郑大MTI2019年百科卷真题
2019-2019真题 (包含01 02 03 04)共161页word资料
2019年全国攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试英语试题Part I Cloze TestDirections：For each numbered blank in the following passage, there are four choices marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Choose the best one and mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (10 points) The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up people involved in prominent cases 1 the trial of Rosemary West.In a significant 2 of legal controls over the press, Lord Irvine, the Lord Chancellor, will introduce a 3 bill that will propose making payments to witnesses 4 and will strictly control the amount of 5 that can be given to a case 6 a trial begins.In a letter to Gerald Kaufman, chairman of the House of Commons media select committee, Lord Irvine said he 7 with a committee report this year which said that self regulation did not 8 sufficient control.9 of the letter came two days after Lord Irvine caused a 10 of media protest when he said the 11 of privacy controls contained in European legislation would be left to judges 12 to Parliament.The Lord Chancellor said introduction of the Human Rights Bill, which 13 the European Convention on Human Rights legally 14 in Britain, laid down that everybody was 15 to privacy and that public figures could go to court to protect themselves and their families.“Press freedoms will be in safe hands 16 our British judges,” he sa id.Witness payments became an 17 after West was sentenced to 10 life sentences in 1995. Up to 19 witnesses were 18 to have received payments for telling their stories to newspapers. Concerns were raised 19 witnesses might be encouraged exaggerate their stories in court to 20 guilty verdicts.1.［A］as to ［B］for instance ［C］in particular ［D］such as2.［A］tightening ［B］intensifying ［C］focusing ［D］fastening3.［A］sketch ［B］rough ［C］preliminary ［D］draft4.［A］illogical ［B］illegal ［C］improbable ［D］improper5.［A］publicity ［B］penalty ［C］popularity ［D］peculiarity6.［A］since ［B］if ［C］before ［D］as7.［A］sided ［B］shared ［C］complied ［D］agreed8.［A］present ［B］offer ［C］manifest ［D］indicate9.［A］Release ［B］Publication ［C］Printing ［D］Exposure10.［A］storm ［B］rage ［C］flare ［D］flash11.［A］translation ［B］interpretation ［C］exhibition ［D］demonstration12.［A］better than ［B］other than ［C］rather than ［D］sooner than13.［A］changes ［B］makes ［C］sets ［D］turns14.［A］binding ［B］convincing ［C］restraining ［D］sustaining15.［A］authorized ［B］credited ［C］entitled ［D］qualified16.［A］with ［B］to ［C］from ［D］by17.［A］impact ［B］incident ［C］inference ［D］issue18.［A］stated ［B］remarked ［C］said ［D］told19.［A］what ［B］when ［C］which ［D］that20.［A］assure ［B］confide ［C］ensure ［D］guaranteePart II Reading ComprehensionDirections:Each of the passages below is followed by some questions. For each questions there are four answers marked [A], [B], [C] and [D]. Read the passages carefully and choose the best answer to each of the questions. Then mark your answer on ANSWER SHEET 1 by blackening the corresponding letter in the brackets with a pencil. (40 points)Passage 1Specialisation can be seen as a response to the problem of an increasing accumulation of scientific knowledge. By splitting up the subject matter into smaller units，one man could continue to handle the information and use it as the basis for further research. But specialisation was only one of a series of related developments in science affecting the process of communication. Another was the growing professionalisation of scientific activity.No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless, the word “amateur”does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values. The growth of specialisation in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom.A comparison of British geological publications over the last century and a half reveals not simply an increasing emphasis on the primacy of research, but also a changing definition of what constitutes an acceptable research paper. Thus, in the nineteenth century, local geological studies represented worthwhile research in their own right; but, in the twentieth century, local studies have increasingly become acceptable to professionals only if they incorporate, and reflect on, the wider geological picture. Amateurs, on the other hand, have continued to pursue local studies in the old way. The overall result has been to make entrance to professional geological journals harder for amateurs, a result that has been reinforced by the widespread introduction of refereeing, first by national journals in the nineteenth century and then by several local geological journals in the twentieth century. As a logical consequence of this development, separate journals have now appeared aimed mainly towards either professional or amateur readership. A rather similar process of differentiation has led to professional geologists coming together nationally within one or two specific societies, whereas the amateurs have tended either toremain in local societies or to come together nationally in a different way.Although the process of professionalisation and specialisation was already well under way in British geology during the nineteenth century, its full consequences were thus delayed until the twentieth century. In science generally, however, the nineteenth century must be reckoned as the crucial period for this change in the structure of science.21. The growth of specialisation in the 19th century might be more clearly seen insciences such as _______.[AJ sociology and chemistry [B] physics and psychology[C] sociology and psychology [D] physics and chemistry22. We can infer from the passage that _______.[A] there is little distinction between specialisation and professionalisation[B] amateurs can compete with professionals in some areas of science[C] professionals tend to welcome amateurs into the scientific community[D] amateurs have national academic societies but no local ones23. The author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate ______.