p.53)
Classification of English speech sounds:
Vowels (20):
the sounds are produced when the air-streams meet no
obstruction of any kind in the throat, the nose, or the
Stops:or plosive consonants:
When the obstruction created by the speech organ is total or complete, the speech sound produced with the obstruction audibly released and the air passing out again is called a stop or a plosive: [p][b][t][d][k][g]
There are two kinds of transcription: narrow transcription and broad transcription. A narrow transcription records as many features of an utterance as possible. This is the transcription needed and used by the phoneticians in their study of speech sounds. A broad transcription omits many of the irrelevant and predictable details of pronunciation . This is the transcription normally used in dictionaries and textbook for general purposes.
语言学知识_语音学
语音学一．语音学（Phonetics）定义：语音学主要研究的是言语语音的特点，并提供对它们进行描写、分类和转写方法的科学。
言语表达过程通常分为三个部分：说话者、空气媒介以及受话者，因此语音学可以分为三个分支：1.发音语音学（articulatory phonetics）2.声学语音学（acoustic phonetics）3.听觉语音学（auditory phonetics）二．发音器官（Speech Organ）：人类的发音器官主要包含三个区域，分别是咽腔（pharyngeal cavity），口腔（oral cavity）以及鼻腔（nasal cavity）。
三．语言语音的正字表征（Orthographic Representation）：正字表征（Orthographic Representation）指的是某一种语言的标准化书写系统，也指规定性的拼写系统。
19世纪末诞生了国际音标（IPA），它同时为学者们提供了另外一套符号，称为变音符（diacritics）。
现今的音标分为两种：一种是宽式音标（broad transcription），另一种是严式音标（narrow transcription）。
宽式音标（broad transcription）指的是一种使用字母来表示音素的方法；而严式音标（narrow transcription）指的是一种使用字母和变音符（diacritics）同时来表示音素及细微语音特征的方法。
四．英语语音的分类（Classification of English Speech Sounds）：英语中语音有两种分类方式，首先可以分为分为元音（vowel）和辅音（consonant）。
其次，英语中的语音还可以分为清音（voiceless sound）和浊音（voiced sound）。
1. 元音（vowel）和辅音（consonant）：1.1 什么是元音元音指的是，在发音过程中，气流通过声道时不受到任何阻碍。
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Value of phonetic transcription
• A universal framework for the description of languages – 1 symbol – 1 sound – Many languages lack writing systems
• Superior to many writing systems
Preparing a transcription
• What are the sounds of the language? • How can they be represented?
Phonetic transcription
1. ‘driftwood’ 2. ‘cane’ 3. ‘footwear’ 4. ‘grease’ 5. ‘straight up’ 6. ‘your collarbone’
• Different languages produce sounds at different places of articulation
• Witsuwit’en [qis] ‘king salmon’ vs. English geese [gis]
English consonant place of articulation
lower
upper
example
articulator articulator
(bi-)
labial
binlabio- Nhomakorabeadental
fin
interdental thin
(apico-) alveolar tin
palatal shin
velar
kin
glottal him
Place of articulation
Degree of occlusion
• How close are lower and upper articulator? – Relatively close, constricted (‘occluded’) airflow: consonants – Relatively far apart, unconstricted airflow: vowels
adjectival descriptor labial dental alveolar palatal velar nasal laryngeal
Phonetic description
• Consonants: e.g. – Laryngeal setting voiceless – Place of articulation bilabial – Degree of occlusion/manner stop
coronal
Description of speech sounds
Main parameters for consonants:
• Place of articulation • Degree of occlusion (‘manner’) • Oral or nasal • Laryngeal setting
•Upper articulator •Lower articulator
Major lower articulators
Major structures of the tongue
structure tongue tip blade dorsum root
descriptor lingual apical laminal dorsal radical
Phonetic transcription
1. [tz] 2. [thz] 3. [qhE] 4. [XE] 5. [ntq] 6. [nt’q]
‘driftwood’ ‘cane’
‘footwear’ ‘grease’
‘straight up’ ‘your collarbone’
Vocal tract anatomy
• Articulatory phonetics: production of sounds/signs
Articulatory phonetics
Of spoken languages:
• Description of speech sounds – Vocal tract structures relevant for speech
Phonetics
LING 200 Spring 2002
What is phonetics?
• Acoustic phonetics: physical properties of sounds/signs
• Auditory phonetics: perception of sounds/signs
• Defines classes of sounds – Vowels vs. consonants: [a] vs. [d] – Subclasses of vowels: [a] vs. [i] – Subclasses of consonants: [d] vs. [z]
Place of articulation: consonants
Phonetic transcription
• Alphabetic and other symbols which abbreviate phonetic descriptions – E.g. voiceless bilabial stop = [p]
• Different systems of phonetic transcription – ‘Americanist’ – International Phonetic Association
• Transcription of speech sounds • Sound inventories
Vocal tract anatomy
Major structures
structure (noun) lips teeth alveolar ridge hard palate soft palate = velum nasal cavity larynx