外文翻译-模具高速铣削加工技术
外文翻译---高速切削加工在模具制造中的新应用
翻译部分英文原文High-speed cutting processing in mold manufacture applicationA.J.G. Nuttall *, G. LodewijksAbstract The current mold application is widespread, also had the very big development with it related die making technology. At present, used the high-speed cutting production mold already to become the die making the general trend. In some mold Manufacturer, the high speed engine bed big area substitution electrical discharge machine, the high-speed cutting production mold already gradually became the die making the general trend. It can improve mold's size, the shape and the surface roughness, reduces even omits the manual sharpening, thus reduces production cost and the reduction manufacturing cycle. This article through to the traditional mold processing craft and the high speed mold processing craft's contrast, elaborated the high-speed cutting processing superiority. In the article also briefly introduced the high-speed cutting processing in the processing craft aspect key technologies.Keywords High-speed cutting Grinding tool Grinding tool processing Process technology1 Introduction1.1 IntroductionAlong with the advance in technology and the industry swift development, the mold already became in the industrial production to use the extremely widespread main craft to equip now. The mold takes the important craft equipment, in Industry sectors and so on consumable, electric appliance electron, automobile, airplane manufacture holds the pivotal status. The manufactured products components rough machining 75%, the precision work 50% and the plastic parts 90% will complete by the mold. At present the Chinese mold market demand has reached 50,000,000,000 Yuan scales, our country die making market potential is huge. The mold is one kind of special-purpose tool, uses in forming () each metal or the nonmetallic material needs the components the shapeproduct, this kind of special-purpose tool general designation mold. The mold is in the industrial production the most foundation equipment, is realizes the few cuttings and the non-cutting essential tool. The mold has widely used in the industrial production each domain, like the automobile, the motorcycle, the domestic electric appliances, the instrument, the measuring appliance, the electron and so on, in them 60%~80% components need the mold to carry on the manufacture; The highly effective production in enormous quantities's, bolt, nut and gasket standard letters and so on plastic also need the mold to produce; The engineering plastics, the powder metallurgy, the rubber, the alloy compression casting, the glass formation and so on need to use the mold to take shape.1.2 High-speed cutting process technologyAs the name suggests, the high-speed cutting, first is the high speed, namely must have the high spindle speed, for instance 12000r/min, 18000r/min, 30000r/min, 40000r/min, even also had a higher rotational speed still in the experiment; On the other hand, should also have the bigger to feed quantity, like 30000mm/min, 40000mm/min, even 60000mm/min; Has is after again the rapid traverse, trades fast the knife, the main axle trade the knife, from the static state arrives its needs rotational speed rise time and so on, only then achieved the above standards to be able to call it high speed.Next is must aim at the different processing object, the different degree of hardness, the different material quality, the different shape to choose the corresponding reasonable parameter, but cannot pursue constantly to be high speed and be high speed, regarding the die space processing, the shape is specially complex, but the cutting tool diameter is also small time, because cutting tool's path is not the simple translation, but is the curve, even has right angle corner time, technological parameter rational especially important, if because wants to maintain the identical feed rate carries on the orthogonal cutting, will not be able to do well will cause as a result of the engine bed moving part's huge inertia the cutting tool will make when the bend angle movement to break suddenly, but the variable motion can, becauseMovements and so on acceleration and deceleration create the thickness of cutting the instantaneous change, but causes the cutter change to enable the work piece surface to have cuts, from this causes the processing drop in quality, therefore, in view of the different processing object, needs the programmers to choose the reasonable cutting tool path, optimized cutting parameter; On the other hand, according to needs to choose the suitable cutting velocity,only then can display the high-speed cutting truly like the strong point.The high-speed cutting (HSC) is an advanced technique of manufacture which for the past ten years rapidly rises. Because the high-speed cutting technology has the cutting efficiency to be high, the processing quality high, can process the hard steel stock and the good efficiency directly, causes profession and so on aviation, mold, automobile, light industry and information production efficiencies and the manufacture quality obviously enhances, and causes the processing craft and the equipment corresponding renewal. Therefore is similar to the numerical control technology is the same, the high-speed cutting and the high speed processing have become in the 21st century a machine-building industry influence profound technological revolution. At present, adapts the HSC request high speed machining center and other high speed numerically-controlled machine tool has assumed the popularization tendency in the developed country, our country recently is also speeding up the development.The high-speed cutting processing is faces for the 21st century a high technology and new technology, it is one kind is different with the traditional processing processing way. Compares with it, the high-speed cutting processing main axle rotational speed high, cuts high for the speed, the cutting quantity is small, but in the unit time material excises the quantity to increase 3 ~ 6 times actually. It take the high efficiency, the high accuracy and the high surface quality as the basic characteristic, in profession and so on in automobile industry, aerospace, mold manufacture and instrument measuring appliance has obtained the increasingly widespread application, and has obtained the significant technology economic efficiency, is the contemporary advanced manufacture technology important constituent.When with traditional way processing mold, often uses the electric spark machining, but the electrode design and makes itself is the technological process which time-consuming takes the trouble. But after uses the high-speed cutting processing, because the narrow and small region processing realization and the high grade superficial result, let the electrode the utilization ratio reduce greatly. Moreover, makes the electrode with the high speed mill also to be possible to make the production efficiency to enhance to a new scale.The major part mold may use the high-speed cutting technology to process, like the forging die, the compression casting mold, cast with the blow molding mold and so on. Hammers the cavity body shallowly, the cutting tool life is long; Compressioncasting mold size moderate, the productivity is high; Casts with the blow molding mold general size small, quite is economical.2 the high-speed cutting processing mold relative tradition processes the mold the superiority2.1 Enhances the productivityIn the high-speed cutting the main axle rotational speed and enters for the speed enhancement, may enhance material removing rate. At the same time, the4high-speed cutting may process the hard components, a many Cmmponents attipe clamps may complete thick, half essence and the precision work and so on the complete working procedure, also may meet the components surface quality requirements directly to the complex profile processing, therefore, the high-speed cutting craft often may save the electric spark Machining, manually rub repairs and so on the working procedure, reduces the craft route, then enhances the processing productivity greatly.The high-speed cutting processing permission use big to feed rate, enhances 5~10 times compared to the convention machining, the unit interval/unit time material excision rate may enhance 3~6 times, the process period may reduce greatly. This may use in processing needs to excise the metal massively the components, specially has the very vital significance regarding the aviation industry.2.2 Improvement processing precishon and surface qualhtyThe high rpeed engine bed must have high performance and so on rigidity and high accuracy, at the same time because cutting force low, the work piece thermal deformation reduces, the cutting tool distorts slightly, the high-speed cutting processing precision Is very high. Depth of cut small, but enters for the speed quickly, the processing surface roughness is very small, cuts when the aluminum alloy may reach Ra0.4 ~ 0.6, when cutting steel stock may reach Ra0.2 ~ 0.4.Compares with the conventional cutting, when high-speed cutting processing the cutting force may reduce 30% at least, this may reduce the processing regarding the processing rigidity bad components to distort, causes some thin wall class fine work piece the machining into possible. Because revolves high speed time the cutting tool cuts the excitation frequency is far away from the craft system's forced oscillation, has guaranteed the good processing condition. Because the cutting force is too small, cutthe hot influence to be small, causes the cutting tool, the work piece distortion to be small, maintained the size accuracy, moreover also caused the friction between the cutting tool work piece changes is small, the cutting destruction level thinned, the residual stress was small, has realized the high accuracy, the low roughness processing.2.3 The reduced cutting produces quantity of heatBecause the high-speed cutting processing is the shallow cutting, simultaneously the feed rate is very quick, the knife edge and the work piece contact length and the contact duration were short, reduced the knife edge and the work piece heat conduction, has avoided when the traditional processing met everywhere in the cutting tool and the work piece to have the big calorimetry shortcoming, guaranteed that the cutting tool worked under the temperature not high condition, lengthened cutting tool's service life. As shown in Figure 1, A is time the high-speed cutting processing heat conduction process, B is the traditional processing heat conduction process.Fig.1 high speed processing and traditional processing heat conductionThe high-speed cutting processing process is extremely rapid, 95% above cutting quantity of heat are extremely few, components not because the temperature rise will cause the warp or the inflation distortion. The high-speed cutting is suitable specially for the processing easy thermal deformation components. Is low regarding the processing melting point the metal which, easy to oxidize (for example magnesium), the high-speed cutting has certain significance.2.4 advantageoued in the processing thin wall componentsTime high-speed cutting's cutting force is small, has the high stability, but the high quality processes the thin wall components. Uses as shown in Figure 2 the lamination down milling the processing method, but high-speed cutting wall thickness 0.2mm, wall high 20mm thin wall components. This time, the knife edge and the work piececontact duration was short, has avoided the sidewall distortion.Figure.2 high-speed cutting thin wall components2.5 change the part substitutes certain crafts, like electric spark machining, abrasive machining and so onHigh strength and the high degree of hardness's processing is also a high-speed cutting major characteristic, at present, the high-speed cutting has been possible the work hardness to reach HRC60 the components, therefore, the high-speed cutting can process after the heat treatment hardens the work piece. In the tradition processes in mold's craft, before the precision work, hardens the work piece after the heat treatment to carry on the electric spark machining, may omit in the die making craft with the high-speed cutting processing substitution tradition cutting's processing method the electric spark machining, simplified the processing craft and the cost of investment.the mold's size, the shape and the surface roughness are very important, if after processing the mold cannot meet the requirements the quality precision, needs the massive handworks to rub repairs the work, the handwork rubs repairs can obtain the good surface quality, but it will affect mold's size and the shape precision. Therefore must omit as far as possible in the mold processing rubs manually repairs, improves the mold quality, reduces the production cost and the manufacturing cycle.Figure 3 is the traditional mold processing process: The semifinished materials -> rough machining -> semi-finishing -> heat treatment hardens -> the electric spark machining -> precision work -> to rub manually repairs. Figure 4 is the high speed mold processing process: Hardened semifinished materials -> rough machining -> semi-finishing -> precision work.Figure.3 the traditional mold processes processFigure 4 the high speed mold processes processin Figure 4, in the high speed mold machining process reduced two technological processes, probably reduces the process period 30%~50%. In the traditional processing craft's electric spark machining forms the hardened level easily in the melting processing surface layer, degree of hardness may reach 1000Hv, brings the difficulty for the following machining and the abrasive machining. The electric spark machining also easy to cause the surface layer fatigue cracking and cutting tool's breakage.2.6 Economic efficiency remarkable enhancementSynthesis above all sorts of merits, namely: The comprehensive efficiency will improve, the quality enhances, the working procedure simplifies, the engine bed investment and the cutting tool investment as well as the maintenance cost increase and so on, will use the high-speed cutting craft to cause the synthesis economic efficiency remarkable enhancement.3 high-speed cutting processing craft essential technologyThe high speed engine bed and the high speed cutter are the realization high-speed cutting premise and the basic condition, has the strict request in the high-speed cutting processing to the high speed engine bed performance and the cutting tool material choice.In order to realize the high-speed cutting processing, uses the high flexible high speed numerical control engine bed, the processing center generally, also some usespecial-purpose high speed mills, drilling machine. At the same time the engine bed has the high speed main axle to be systematic and the high rapid advance or progress gives the system, the high main axle rigidity characteristic, the high accuracy localization function and the high accuracy insert makes up the function, specially the circular arc high accuracy inserts makes up the function.The high-speed cutting cutting tool and ordinary processes the cutting tool the material to have is very greatly different. The main use cutting tool material has the hard alloy, the crystal combination diamond (PCD), the crystal combination cube boron nitride (PCBN) and the ceramics and so on.The high-speed cutting craft technology also is carries on the high-speed cutting processing the key. The cutting method chooses is improper, can make the cutting tool to intensify the attrition, cannot achieve the high speed processing completely the goal. The practice proved, if only then the high speed engine bed and the cutting tool but do not have the good craft technology to make the instruction, the expensive high-speed cutting processing equipment