[A] the process of specialisation and professionalisation[B] the hardship of amateurs in scientific study[C] the change of policies in scientific publications[D] the discrimination of professionals against amateurs24. The direct reason for specialisation is _______.[A] the development in communication[B] the growth of professionalisation[C] the expansion of scientific knowledge[D] the splitting up of academic societiesPassage 2A great deal of attention is being paid today to the so-called digital divide-the division of the world into the info (information) rich and the info poor. And that divide does exist today. My wife and I lectured about this looming danger twenty years ago. What was less visible then, however, were the new, positive forces that work against the digital divide. There are reasons to be optimistic.There are technological reasons to hope the digital divide will narrow. As the Internet becomes more and more commercialized, it is in the interest of business to universalize access-after all, the more people online, the more potential customers there are. More and more governments, afraid their countries will be left behind, want to spread Internet access. Within the next decade or two, one to two billion people on the planet will he netted together. As a result, I now believe the digital divide will narrow rather than widen in the years ahead. And that is very good news because the Internet may well be the most powerful tool for combating world poverty that we’ve ever had.Of course, the use of the Internet isn’t the only way to defeat poverty. And the Internet is not the only tool we have. But it has enormous potential.To take advantage of this tool, some impoverished countries will have to get over their outdated anti-colonial prejudices with respect to foreign investment. Countries that still think foreign investment is an invasion of their sovereignty might well study the history of infrastructure（the basic structural foundations of a society）in the United States. When the United States built its industrial infrastructure, it didn’t have the capital to do so. And that is why America’s Second Wave infrastructure-including roads, harbors, highways, ports and so on-were built with foreign investment. The English, the Germans, the Dutch and the French were investing in Britain’s former colony. They financed them. Immigrant Americans built them. Guess who owns them now? The Americans. I believe the same thing would be true in places like Brazil or anywhere else for that matter. The more foreign capital you have helping you build your Third Wave infrastructure, which today is an electronic infrastructure, the better off you’re going to be. That doesn't mean lying down and becoming fooled, or letting foreign corporations run uncontrolled. But it does mean recognizing how important they can be in building the energy and telecom infrastructures needed to take full advantage of the Internet.25. Digital divide is something _______.[A] getting worse because of the Internet[B] the rich countries are responsible for[C] the world must guard against[D] considered positive today26. Governments attach importance to the Internet because it _______.[A] offers economic potentials[B] can bring foreign funds[C] can soon wipe out world poverty[D] connects people all over the world27. The writer mentioned the case of the United States to justify the policy of_______.[A] providing financial support overseas[B] preventing foreign capital’s control[C] building industrial infrastructure[D] accepting foreign investment28. It seems that now a country’s economy depands much on ______.[A] how well-developed it is electronically[B] whether it is prejudiced against immigrants[C] whether it adopts America’s industrial pattern[D] how much control it has over foreign corporationsPassage 3Why do so many Americans distrust what they read in their newspapers? The American Society of Newspaper Editors is trying to answer this painful question. The organization is deep into a long self-analysis known as the journalism credibility project.Sad to say, this project has turned out to be mostly low-level findings about factual errors and spelling and grammar mistakes, combined with lots of headscratching puzzlement about what in the world those readers really want.But the sources of distrust go way deeper. Most journalists learn to see the world through a set of standard templates (patterns) into which they plug each day’s events. In other words, there is a conventional story line in the newsroom culture that provides a backbone and a ready-made narrative structure for otherwise confusions news.There exists a social and cultural disconnect between journalists and their readers which helps explain why the “standard templates”of the newsroom seem alien many readers. In a recent survey, questionnaires were sent to reporters in five middle size cities around the country, plus one large metropolitan area. Then residents in these communities were phoned at random and asked the same questions.Replies show that compared with other Americans, journalists are more likely to live in upscale neighborhoods, have maids, own Mercedeses, and trade stocks, and they’re less likely to go to church, do volunteer work, or put down roots in community.Reporters tend to be part of a broadly defined social and cultural elite, so their work tends to reflect the conventional values of this elite. The astonishing distrust of the news media isn’t rooted in inaccuracy or poor reportorial skills but in the daily clash of world views between reporters and their readers.This is an explosive situation for any industry, particularly a declining one. Here is a troubled business that keeps hiring employees whose attitudes vastly annoy the customers. Then it sponsors lots of symposiums and a credibility project dedicated to wondering why customers are annoyed and fleeing in large numbers. But it never seems to get around to noticing the cultural and class biases that so many former buyers are complaining about. If it did, it would open up its diversity program, now focused narrowly on race and gender, and look for reporters who differ broadly by outlook, values, education, and class.29. What is the passage mainly about?