英美文学考试名词解释和简答（自己整理的）
英美文学名词解释总结.doc
英美文学名词解释总结Romance:Anyimaginationliteraturethatissetinanidealizedworldandth atdealswithaheroicadventuresandbattlesbetweengoodcharactersandvi llainsormonsters.传奇故事：指以理想化的世界为背景并且描写主人公的英雄冒险事迹和善与恶的斗争的想象文学作品。
Alliteration:Therepetitionoftheinitialconsonantsoundsinpoetry.头韵：诗歌中单词开头读音的重复。
Couplet:Itisapairofrhymingverselines,usuallyofthesamelength;oneoft hemostwidelyusedverse-sinEuropeanpoetry.Chaucerestablishedtheus eofcoupletsinEnglish,notablyintheCanterburyTales,usingrhymingiam bicpentameterslaterknownasheroiccoupletsBlankverse:Versewritteni nunrhymediambicpentameter.素体诗：用五音步抑扬格写的无韵诗。
Conceit:Akindofmetaphorthatmakesacomparisonbetweentwostartlin glydifferentthings.Aconceitmaybeabriefmetaphor,butitusuallyprovid estheframeworkforanentirepoem.Anespeciallyunusualandintellectual kindofconceitisthemetaphysicalconceit.新奇的比喻：将两种截然不同的食物进行对比的一种隐喻。
英美文学 名词整理
英国文学史名词解释Ode 颂诗is adignified and elaborately structured lyric poem of some length, praising and glorifying an individual, commemorating an event or describing nature intellectually rather than emotionally.Elegy挽歌: it seeks for "lament". It is a poem on death or on a serious loss; characteristically a sustained meditation expressing sorrow and, frequently, an explicit or implied consolation Anapset短短长格: a metrical foot of three syllables, the first two short, the last longCaesura 停顿a break or pause in a line of poetry, dictated by the natural rhythm of the language and sometimes enforced by punctuation.Epic史诗:It’s a long narrative poem celebrating the great deeds of one or more legendary heroes, majestic in theme and style.Romance 传奇a type of literature that was popular in the Middle Ages, usually containing adventures and reflecting the spirit of chivalry. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight was a great verse romance, but its author remains unknown.Alliteration押头韵is the use in speech or writing of several words close together that all begin with the same letter or sound.Ballad民谣: It is a story in poetic form, often about tragic love and usually sung. Ballads were passed down from generation to generation by singers. The medieval ballads are ballads of Robin Hood. Coleridge’s "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner" is a 19th century English ballad.Heroic couplet英雄体: They are poetry composed in iambic pentameter. In this form of poetry, lines consisting of five iambic feet rime together in pairs. The rime scheme :aa bb cc …..poet’s corner 诗人角a part of Westminster Abbey, London, which contains the tombs or monuments of some famous English poets, such as Geoffrey Chaucer and John Milton. Renaissance文艺复兴: Renaissance marks the transition from the medieval to the modern world. It first started in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe. The word “Renaissance” means rebirth or revival.Sonnet十四行诗: A lyric poem of fourteen lines whose ryhme scheme is fixed. The rhyme scheme in the Italian form as typified in the sonnets of Petrarch is abbaabba cdecde.Blank verse无韵诗: A poem written in unrhymed iambic pentameter.Spenserian Stanza斯宾塞诗体: It’s a verse from that consists of eight iambic pentameter lines followed by a ninth line of six iambic feet, with the rhyme scheme ababbbccdd.Enlightenment启蒙运动: The Enlightenment was a progressive intellectual movement throughout Western Europe in the 18th century. It was an expression of struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism.Sentimentalism感伤主义: Sentimentalism appeared in the middle of the 18th century, as a reaction against commercialism and the cold rationalism.Pre-romanticism:前浪漫主义 The Romantic Movement was marked by a strong protest against the bondage of Classicism, by a renewed interest in medieval literature.