cannot fully play the role. The high-speed cutting processing craft essential technology mainly includes the cutting method and the cutting parameter choice optimization.a. Cutting way choiseIn the high-speed cutting processing, should select the down milling processing as far as possible, because in down milling time, the cutting tool just cut into the thickness of chip which the work piece produces to a big way, afterward reduces gradually. When up milling, the cutting tool just cut into the thickness of chip which the work piece produces to be smallest, afterward the accumulation, increased the cutting tool and the work piece friction like this gradually, has the big calorimetry on the knife edge, therefore produces in the up milling quantity of heat when down milling are more than, the radial force also greatly increases. Meanwhile in the down milling, the knife edge main compression stress, but when the up milling the knife edge tension stress, the stressful condition is bad, reduced cutting tool's service life, the down milling and the up milling the cutting tool cuts into the work piece the process, as shown in Figure 5.Figure.5 the cutting tool cuts into the work piece the process hintb. Maintains constant metal removing rateThe high-speed cutting processing is shallowly suitable for shallowly to cut the depth, the depth of cut should not surpass 0.2/ 0.2mm (ae/Ap), this is for avoids the cutting tool the position deviation, guarantees processes the mold the geometry precision. Maintains constant metal removing rate, guaranteed adds on the work piece the cutting load is constant, by obtains following several good processing effect: (1) may maintain constant cutting load; (2) may maintain the scrap size constant; (3) has the good hot shift; (4) the cutting tool and the work piece maintain at the cold condition;(5) does not need skilled to operate for the quantity and the main axle rotational speed;(6) may lengthen the cutting tool the life; (7) can guarantee the good processing quality and so on.c.choice of the Feeds wayRegarding has opens the mouth die space the region, feeds as far as possible from material outside, by real-time analysis material cutting condition. But regarding does not have the die space enclosed area, selects the screw feed method, cuts into the local region.d. As far as possible reduced cutting tool's commutation rapidlyReduces the cutting tool as far as possible the rapidly commutation, because the zigzag pattern mainly applies in the traditional processing, mainly chooses the return route or the sole way cutting in the high-speed cutting processing. This is because in commutation time the NC engine bed must stop (urgently changing down) immediately then the again execution next step of operation. As a result of engine bed acceleration limitation, but is easy to create the time the waste, stops anxiously or whips then can destroy the surface roughness, also has the possibility because has cut but produces the broach or in the outside undercut. Chooses the sole way cutting pattern to carry on thedown milling, does not sever the cutting process and the cutting tool way as far as possible, reduces the cutting tool to cut into as far as possible cuts the number of times, by obtains the relatively stable cutting process.For example, in the cutting mold corner processing, the traditional processing method is uses the translation (G1), when the cutting tool cuts to the fillet place, the velocity of movement reduces speed, at the same time when enters for the commutation the cutting tool movement is not continuously, can have the massive friction and the quantity of heat in the intermittent process, if processes the aluminum alloy or other light metal alloys, produces the quantity of heat will damage the work piece surface quality.If uses the high-speed cutting processing the method, the use is smaller than the cutting mold corner radius cutting tool, the use high speed engine bed high accuracy circular arc inserts makes up the function (G2, G3) processes the mold corner, the high speed engine bed circular arc inserts makes up the movement is the continuous process, cannot have the cutting tool intermittent motion, thus reduced the cutting tool and the mold contact length and the time, avoids having the massive heat.e In Z direction cutting continual planeThe traditional processing die space's method uses the profile milling, this processing way increased the cutting tool to cut into, to cut the work piece the number of times, has affected the work piece surface quality, has limited the engine bed and the cutting tool formidable function display. In the high-speed cutting processing, often uses the Z direction cutting continual plane. Uses step pitch which is smaller than the convention, thus reduces each tooth cutting elimination quantity, the improvement processing surface's quality, reduced the process period.4 High-speed cutting process technology in die making applicationThe high-speed cutting process technology has a series of characteristics and the production benefit aspect's great potential, already becomes country competition research and so on Germany, US and Japan important areas of technology. Now, US, Germany, Japan, France, Switzerland, Italy produce the different specification's each kind of commercialization high speed engine bed already entered the market, applies in the airplane, the automobile and the die making.Along with the high-speed cutting process technology introduction mold industry,has had the very tremendous influence to the traditional mold processing craft, changed the mold processing technical process. Because the mold profile is the very complex free surface generally, and degree of hardness is very high, uses conventional the machining method to satisfy the precision and the shape request with difficulty. The conventional processing method is after the annealing carries on the milling processing, then carries on the heat treatment, the grinding or the electric spark machining, finally the manual polish, polishing, cause the processing cycle to be very long like this. Specially the manual process period, must account for the entire processing cycle to be very big a part. HSC may achieve the accuracy requirement which the mold processes, reduced has even cancelled the manual processing, because and new cutting tool material (for example PCD, PCBN, cermet and so on) the appearance, HSC may the work hardness achieve HRC60, even degree of hardness higher work piece material, after might process hard mold, substitution electric spark machining and abrasive machining.The high speed milling processing has the highly effective high accuracy in the die making as well as may process the high hard material the merit, already obtained the widespread application in the industrially advanced country. The high-speed cutting process technology introduction mold industry, mainly applies in the following several aspects:1) hard mold die space direct processing. After using the high-speed cutting to be possible to process the hard material the characteristic direct processing hard mold die space, improved the quality which and the efficiency the mold processes, may substitute for the electric spark machining.(2) EDM (electric spark) electrode processing. Applied the high-speed cutting technology processing electrode to raise the electric spark machining efficiency to play the very major role. The high-speed cutting electrode improved electrode's surface quality and the precision, reduced the following working process.(3) fast sample workpiece manufacture. Uses the high-speed cutting processing efficiency high characteristic, may use in processing the plastic and the aluminum alloy model. After the CAD design produces the 3D full-scale mockup fast, is higher than the fast prototype manufacture efficiency, the quality is good.(4) mold's fast repair. The mold often needs to repair in the use process, lengthensthe service life, in the past was mainly completes depending on the electrical finishing, now uses the high speed processing to be possible to complete this work quickly, moreover might use the original NC procedure, did not need to establish.5 ConclusionThe high-speed cutting processing uses the high cutting velocity and the feed rate, the small radial direction and the axial depth of cut, the cutting force is small, the processing surface roughness is very small, cutting tool life enhancement; With the high-speed cutting processing way substitution tradition processing way processing mold, might omit the electric spark machining and rub manually repairs, raised the productivity which the mold processed, reduced the production cost, reduced the processing cycle; When research high-speed cutting processing, must unify closely with the high-speed cutting processing technology, realizes the high efficiency, the high accuracy truly and the redundant reliable goal.The high-speed cutting process technology is the advanced technique of manufacture, has the broad application prospect. Replaces EDM with the high-speed cutting processing (or majority of replaces) speeds up the mold development speed, realizes the craft update major step. The promoted application high-speed cutting process technology applies in the mold manufacturing industry, not only may enhance the machine-finishing large scale the efficiency, the quality, reduces the cost, moreover may lead a series of high technology and new technology industry the development. Therefore, current strengthens the high-speed cutting technology the basic research, establishes the high-speed cutting database, the high-speed cutting safety work standard, enhances the engine bed and tool profession development innovation ability, speeds up the high-speed cutting cutting tool system, the high-speed cutting engine bed system's research development and the industrial production, already was the urgent matter.References[1] A.C. Low, J.W. Kyle, Grinding tool technology recent development, TheMechanical Engineers Association, London, 1986. High-speed cutting and grinding tool manufacture[2] K.L. Johnson, High-speed cutting and grinding tool manufacture, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1985.[3] W.DMay, E.L. Morris, D. Atack, new using of Cutting technology, Applied Physics 30 (1959) 1713–1724.[4] S.C. Hunter, Grinding tool manufacture, Applied Mechanics 28 (1961) 611–617.[5] G. Lodewijks, Dynamics of Belt Systems, Thesis, Delft University of Technology, Delft, 1995.[6] A.N. Gent, High-speed cutting outline, Carl Hanser Verslag, 2001.中文译文高速切削加工在模具制造中的新应用A.J.G. Nuttall *, G. Lodewijks摘要当前模具应用广泛，与之相关的模具制造技术也有了很大的发展。
机械制造专业外文翻译--高速研磨技术的应用与展望2
外文原文：High-speed grinding ---applications and futuretechnologyM.J. Jackson,*, C.J. Davis, M.P. Hitchhike r, B. MillsAbstractThe basic mechanisms and the applications for the technology of high-speed grinding with CBN grinding wheels are presented. In addition to developments in process technology associated with high-speed machining, the grinding machine, coolant system, and the grinding tool also need to adapt to high-speed machining. Work piece-related factors inurning the results of machining are also discussed. The paper concludes with a presentation of current research and future developments in the area of high-speed grinding, and the development of high-speed CBN camshaft grinding. All rights reserved.1. IntroductionMore than 25 years of high-speed grinding have expanded the field of application for grinding from classical finish machining to high-performance machining. High-speed grinding offers excellent potential for good component quality combined with high productivity. One factor behind the innovative process has been the need to increase productivity for conventional finishing processes. In the course of process development it has become evident that high-speed grinding in combination with preliminary machining processes close to the finished contour enables the configuration of new process sequences with high-performance capabilities. Using the appropriate grinding machines and grinding tools, it is possible to expand the scope of grinding tohigh-performance machining of soft materials. Initially, a basic examination of process mechanisms is discussed that relates the configuration of grinding tools and the requirements of grinding soft materials. The effect of an effective and environmentally friendly coolant system is also investigated in addition to the effect of workpiece-related variables on the suitability of using high-speed grinding techniques.2. Theoretical basis of high-speed grindingIn view of the random distribution of cutting edges and cutting-edge shapes, statistical methods are applied to analyses the cutting mechanism in grinding. The mean unreformed chip thickness, h cu, and the mean chip length, l cu, are employed as variables to describe the shape of the chip. The unreformed chip thickness is dependent on the static density of cutting edges, C stat, and on the geometric and kinematics variables [1,2]:(1)where V w is the work piece speed, V S the grinding wheel speed, a e the depth of cut, d eq the equivalent grinding wheel diameter, and α，β，γare greater than zero. On the basis of this relationship, it can be established that an increase in the cutting speed, assuming all other conditions are constant, will result in a reduction in the unreformed chip thickness. The work piece material is machined with a larger number of abrasive grain contacts. At the same time, the number of cutting edges involved in the process decreases. This leads to the advantages promised by high-speed grinding which is characterized by a reduction in grinding forces, grinding wheel wear, and in work piece surface roughness. Consequently, increasing the speed of the grinding wheel can lead to an increase in the quality of the work piece material, or alternatively, an increase in productivity. The process technology depends on the characteristics and quality requirementsof the work piece to be machined.As the cutting speed increases, the quantity of thermal energy that is introduced into the work piece also increases. An increase in cutting speed is not normally accompanied by a proportional reduction in the tangential grinding force, and thus results in an increase in process power. Reducing the length of time the abrasive grain is in contact with the work piece can reduce the quantity of heat into the work piece. An increase in the machining rate of the process is necessary for this to happen, where the chip thickness is increased to the level that applies to lower cutting speeds without overloading the grinding wheel.Experimental results [3] illustrate that increasing the cutting speed by a factor of two while maintaining the same metal removal rate leads to a reduction in the tangential force but, unfortunately, leads to an increase in the amount of work done. Owing to constant grinding time, there is an increase in the process energy per work piece and,subsequently, in the total thermal energy generated. When the material removal rate is also increased the rising tangential force results in a further increase in grinding power. The quantity of thermal energy introduced into the work piece is lower than the initial situation when the same-machined work piece volume applies despite the higher cutting speed and increased metal removal rate. These considerations show that machining productivity can be increased using high-speed grinding without having to accept undesirable thermal effects on ground components.There are three fields of technology that have become established for high-speed grinding. These are1. High-speed grinding with CBN grinding wheels.2. High-speed grinding with aluminum oxide grinding wheels.3. Grinding with aluminum oxide grinding wheels in conjunction with continuous dressing techniques (CD grinding).Material