[A] needs of the readers all over the world.[B] causes of the public disappointment about newspapers.[C] origins of the declining newspaper industry.[D] aims of a journalism credibility project.30. The results of the journalism credibility project turned out to be ______.[A] quite trustworthy [B] somewhat contradictory[C] very illuminating [D] rather superficial31. The basic problem of journalists as pointed out by the writer lies in their______.[A] working attitude [B] conventional lifestyle[C] world outlook [D] educational background32. Despite its efforts, the newspaper industry still cannot satisfy the readersowing to its_______.[A] failure to realize its real problem[B] tendency to hire annoying reporters[C] likeliness to do inaccurate reporting[D] prejudice in matters of race and genderPassage 4The world is going through the biggest wave of mergers and acquisitions ever witnessed. The process sweeps from hyperactive America to Europe and reaches the emerging countries with unsurpassed might. Many in these countries are looking at this process and worrying: "Won't the wave of business concentration turn into an uncontrollable anti-competitive force?"There's no question that the big are getting bigger and more powerful. Multinational corporations accounted for less than 20% of international trade in 1982. Today the figure is more than 25% and growing rapidly. International affiliates account for a fast-growing segment of production in economies that open up and welcome foreign investment. In Argentina, for instance, after the reforms of the early 1990s, multinationals went from 43% to almost 70% of the industrial production of the 200 largest firms. This phenomenon has created serious concerns over the role of smaller economic firms, of national businessmen and over the ultimate stability of the world economy.I believe that the most important forces behind the massive M&A wave are the same that underlie the globalization process: falling transportation and communication costs, lower trade and investment barriers and enlarged markets that require enlarged operations capable of meeting customers' demands. All these are beneficial, not detrimental, to consumers. As productivity grows, the world's wealth increases.Examples of benefits or costs of the current concentration wave are scanty. Yet it is hard to imagine that the merger of a few oil firms today could re-create the same threats to competition that were feared nearly a century ago in the U.S., when the Standard Oil trust was broken up. The mergers of telecom companies, such as WorldCom, hardly seem to bring higher prices for consumers or a reduction in the pace of technical progress. On the contrary, the price of communications is coming down fast. In cars, too, concentration is increasing-witness Daimler and Chrysler, Renault and Nissan-but it does not appear that consumers are being hurt.Yet the fact remains that the merger movement must be watched. A few weeks ago, Alan Greenspan warned against the megamergers in the banking industry. Who is going to supervise, regulate and operate as lender of last resort with the gigantic banks that are being created? Won't multinationals shift production from one place to another when a nation gets too strict about infringements to fair competition? And should one country take upon itself the role of “defending competition”on issues that affect many other nations, as in the U S. vs. Microsoft case ?33. What is the typical trend of businesses today?[A] to take in more foreign funds. [B] to invest more abroad.[C] to combine and become bigger. [D] to trade with more countries.34. According to the author, one of the driving forces behind M&A wave is ______[A] the greater customer demands. [B] a surplus supply for the market.[C] a growing productivity. [D] the increase of the world's wealth.35. From paragraph 4 we can infer that ______.[A] the increasing concentration is certain to hurt consumers[B] WorldCom serves as a good example of both benefits and costs[C] the costs of the globalization process are enormous[D] the Standard Oil trust might have threatened competition36. Toward the new business wave, the writer's attitude can he said to be _______.[A] optimistic [B] objective[C] pessimistic [D] biasedPassage 5When I decided to quit my full time employment it never occurred to me that I might become a part of a new international trend. A lateral move that hurt my pride and blocked my professional progress prompted me to abandon my relatively high profile career although, in the manner of a disgraced government minister, I covered my exit by claiming “I wanted to spend more time with my family”.Curiously, some two-and-a-half years and two novels later, my experiment in what the Americans term “downshifting”has turned my tired excuse into an absolute reality. I have been transformed from a passionate advocate of the philosophy of “having it all”, preached by Linda Kelsey for the past seven years in the pages of She magazine, into a woman who is happy to settle for a bit of everything.I have discovered, as perhaps Kelsey will after her much-publicized resignation from the editorship of She after a build-up of stress, that abandoning the doctrine of “juggling your life”, and making the alternative move into “downshifting”brings with it far greater rewards than financial success and social status. Nothing could persuade me to return to the kind of life Kelsey used to advocate and