----representatives ---William Blake and Robert BurnsRomanticism浪漫主义 : Romanticism was in effect a revolt of the English imagination against the neoclassical reason, which prevailed from the days of Pope to those of Johnson.Neo-classicism新古典主义: A revival in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries of classical standards of order, balance and harmony in literature.Elegy挽歌: it seeks for "lament". It is a poem on death or on a serious loss; characteristically asustained meditation expressing sorrow and, frequently, an explicit or implied consolation Realism现实主义: A term used in literature and art to present life as it really is without sentimentalizing or idealizing it.Epigram诙谐短诗：an epigram is a brief, celver, and usually memorable statement.Allegory寓言: A story illustrating an idea or a moral principle in which objects take on symbolic meanings.Lake Poets湖畔诗人: Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey have often been mentioned as the "Lake Poets" because they lived in the lake district in the northwestern part of England. The three traversed the same path in politics and in poetry, beginning as radicals and closing as conservatives.Metaphysical Poetry玄学派诗歌: is characterized by verbal wit and excess, ingenious structure, irregular meter, colloquial language, elaborates imagery, and a drawing together of dissimilar ideas.Humanism人文主义: it refers to the main literary trend and is the keynote of English Renaissance. Humanists took interest in human life and human activities and gave expression to the new feeling of admiration for human beauty, human achievement.Mystery play神秘剧: The Mystery plays of the Middle Ages were based on the bible and were particularly concerned with the stories of man’s creation, Fall and Redemption.Iambic Pentamete r五音步抑扬格: A poetic line consisting of five verse feet, which each foot an iamb__ that is, an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed one. Iambic pentameter is the most common verse line in English poetry.Anapaest抑抑扬格：An anapaest, or anapest, also called antidactylus, is a metrical foot used in formal poetry. In classical quantitative meters it consists of two short syllables followed by a long one in accentual stress meters it consists of two unstressed syllables followed by one stressed syllable.Lyric 抒情诗: A poem, brief and discontinuous, emphasizes sound and pictorial imagery rather than narrative or dramatic movement.Byronic hero拜伦式英雄: is an idealized but flawed character exemplified in the life and writings of Lord Byron.Stream of consciousness意识流: a kind of writing technique in which a character's perceptions, thoughts, and memories are presented in an apparently random form, without regard for logical sequence, chronology, or syntax.Naturalism自然主义:A literary movement seeking to depict life as accurately as possible, without artificial distortions of emotion, idealism, and literary convention. It asserts that human beings exist entirely in the order of nature.Essay小说：is a short written composition that discusses a subject or proposes an argument without claiming to be a complete or thorough exposition.Gothic novel 哥德式小说：a story of terror and suspense, usually set in a gloomy old castle or monastery.Stanza 节: a division of a poem consisting of a series of lines arranged together in a recurring pattern of meter and rhyme.legend 传奇：As a song or a narrative handed down from the past, it differs from the myth on the basis of the elements of historical truth it containsCritical realism批判现实主义: is a term applied to the realistic fiction in the late 19th and early20th centuries.Iamb抑扬格韵律: a metrical foot consisting of two syllables, a short one followed by a long one kenning 隐喻语 a metaphor usually composed of two words and used for description and association.poet laureate 桂冠诗人A poet honored for his artistic achievement or selected as most representative of his country or era;Symbolism (象征主义)works under the surface to tie the story’s external action to the theme. It was often produced thr ough allegory, giving the literal event and its allegorical counterpart a one-to-one correspondence The Heroic Couplet(英雄对偶句）:1)It means a pair of lines of a type once common in English poetry, in other words, it means iambic pentameter rhymed in two lines. 2)The rhyme is masculine. 3)Use of the heroic couplet w as first pioneered by Geoffrey Chaucer.Modernism现代主义is marked by a rejection of tradition, and an interest in new ways of doing old things. Also, there was a belief that the application of science and technology could change the world for the better.8)William Blake ( 1757—1827)1) LifeHe lived into the 19th century. In his lifetime, he was not considered a very important poet. Now he is universally acknowledged as one of the most important poets in English literature. His father recognized his talent and sent him to school.His visionary梦想的experience:Classicism典范: reason, order, law, art techniquesHe believed the power of imagination. With it a poet can reach out. Blake and Burns彭斯—the romantic revival复活—to break away with the convention习俗，协议2) His workSongs of Innocence天真之歌→delightSongs of Experience经验之歌→confusion困惑They show two contrary states of human soulsLondon:I wander thro’ each charter’d street, near where the ….It is taken from The Songs of Experience. Blake apparently drew from his personal observations and gives a comprehensive综合的picture of the many miseries, physical and spiritual, in the English capital.