removal rates resulting in a super proportional increase in productivity for component machining have been achieved for each of these fields of technology in industrial applications [4,5] (Fig. 1). High equivalent chip thickness of between 0.5 and 10 mm are a characteristic feature of high-speed grinding. CBN high-speed grinding is employed for a large proportion of these applications. An essential characteristic of this technology is that the performance of CBN is utilized when high cutting speeds are employed.3. Grinding tools for high-speed grindingCBN grinding tools for high-speed machining are subject to special requirements regarding resistance to fracture and wear. Good damping characteristics, high rigidity, and good thermal conductivity are also desirable. Such tools normally consist of a body of high mechanical strength and a comparably thin coating of abrasive attached to the body using a high-strength adhesive. The suitability of cubic boron nitride as an abrasive material for high-speed machining of ferrous materials is attributed to its extreme hardness and its thermal and chemical durability.High cutting speeds are attainable above all with metal bonding systems (Fig. 2). One method that uses such bonding systems is electroplating, where grinding wheels are produced with a single-layer coating of abrasive CBN grain material. Theelectro-deposited nickel bond displays outstanding grain retention properties. This provides a high-level grain projection and large chip spaces. Cutting speeds of 280 m s-1 are possible [6]. The service life ends when the abrasive layer wears out.The high roughness of the cutting surfaces of electroplated CBN grinding wheels has disadvantageous effects. The high roughness is accountable to exposed grain tips that result from different grain shapes and grain diameters. Although electroplated CBN grinding wheels are not considered to be dressable in the conventional sense, the resultant workpiece surface roughness can nevertheless be influenced within narrow limits by means of a so-called touch-dressing process. This involves removing the peripheral grain tips from the abrasive coating by means of very small dressing infeed steps in the range of dressing depths of cut between 2 and 4 mm, thereby reducing the effective roughness of the grinding wheel [7].Multi-layer bonding systems for CBN grinding wheels include sintered metal bonds, resin bonds, and vitrified bonds. Multi-layer metal bonds possess high bond hardness and wear resistance. Profiling and sharpening these tools is a complex process, however, on account of their high mechanical strength. Synthetic resin bonds permit a broad scope of adaptation for bonding characteristics. However, these tools also require a sharpening process after dressing. The potential for practical application of vitrified bonds has yet to be fully exploited. In conjunction with suitably designed bodies, new bond developments permit grinding wheel speeds of up to 200 m s-1. In comparisonwith other types of bonds, vitrified bonds permit easy dressing while at the same time possess high levels of resistance to wear. In contrast to impermeable resin and metal bonds, the porosity of the vitrified grinding wheel can be adjusted over a broad range by varying the formulation and the manufacturing process. As the structure of vitrified bonded CBN grinding wheels results in a subsequently increased chip space after dressing, the sharpening process is simplified, or can be eliminated in numerous applications. Fig. 3 shows a typical microstructure of a vitrified CBN grinding wheel. The selection of the appropriate grade of vitrified CBN grinding wheel for high-speed grinding is more complicated than for aluminium oxide grinding wheels. Here, the CBN abrasive grain size is dependent on specific metal removal rate, surface roughnessrequirement, and the equivalent grinding wheel diameter. As a starting point when specifying vitrified CBN wheels, Fig. 4 shows the relationship between CBN abrasive grain size, equivalent diameter, and specific metal removal rate for outside diameter grinding operations. However, the choice of abrasive grain is also dependent on the surface roughness requirement and is restricted by the specific metal removal rate. Table 1 shows the relationship between CBN grain size and their maximum surface roughness and specific metal removal rates. The workpiece material has a significant influence on the type and volume ofvitrified bond used in the grinding wheel. Table 2 shows the wheel grade required for a variety of workpiece materials that are based on crankshaft and camshaft grinding operations.The stiffness of the component being ground has a significant effect on the workpiece/wheel speed ratio. Fig. 5 demonstrates the relationship between this ratio and the stiffness of the component. Steels such as AISI 1050 can be ground in the hardened and the soft state. Hardened 1050 steels are in the range 62±68 HRc. They are burn sensitive and as such wheels speeds are limited to 60 m sÿ1. The standard structure contains the standard bonding system up to 23 vol.%. Whereas the abrasive grain volume is contained at 37.5 vol.%. Lower power machine tools usually have grinding wheels where a part of the standard bonding system contains hollow glass spheres (up to 12 vol.%) exhibiting comparable grinding ratios to the standard structure system. These specifications also cover most powdered metal components based on AISI 1050 and AISI 52100 ball bearing steels. Softer steels are typically not burn sensitive, but do tend to `burr' when ground. Maximum wheel and work speeds are required in order to reduce equivalent chip thickness. High pressure wheel scrubbers are required in order to prevent the grinding wheel from loading. Grinding wheel specification is based on an abrasive content in the region of 50 vol.% and a bonding content of 20 vol.% using the standard bonding system operating at 120 m s-1. Tool steels are very hard and grinding wheels should contain 23 vol.% standard bonding system and 37.5 vol.% CBN abrasive working at speeds of 60 m s-1. Inconel materials are extremely burn sensitive, and limited to wheel speeds of 50 m s-1and have large surface roughness requirements, typically 1 μm (Ra). These grinding wheels contain porous glass sphere bonding systems with 29 vol.% bond, or 11 vol.% bond content using the standard bonding system.In addition to the need to select the appropriate bonding system for grinding wheels in accordance with the requirements of the application concerned, the strength of the body of the grinding wheel requires optimization with high cutting speeds. In the case of very high cutting speeds, conventional grinding wheel designs involving a rectangular body and a bore often leads to excessive and irregular extensions of the body and cracking of the abrasive coating. In order to eliminate the possibility ofhigh-speed grinding wheels failing, the material and the geometry of the body must be able to cope with very high cutting speeds. A further aim of the body of the grinding wheel must be to reduce the magnitude of centrifugal forces by optimizing the shape of the body of the grinding wheel without impairing operational safety. Excessive stress in the body of the grinding wheel is to be avoided, and the smallest possible extension of the body is tolerated. A reduction in mass is also necessary to move critical natural frequencies of the system in the direction of higher rotational speeds. Developments in high-speed grinding wheel design have focused on redesigning and optimizing the shape of body for both vitrifiedCBN [8,9] and electroplated CBN grinding wheels [10].4. High-speed machine tool developmentThe advantages of high-speed CBN grinding can only be realised in an effective manner if the machine tool is adapted to operate at high cutting speeds. In order to attain very high cutting speeds, grinding wheel spindles and bearings are required to operate at speeds in the order of 20 000 rpm. The grinding wheel/spindle/motor system must run with extreme accuracy and minimum vibration in order to minimise the level ofdynamic process forces. Therefore, a high level of rigidity is required for the entire machine tool. Balancing of high-speed grinding wheels is also necessary at high operating speeds using dynamic balancing techniques. These techniques are required so that workpiece quality and increased tool life is preserved.Another important consideration is the level of drive power required when increases in rotational speed become considerable. The required total output is composed of the cutting power, Pc, and the power loss, Pl:The cutting power is the product of the tangential grinding force and the cutting speed:The power loss of the drive is comprised of the idle power of the spindle, PL, and power losses caused by the coolant, PKSS, and by spray cleaning of the grinding wheel, PSSP, thusThe power measurements shown in Fig. 6 confirm the influence of the effect of cutting speed on the reduction of cutting power. However, idling power has increased quite significantly. The grinding power, Pc, increases by a relatively small amount when the cutting speed increases and all other grinding parameters remain constant. However, this means that the substantial power requirement that applies at maximum cutting speeds results from a strong increase in power is due to rotation of the grinding wheel, the supply of coolant, and the cleaning of the wheel.The quantities and pressures of coolant supplied to the grinding wheel and the wheel cleaning process are the focus of attention by machine tool designers. This is shown in Fig. 7 [11]. The power losses associated with the rotation of the grinding wheel are supplemented by losses associated with coolant supply and wheel cleaning. The losses are dependent on machining parameters implying that machine settings and coolant supply need to be optimised for high-speed grinding.In addition to the advantage of effectively reducing the power required for grinding, optimisation of the coolant supply also offers ecological benefits as a result of reducing the quantities of coolant required. Various methods of coolant supply are available such as the free-flow nozzle that is conventionally used, the shoe nozzle that ensures`reduced quantity lubrication', and the mixture nozzle that ensures `minimum quantity lubrication'. The common task is to ensure that an adequate supply of coolant is presented at the grinding wheel±workpiece interface [12]. The systems differ substantially regarding their operation and the amount of energy required supplying the coolant.A shoe nozzle, or supply through the grinding wheel, enables coolant to be directed into the workpiece±wheel contact zone. A substantial reduction in volumetric flow can be achieved in this way. In comparison to the shoe nozzle, supply through the grindingwheel requires more complex design and production processes for the grinding wheel and fixtures. An advantage of this supply system is that it is independent of a particular grinding process [13]. Both systems involve a drastic reduction in supply pressures as the grinding wheel effects acceleration of the coolant. A more effective reduction in the quantity of the coolant results in `minimal quantity coolant' supply amounting to several millilitres of coolant per hour. As the cooling effect is reduced, dosing nozzles are used exclusively to lubricatethe contact zone. Lubricating systems for use with high- speed grinding wheels have been reviewed by Treffert [3] and Brinksmeier et al. [14].5. Factors affecting qualityThe aim of high-speed CBN grinding is to substitute conventional machining operations such as milling, turning, and surface broaching. The high-speed grinding process focuses on machining large volumes of material in the shortest possible time. This may lead to workpiece quality becoming impaired as the equivalent chip thickness increases in proportion to grinding forces [10,15] The machine tool must be able to absorb such large forces. It is possible to reduce the amount of heat in the grinding process using high grinding wheel speeds. However, practical experience to date shows that not all workpiece materials permit high-speed grinding [4]. The mechanical characteristics of the material to be ground have a profound affect on the chip-forming process and the resulting process forces and temperatures. When extremely tough and heat resistant materials such as nickel-based alloys are involved, the process work increases to such an extent that it is not always possible to avoid micro structural damage to the surface zone of the workpiece. These materials can be ground more effectively using the CD process.中文译文：高速研磨技术的应用与展望摘要基本原理和应用技术在高速研磨上占有相当的地位。
外文翻译---高速切削加工的发展及需求
毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译学院(系)：机械工程系专业：机械工程及自动化姓名：学号：外文出处：High-speed machining and demandFor the development附件：1.外文资料翻译译文;2.外文原文附件1：外文资料翻译高速切削加工的发展及需求高速切削加工是当代先进制造技术的重要组成部分，拥有高效率、高精度及高表面质量等特征。
本文介绍此技术的定义、发展现状、适用领域以及中国的需求情况。
高速切削加工是面向21世纪的一项高新技术，它以高效率、高精度和高表面质量为基本特征，在汽车工业、航空航天、模具制造和仪器仪表等行业中获得了愈来愈广泛的应用，并已取得了重大的技术经济效益，是当代先进制造技术的重要组成部分。
高速切削是实现高效率制造的核心技术，工序的集约化和设备的通用化使之具有很高的生产效率。
可以说，高速切削加工是一种不增加设备数量而大幅度提高加工效率所必不可少的技术。
高速切削加工的优点主要在于：提高生产效率、提高加工精度及降低切削阻力。
有关高速切削加工的含义，目前尚无统一的认识，通常有如下几种观点：切削速度很高，通常认为其速度超过普通切削的5-10倍；机床主轴转速很高，一般将主轴转速在10000-20000r/min以上定为高速切削；进给速度很高，通常达15-50m/min，最高可达90m/min；对于不同的切削材料和所釆用的刀具材料，高速切削的含义也不尽相同；切削过程中，刀刃的通过频率(Tooth Passing Frequency)接近于“机床－刀具－工件”系统的主导自然频率(Dominant Natural Frequency)时，可认为是高速切削。
可见高速切削加工是一个综合的概念。
1992年，德国Darmstadt工业大学的H. Schulz教授在CIRP上提出了高速切削加工的概念及其涵盖的范围，如图1所示。
认为对于不同的切削对象，图中所示的过渡区(Transition)即为通常所谓的高速切削範围，这也是当时金属切削工艺相关的技术人员所期待或者可望实现的切削速度。
超精密磨削加工技术外文翻译文献