I once enjoyed: 12-hour working days, pressured deadlines, the fearful strain of office politics and the limitations of being a parent on “quality time”.In America, the move away from juggling to a simpler, less materialistic lifestyle is a well-established trend. Downshifting-also known in America as “voluntary simplicity” has, ironically, even bred a new area of what might be termed anticonsumerism. There are a number of bestselling downshifting self-help books for people who want to simplify their lives; there are newsletter's, such as The Tightwad Gazette, that give hundreds of thousands of Americans useful tips on anything from recycling their cling-film to making their own soap; there are even support groups for those who want to achieve the mid- '90s equivalent of dropping out.While in America the trend started as a reaction to the economic decline——after the mass redundancies caused by downsizing in the late’80s——and is still linked to the politics of thrift, in Britain, at least among the middle-class downshifters of my acquaintance, we have different reasons for seeking to simplifyour lives.For the women of my generation who were urged to keep juggling through the’80s, downshifting in the mid-'90s is not so much a search for the mythical good life ——growing your own organic vegetables, and risking turning into one——as a personal recognition of your limitations.37. Which of the following is true according to paragraph 1?[A] Full-time employment is a new international trend.[B] The writer was compelled by circumstances to leave her job.[C] “A lateral move” means stepping out of full-time employment.[D] The writer was only too eager to spend more time with her family.38. The writer’s experiment shows that downshifting ____[A] enables her to realize her dream[B] helps her mold a new philosophy of life[C] prompts her to abandon her high social status[D] leads her to accept the doctrine of She magazine39. “Juggling one’s life” probably means living a life characterized by_____.[A] non-materialistic lifestyle [B] a bit of everything[C] extreme stress [D] anti-consumerism40. According to the passage, downshifting emerged in the U.S. as a result of _____[A] the quick pace of modern life [B] man’s adventurous spirit[C] man’s search for mythical experiences [D] the economic situationPart III English-Chinese TranslationDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2. (15 points) In less than 30 years’ time the Star Trek holodeck will be a reality. Direct links between the brain’s nervous system and a computer will also create full sensory virtual environments, allowing virtual vacations like those in the film Total Recall.41）There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend. 42）Children will play with dolls equipped with personality chips, computers with in-built personalities will be regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front of smell television, and digital age will have arrived.According to BT’s futurologist, Ian Pearson, these are among the developments scheduled for the first few decades of the new millennium（a period of 1,000 years）, when supercomputers will dramatically accelerate progress in all areas of life.43）Pearson has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place. Someof the biggest developments will be in medicine, including an extended life expectancy and dozens of artificial organs coming into use between now and 2040.Pearson also predicts a breakthrough in computer-human links. “By lin king directly to our nervous system, computers could pick up what we feel and, hopefully, simulate feeling too so that we can start to develop full sensory environments, rather like the holidays in Total Recall or the Star Trek holodeck, ” he says. 44）But that, Pearson points out, is only the start of man-machine integration: “It will be the beginning of the long process of integration that will ultimately lead to a fully electronic human before the end of the next century.”Through his research, Pearson is able to put dates to most of the breakthroughs that can be predicted. However, there are still no forecasts for when faster-than-light travel will be available, or when human cloning will be perfected, or when time travel will be possible. But he does expect social problems as a result of technological advances. A boom in neighborhood surveillance cameras will, for example, cause problems in 2019, while the arrival of synthetic lifelike robots will mean people may not be able to distinguish between their human friends and the droids. 45）And home appliances will also become so smart that controlling and operating them will result in the breakout of a new psychological disorder—kitchen rage.Section V Writing46. Directions:Among all the worthy feelings of mankind, love is probably the noblest, but everyone has his/her own understanding of it.There has been a discussion recently on the issue in a newspaper. Write an essay to the newspaper to1）show your understanding of the symbolic meaning of the picture below.2）give a specific example, and3）give your suggestion as to the best way to show love.第一部分英语知识应运试题解析一、文章总体分析本文是一篇报道性的文章，介绍了自露丝玛莉·韦斯特案件发生后，政府、法院、媒体各方面对于付款给证人的反应。
郑大MTI2019年百科卷真题
2019年郑州大学MTI真题448汉语写作与百科知识一、单选（15*2）1、《诗经》经传由谁编订？2、原子论的创始人？3、‘知否知否，应是绿肥红瘦’中，红指的哪种花？4、巨石阵位于英国哪里？5、‘会当凌绝顶，一览众山小’是要登哪座山？6、美国民族文学之父是谁？7、“骈文”的骈的拼音是什么？8、意大利米兰大教堂属于（）式建筑？9、“非淡泊无以明志，非宁静无以致远”出自哪里？10、“生发未燥,以拜列侯；身未离襁褓,业披冠带”的现象源于我国哪一项选官制度？A征辟制B察举制C九品中正制D科举制11、欧洲交响乐之父是谁？12、哪一部作品与气候、物种无关？A《夏小正》B《诗经》C《山海经》D《周髀算经》13、笛卡尔的唯理论以什么为模型？A B C D 生物学14、下列哪两部作品出自同一个作者？《到灯塔去》《红与黑》….总共8个15、古希腊哲学家在看待万物起源时提出了“四根说”，其顺序是怎样的？A 水、气、火、土B 气、火、水、土C 火、气、土、水D 土、气、水、火参考答案：1、孔子；2、德谟克利特；3、海棠；4、英格兰；5、泰山；6、华盛顿·欧文；7、骈pián；8、哥特式；9、诸葛亮《诫子书》；10、九品中正制；11、海顿；12、《周髀算经》；13、几何学；14、略；15、A水、气、火、土四种物质是万物的本原，即所谓的“四根说”，水元素：西方第一位哲学家泰勒斯（约公元前625-547）认为宇宙万物都是由水这种基本元素构成的.气元素：泰勒斯的学生阿那克西曼德（约公元前610－546）认为基本元素不可能是水,而是某种不明确的无限物质.阿那克西曼德的学生阿那克西美尼（约公元前585－525）进一步解析到基本元素是气,气稀释成了火,浓缩则成了风,风浓缩成了云,云浓缩成了水,水浓缩成了石头,然后由这一切构成了万物.火元素：赫拉克利特（约公元前535－475）认为万物由火而生,所以永远处于变化之中.土元素及四元素说的形成：恩培多克勒（约公元前490-430）,综合了前人的看法,再添加“土”,遂有水、气、火、土四元素.二、名词解释（5*6）1、相声艺术2、亚里士多德3、专利制度4、非物质文化遗产5、全球化参考答案：1、相声艺术一般指相声，相声是一种民间说唱曲艺。