资本家Background: industrial revolution, the fog cityThe scene was in London, in Blake’s time.The Tiger:tiger!tiger!burning bright in the forests of the night…..It is from The Songs of Experience. It is one of Blake’s be st known poems. The apparently simple questions of curiosity and puzzlement. What imagination inspires the creator1.The image of the maker is complete. the process of creating tiger.Religions allusion暗指: lamb羊羔The whole poem is consisted of questions—are not able to be answeredThe Chimney-Sweeper扫烟囱的孩子:a little black thing among the snow cring” weep, weep” in notes of woe!The short lyric contains chiefly the simple yet somewhat ironical speech of a boy chimney9 ) Robert Burns罗伯特。
英美文学重要名词解释-英汉解释-综合整理版
名词解释ENGLISH &AMERICAN LITERATURE--DEFINITION OF TERMS: A long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated.Beowulf is the greatest national epic of the Anglo-Saxons. John Milton wrote three great epics: Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained and Samson Agonistes.marking stressed syllables in a line of poetry or prose. Used to emphasize meaning and thus can be effectively employed in oratory.the elements of historical truth they contain.knightly adventures or other heroic deeds.3) Chivalry (such as bravery, honor, generosity, loyalty and kindness1)Ballad is a story in poetic form to be sung or recited.down from generation to generation. 3) Robin Hood is a famous ballad singing the goods of Robin Hood. Coleridge’s TheHeroic couplet refers to the rhymed couplet in iambic pentameter Heroic couplets are lines of iambic pentameter that rhyme in pairs (aa, bb, cc).The Heroic Couplet: 1) It means a pair of lines of a type once common in English poetry, in other words, it means iambic pentameter rhymed in two lines. 2) The rhyme is masculine. 3) Use of the heroic coupletfollowed by a stressed syllable. Iambic pentameter is the most common verse line in English poetry.fourteen iambic pentameter lines, restricted to a definite rhyme scheme.A nine-line stanza with the following rhyme scheme: ababbabcc. The first eight lines are written in iambic pentameter. The ninth line is written in iambic hexameter and is called an alexandrine.斯宾塞诗节：斯宾塞诗节是有九行组成的诗节，其押韵形式通常为ababbabcc。
(完整版)英美文学名词解释最全版
01. Humanism(人文主义)1>Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.2> it emphasizes the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life. Humanists voiced their beliefs that man was the center of the universe and man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of the present life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders.02. Renaissance(文艺复兴)1>The word “Renaissance”means “rebirth”, it meant the reintroduction into western Europe of the full cultural heritage of Greece and Rome.2>the essence of the Renaissance is Humanism. Attitudes and feelings which had been characteristic of the 14th and 15th centuries persisted well down into the era of Humanism and reformation.3> the real mainstream of the English Renaissance is the Elizabethan drama with William Shakespeare being the leading dramatist.03. Metaphysical poetry(玄学派诗歌)1>Metaphysical poetry is commonly used to name the work of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne.2>with a rebellious spirit, the Metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry.3>the diction is simple as compared with that of the Elizabethan or the Neoclassical periods, and echoes the words and cadences of common speech.4>the imagery is drawn from actual life.04. Classicism(古典主义)Classicism refers to a movement or tendency in art, literature, or music that reflects the principles manifested in the art of ancient Greece and Rome. Classicism emphasizes the traditional and the universal, and places value on reason, clarity, balance, and