超精密磨削加工技术外文翻译文献超精密磨削加工技术外文翻译文献超精密磨削加工技术外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)原文：Precision internal grinding with a metal-bonded diamondgrinding wheelJun Qian, Wei Li, Hitoshi OhmoribNanjing University of Aeronautics and AstronauticsAbstractA metal-bonded grinding wheel, compared with conventional grinding wheels, offers the advantage of high hardness, high holding ability and finer usable abrasive grit mesh sizes. The truing and dressing of a metal-bonded diamond (MBD) wheel, in practice, are very difficult. To grind small-diameter internal cylindrical surface with MBD-wheels, an interval electrolytic in-process dressing (ELID) method was utilized. Experiments were carried out on an ordinary cylindrical grinding machine with an attached internal grinding set-up, and straight type grinding wheels of different grit sizes were used. The grinding wheels were trued, using the electrical discharge method, and the effects of electrode shapes, grinding parameters, and grit sizes were evaluated experimentally. Mirror surface grinding of different materials was carried out with a #4000 CIB-D wheel, incorporated with this interval ELID (ELID II) method. The experimental results are reported # 2000 Elsevier Science S.A. All rights reserved.Keywords:Cylindrical grinding; Metal-bonded grinding wheel; Dressing; Electrolytic in-process dressing；Precisiongrinding1. IntroductionAlong with the technological advancement of ultra-precision grinding, applications and requirements for precision cylindrical surfaces have increased significantly in the recent years [1]. As a principal processing method for an internal surface, cylindrical grinding has been commonly utilized as a final operation in the production of precision components. Since grinding is usually the most costly of all manufacturing processes, considerable attempts have been focused on the analysis and optimization of the grinding process to minimize machining time [2-6], and on various compensatory control strategies to improve workpiece quality[7-10]in the cylindrical grinding. However, few researches on mirror-surface internal grinding have been reported [5,6,11], probably due to the limitation of abrasive grit size applicable to non-metallic bond grinding wheels [5,7,8,10].Research on high efficiency grinding of advanced materials, by utilizing high-rigidity grinding machines and tough metal-bonded superabrasive wheels, has led to the successful development of cast iron bonded diamond (CIB-D) grinding wheels [12]. These wheels are manufactured by mixing diamond grits, cast iron powder or fiber, and a small amount of carbonyl iron powder. The wheels are compacted to a desired form under high pressure and then sintered in an atmosphere of ammonia. These wheels are not suitable for continuous grinding for a long period of time for the following reasons: (1) As tougher metal-bonded wheels exhibit poor dressing ability, it is difficult to achieve efficient and stable dressing simultaneously. (2) Higher rate of material removal in the grinding promotes wear of the abrasive grains, therefore, more frequent redressing of thegrinding wheel will be required by stopping the grinding process.(3) While machining metals such as steel, wheel loading (embedding of swarf) occurs, making effective dressing of metallic bond wheel difficult in practice. Although a diamond slab incorporated with an abrasive jet sharpening method is able to dress a bronze-bonded wheel to the same topography as an electroplated wheel [12], complex equipment must be added inevitably which cause working-environment problem. Dressing by electrical discharge is a good method, but it is difficult to conduct on-line dressing, and dressing stripes appear on the wheel periphery when a pair of parallel electrodes is used [13,14]. Electrolytic in-process dressing (ELID) has so far served as the most successful dressing method for metal-bonded wheels. It has been devised and applied successfully in precision surface grinding [15-17]. However, its application to internal grinding has not been well investigated; especially when the internal diameter of the workpiece is just slightly larger than that of the grinding wheel, it is very difficult or even impossible to fix a dressing electrode mounted parallel to the wheel surface as in ordinary ELID grinding [15]. A novel method to carry out ELID grinding of internal cylindrical surfaces on an ordinary grinding tool is presented in this paper. The principle and process of this method, namely interval ELID (ELID II) grinding, is also discussed. Applying ELID II grinding to an ordinary grinding machine, some preliminary experiments have been carried out. Two types of dressing electrodes were used and their dressing effects were investigated. With this technology, four specimens of alumina ceramic, hardened steels SKH51 and SKD11 and bearing steel, were ground to mirror finish. The results of this research are presented in the following sections.2. Principle of interval ELID grindingThe interval dressing of an abrasive grinding wheel itself is not a new technology. In fact, using the common mechanical dressing methods, the wheel is usually dressed at intervals. The grinding process is stopped to dress the wheel after grinding one workpiece or several work pieces. The tool life limit can be chatter vibration, surface roughness and burning marks, etc. [2]. However, with the ELID II method, the wheel is dressed at intervals and the abrasives remain protruding, enabling the grinding process to go on without any interruption and consequently realizing high efficiency grinding.The interval ELID system is essentially composed of thefollowing elements: (i) a metal-bonded grinding wheel, (ii)an ELID power source, (iii) electrolytic coolant, and (iv) a pipe dressing electrode.The most important feature of this process is that no special machine is required, and in fact the experimental system we used is an auxiliary internal cylindrical grinding attachment on an external cylindrical grinder.The fundamental principle of interval ELID grinding is same as that of ordinary ELID grinding [15]. Fig. 1 shows a schematic diagram of the interval ELID grinding system. The metal-bonded grinding wheel, which is electrically conductive, is connected to the positive terminal of a DC-pulse power supplFig. 1. Schematic diagram of interval ELID grinding.-y with a smooth brush contact, and a fixed electrode is made negative. A proper clearance of approximately 0.1 mm is originally set between the positive pole (wheel) and the negative one (dressing electrode). By virtue of electrolysis between twoelectrodes, the wheel and the dressing electrode, the grinding wheel is dressed and a non-conductive film is formed on the wheel periphery. This occurs upon the supply of current from the power source and the electrically conductive coolant. During the interval ELID grinding process, the protruding grains grind the workpiece and as a result, the grains and the oxide layer wear down. The wheel's electrical conductivity increases, due to the wear of the non-conductive oxide layer. The current in the circuit increases, thus increasing the electrolysis. The abrasive grains therefore become more protruding and an insulating layer is formed.3. Experimental procedureUsually, interval ELID grinding consists of the following steps.(i) Truing: truing is required to reduce the initial eccentricity of the wheel, especially when a new wheel is used for the first time. It is difficult to apply conventional truing methods, such as brake dresser, to metallic bond wheels due to the high bond strength. In this investigation, the cast iron bonded wheel was trued by the electrical discharge (ED) process. (ii) ELID dressing, also known as pre-dressing by electrolysis, presently performed at a much lower wheel rotation speed and higher electric settings. (iii) Grinding: intervalELID grinding. The conditions of electrolysis, during the last two steps, differ due to change in the wheel state and grinding conditions.3.1. ED-truingTo true a cast iron bonded diamond wheel at high speed and with high precision, an electrical discharge truing (ED-truing) method was used in this study. Fig. 2 shows the details of this method. A special ED-truing wheel,made of high temperaturealloy and insulated from its central shaft, was mountFig. 2. View of the ED-truing set-up.-ed on the three-jaw chuck of the grinding tool. The ED-truing wheel was connected to the negative pole of an ELID power source originating from ordinary ED power supply, whilst the grinding wheel was linked to the positive pole. Both the ED-truing wheel and the grinding wheel, especially the latter, rotated at a fairly low speed and the ED truing wheel reciprocated along with the machine's saddle. Little and sometimes even no coolant was supplied to the working area to prevent electrolysis to the full and to pursue high truing precision.3.2. Pre-dressingFollowing the ED-truing, pre-dressing was carried out before starting ELID grinding (see Fig. 1). When the pre-dressing began, the surface of the trued wheel showed a good electrical conductivity. Therefore, the current would be very high and the voltage between the wheel and electrode would be low, varying in accordance with the wheel size and dressing settings. After several minutes, the cast iron fiber bond material, which is mostly ionized into Fe+2, is dissolved by electrolysis. The ionized Fe+2 will react with nonconductive ferrous hydroxides and oxides to form a layer on the wheel periphery. This insulating oxide layer would grow on the wheel surface, whereby its electrical conductivity would be reduced. Consequently, the current would decrease and the working voltage would remain quite high (90 V, in case that the originally set open voltage is 100 V) after 20 min. The color of the wheel change-d to dark pink, due to the formation of ferrous oxide.3.3. Interval ELID grindingDuring the grinding process, the protruding grains grind the workpiece and as a result, the grains and the oxide layer, wear down. The wheel's electrical conductivity increases, due to the wear of the oxide layer. The current in the circuit increases, accelerating the electrolysis, making the abrasive grains more protruding and forming an insulating layer. In the case of internal cylindrical grinding, the metal-bonded grinding wheel is dressed at intervals, i.e. the wheel is dressed when it departs away from the workpiece. When very fine grit size abrasive wheel is used and the infeed rate is very low, the insulating layer and the abrasive can finish the work surface in a way similar to lapping, achieving a super smooth surface.4. ConclusionsInternal surface grinding with metallic bond grinding wheels, incorporated with electrolytic in-process dressing, was carried out on an ordinary grinding tool. Pipe and arcdressing electrodes were used first to verify their dressing effects and some experiments were conducted to optimize the grinding parameters. Finally, mirror internal surface grinding was accomplished on both metallic materials and alumina ceramic. Based on these experiments, the following conclusion were down:(1) The pipe dressing electrode is superior to electrodes of other shapes in the case of internal grinding with ELID.(2) The grinding conditions have the same effects on grinding qualities in ELID II grinding as in ordinary cylindrical grinding.(3) Mirror internal surface grinding is practicable on ordinary grinding machine using cast iron bonded diamond (CIB-D) wheels with ELID II.5.References[1] B. Komanduri, D.A. Lucca, Y. Tani, Technological advances in fine abrasive processes, Ann.CIRP 46 (2) (1997) 545-589.[2] J. Peters, R. Aerens, Optimization procedure of three phase grinding cycles of a series withoutintermediate dressing, Ann. CIRP 29 (1) (1980) 195-199.[3] S. Malkin, Y. Koren, Optimization infeed control for accelerated spark-out in plunge grinding,ASME J. Eng. Ind. 106 (1984) 70-74.[4] H.K. Toenshoff, M. Zinngrebe, M. Kemmerling, Optimization of internal grinding bymicrocomputer-based force control, Ann. CIRP 35 (1) (1986) 293-296.[5] G. Xiao, S. Malkin, K. Danai, Autonomous system for multistage cylindrical grinding, ASME J.Dyn. Syst. Meas Control 115 (1993) 667-672.[6] G. Xiao, S. Malkin, On-line optimization for internal grinding, Ann. CIRP 45 (1) (1996) 287-292.[7] I. Inasaki, Monitoring and optimization of internal grinding process, Ann. CIRP 40 (1) (1991)359-362.[8] H. Kato, Y. Nakano, Transfer of roundness error from center and center hole to workpiece incylindrical grinding and its control, Ann. CIRP 34 (1) (1985) 287-290.[9] Y.S. Liao, L.C. Shiang, Computer simulation of self-excited and forced vibrations in the externalcylindrical plunge grinding process, ASME J. Eng. Ind. 113 (1991) 297-304.[10] K.H. Kim, K.F. Eman, S.M. Wu, Development of aforecasting compensatory control system forcylindrical grinding, ASME J. Eng. Ind. 109 (1987) 385-391.[11] E. Salje, H.-H. Damlos, H. Mohlen, Internal grinding of high strength ceramic workpiece materialswith diamond grinding wheels, Ann. CIRP 34 (1) (1985) 263-266.[12] T. Nakagawa, Y. Hagiuda, K. Karimori, Cast iron bonded diamond grinding tool and itsapplication to hard materials, in: Proceedings of the Fifth ICPE, Tokyo, 1984.[13] K. Suzuki, T. Uematsu, T. Nakagawa, On-machine truing/dressing of metal bond grinding wheelsby electric-discharge machining, Ann. CIRP 36 (1) (1987) 115-118.[14] J.Tamaki,K.Takahashi,M.Kubota, Electrical dressing of metal bonded grinding wheels, in:Proceedings of the ISEM-X, 1992, pp. 510-515.[15] H.Ohmori, T.Nakagawa, Mirror surface grinding of silicon wafers with electrolytic in-processdressing, Ann. CIRP 39 (1) (1990) 329-332.[16] H. Ohmori, Electrolytic in-process dressing (ELID) gridning technique for ultraprecision mirrorsurface machining, Int. J. Jpn. Soc. Prec. Eng. 26 (4) (1992) 273-278.[17] H. Ohmori, I. Takahashi, B.P. Bandyopadhyay, Ultra-precision grinding of structural ceramics byelectrolytic in-process dressing (ELID) grinding, J. Mater. Process. Technol. 57 (1996) 272-277.金属结合剂金刚石砂轮的精密内圆磨削摘要金属结合剂砂轮与传统砂轮相比，具有高硬度、高抓底能力以及更好的磨料粒度尺寸的优势。
外文翻译高速切削加工的发展及需求
外文翻译高速切削加工的发展及需求毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译系部: 机械工程系专业: 机械工程及自动化姓名:学号:外文出处:Foreign Patent Documemts . 15，35.(用外文写)2002附件: 1.外文资料翻译译文,2.外文原文。
指导教师评语:此译文简单介绍了高速切削加工的发展及需求，从高速切削加工对机床、刀具和切削工艺过程的要求三方面进行阐述。
翻译用词比较准确，文笔也较为通顺，为在以后工作中接触英文资料打下了基础。
签名:2009年3 月 18日注:请将该封面与附件装订成册。
附件1:外文资料翻译译文高速切削加工的发展及需求高速切削加工是当代先进制造技术的重要组成部分，拥有高效率、高精度及高表面质量等特征。
本文介绍此技术的定义、当前的发展现状、中国的适用领域以及需求情况。
高速切削加工是面向21世纪的一项高新技术，它以高效率、高精度和高表面质量为基本特征，在汽车工业、航空航天、模具制造和仪器仪表等行业中获得了愈来愈广泛的应用，并已取得了重大的技术和经济效益，是当代先进制造技术的一个重要组成部分。
高速切削是实现高效率制造的核心技术，工序的集约化和设备的通用化使之具有很高的生产效率。
可以说，高速切削加工是一种增加设备质量而大幅度地改善加工效率的必需技术。
高速切削加工的优点主要在于:提高生产效率、加工精度及降低切削阻力。
有关高速切削加工的含义，目前尚无统一的认识，通常有如下几种观点:切削速度很高，通常认为其速度超过普通切削的5-10倍;机床主轴转速很高，一般将主轴转速在10000-20000r/min以上定为高速切削;进给速度很高，通常达15-50m/min，最高可达90m/min;对于不同的切削材料和所釆用的刀具材料，高速切削的含义也不一定相同;切削过程中，刀刃的通过频率(Tooth Passing Frequency)接近于“机床,刀具,工件”系统的主导自然频率(Domine Natural Frequency)时，所以能够被认为是高速切削。
模具外文翻译---高速加工和现代模具制造
毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译学院：机械工程专业：机械设计制造及其自动化姓名：学号：3082108330外文出处：Lecture Notes in Computer science (用外文写)附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
注：请将该封面与附件装订成册。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文高速加工和现代模具制造一、概述1 目前模具制造的发展现状和趋势模具作为重要的工艺装备，在消费品、电器电子、汽车、飞机制造等工业部门中，占有举足轻重的地位。
工业产品零件粗加工的75%，精加工的50%及塑料零件的90%将由模具完成。
目前中国模具市场需求已达500亿元之规模。
汽车模具、特别是覆盖件模具年增长速度将超过20%；建材模具也迅速发展，各种异型材模具、墙面和地面模具成为模具的新增长点，今后几年塑料门窗和塑料排水管增长将超过30%；家电模具年增长速度将超过10%；IT业年均增长速度超过20%，对模具的需求占模具市场的20%。
2004年中国机床工具工业产值将继续增长。
我国模具制造市场潜力巨大。
根据资料统计，近年来，我国模具的年总产值达到30亿美元，进口超过10亿美元，出口超过1亿美元。
增长从1995年的25%增加到2005年的50%。
国外专家预言：亚洲在全球模具制造中占据的份额，将从1995年的25%增加至2005年的50%。
中国模具工业发展迅速，形成了华东和华南两人基地，并且逐渐扩大到其他省份。
（山东，安徽，四川) 1996年~2002年，模具制造业产值年平均增长14%, 2003年增长25%。
2003年我国模具产值为450亿人民币总产量位居世界第3，出口模具3.368亿美元，比上年增长33.5%。
但是，我国技术含量低的模具已供过于求，精密、复杂的高档模具很大部分依靠进口。
每年进口模具超过10亿美元。
出口超过1亿美元，精密模具精度要求在2~3u m，大型模具需要满足8000kN合模力注塑机的要求；小型模具需满足直径1mm 塑料管的要求。