真命题2019年度英语一
2019年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语(一)试题Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET (10 points)Today we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigation apps areavailable on our smart phones. I of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone. Butphones 2 on batteries, and batteries can die faster than we realize, 3 you get lost withouta phone or a compass, and you 4 cant find north, a few tricks to help you navigate_5 tocivilization, one of which is to follow the land.When you find yourself well 6 a trail, but not in a completely 7 area, you have toanswer two questions: Which 8 is downhill, in this particular area? And where is the nearestwater source? Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and onsupplies of fresh water._9 ,ifyou head downhill, and follow any H20 you find, you should 10 see signs of peopleIf you’ve explored the area before, keep an eye out for familiar sights-you may be 11how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings.Another 12 Climb high and look for signs of human habitation. 13 even in densefores, you should be able to 14 gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, and otherpaths people carve 15 the woods. Head toward these 16 to find a way out. At mightcan the horizon for 17 light sources such as fires and streetlights, then walk toward the glowof light pollution.18 , assuming you're lost in an area humans tend to frequent, look for the 19 weleave on the landscape. Trail blazes tire tracks. and other features can 20 you to civilization.1.[A]Some [B]Most [C] Few [D] All2.[A]put [B]take [C] run [D] come3. [A]Since [B]If [C]Though [D] until4. [A]Formally [B]relatively [C] gradually [D] literally5. [A] back [B]next [C] around [D] away6. [A] onto [B]off [C]across [D] alone7. [A] unattractive [B]uncrowded [C]unchanged[D]unfamiliar8.[A] site [B]point [C]way [D] place9. [A] So [B]Yet [C]Instead [D] BesideslO. [A] immediately [B] intentionally [C] unexpectedly[D]eventually11.[A] surprised [B] annoyed [C] frightened[D]confused12.[A] problem [B]option [C]view [D] result13. [A] Above all [B] In contrast [C]On average [D] For example14. [A]bridge [B] avoid [C]spot [D] separate15. [A]form [B]through [C] beyond [D] Under16. [A] posts [B]links [C] shades [D]breaks17. [A] artificial [B] mysterious [C]hidden [D]limited18. [A] Finally [B]Consequently [C]Incidentally [D] Generally19. [A] memories [B]marks [C]notes[D]belongings20. [A]restrict [B]adopt [C] lead [D] exposeSection II Reading Comprehension Part ADirections:Read the following four texts, Answer the questions each text by choosing A B. C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET (40 points) Text 1Financial regulators in Britain have imposed a rather unusual rule on the bosses of big banks.Starting next year. any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed 1o years if their banks are under investigation for wrongdoing. The main purpose of this " clawback" rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk taking and to restore public trust in financial institution, Yet officials also hope for a much larger benefit: more long term decision-making not only by banks but by all corporations, to build a stronger economy for future generations.“Short-termism”or the desire for quick profits, has worsened in publicly traded companies.says the Bank of England's top economist. Andrew Haldane. He quotes a gaint of classicaleconomics, Alfred Marshall in describing this financial impatience as acting like" Children whopick the plums out of their pudding to eat them at once”rather than putting them aside to be eaten last.The average time for holding a stock in both the United States and Britain. he notes hasdropped from seven years to seven months in recent decades. Transient investors, who demandhigh quarterly profits from companies, can hinder a firms efforts to invest in lone-term researchor to build up customer loyalty. This has been dubbed "quarterly capitalism”.In addition, new digital technologies have allowed more rapid trading of equities quicker useof information, and thus shorters attention spans in financial markets. " There seems to be apredominance of short- term thinking at the expense of long-term investing,”said CommissionerDaniel Gallagher of the US Securities and Exchange Commission in a speech this week.In the US, the Sarbanes-Oxley Acl of 2002 has pushed most public companies to deferperformance bonuses for senior executives by about a year, slightly helping reduce"short-termism. " In its latest survey of CEO pay The Wall street Journal finds that"a substantial part"of executive pay is now tied to performance.Much more could be done to encourage "long-termism, such as changes in the tax codeand quicker disclosure of stock acquisitions. In France, shareholders who hold onto a companyinvestment for at least two years can sometimes can more voting rights in a company.Within companies, the right compensation design can provide incentives for executives tothink beyond their own time at the company and on behalf of all stakeholders, Britain’s new rule is a reminder to bankers that society has an interest in their performance not just for the short term but for the long term.21. According to Paragraph 1, one motive in imposing the new rule is theA. enhance bankers' sense of responsibilityB help corporations achieve larger profitsC. build a new system of financial regulationD. guarantee the bonuses of top executives22. Alfred Marshall is quoted to indicateA. the conditions for generating quick profitsB. governments impatience in decision-makingC. the solid structure of publicly traded