order. Classicism, with its concern for reason and universal themes, is traditionally opposed to Romanticism, which is concerned with emotions and personal themes.05. Enlightenment(启蒙运动)1>Enlightenment movement was a progressive philosophical and artistic movement which flourished in France and swept through western Europe in the 18th century.2> the movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance from 14th century to the mid-17th century.3>its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas.4>it celebrated reason or rationality, equality and science. It advocated universal education.5>famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great writers like Alexander pope. Jonathan Swift. etc.06.Neoclassicism(新古典主义)1>In the field of literature, the enlightenment movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works.2>this tendency is known as neoclassicism. The Neoclassicists held that forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers such as Homer and Virgil and those of the contemporary French ones.3> they believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity.07. The Graveyard School(墓地派诗歌)1>The Graveyard School refers to a school of poets of the 18th century whose poems are mostly devoted to a sentimental lamentation or meditation on life. Past and present ,with death and graveyard as themes.2>Thomas Gray is considered to be the leading figure of this school and his Elegy written in a country churchyard is its most representative work.08. Romanticism(浪漫主义)1>In the mid-18th century, a new literary movement called romanticism came to Europe and then to England.2>It was characterized by a strong protest against the bondage of neoclassicism, which emphasized reason, order and elegant wit. Instead, romanticism gave primary concern to passion, emotion, and natural beauty.3>In the history of literature. Romanticism is generally regarded as the thought that designates a literary and philosophical theory which tends to see the individual as the very center of all life and experience. 4> The English romantic period is an age of poetry which prevailed in England from 1798 to 1837. The major romantic poets include Wordsworth, Byron and Shelley.09. Byronic Hero(拜伦式英雄)1>Byronic hero refers to a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin.2> with immense superiority in his passions and powers, this Byronic Hero would carry on his shoulders the burden of righting all the wrongs in a corrupt society. And would rise single-handedly against any kind of tyrannical rules either in government, in religion, or in moral principles with unconquerable wills and inexhaustible energies.3> Byron’s chief contribution to English literature is his creation of the “Byronic Hero”10. Critical Realism(批判现实主义)1>Critical Realism is a term applied to the realistic fiction in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.2> It means the tendency of writers and intellectuals in the period between 1875 and 1920 to apply the methods of realistic fiction to the criticism of society and the examination of social issues.3> Realist writers were all concerned about the fate of the common people and described what was faithful to reality.4> Charles Dickens is the most important critical realist.11. Aestheticism（美学主义）1>The basic theory of the Aesthetic movement--- “art for art’s sake” was set forth by a French poet, Theophile Gautier, the first Englishman who wrote about the theory of aestheticism was Walter Pater.2> aestheticism places art above life, and holds that life should imitate art, not art imitate life.3> According to the aesthetes, all artistic creation is absolutely subjective as opposed to objective. Art should be free from any influence of egoism. Only when art is for art’s sake, can it be immortal. They believed that art should be unconcerned with controversial issues, such as politics and morality, and that it should be restricted to contributing beauty in a highly polished style.4> This is one of the reactions against the materialism and commercialism of the Victorian industrial era, as well as a reaction against the Victorian convention of art for morality’s sake, or art for money’s sake.美学运动的基本原则”为艺术而艺术”最初由法国诗人西奥费尔.高缔尔提出,英国运用该美学理论的第一人是沃尔特.佩特.美学主义崇尚艺术高于生活,认为生活应模仿艺术,而不是艺术模仿生活.在美学主义看来,所有的艺术创作都是绝对主观而非客观的产物.