高速切削加工中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)英文:High-speed millingHigh-speed machining is an advanced manufacturing technology, different from the traditional processing methods. The spindle speed, cutting feed rate, cutting a small amount of units within the time of removal of material has increased three to six times. With high efficiency, high precision and high quality surface as the basic characteristics of the automobile industry, aerospace, mold manufacturing and instrumentation industry, such as access to a wide range of applications, has made significant economic benefits, is the contemporary importance of advanced manufacturing technology. For a long time, people die on the processing has been using a grinding or milling EDM (EDM) processing, grinding, polishing methods. Although the high hardness of the EDM machine parts, but the lower the productivity of its application is limited. With the development of high-speed processing technology, used to replace high-speed cutting, grinding and polishing process to die processing has become possible. To shorten the processing cycle, processing and reliable quality assurance, lower processing costs.1 One of the advantages of high-speed machiningHigh-speed machining as a die-efficient manufacturing, high-quality, low power consumption in an advanced manufacturing technology. In conventional machining in a series of problems has plagued by high-speed machining of the application have been resolved.1.1 Increase productivityHigh-speed cutting of the spindle speed, feed rate compared withtraditional machining, in the nature of the leap, the metal removal rate increased 30 percent to 40 percent, cutting force reducedby 30 percent, the cutting tool life increased by 70% . Hardened parts can be processed, a fixture in many parts to be completed rough, semi-finishing and fine, and all other processes, the complex can reach parts of the surface quality requirements, thus increasing the processing productivity and competitiveness of products in the market.1.2 Improve processing accuracy and surface qualityHigh-speed machines generally have high rigidity and precision, and other characteristics, processing, cutting the depth of small, fast and feed, cutting force low, the workpiece to reduce heat distortion, and high precision machining, surface roughness small. Milling will be no high-speed processing and milling marks the surface so that the parts greatly enhance the quality of the surface. Processing Aluminum when up Ra0.40.6um, pieces of steel processing at up to Ra0.2 ~ 0.4um.1.3 Cutting reduce the heatBecause the main axis milling machine high-speed rotation, cutting a shallow cutting, and feed very quickly, and the blade length of the workpiece contacts and contact time is very short, a decrease of blades and parts of the heat conduction. High-speed cutting by dry milling or oil cooked up absolute (mist) lubrication system, to avoid the traditional processing tool in contact with the workpiece and a lot of shortcomings to ensure that the tool is not high temperature under the conditions of work, extended tool life.1.4 This is conducive to processing thin-walled partsHigh-speed cutting of small cutting force, a higher degree of stability, Machinable with high-quality employees compared to the company may be very good, but other than the company's employees may Suanbu Le outstanding work performance. For our China practice, we use the models to determine the method of staff training needs are simple and effective. This study models can be an external object, it can also be a combination of internal and external. We must first clear strategy for the development of enterprises. Through the internal and external business environment and organizational resources, such as analysis, the future development of a clear business goals and operational priorities. According to the business development strategy can be compared to find the business models, through a comparative analysis of the finalization of business models. In determining business models, a, is the understanding of its development strategy, or its market share and market growth rate, or the staff of the situation, and so on, according to the companies to determine the actual situation. As enterprises in different period of development, its focus is different, which means that enterprises need to invest the manpower and financial resources the focus is different. So in a certain period of time, enterprises should accurately selected their business models compared with the departments and posts, so more practical significance, because the business models are not always good, but to compare some aspects did not have much practical significance, Furthermore This can more fully concentrate onthe business use of limited resources. Identify business models, and then take the enterprise of the corresponding departments and staff with the business models for comparison, the two can be found in the performance gap, a comparative analysis to find reasons, in accordance with this business reality, the final identification of training needs. The cost of training is needed, if not through an effective way to determine whether companies need to train and the training of the way, but blind to training, such training is difficult to achieve the desired results. A comparison only difference between this model is simple and practical training.1.5 Can be part of some alternative technology, such as EDM, grinding high intensity and high hardness processingHigh-speed cutting a major feature of high-speed cutting machine has the hardness of HRC60 parts. With the use of coated carbide cutter mold processing, directly to the installation of a hardened tool steel processing forming, effectively avoid the installation of several parts of the fixture error and improve the parts of the geometric location accuracy. In the mold of traditional processing, heat treatment hardening of the workpiece required EDM, high-speed machining replace the traditional method of cutting the processing, manufacturing process possible to omit die in EDM, simplifying the processing technology and investment costs .High-speed milling in the precincts of CNC machine tools, or for processing centre, also in the installation of high-speed spindle on the general machine tools. The latter not only has the processing capacity of general machine tools, but also for high-speed milling, a decrease of investment in equipment, machine tools increased flexibility. Cutting high-speed processing can improve the efficiency, quality improvement, streamline processes, investment and machine tool investment and maintenance costs rise, but comprehensive, can significantly increase economic efficiency.2 High-speed millingHigh-speed milling the main technical high-speed cutting technology is cutting the development direction of one of it with CNC technology, microelectronic technology, new materials and new technology, such as technology development to a higher level. High-speed machine tools and high-speed tool to achieve high-speed cutting is the prerequisite and basic conditions, in high-speed machining in the performance of high-speed machine tool material of choice and there are strict requirements.2.1 High-speed milling machine in order to achieve high-speed machiningGeneral use of highly flexible high-speed CNC machine tools, machining centers, and some use a dedicated high-speed milling, drilling. At the same time a high-speed machine tool spindle system and high-speed feeding system, high stiffness of the main characteristics of high-precision targeting and high-precision interpolation functions, especially high-precision arc interpolation function. High-speed machining systems of the machine a higher demand, mainly in the followingareas:General use of highly flexible high-speed CNC machine tools, machining centers, and some use a dedicated high-speed milling, drilling. At the same time a high-speed machine tool spindle system and high-speed feeding system, high stiffness of the main characteristics of high-precision targeting and high-precision interpolation functions, especially high-precision arc interpolation function. High-speed machining systems of the machine a higher demand, mainly in the following areas:High-speed milling machine must have a high-speed spindle, the spindle speed is generally 10000 ~ 100000 m / min, power greater than 15 kW. But also with rapid speed or in designated spots fast-stopping performance. The main axial space not more than 0 .0 0 0 2 m m. Often using high-speed spindle-hydrostatic bearings, air pressure-bearing, mixed ceramic bearings, magnetic bearing structure of the form. Spindle cooling general use within the water or air cooled.High-speed processing machine-driven system should be able to provide 40 ~ 60 m / min of the feed rate, with good acceleration characteristics, can provide 0.4 m/s2 to 10 m/s2 acceleration and deceleration. In order to obtain good processing quality, high-speed cutting machines must have a high enough stiffness. Machine bed material used gray iron, can also add a high-damping base of concrete, to prevent cutting tool chatter affect the quality of processing. A high-speed data transfer rate, can automatically increase slowdown. Processing technology to improve the processing and cutting tool life. At present high-speed machine tool manufacturers, usually in the general machine tools on low speed, the feed of the rough and then proceed to heat treatment, the last in the high-speed machine on the half-finished and finished, in improving the accuracy and efficiency at the same time, as far as possible to reduce processing Cost.2.2 High-speed machining toolHigh-speed machining tool is the most active one of the important factors, it has a direct impact on the efficiency of processing, manufacturing costs and product processing and accuracy. Tool in high-speed processing to bear high temperature, high pressure, friction, shock and vibration, such as loading, its hardness and wear-resistance, strength and toughness, heat resistance, technology and economic performance of the basic high-speed processing performance is the key One of the factors. High-speed cutting tool technology development speed, the more applications such as diamond (PCD), cubic boron nitride (CBN), ceramic knives, carbide coating, (C) titanium nitride Carbide TIC (N) And so on. CBN has high hardness, abrasion resistance and the extremely good thermal conductivity, and iron group elements between the great inertia, in 1300 ℃ would not have happened significant role in the chemical, also has a good stability. The experiments show that with CBN cutting toolHRC35 ~ 67 hardness of hardened steel can achieve very high speed. Ceramics have good wear resistance and thermal chemical stability, its hardness, toughness below the CBN, can be used for processing hardness of HRC <5 0 parts. Carbide Tool good wear resistance, but thehardness than the low-CBN and ceramics. Coating technology used knives, cutting tools can improve hardness and cutting the rate, for cutting HRC40 ~ 50 in hardness between the workpiece. Can be used to heat-resistant alloys, titanium alloys, hightemperature alloy, cast iron, Chungang, aluminum and composite materials of high-speed cutting Cut, the most widely used. Precision machining non-ferrous metals or non-metallic materials, or the choice of polycrystalline diamond Gang-coated tool.2.3 High-speed processing technologyHigh-speed cutting technology for high-speed machining is the key. Cutting Methods misconduct, will increase wear tool to less than high-speed processing purposes. Only high-speed machine tool and not a good guide technology, high-speed machining equipment can not fully play its role. In high-speed machining, should be chosen with milling, when the milling cutter involvement with the workpiece chip thickness as the greatest, and then gradually decreased. High-speed machining suitable for shallow depth of cut, cutting depth of not more than 0.2 mm, to avoid the location of deviation tool to ensure that the geometric precision machining parts. Ensure that the workpiece on the cutting constant load, to get good processing quality. Cutting a single high-speed milling path-cutting mode, try not to interrupt the process and cutting tool path, reducing the involvement tool to cut the number to be relatively stable cutting process. Tool to reduce the rapid change to, in other words when the NC machine tools must cease immediately, or Jiangsu, and then implement the next step. As the machine tool acceleration restrictions, easy to cause a waste of time, and exigency stop or radical move would damage the surface accuracy. In the mold of high-speed finishing, in each Cut, cut to the workpiece, the feed should try to change the direction of a curve or arc adapter, avoid a straight line adapter to maintain the smooth process of cutting.3 Die in high-speed milling processing ofMilling as a highly efficient high-speed cutting of the new method,inMould Manufacturing has been widely used. Forging links in the regular production model, with EDM cavity to be 12 ~ 15 h, electrodes produced 2 h. Milling after the switch to high-speed, high-speed milling cutter on the hardness of HRC 6 0 hardened tool steel processing. The forging die processing only 3 h20min, improve work efficiency four to five times the processing surface roughness of Ra0.5 ~ 0.6m, fully in line with quality requirements.High-speed cutting technology is cutting technology one of the major developments, mainly used in automobile industry and die industry, particularly in the processing complex surface, the workpiece itself or knives rigid requirements of the higher processing areas, is a range of advanced processing technology The integration, high efficiency and high quality for the people respected. It not only involves high-speed processing technology, but also including high-speed processing machine tools, numerical control system, high-speed cutting tools and CAD / CAMtechnology. Die-processing technology has been developed in the mold of the manufacturing sector in general, and in my application and the application of the standards have yet to be improved, because of its traditional processing with unparalleled advantages, the future will continue to be an inevitable development of processing technology Direction.4 Numerical control technology and equipping development trend and countermeasureEquip the engineering level, level of determining the whole national economy of the modernized degree and modernized degree of industry, numerical control technology is it develop new developing new high-tech industry and most advanced industry to equip (such as information technology and his industry, biotechnology and his industry, aviation, spaceflight, etc. national defense industry) last technology and getting more basic most equipment. Marx has ever said "the differences of different economic times, do not lie in what is produced, and lie in how to produce, produce with some means of labor ". Manufacturing technology and equipping the most basic means of production that are that the mankind produced the activity, and numerical control technology is nowadays advanced manufacturing technology and equips the most central technology. Nowadays the manufacturing industry all around the world adopts numerical control technology extensively, in order to improve manufacturing capacity and level, improve the adaptive capacity and competitive power to the changeable market of the trends. In addition every industrially developed country in the world also classifies the technology and numerical control equipment of numerical control as the strategic materials of the country, not merely take the great measure to develop one's own numerical control technology and industry, and implement blockading and restrictive policy to our country in view of " high-grade, precision and advanced key technology of numerical control " and equipping. In a word, develop the advanced manufacturing technology taking numerical control technology as the core and already become every world developed country and accelerate economic development in a more cost-effective manner, important way to improve the overall national strength and national position. Numerical control technology is the technology controlled to mechanical movement and working course with digital information, integrated products of electromechanics that the numerical control equipment is the new technology represented by numerical control technology forms to the manufacture industry of the tradition and infiltration of the new developing manufacturing industry, namely the so-called digitization is equipped, its technological range covers a lot of fields: (1)Mechanical manufacturing technology; (2)Information processing, processing, transmission technology; (3)Automatic control technology; (4)Servo drive technology;(5)Technology of the sensor; (6)Software engineering ,etc..Development trend of a numerical control technologyThe application of numerical control technology has not only brought the revolutionary change to manufacturing industry of the tradition, make the manufacturing industry become the industrialized symbol , and with the constant development of numerical control technology andenlargement of the application, the development of some important trades (IT , automobile , light industry , medical treatment ,etc. ) to the national economy and the people's livelihood of his plays a more and more important role, because the digitization that these trades needed to equip has already been the main trend of modern development. Numerical control technology in the world at present and equipping the development trend to see, there is the following several respect [1- ] in its main research focus.5 A high-speed, high finish machining technology and new trend equippedThe efficiency, quality are subjavanufacturing