companiesD. "short-termism" in economic activities23. It is argued that the influence of transient investment on public companies can beA. inditedB. adverseC. minimal D temporary24. The US and France examples and used to illustrateA. the obstacles to preventing "short-termism.B. the significance or long term thinking.C. the approaches to promoting long-termism.D. the prevalence of short-term thinking.25. Which of the following would be the best title for the textA. Failure of Quarterly CapitalismB. Patience as a Corporate VirtueC. Decisiveness Required of Top ExecutivesD. Frustration of Risk-taking BankersText 2Grade inflation-the gradual increase in average GPAs (grade-point averages) over the pastfew decades-is often considered a product of a consumer era in higher education, in whichstudents are treated like customers to be pleased. But another, related force -a policy often buried deep in course catalogs called grade forgiveness"- is helping raise GPAs.Grade forgiveness allows students to retake a course in which they received a low grade, andthe most recent grade or the highest grade is the only one that counts in calculating a student'soverall GPA.The use of this little-known practice has accelerated in recent years, as colleges continue todo their utmost to keep students in school (and paying tuition) and improve their gradation rates.When this practice fir started decades ago, it was usually limited to freshmen, to give them asecond chance to take a class in their first year if they struggled in their transition to college-levelcourses. But now most colleges, save for many selectivecampuses, allow all undergraduates, andeven graduate students, to get their low grades forgiven.College officials tend to emphasize that the goal of grade forgiveness is less about the gradeitself and more about encouraging students to retake courses critical to their degree program andgradation without incurring a big penalty. "Untimely. "said Jack Mine, Ohio State University'sregistrar. "we see students achieve more success because they retake a course and do better insubsequent contents or master the content that allows them to graduate on time.That said, there is a way in which grade forgiveness satisfies colleges own needs as well. Forpublic institutions state finds are sometimes tied partly to their success on metrics such asgraduation rates and student retention so better grades can, by boosting figures like those, meanmore money. And anything that raises GPAs will likely make students who, at the end of the dayare paying the bill-feel they’ve gotten a better value for their tuition dollars, which is another bigconcern for colleges.Indeed grade forgiveness is just another way that universities are responding to consumers'expectations for higher education. Since students and parents expect a college degree to lead to a job, it is in the best interest of a school to tum out gradates who are as qualified as possible-orat least appear to be. On this, students' and colleges’incentives seem to be aligned.26. What is commonly regarded as the cause of grade inflation?A. The change of course catalogs.B. Students indifference to GPAS.C Colleges neglect of GPAS.D. The influence of consumer culture.27. What was the original purpose of grade forgivenessA. To help freshmen adapt to college learning.B. To maintain colleges graduation rates.C. To prepare graduates for a challenging future.D. To increase universities’income from tuition.28. According to Paragraph 5. grade forgiveness enables collegesA. obtain more financial support.B. boost their student enrollments.C. improve their teaching quality.D. meet local governments’needs.29. What does the phrase “to be aligned”(Line 5. Para. 6) most probably mean?A. To counterbalance each otherB. To complement each other.C. To be identical with each otherD. To be contradictory to each other.30. The author examines the practice of grade forgiveness byA assessing its feasibilityB.analyzing the causes behind it.C. comparing different views on it.D. listing its long-run effectsText 3This year marks exactly two centuries since the publication of Frankenstein, or. The ModemPrometheus by Mary Shelley. Even before the invention of the electric light bulb, the authorproduced a remarkable work of speculative fiction that would foreshadow many chical questionsto be raised by technologies yet to come.Today the rapid growth of artificial intelligence (An) raises fundamental questions: "What isintelligence, identity, or consciousness? what makes humans humans?What is being called artificial general intelligence, machines that would imitate the wayhumans think continues to evade scientists. Yet humans remain fascinated by the idea of robotsthat would look, move, and respond like humans, similar to those recently depicted on popularsci-fi Tv series such as"Westworld and"Humans".Just how people think is still far too complex to be understood let alone reproduced, saysDavid Eagleman, a Stanford University neuroscientist, "We are just in a situation where there areno good theories explaining what consciousness actually is and how you could ever build a machine to get there.”But that doesn't mean crucial ethical issues involving Al aren't at hand. The coming use ofautonomous vehicles. for example poses thorny ethical questions. Human drivers sometimemake split-second decisions. Their reactions may be a complex combination of instant reflexes.input from past driving experiences, and what their eyes and ears tell them in that moment. AI"vision"today is not nearly as sophisticated as that of humans. And to anticipate every imaginable driving situation is a difficult programming problem.Whenever decisions are based on masses of data. "you quickly get into a lot of ethicalquestions, "notes Tan Kiat How, chief executive of a Singapore-based agency that is helping thegovernment develop a voluntary code for the ethical use