艺术不应受任何功利的影响,只有当艺术为艺术而创作时,艺术才能成为不朽之作.他们还认为艺术不应只关注一些热点话题如政治和道德问题,艺术应着力于以华丽的风格张扬美.这是对维多利亚工业发展时期物质崇拜的一种回应,也是向艺术为道德或为金钱而服务的维多利亚传统的挑战.12.The Victorian period(维多利亚时期)1>In this period, the novel became the most widely read and the most vital and challenging expression of progressive thought. While sticking to the principle of faithful representation of the 18th century realist novel, novelists in this period carried their duty forward to criticism of the society and the defense of the mass.2> although writing from different points of view and with different techniques, they shared one thing in common, that is, they were all concerned about the fate of the common people. They were angry with the inhuman social institutions, the decaying social morality as represented by the money-worship and Utilitarianism, and the widespread misery, poverty and injustice.3>their truthful picture of people’s life and bitter and strong criticism of the society had done much in awakening the public consciousness to the social problems and in the actual improvement of the society.4> Charles Dickens is the leading figure of the Victorian period.13. Modernism(现代主义)1>Modernism is comprehensive but vague term for a movement , which begin in the late 19th century and which has had a wide influence internationally during much of the 20th century.2> modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical case.3> the term pertains to all the creative arts. Especially poetry, fiction, drama, painting, music and architecture.4> in England from early in the 20th century and during the 1920s and 1930s, in America from shortly before the first world war and on during the inter-war period, modernist tendencies were at their most active and fruitful.5>as far as literature is concerned, Modernism reveals a breaking away from established rules, traditions and conventions. fresh ways of looki ng at man’s position and function in the universe and many experiments in form and style. It is particularly concerned with language and how to use it and with writing itself.14. Stream of consciousness(意识流)(or interior monologue)In literary criticism, Stream of consciousness denotes a literary technique which seeks to describe an individual’s point of view by giving the written equivalent of the character’s thought processes. Stream of consciousness writing is strongly associated with the modernist movement. Its introduction in the literary context, transferred from psychology, is attributed to May Sinclair. Stream of consciousness writing is usually regarded as a special form of interior monologue and is characterized by associative leaps in syntax and punctuation that can make the prose difficult to follow, tracing as they do a character’s fragmentary thoughts and sensory feelings. Famous writers to employ this technique in the English language include James Joyce and William Faulkner.学术界认为意识流是一种通过直接描述人物思维过程来寻求个人视角的文学写作技巧。
淮师英美文学名词解释期末复习要点
一、英美文学名词解释英国文学1.Romance (P2)The romance was a long composition, sometimes in verse, sometimes in prose, It isa literary genre popular in the medieval England. It sings knightly adventures or other heroic deeds. Chivalry (such as bravery, honor, generosity, loyalty and kindness to the weak and poor) is the spirit of romance. The medieval romances were tales of chivalry or amorous adventure occurring in King Arthur's court. "Sir Gawain and the Green Knight" is an example of a medieval romance.浪漫是一个漫长的成分,有时在诗,有时在散文里,它是一个文学流派在中世纪的英国,唱流行骑士的冒险或其他的英雄事迹。
骑士精神(如勇敢、荣誉、慷慨、忠诚和善良弱者和穷人)是浪漫的精神。
中世纪的浪漫骑士精神的故事或多情的冒险发生在亚瑟王朝的。
《高文爵士和绿衣骑士”的一个例子是一个中世纪的浪漫。
2. EpicEpic is an extended narrative poem in elevated or dignified language, like Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey. It usually celebrates the feats of one or more legendary or traditional heroes. The action is simp le but magnificent. Today, some long narrative works, like novels that reveal an age and its people, are also called e pic.史诗是一种扩展的叙事诗在高架或高贵的语言,像荷马的《伊利亚特》和《奥德赛》。
英美文学名词解释
英美文学名词解释英美文学是指英国和美国地区的文学作品和文学传统。
在这个领域中，存在着许多特殊的术语和概念，有助于我们理解和欣赏这些文学作品。
本文将解释和介绍一些常见的英美文学名词，以帮助读者深入理解和掌握这些文学作品。
一、1.文学流派（Literary Genre）：指文学作品按照特定主题、风格或结构的类别进行分类。
常见的文学流派包括小说、诗歌、戏剧、散文等。
不同的文学流派具有独特的特点和写作风格，反映了不同的文学趣味和审美观念。
2.现实主义（Realism）：是19世纪中期兴起的一种文学流派，强调对现实生活的逼真描写和展示。
现实主义文学追求真实、客观和可信的表达方式，通过描绘日常生活和社会环境来反映现实社会的不同层面。
3.自然主义（Naturalism）：自然主义是现实主义的一种延伸，强调环境和遗传因素对人的行为和命运的决定性作用。