technology. High-speed, high finish machining technology can raise the efficiency greatly , improve the quality and grade of the products, shorten production cycle and improve the market competitive power. Japan carries the technological research association first to classify it as one of the 5 great modern manufacturing technologies for this, learn (CIRP) to confirm it as the centre in the 21st century and study one of the directions in international production engineering.In the field of car industry, produce one second when beat such as production of 300,000 / vehicle per year, and many variety process it is car that equip key problem that must be solved one of; In the fields of aviation and aerospace industry, spare parts of its processing are mostly the thin wall and thin muscle, rigidity is very bad, the material is aluminium or aluminium alloy, only in a situation that cut the speed and cut strength very small high, could process these muscles, walls. Adopt large-scale whole aluminium alloy method that blank " pay empty " make the wing recently, such large-scale parts as the fuselage ,etc. come to substitute a lot of parts to assemble through numerous rivet , screw and other connection way, make the intensity , rigidity and dependability of the component improved. All these, to processing and equipping the demand which has proposed high-speed, high precise and high flexibility.According to EMO2001 exhibition situation, high-speed machining center is it give speed can reach 80m/min is even high , air transport competent speed can up to 100m/min to be about to enter. A lot of automobile factories in the world at present, including Shanghai General Motors Corporation of our country, have already adopted and substituted and made the lathe up with the production line part that the high-speed machining center makes up. HyperMach lathe of U.S.A. CINCINNATI Company enters to nearly biggest 60m/min of speed, it is 100m/min to be fast, the acceleration reaches 2g, the rotational speed of the main shaft has already reached 60 000r/min. Processing a thin wall of plane parts, spend 30min only, and same part general at a high speed milling machine process and take 3h, the ordinary milling machine is being processed to need 8h; The speed and acceleration of main shaft of dual main shaft lathes of Germany DMG Company are up to 120000r/mm and 1g.In machining accuracy, the past 10 years, ordinary progression accuse of machining accuracy of lathe bring 5μm up to from 10μm already, accurate grades of machining center from 3～5μm, rise to 1～1.5μm, and ultrap recision machining accuracy is it enter nanometer grade to begin already(0.01μm).In dependability, MTBF value of the foreign numerical control device has already reached above 6 000h, MTBF value of the servo system reaches above 30000h, demonstrate very high dependability .In order to realize high-speed, high finish machining, if the part of function related to it is electric main shaft, straight line electrical machinery get fast development, the application is expanded further .5.2 Link and process and compound to process the fast development of the lathe in 5 axesAdopt 5 axles to link the processing of the three-dimensional curved surface part, can cut with the best geometry form of the cutter , not only highly polished, but also efficiency improves by a large margin . It is generally acknowledged, the efficiency of an 5 axle gear beds can equal 2 3 axle gear beds, is it wait for to use the cubic nitrogen boron the milling cutter of ultra hard material is milled and pared at a high speed while quenching the hard steel part, 5 axles link and process 3 constant axles to link and process and give play to higher benefit. Because such reasons as complicated that 5 axles link the numerical control system , host computer structure that but go over, it is several times higher that its price links the numerical control lathe than 3 axles , in addition the technological degree of difficulty of programming is relatively great, have restricted the development of 5 axle gear beds.At present because of electric appearance of main shaft, is it realize 5 axle complex main shaft hair structure processed to link greatly simplify to make, it makes degree of difficulty and reducing by a large margin of the cost, the price disparity of the numerical control system shrinks. So promoted 5 axle gear beds of head of complex main shaft and compound to process the development of the lathe (process the lathe including 5).At EMO2001 exhibition, new Japanese 5 of worker machine process lathe adopt complex main shaft hair, can realize the processing of 4 vertical planes and processing of the wanton angle, make 5 times process and 5 axles are processed and can be realized on the same lathe, can also realize the inclined plane and pour the processing of the hole of awls. Germany DMG Company exhibits the DMUVoution series machining center, but put and insert and put processing and 5 axles 5 times to link and process in once, can be controlled by CNC system or CAD/CAM is controlled directly or indirectly.5.3 Become the main trend of systematic development of contemporary numerical control intelligently, openly, networkedly.The numerical control equipment in the 21st century will be sure the intelligent system, the intelligent content includes all respects in the numerical control system: It is intelligent in order to pursue the efficiency of processing and process quality, control such as the self-adaptation of the processing course, the craft parameter is produced automatically; Join the convenient one in order to improve the performance of urging and use intelligently, if feedforward control , adaptiveoperation , electrical machinery of parameter , discern load select models , since exactly makes etc. automatically; The ones that simplified programming , simplified operating aspect are intelligent, for instance intelligent automatic programming , intelligent man-machine interface ,etc.; There are content of intelligence diagnose , intelligent monitoring , diagnosis convenient to be systematic and maintaining ,etc..Produce the existing problem for the industrialization of solving the traditional numerical control system sealing and numerical control application software. A lot of countries carry on research to the open numerical control system at present, such as NGC of U.S.A. (The Next Generation Work-Station/Machine Control), OSACA of European Community (Open System Architecture for Control within Automation Systems), OSEC (Open System Environment for Controller) of Japan, ONC (Open Numerical Control System) of China, etc.. The numerical control system melts to become the future way of the numerical control system open. The so-called open numerical control system is the development of the numerical control system can be on unified operation platform, face the lathe producer and end user, through changing, increasing or cutting out the structure target(numerical control function), form the serration, and can use users specially conveniently and the technical know-how is integrated in the control system, realize the open numerical control system of different variety , different grade fast, form leading brand products with distinct distinction. System structure norm of the open numerical control system at present, communication norm , disposing norm , operation platform , numerical control systematic function storehouse and numerical control systematic function software development ,etc. are the core of present research.The networked numerical control equipment is a new light spot of the fair of the internationally famous lathe in the past two years. Meeting production line , manufacture system , demand for the information integration of manufacturing company networkedly greatly of numerical control equipment, realize new manufacture mode such as quick make , fictitious enterprise , basic Entrance that the whole world make too. Some domestic and international famous numerical control lathes and systematic manufacturing companies of numerical control have all introduced relevant new concepts and protons of a machine in the past two years, if in EMO2001 exhibition, " Cyber Production Center " that the company exhibits of mountain rugged campstool gram in Japan (Mazak) (intellectual central production control unit, abbreviated as CPC); The lathe company of Japanese big Wei (Okuma ) exhibits " IT plaza " (the information technology square , is abbreviated as IT square ); Open Manufacturing Environment that the company exhibits of German Siemens (Siemens ) (open the manufacturing environment, abbreviated as OME),etc., have reflected numerical control machine tooling to the development trend of networked direction.5.4 Pay attention to the new technical standard, normal setting-up5.4.1 Design the norm of developing about the numerical control systemAs noted previously, there are better common ability, flexibility, adaptability, expanding in theopen numerical control system, such countries as U.S.A. ,European Community and Japan ,etc. implement the strategic development plan one after another , carry on the research and formulation of the systematic norm (OMAC , OSACA , OSEC ) of numerical control of the open system structure, 3 biggest economies in the world have carried on the formulation that nearly the same science planned and standardized in a short time, have indicated a new arrival of period of change of numerical control technology. Our country started the research and formulation of standardizing the frame of ONC numerical control system of China too in 2000.5.4.2 About the numerical control standardThe numerical control standard is a kind of trend of information-based development of manufacturing industry. Information exchange among 50 years after numerical control technology was born was all because of ISO6983 standard, namely adopt G, M code describes how processes, its essential characteristic faces the processing course, obviously, he can't meet high-speed development of modern numerical control technology's needs more and more already. For this reason, studying and making a kind of new CNC system standard ISO14649 (STEP-NC) in the world, its purpose is to offer a kind of neutral mechanism not depending on the concrete system, can describe the unified data model in cycle of whole life of the products, thus realize the whole manufacture process, standardization of and even each industrial field product information.The appearance of STEP-NC may be a revolution of the technological field of the numerical control, on the development and even the whole manufacturing industry of numerical control technology, will exert a far-reaching influence. First of all, STEP-NC puts forward a kind of brand-new manufacture idea, in the traditional manufacture idea, NC processes the procedures to all concentrate on individual computer. Under the new standard, NC procedure can be dispersed on Internet, this is exactly a direction of open , networked development of numerical control technology. Secondly, STEP-NC numerical control system can also reduce and process the drawing (about 75%), process the procedure to work out the time (about 35%) and process the time (about 50%) greatly.At present, American-European countries pay much attention to the research of STEP-NC, Europe initiates IMS plan (1999.1.1-2001.12.3) of STEP-NC. 20 CAD/CAM/CAPP/CNC users, manufacturers and academic organizations from Europe and Japan participated in this plan. STEP Tools Company of U.S.A. is a developer of the data interchange software of manufacturing industry in the global range, he has already developed the super model (Super Model ) which accuses of information exchange of machine tooling by counting, its goal is to describe all processing courses with the unified norm. Such new data interchange form has already been verified in allocating the SIEMENS, FIDIA and European OSACA-NC numerical control at present.6 pairs of basic estimations of technology and industry development of numerical control of our country。
高速切削加工的发展及需求(中英文对照)
The development of High-speed machining and demand本文关键字：High-speed machining demand development 高速切削加工发展需求High-speed machining is contemporary advanced manufacturing technology an important component of the high-efficiency, High-precision and high surface quality, and other features. This article presents the technical definition of the current state of development of China''s application fields and the demand situation.High-speed machining is oriented to the 21st century a new high-tech, high-efficiency, High-precision and high surface quality as a basic feature, in the automobile industry, aerospace, Die Manufacturing and instrumentation industries gained increasingly widespread application, and has made significant technical and economic benefits. contemporary advanced manufacturing technology an important component part.HSC is to achieve high efficiency of the core technology manufacturers, intensive processes and equipment packaged so that it has a high production efficiency. It can be said that the high-speed machining is an increase in the quantity of equipment significantly improve processing efficiency essential to the technology. High-speed machining is the major advantages : improve production efficiency, improve accuracy and reduce the processing of cutting resistance.The high-speed machining of meaning, at present there is no uniform understanding, there are generally several points as follows : high cutting speed. usually faster than that of their normal cutting 5 -10 times; machine tool spindle speed high, generally spindle speed in -20000r/min above 10,000 for high-speed cutting; Feed at high velocity, usually 15 -50m/min up to 90m/min; For different cutting materials and the wiring used the tool material, high-speed cutting the meaning is not necessarily the same; Cutting process, bladed through frequency (Tooth Passing Frequency) closer to the "machine-tool - Workpiece "system the dominant natural frequency (Dominant Natural Frequency), can be considered to be high-speed cutting. Visibility high-speed machining is a comprehensive concept.1992. Germany, the Darmstadt University of Technology, Professor H. Schulz in the 52th on the increase of high-speed cutting for the concept and the scope, as shown in Figure 1. Think different cutting targets, shown in the figure of the transition area (Transition), to be what is commonly called the high-speed cutting, This is also the time of metal cutting process related to the technical staff are looking forward to, or is expected to achieve the cutting speed.High-speed machining of machine tools, knives and cutting process, and other aspects specific requirements. Several were from the following aspects : high-speed machining technology development status and trends.At this stage, in order to achieve high-speed machining, general wiring with high flexibility of high-speed CNC machine tools, machining centers, By using a dedicated high-speed milling, drilling. These equipment in common is : We must also have high-speed and high-speed spindle system feeding system, Cutting can be achieved in high-speed process. High-speed cutting with the traditional cutting the biggest difference is that "Machine-tool-workpiece" the dynamic characteristics of cuttingperformance is stronger influence. In the system, the machine spindle stiffness, grip or form, a long knife set, spindle Broach, torque tool set, Performance high-speed impact are important factors.In the high-speed cutting, material removal rate (Metal Removal Rate, MRR), unit time that the material was removed volume, usually based on the "machine-tool-workpiece" whether Processing System "chatter." Therefore, in order to satisfy the high-speed machining needs, we must first improve the static and dynamic stiffness of machine spindle is particularly the stiffness