自然主义文学突出了人类生存环境对人性的影响，对人类行为进行科学观察和探索。
4.浪漫主义（Romanticism）：浪漫主义强调个体情感、想象力和超验的体验，追求自由和独立的精神境界。
浪漫主义文学追求充满激情、抒发个人感受和探索内心世界的形式。
二、1.象征主义（Symbolism）：象征主义是19世纪末20世纪初出现的一种文学和艺术运动，强调使用象征性的意象和隐喻来表达深层的情感和思想。
象征主义文学倾向于表达个体的情感体验和心灵探索。
2.现代主义（Modernism）：现代主义是20世纪初兴起的一种文学和艺术运动，强调对传统形式和观念的挑战和颠覆。
现代主义文学追求形式上的创新和实验，探索自我意识、哲学思考和社会变革。
3.后现代主义（Postmodernism）：后现代主义是现代主义的继承和超越，强调文化多样性、相对主义和戏仿。
后现代主义文学打破传统的叙事和结构规则，以戏仿和颠覆的方式探索权力、真实性和历史观念。
4.现实主义小说（Realistic Novel）：现实主义小说以真实的描写和社会批判为特征，通过塑造现实人物的经历和命运来反映社会问题。
英语专业考研整理之英美文学术语整理
1.美国清教主义①清教主义是16世纪晚期在英国教会进行的一场宗教改革。
②在教会和皇权的重压下，清教的一个分支于17世纪30年代40年代迁至美洲新大陆的北方殖民地，为新英格兰奠定了宗教，知识，和社会秩序的基础。
③清教主义不仅符合新大陆成立的特定历史，而且还影响了美国的生活方式。
④在教义上讲，清教徒遵循1619年多特宗教会议制定的信条：宿命论，原罪说，全体堕落，有限的救赎。
1.美国文艺复兴、美国浪漫主义、①美国浪漫主义是美国文学史上最重要的时期之一，始于18世纪末期，一直到美国内战的爆发。
它以华盛顿欧文的《见闻杂记》开始到惠特曼《草叶集》结束。
这是美国文学空前繁盛的时期，也被称为美国的文艺复兴时期。
②美国浪漫主义受欧洲浪漫主义运动的影响，并沿袭了部分特点。
他注重自然，强调人的情感和想象力，追求自由，向既定社会制度和传统的挑战，与古典主义形式分离。
③尽管如此，美国浪漫主义文学仍有自由的独特风格。
A.美国浪漫主义本质上是一个“全新的经历”的表达，因新大陆充满生机与活力使美国浪漫主义有种异国情调。
B.清教主义对美国浪漫主义有显著影响。
④美国浪漫主义作家包括：华盛顿欧文，詹姆斯库伯，艾默生，梭罗，纳撒尼尔霍桑，麦尔维尔，惠特曼等。
2.新英格兰的超验主义①超验主义是1836年到1860年在新英格兰发起的一场文化，哲学，艺术运动，是浪漫主义在新英格兰的代名词。
②这场运动由爱默生领导，由其他一些有影响力的知识分子发起。
③核心思想是人能够超越感觉和理性直接认识真理。
超验主义者强调超灵，个人和自然的重要性。
人人都有内在的神性，只有通过接触自然才能使神性和天性相互融合，从而超验主义者强调个人主义，自立，拒绝传统的权威思想。
超验主义者从自然中汲取灵感④美国的超验主义作为一种文化遗产，对美国的道德观产生了深远的影响，对美国的浪漫主义的影响也十分显著。
代表作：艾默生的《论自然》《美国学者》，梭罗的《瓦尔登湖》3.象征主义象征主义是19世纪末在文学和视觉领域中始于法国的一次运动，它首先出现在法国诗人波德莱尔的诗歌中。
英美文学期末复习名词解释
1、international theme国际主义James often wrote the pattern of the conf1ict both amusing and serious between American and Eur opean manners and customs.2、metaphysical school玄学派Metaphysical poetry is a derogatory term invented by John Dryden and later adopted by Samuel Johnson describing a school of highly intellectual poetry marked by bold and ingenious conceits, incongruous imagery, complexity of thoughts, frequent use of paradox, and often by deliberate harshness or rigidity of expression. The main themes of the metaphysical poets are love, death, and religion.3、Realism现实主义The tradition of the brilliant school of critical realism in the 19th century continued its development in the early 20th century by the novelists such Butler. Meredith, Wells and Galsworthy. In their works criticism of the bourgeois world reaches considerable depth and poignancy. Their books condemned the capitalist order of things and uttered cries of suffering and protest.4、the “Lake Poets”or the “Lakers”They are Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey, who have often been mentioned because they lived in the lake district in the northwestern part of England. They shared a community of literary and social outlook in their work. They traversed the same path in politics and in poetry, beginning as radicals and closing as conservatives.5、Local Colorism地方文学A. It is a unique variation of American literary realism.B. It is concerned with and emphasizes the characteristics of a small and well-defined region or province.C. Humor, tall-tales and vernacular are the sources of local colorism writing.6、Free Verse自由体诗is poetry that has an irregular rhythm and line length and that attempts to avoid any predetermined verse structure,( or poetry without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme.) instead, it uses the cadences of natural speech. While it alternates stressed and unstressed syllables as stricter verse forms do, free verse does so in a looser way. Though free verse had been used before Whitman it was he who pioneered the form and made it acceptable in American poetry.7、sonnet十四行诗a short song in the original meaning of the word. Later it became a poem of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter with various rhyming schemes. It was first written by the Italian poet Petrarch who wrote sonnets to a lady name Laura.8、blank verse无韵体诗Verse without rhymes. It is typically in iambic pentameter, the dominant verse form of English dramatic and narrative poetry since the mid-16th century. The first practitioner of English dramatic blank verse is Christopher Marlowe.9、Imagism in Poetry诗歌意象派Imagism is the name given to a movement in poetry, originating in 1912 and represented by Ezra Pound, Amy Lowell, and others, aiming at clarity of expression through the use of precise visual images. (when speaking of images in poetry we generally mean a word or sequence of words that refers to any sensory experience. Often this experience is a sight, but it may be a sound or a touch. It may be an odor or a state or perhaps bodily sensation such as pain, or the perception of something cold.。
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英美文学考试名词解释和简答（自己整理的）1.The glorious revolution (光荣革命): the overthrow(推翻、瓦解) of king JamesⅡof England takes place in 1688 by a union of parliamentarians with an invading army led by William of Orange who, as a result ascended（上升、登高）the English throne（君主、王权）as William Ⅲ of England. It was also known as White Revolution because it caused no bloodshed(流血、杀戮). It marked the real beginning of the constitutional monarchy in England.2. How did the “Glorious Revolution” break out? What was the significance of it?In 1685 Charles II died and was succeeded by his brother James II. James, who was brought up in exile(流犯）in Europe, was a Catholic; He hoped to rule without giving up his personal religious views. But England was no more tolerant of a Catholic king in 1688 than 40 years. So the English politicians rejected James II, and appealed to a Protestant king, William of Orange, to invade and take the English throne. William landed in England in 1688. The takeover was relatively smooth, with no bloodshed, no any execution of the king. This was known as the Glorious Revolution. William and his wife Mary were both Protestants and became co-monarchs. They accepted the Bill of Rights. It’s the beginning of the age of constitutional monarchy.2.Great charter (大宪章): Known as the Great Charter, it was the first famous political document to limit the king’s powers in English history. It was signed in 1215 by King John at a conference at Runnymede（兰尼米德）, an island in the Thames River four miles downstream （下游的、顺流而下的）from Windsor（温莎）. It containsaltogether 63 clauses（条款）, among which the most important ones are: no tax should be made without the approval of the Grand Council（天庭会议）; no freeman should be arrested, imprisoned, or deprived（缺乏教育的）of his property except by the law of the land;没有大议会批准不准征税；不得随意逮捕，拘禁自由民，不依照土地法不得剥夺其财产；The king must promise to observe the rights of his vassals（诸侯、封臣）and the vassals in turn must observe the rights of their men, and the king also should permit merchants to move about freely and should observe the privileges of the various towns. 2. Comments: The great charter was the first step of constitutional experiment. It tried to establish a legal relation between the king and his barons by defining their respective rights and obligations. The great charter made it possible for the new-born bourgeoisie to enter into politics because it granted some power to the great council which was the embryonic form of the English parliament. The great charter protected the rights of the merchant class. This facilitated（促进）the development of commerce and handcraft. (It was arguably the most significant early influence on the extensive historical process that led to rule of constitutional law today in the English speaking world.)3.Monarch: In law, the monarch has many supreme powers, but in practice, the real power of monarch has been solely（单独的，唯一的）onthe advice of her ministers. She reigns but does not rule（统而不治）. The real power lies in the parliament, or to be exact, in the House of Commons. 2. The monarch actually has no real power. The monarch’s power is limited by law and parliament. The monarch symbolizes the tradition and unity of the British state, have a weekly chat with the Prime Minister, and to giveRoyal Assent to Bills passed by Parliament.(对议会通过的法案给予御准)4.The presidential elections: The general election, held on the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November in each election year, is technically divided into two stages. During the first stage, states elect their presidential electors. The number of presidential electors for each state is equal to the total number of its representatives in congress plus two senators. The total number of presidential electors for the nation is 538, with 3 from Washington D.C. I n the second stage (十二月的第三个星期一) the electors meet to elect the president. (electoral college)5.Ivy League（常春藤高校联盟）: It was founded in 1954, an athletic conference comprising eight private institutions（体系）of higher education in the Northern United States. The term is most commonly used to refer to those eight schools considered as a group and also has connotations(含义) of academic excellence, selectivity in admissions, and social elitism（精英主义）.