characteristics. HSC reason at this stage to be successful, a very crucial factor is the dynamic characteristics of the master and processing capability.In order to better describe the machine spindle stiffness characteristics of the project presented new dimensionless parameter - DN value, used for the evaluation of the machine tool spindle structure on the high-speed machining of adaptability. DN value of the so-called "axis diameter per minute speed with the product." The newly developed spindle machining center DN values have been great over one million. To reduce the weight bearing, but also with an array of steel products than to the much more light ceramic ball bearings; Bearing Lubrication most impressive manner mixed with oil lubrication methods. In the field of high-speed machining. have air bearings and the development of magnetic bearings and magnetic bearings and air bearings combined constitute the magnetic gas / air mixing spindle.Feed the machine sector, high-speed machining used in the feed drive is usually larger lead, multiple high-speed ball screw and ball array of small-diameter silicon nitride (Si3N4) ceramic ball, to reduce its centrifugal and gyroscopic torque; By using hollow-cooling technology to reduce operating at high speed ball screw as temperature generated by the friction between the lead screw and thermal deformation.In recent years, the use of linear motor-driven high-speed system of up to'''' Such feed system has removed the motor from workstations to Slide in the middle of all mechanical transmission links, Implementation of Machine Tool Feed System of zero transmission. Because no linear motor rotating components, from the role of centrifugal force, can greatly increase the feed rate. Linear Motor Another major advantage of the trip is unrestricted. The linear motor is a very time for a continuous machine shop in possession of the bed. Resurfacing of the very meeting where a very early stage movement can go, but the whole system of up to the stiffness without any influence. By using high-speed screw, or linear motor can greatly enhance machine system of up to the rapid response. The maximum acceleration linear motors up to 2-10G (G for the acceleration of gravity), the largest feed rate of up to 60 -200m/min or higher.2002 world-renowned Shanghai Pudong maglev train project of maglev track steel processing, Using the Shenyang Machine Tool Group Holdings Limited McNair friendship company production plants into extra-long high-speed system for large-scale processing centers achieve . The machine feeding system for the linear guide and rack gear drive, the largest table feed rate of 60 m / min, Quick trip of 100 m / min, 2 g acceleration, maximum speed spindle 20000 r / min, the main motor power 80 kW. X-axis distance of up to 30 m, 25 m cutting long maglev track steel error is lessthan 0.15 mm. Maglev trains for the smooth completion of the project provided a strong guarantee for technology.In addition, the campaign machine performance will also directly affect the processing efficiency and accuracy of processing. Mold and the free surface of high-speed machining, the main wiring with small cut deep into methods for processing. Machine requirements in the feed rate conditions, should have high-precision positioning functions and high-precision interpolation function, especially high-precision arc interpolation. Arc processing is to adopt legislation or thread milling cutter mold or machining parts, the essential processing methods.Cutting Tools Tool Material development：high-speed cutting and technological development of the history, tool material is continuous progress of history. The representation of high-speed cutting tool material is cubic boron nitride (CBN). Face Milling Cutter use of CBN, its cutting speed can be as high as 5000 m / min, mainly for the gray cast iron machining. Polycrystalline diamond (PCD) has been described as a tool of the 21st century tool, It is particularly applicable to the cutting aluminum alloy containing silica material, which is light weight metal materials, high strength, widely used in the automobile, motorcycle engine, electronic devices shell, the base, and so on. At present, the use of polycrystalline diamond cutter Face Milling alloy, 5000m/min the cutting speed has reached a practical level. In addition ceramic tool also applies to gray iron of high-speed machining;Tool Coating : CBN and diamond cutter, despite good high-speed performance, but the cost is relatively high. Using the coating technology to make cutting tool is the low price, with excellent mechanical properties, which can effectively reduce the cost. Now high-speed processing of milling cutter, with most of the wiring between the Ti-A1-N composite technology for the way of multi-processing, If present in the non-ferrous metal or alloy material dry cutting, DLC (Diamond Like Carbon) coating on the cutter was of great concern. It is expected that the market outlook is very significant;Tool clamping system : Tool clamping system to support high-speed cutting is an important technology, Currently the most widely used is a two-faced tool clamping system. Has been formally invested as a commodity market at the same clamping tool system are : HSK, KM, Bigplus. NC5, AHO systems.In the high-speed machining, tool and fixture rotary performance of the balance not only affects the precision machining and tool life. it will also affect the life of machine tools. So, the choice of tool system, it should be a balanced selection of good products.Cutting speed of high-speed processing of conventional shear velocity of about 10 times. For every tooth cutter feed rate remained basically unchanged, to guarantee parts machining precision, surface quality and durability of the tool, Feed volume will also be a corresponding increase about 10 times, reaching 60 m / min, Some even as high as 120 m / min. Therefore, high-speed machining is usually preclude the use of high-speed, feed and depth of cut small cutting parameters. Due to the high-speed machining cutting cushion tend to be small, the formation of very thin chip light, Cutting put the heat away quickly; If the wiring using a new thermal stability bettertool materials and coatings, Using the dry cutting process for high-speed machining is the ideal technology program.To adapt to the needs of new models, auto body panel molds and resin-prevention block the forming die. must shorten the production cycle and reduce the cost of production and, therefore, we must make great efforts to promote the production of high-speed die in the process. SAIC affiliated with the company that : Compared to the past, finishing, further precision; the same time, the surface roughness must be met, the bending of precision, this should be subject to appropriate intensive manual processing. Due to the extremely high cutting speed, and the last finishing processes, the processing cycle should be greatly reduced.To play for machining centers and boring and milling machining center category represented by the high-speed machining technology and automatic tool change function of distinctions Potential to improve processing efficiency, the processing of complex parts used to be concentrated as much as possible the wiring process, that is a fixture in achieving multiple processes centralized processing and dilute the traditional cars, milling, boring, Thread processing different cutting the limits of technology, equipment and give full play to the high-speed cutting tool function, NC is currently raising machine efficiency and speed up product development in an effective way. Therefore, the proposed multi-purpose tool of the new requirements call for a tool to complete different parts of the machining processes, ATC reduce the number of ATC to save time, to reduce the quantity and tool inventory, and management to reduce production costs. More commonly used in a multifunctional Tool, milling, boring and milling, drilling milling, drilling-milling thread-range tool. At the same time, mass production line, against the use of technology requires the development of special tools, tool or a smart composite tool, improve processing efficiency and accuracy and reduced investment. In the high-speed cutting conditions, and some special tools can be part of the processing time to the original 1 / 10 below, results are quite remarkable.HSC has a lot of advantages such as : a large number of materials required resection of the workpiece with ultrafine, thin structure of the workpiece, Traditionally, the need to spend very long hours for processing mobile workpiece and the design of rapid change, short product life cycle of the workpiece, able to demonstrate high-speed cutting brought advantages.高速切削加工的发展及需求高速切削加工是当代先进制造技术的重要组成部分，拥有高效率、高精度及高表面质量等特征。
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英文说明/loecvte/jsviMold high speed milling processing technologyHnman Foctors Ressearch Unit ;Institute of sound and prevention vibration Rsearch.Un Univ iv iversity ersity of Southampton The abstract Introduced the high speed milling in the mold processing application as well as the influence,and brief introduction high speed milling engine bed structure,control system and cutting tool.Has carried on the simple analysis to the high speed processing craft.Key word high speed milling;m old processingFirst,forewordIn the modern mold production,along with to models artistic and the function must obtain more and more high,models the internal structure to design more and more complex,the mold contour design day by day is also complex,the free curved surface accounts for the proportion to increase unceasingly,the corresponding mold structure also designs more and more complex.These all set a higher request to the mold processing technology,not only should guarantee the high manufacture precision and the surface quality,moreover must pursue the processing surface artistic.Along with is unceasingly thorough to the high speed processing engineering research,is processing the engine bed,the numerical control system,the cutting tool system,CAD/especially Correlation technology and so on CAM software develops unceasingly under the impetus,high speed processes the technology more and more many to apply in the mold cavity processing and the manufacture.The numerical control high-speed cutting processing took in the mold manufacture a most important advanced manufacture technology,is the collection is highly effective,high quality,the low consumption in a body advanced manufacture technology.Is opposite in the traditional machining,its cutting speed,entered to the speed had the very big enhancement,moreover cut the mechanism not to be same.The high-speed cutting caused the machiningto have the leap,its specific power metal excision rate enhanced 30%~40%,the cuttingforce reduced30%,the cutting tool working durability enhanced70%,remained hotly large scale reduces in the work piece cutting,the low step shudder vanished nearly.Along with the cutting speed enhancement,unit time semifinished materials material removing rate increased,the cutting time reduced,the processing efficiency enhanced,thus reduced the product manufacture cycle,enhanced the product market competitive power.At the same time,the high speed processing small amount entered quickly causes the cutting force to reduce,the scrap high speed discharged reduced the work piece cutting force and the thermal load distorts,enhances the rigidity to be bad and the thin wall components machining possibility.Because cutting force reducing,the rotational speed enhancement causes the cutting system the operating frequency to be far away the engine bed the low step natural frequency,but the work piece surface roughness is most sensitive to the low step frequency,from this reduced the surface roughness.In mold high hard steel stock (HRC45~HRC65)in the processing process,uses the high-speed cutting to be possible to substitute for the working procedure which the electrical finishing and rubs truncates polishes,thus has avoided the electrode manufacture and the time-consuming electrical finishing,large scale reduced fitter's polishing with to throw the light quantity.Thin wall mold work piece more and more needs which regarding some markets in,the high speed milling also may smoothly complete,moreover in the high speed milling CNC processing center,a mold attire clamps may complete the multiplex step of processing.The high speed processing technology has had the huge influence to the mold processing craft,changed the traditional mold processing to use"the annealing→milling processing→heat treatment→to rub truncates"or"the electric spark machining→manually polishes,polishes"and so on the complex long technical process,even might use the high-speed cutting processing substitution original complete working procedure.The high speed processing technology besides may apply in the hard mold cavity direct processing(in particular half precision work and precision work),in EDM aspect and so on electrode processing,fast type manufacture also obtained the widespread application.The mass productions practice indicated that,the application high-speed cutting technology may save in the mold following processing80%handwork to grind the time approximately, saves the processing cost expense nearly30%,the mold face work precision may reach1m, the cutting tool cutting efficiency may enhance one time.Second,high speed milling processing engine bedThe high-speed cutting technology is one of machining technology main development directions,it along with foundation technology the and so on CNC technology, microelectronic technology,new material and new structure development but steps a higher stair.Because the mold processes particular as well as high speed processing technology own characteristic,(processed engine bed,numerical control system,cutting tool to the mold high speed processing related technology and the craft system and so on)proposed processed a higher request compared to the traditional mold.1.High stable engine bed strut partThe high-speed cutting engine bed lathe bed and so on supports the part to be supposed to have very well moves,the static rigidity,hot rigidity and best damping characteristic.The majority of engine beds all use high grade,the high rigidity and Gao Kangzhang the gray iron took the strut part material,some engine bed companies also increase the high damping characteristic in the foundation polymer concrete,by increases its vibration-proof and the thermostability,this not only may guarantee the engine bed precision is stable,also may prevent when cutting the cutting tool inspires es the enclosed lathe bed design, the overall casting lathe bed,the symmetrical lathe bed structure and has the densely covered stiffener and so on also enhances the engine bed stable important measure.Some engine bed companies'research and development departments in design process,but also uses the modality analysis and the finite element structure computation and so on,optimized the structure,stably causes the engine bed strut part to be reliable.2.Engine bed main axleThe high speed engine bed main axle performance is the realization high-speed cutting processing important condition.The high-speed cutting engine bed main axle rotational speed scope is10000~100000m/Min,the main axle power is bigger than15kW.Is not bigger than0.005mm through the main axle compressed air of or axial play between the cooling system control hilt and the main axle.Also requests the main axle to have the fast vertical speed,to assign the performance which the position is fast stops(namely to have extremely high angle addition and subtraction speed),therefore the high speed main axle often uses the liquid static pressure bearing type,the air static pressure bearing type,the thermo-compression nitriding silicon(Si3N4)the ceramic bearing magnetism aerosol bearing type isostructuralism form.Lubricates uses technology and so on oil gas lubrication, splash lubrication.The main axle cools uses the main axle interior water cooling generally or air cooled.3.The engine bed actuates the systemIn order to satisfy the mold high speed processing the need,high speed processes the engine bed the actuation system to be supposed to have the following characteristic:(1)high entering for speed.The research indicated that,regarding the minor diameter cutting tool,enhances the rotational speed and each tooth enters for the quantity is advantageous in reduces the cutting tool attrition.At present commonly used entering for the speed range is20~30m/Min,like uses leads greatly the ball bearing guide screw transmission,enters may reach60m/for the speedMin;Uses the straight line electrical machinery then may enable to achieve120m/to the speedMin.