常春藤名校联盟：Brown University (布朗大学), Columbia University, Cornell University（康奈尔大学）,Dartmouth College（达特茅斯大学）, Harvard University, Princeton University（普林斯顿大学）, University of Pennsylvania （宾夕法尼亚大学）, Yale University6.Pilgrim Father (开国元勋): In September, 1620, a group of 101 puritans and some employees left Plymouth, England, and sailed for America in the ship named Mayflower. They founded the colony of Plymouth (普利茅斯) in New England. So these early puritans in New England were called the pilgrim father.7.New deal: 1. The New Deal included the following contents;(1) establishment and strengthening of government regulation and control of banking, credit and currency systems,overcoming the financial crisis and restriction of certain extreme practices of financial capital;(2) federal government management of relief and establishment of social security system such as the formation of the Civilian Conservation Crops and the setting-up of the Tennessee Valley Authority(田纳西州流域管理局);(3) Stimulation of the recovery of industry and agriculture;(4) formulation and implementation of federal labor laws to raise the role of labor in the relations of production; 2. Comments on the new deal: Roosevelt’s new deal was an American type of social reforms which was based on the new concept that the government was responsible for the healthy development of national economy and social security, and that the growth of production could be maintained only if the great body of the consumers could continue to purchase its output. No economy could develop if it was beset by overproduction and large stockpiles（库存）. To achieve balanced development, the new deal increased government interference n the nation’s economic life, strengthening the trend towards big government. (The New Deal----In order to deal with the Depression, President Franklin Roosevelt put forward the New Deal program. It passed a lot of New Deal laws and set up many efficient social security systems. The New Deal helped to save American democracy and the development of American economy)8.Domesday Book (英国土地制度): It is a book compiled by a gr oup of clerks under the sponsorship of King William. The book w as in fact a property record. It was the result of a general survey of land resources. It was one of the important measures adopted by William I to establish the full feudal system in England9.Norman Conquest----The Norman Conquest of 1066 isperhaps the best-known event in English history. William landed his arm y in Oct, 1066 and defeated King Harold. Then he was crowned king of England on Christmas Day the same year. He established a strong Norman government and the feudal system in Engl and. 结果：（William confiscated almost all the land and gave i t to his Norman followers. He replaced the weak Saxon rule wi th a strong Norman government. So the feudal system was completely established in England. Relations with the Continent were opened, and civilization and commerce were extended. Norman-French culture, language, manners, and architecture were been introduced. The church was brought into closer connection with Rome, and the church courts were separated from the civil cour ts.）原因：（It was said that king Edward had promised the En glish throne to William but the Witan chose Harold as king. So William led his army to invade England. In October 1066, duri ng the important battle of Hastings, William defeated Harold and killed him. On Christmas Day, William was crowned king ofEngland, thus beginning the Norman Conquest of England.）10.Public school：(1) It is a kind of independent privately-owned secondary boarding schools in Britain. (2) These schools are financially supported by tuition fees and private funds.（3）Public schools have their own characteristics and strict rules. (4) These schools focus their attention on developing pupils’ minds as well as bodies.11.Roman invasion: The Roman first invaded Britain in 55BC.Itwas not until AD43 that they eventually conquered the Celts liv ing in what is today England and Wales. The Roman occupatio n of Britain lasted for 400 years, but it was never a total occu pation. British recorded history begins with the Roman invasion.。