(2)high acceleration.Has the good acceleration characteristic to the three dimensional complex curved surface silhouette high speed processing request actuation system,the request provides the driver which the high rapid advance or progress gives(to enter speed approximately40m/ quicklyMin,the3D outline processing speed is10m/Min),can provide0.4m/S2to10m/The s2acceleration and reduces the speed.The engine bed manufacturer mostly uses the entire closed loop position servo-control slightly to lead,the great size,the high grade ball bearing guide screw or leads greatly many guide screws.Along with the electrical machinery technology development,the advanced straight line electric motor already was published,and the success applied in the CNC engine bed.The advanced straight line direct motor drive enable the CNC engine bed no longer to have the mass inertia,in advance,question and so on lag and vibration,sped up the servo speed of response,increased the servo-control precision and the engine bed processing precision.4.Numerical control systemThe advanced numerical control system is guaranteed the mold complex curved surface high speed processing quality and the efficiency key aspect,the mold high-speed cutting processing to the numerical control system basic request is:A.High speed numerical control return route(Digital control loop),including:32or above 64bit parallel processors and1.5Gb hard disk;Extremely short straight line electrical machinery sampling time.B.Speed and acceleration feed-forward control(Feed forward control);Digital actuation system crawling control(Jerk control).C.Advanced inserts makes up the method(to insert based on the NURBS transect makesup),by obtains the good surface quality,the precise size and the high geometry precision. D.Pretreatment(Look-ahead)function.The request has the large capacity cushion register, may read in advance and inspects many segments(for example the DMG engine bed to be possible to reach500segments,the Simens system may reach a1000~2000segment),in order to when is processed the superficial shape(curvature)changes may promptly adopt changes for measure and so on speed by avoids cutting and so on.E.The error compensatory function,including because the straight line electrical machinery, the main axle and so on gives off heat the hot error which causes to compensate,the quadrantal error compensates,the measurement system error compensates and so on the function.In addition,the mold high-speed cutting processing very is also high to the data transmission speed request.F.The traditional data connection,like the RS232serial mouth transmission speed is19.2kb, but many advanced processings centers have used the ether local area network(Ethernet) to carry on the data transmission,the speed may reach200kb.5.Cooling lubricationThe high speed processing uses the belt coating the hard alloy tools,in high speed,the high temperature situation does not need the cutting compound,the cutting efficiency to be higher.This is because:The milling main axle high speed revolves,the cutting compound if achieved the cutting area,first must overcome the enormous centrifugal force;Even if it overcame the centrifugal force to enter the cutting area,also was possible as a result of the cutting area high temperature but to evaporate immediately,the cooling effect very small did not even have;At the same time the cutting compound can cause the cutting tool edge of a sword the temperature intense change,is easy to cause the crack the production,therefore must pick the oil used/Gas cooling lubrication dry type cutting way.This way may use the compressed gas rapidly the cutting which the cutting area produces,thus the massive cuttings hotly will carry off,at the same time might forms extremely thin microscopic protective film after the atomization lubricating oil in the cutting tool edge of a sword and the work piece surface,but effectively will lengthen the cutting tool life and enhances the components the surface quality.Third,high-speed cutting processing cutting toolThe cutting tool is in the high-speed cutting processing one of most active important factors,it is affecting the processing efficiency,the production cost and the productprocessing precision directly.The cutting tool must withstand load and so on high temperature,high pressure,friction,impact and vibration in the high speed processing process,the high-speed cutting cutting tool should have the good machine capability and the thermostability,namely has the good anti-impact,the wearability and resists heat the weary characteristic.The high-speed cutting processing cutting tool technological development speed is very quick,application many like diamonds(PCD),cubic boron nitride(CBN), ceramic cutting tool,coating hard alloy,(carbon)titanium nitrides hard alloy TIC(N)and so on.In the processing cast iron and in the alloy steel cutting tool,the hard alloy is the most commonly used cutting tool material.Hard alloy tools resistance to wear good,but the solidity ratio cube boron nitride and the ceramics are low.In order to enhance degree of hardness and the superficially attractive fineness,uses the cutting tool coating technology, the coating material for the titanium nitrides(TiN),the aluminium nitride titanium(TiALN) and so on.The coating technology causes the coating by the sole coating development for multilayered,the many kinds of coating material coating,has become one of enhancement high-speed cutting ability essential technical.The diameter in the10~40mm scope,also has the carbon titanium nitrides coating the hard alloy bit to be able to process the Luo river degree of hardness to be smaller than42materials,but the titanium nitrides aluminum coating cutting tool can process the Luo river degree of hardness is42even higher materials. When high-speed cutting steel products,the cutting tool material should select the hot rigidity and the fatigue strength high P kind of hard alloy,the coating hard alloy,the cubic boron nitride(CBN)and the CBN compound cutting tool material(WBN)and so on.The cutting cast iron,should select the fine grain K kind of hard alloy to carry on the rough machining,selects the compound nitrided silicon ceramics or the crystal combination cube boron nitride(PCNB)the compound cutting tool carries on the precision work.When precise processing non-ferrous metal or nonmetallic material,should select crystal combination diamond PCD or the CVD diamond coating cutting tool.When choice cutting parameter,in view of the circular shear blade and a ball milling cutter,should pay attention to the effective diameter the concept.The high speed milling cutting tool should press the balance design manufacture.The cutting tool front angle must be smaller than the conventional cutting tool front angle,the clearance angle is slightly big.The host vice-cutting edge attachment point should the cavetto or the lead angle,increases the vertex angle, prevents the knife point place hot attrition.Should enlarge nearby the knife point the cutting edge length and the cutting tool material volume,enhances the cutting tool rigidity.Is safein the guarantee and satisfies the processing request under the condition,the cutting tool hangs extends as far as possible short,cutter body central toughness is friends with.The hilt must be sturdier than the cutting tool diameter,connects the handle to assume but actually the pyramidal,by increases its rigidity.As far as possible central the refrigerant hole in the cutting tool and the cutting tool system.A ball end mill must consider effectively cuts the length,the cutting edge must be as far as possible short,two spiral grooves balls end mill usually uses in the thick mill complex curved surface,four spiral grooves balls end mill usually uses in the fine mill complex curved surface.Fourth,mold high speed processing craftThe high speed processing including take removes the remainder as the goal rough machining,the residual rough machining,as well as take gains the high grade processing surface and the slight structure as the goal half precision work,the precision work and the mirror surface processing and so on.1.Rough machiningThe mold rough machining essential target is pursues in the unit time material removing rate,and is half precision work preparation work piece geometry outline.In the high speed processing rough machining should adopt the craft plan is the high cutting speed, Gao Jin giving rate and the small cutting specifications combination.The contour processing way is one processing way which the multitudinous CAM software uses ing is spiral contour and so on the Z axis contour two ways which are many, also is in processes the region only time to feed,in does not lift the knife in the situation to produce continuously the smooth cutting tool way,enters,draws back the knife way to use the circular arc to cut into,to cut.The spiral contour way characteristic is,has not waited the high level between the knife road migration,may avoid frequently lifting the knife,feeding to the components surface quality influence and mechanical device nonessential consuming. To is steep and the flat site processes separately,the computation suits contour and suits the use similar3D bias the region,and may use the spiral way,in very little lifts the cutting tool way which the knife in the situation produces optimizes,obtains the better surface quality. In the high speed processing,certainly must adopt the circular arc to cut into,to cut the connection way,as well as the circular arc transition,avoids changing the cutting tool to enter suddenly for the direction,the prohibition use direct under knife connection way, avoids burying the cutting tool the work piece.When processes the mold cavity,should avoid the cutting tool vertical insertion work piece under,but should use inclines the knifeway(commonly used angle of bank for20°~30°),best uses the screw type under knife by to reduce the cutting tool load.When processes the mold core,should under the knife then level cut into the work piece as far as possible first from the work piece.The cutting tool cuts into,cuts when the work piece should use as far as possible inclines the type(or round arc-type)cuts into,cuts,vertically avoids cutting into,es climbs up the type cutting to be possible to reduce the cutting heat,reduces the cutting tool stress and the work hardening degree,improves the processing quality.2.Half precision workThe mold half precision work essential target is causes the work piece outline shape smoothly,surface finish remainder even,this especially is important regarding the tool steel mold,because it will affect time the precision work cutting tool layer of cutting area change and cutting tool load change,thus influence cutting process stability and precision work surface quality.The rough machining is based on the volume model,the precision work then is based on the face mold.Before develops CAD/The CAM system to the components geometry description is not continual,after because has not described in front of the rough machining,the precision work processes the model the average information,therefore the rough machining surface surplus processing remainder distribution and the great surplus processing remainder is unknown.Therefore should fifty-fifty the precision work strategy carry on the optimization after to guarantee half precision work the work piece surface has the even surplus processing remainder.The optimized process includes:After the rough machining the outline computation,the great surplus processing remainder computation,the biggest permission processing remainder determination,is bigger than the biggest permission processing remainder the profile district(for example transition radius and so on scoop channel,corner is smaller than rough machining cutting tool radius region)as well as when half precision work the knife heart path computation to the surplus processing remainder and so on.The existing mold high speed processes CAD/The CAM software has the surplus processing remainder analysis function mostly,and can act according to the surplus processing remainder the size and the distribution situation uses the reasonable half precision work strategy.After like the MasterCAM software provided has tied the shape milling(Pencil milling)and the surplus milling(Rest milling)and so on the method eliminates the rough machining the surplus processing remainder big quoin by to guarantee the followingworking procedure even processing remainder.3.Precision workThe mold high speed precision work strategy is decided by the cutting tool and the work piece contact point,but the cutting tool and the work piece contact point but changes along with the processing surface curved surface slope and the cutting tool effective radius change.Regarding by the complex curved surface processing which many curved surface combination but becomes,should carry on the continuous treating as far as possible in a working procedure,but is not carries on the processing separately to each curved surface,by reduces lifts the knife,under the knife number of times.However,because processes the superficial slope change,if only defines the processing the side to eat the knife quantity (Step over),possibly creates on the slope different surface the actual step of distance non-uniformity,thus influence processing quality.In the ordinary circumstances,the precision work curved surface radius of curvature should be bigger than the cutting tool radius1.5times,by evades the no admittance to the direction suddenly transformation.In the mold high speed precision work,when each time cuts into,cuts the work piece,enters for the direction change should as far as possible use the circular arc or the curve switches over,avoids using the straight line to switch over,by maintains the cutting process the stability.Fifth,concluding remarkThe high-speed cutting technology is one of machining technology main development directions,at present mainly applies in the automobile industry and the mold profession,in the processing complex curved surface domain,work piece itself or the cutting tool system rigidity request high processing domain and so on,is the many kinds of advanced processings technology integration in particular,its is highly effective high grade,esteems for the people.It not only involves to the high speed processing craft,moreover also includes high speed processes the engine bed,the numerical control is systematic,the high-speed cutting cutting tool and CAD/CAM technology and so on.The mold high speed processing technology generally has applied at present in the developed country mold manufacturing industry,but still waited for in our country's application scope and the application level the enhancement,because it had the tradition to process the incomparable superiority,still will be the next processing technology inevitable development direction./loecvte/jsvi模具高速铣削加工技术人为因素研究单位,建立健全的防振动研究,南安普敦大学,S017,IJB英国摘要介绍了高速铣削在模具加工中的应用以及影响，并简要的介绍了高速铣削机床的结构、控制系统和刀具。