of Al. Along with Singapore, othergovernments and mega-corporations are beginning to establish their own guidelines. Britain issetting up a data ethics center. India released its Al ethics strategy this spring.On June 7 Google pledged not to"design or deploy Ar" that would cause"overall harm, "orto develop Al-directed weapons or use Al for surveillance thatwould violate international norms.It also pledged not to deploy AI whose use would violate international laws or human rights.While the statement is vague, it represents one starting point, So does the idea that decisions made by Al systems should be explainable, transparent. and fair.To put it another way. How can we make sure that the thinking of intelligent machines reflects humanity’s highest values? Only then will they be useful servants and not Frankenstein’s out-of-control monster.31. Mary Shelley’s novel Frankenstein is mentioned becauseA. fascinates Al scientists all over the worldB.has remained popular for as long as 200 years.C. involves some concerns raised by Al todayD.has sparked serious ethical controversies32. In David Eagleman's opinion, our current knowledge of consciousnessA. helps explain artificial intelligence.B. can be misleading to robot makingC. inspires popular sci-fi TV seriesD.is too limited for us to reproduce it33.The solution to the ethical issues brought by autonomous vehiclesA. can hardly ever be found.B. is still beyond our capacityC. causes little public concernD.has aroused much curiosity34. The authors attitude toward Google’s pledges is one ofA. AffirmationB. skepticismC. contemptD. respect35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A. Al’s Future: In the Hands of Tech giantsB. Frankenstein, the Novel Predicting the Age of AC. The Conscience of Al: Complex But InevitableD. AI Shall Be Killers once out of ControlText 4States will be able to force more people to pay sales tax when they make online purchasesunder a Supreme Court decision Thursday that will leave shoppers with lighter wallets but is a bigfinancial win for states.The Supreme Courts opinion Thursday overruled a pair ofdecades-old decisions that statessaid cost them billions of dollars in lost revenue annually. The decisions made it more difficult forstates to collect sales tax on certain online purchases.The cases the court overturned said that if a business was shipping a customers purchase to a state where the business didn’t have a physical presence such as a warehouse or office. thebusiness did 't have to collect sales tax for the state. Customers were generally responsible forpaying the sales tax to the state themselves if they weren’t charged it, but most didn’t realize they owed it and few paid.Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote that the previous decisions were flawed. Each year thephysical presence rule becomes further removed from economic reality and results in significantrevenue losses to the States." he wrote in an opinion joined by four other justices, Kennedy wrote that the rule limited states ability to seek long-term prosperity and has prevented market participants from competing on an even playing field.”The ruling is a victory for big chains with a presence in many states, since they usuallycollect sales tax on online purchases already Now, rivals will be charging sales tax where theyhadn't before, Big chains have been collecting sales tax nationwide because they typically havephysical stores in whatever state a purchase is being shipped to. Amazon. com. with its network of warehouses also collects sales tax in every state that charges it, though third-party sellers who use the site don 't have to.Until now, many sellers that have a physical presence in only a single state or a few stateshave been able to avoid charging sales taxes when they ship to addresses outside those statesSellers that use eBay and Etsy. which provide platforms for smaller sellers, also hatcollecting sales tax nationwide. Under the ruling Thursday, states can pass lawsout.. state sellers to collect the state's sales tax from customers and send it to the staleRetail trade groups praised the ruling. saying it levels the playing field for local and onlinebusinesses. The losers, said retail analyst Neil Saunders, are online-only retailers especiallysmaller ones. Those retailers may face headaches complying with various state sales tax laws. TheSmall Business Entrepreneurship Council advocacy group said in a statement "Smallbusinesses and internet entrepreneurs are not well served at all by this decision.36. The Supreme Court decision Thursday willA. Dette business relations with statesB. put most online business in a dilemmaC. make more online shoppers pay sules taxD. force some sates to ct sales tax37. It can be learned from paragraph 2 and 3 that the overruled decisionsA. have led to the domainance of e-commerceB. have cost consumers a lot over the yearsC. were widely criticized by online purchaseD. were consider unfavorable by states38. According to Justice Anthony Kennedy, the physical presence rule hasA. hindered economic developmentB. brought prosperity to the countryC. harmed fair market competitionD. Boosted growth in states, revenue39. Who are most likely to welcome the Supreme Court rulingA. Internet entrepreneursB. Big- chair ownersB. Third-party sellersD. Small retailers40. In dealing with the Supreme Court decision Thursday the authorA. gives a factual account of it and discusses its consequencesB. describes the long and complicated process of its makingC. presents its main points with conflicting views on themD. cities some saces related to it and analyzes their implicationsPart BDirections.The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45. you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G and filling then into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs C and F have been correctly placed. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)A. These tools can help you win every argument- not in the unhelpful sense of beating youropponents but in the better sense of learning about the issues that divide people learning why they disagree with us and learning to talk and work together with them. If we readjust our view of arguments-from a verbal fight or tennis game to a reasoned exchange through which we all gain mutual respect, and understanding-then we change the very nature of what it means to"win"an argument.B. Of course, many discussions are not so successful. Still, we need to be careful not to accuseopponents of bad arguments too quickly. We need to lean how to evaluate them properly. A largepart of evaluation is calling out bad arguments, but we also need to admit good arguments byopponents and to apply the same critical standards to ourselves. Humility requires you to recognize weakness in your own arguments and sometimes also to accept reasons on the opposite side.C. None of these will be easy but you can start even if othersrefuse to Next time you state yourposition, formulate an argument for what you claim and honestly ask yourself whether yourargument is any good. Next time you talk with someone who takes a stand, ask them to give you a reason for their view Spell out their argument fully and charitably. Assess its strength impartially. Raise objections and listen carefully to their replies.D. Carnegie would be right if arguments were fights, which is how we often think of them. Likephysical tights, verbal fights can leave both sides bloodied. Even when you win, you end up nobetter off. Your prospects would be almost as dismal if arguments were even just competitions like. Say, tennis games. Pairs of opponents hit the ball back and forth until one winner emerges from all who entered. Everybody else loses. This kind of thinking is why so many people try to avoid arguments. especially about politics and religion.E. In his 1936 work How to Win Friends and Influence People, Dale Carnegie wrote: "There isonly one way. to get the best of an argument-and that is to avoid it. " This aversion to arguments is common, but it depends on a mistaken view of arguments that causes profound problems for our personal and social lives- and in many ways misses the point of arguing in the first place.F. These views of arguments also undermine reason. If you see a conversation as a fight orcompetition. you can win by cheating as long as you don go caught. You will be happy toconvince people with bad arguments. You can call their views stupid or joke about how ignorantthey are. None of these tricks will help you understand them, their positions or the issues thatdivide you, but they can help you win-in one way.G. There is a better way to win arguments. Imagine that you favor increasing the minimum wagein our state, and I do not. If you yell, "Yes, "and I yell. "No, "neither of us learns anything. Weneither understand nor respect each other. and we have no basis for compromise or cooperation. In contrast, suppose yougive a reasonable argument: that full-time workers should not have to live in poverty. Then I counter with another reasonable argument: that a higher minimum wage will force businesses to employ fewer people for less time. Now we can understand each other's positions and recognize our shared values, since we both care about needy workers.41-42-F-43-44-C-45Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)It was only after I started to write a weekly column about the medical journals, and begread scientific papers from beginning to end that I realized just how bad much of the medical literature frequency was, I came to recognize various sins of a bad paper: the kind of paper that purports to show that people who est more than one kiloof broccoli a week were 1.17 times more likely than those who eat less to suffer late in life from pernicious anaemia. 46. There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals which, when taken up by broadcasters and the lay press, generate both health scores and short-lived dietary enthusiasms.Why is so much bad science published? A recent paper, titled “The Natural Selection of Bad Science”, published on the Royal Society’s open science website, attempts to answer this intriguing and important question. It says that the problem is not merely than people do bad science,but than out current system of career advancement positively encourages it.what is important is not truth, but inflationary process at work: (47) Nowadays anyone applying for a research post has to have published twice the number of papers than would have been required for the same post only 10 years ago. Never mind the quality,then count the number.(48)Attempts have been made to curd thistendency,for example by trying to incorporate some measure of quality as well as quantity into the assessment of an applicant’s papers. This is the famed citation index,that is to say the number of times a paper has been quoted else where in the scientific literature the assumption being that an important paper will be cited more often than one of small account. (49) This would be reasonable if it were not for the fact that scientist can easily arrange to cite themselves in their future publicat or get associates to do so for them in return for similar favours.Boiling down an individual’s output to simple metrics, such as number of publications or journal impacts,entails considerable saving in time,energy and ambiguity.Unfortunate the long-term costs of using simple quantitative metrics to assess researcher merit are likely to be quite great.(50) If we are serious about ensuring that our science is both meaningful and reproducible ,we must ensure that our institutions encourage that king of science.Section III: WritingPart ADirections:Suppose you are working for the “aiding Rural Primary School”project of your university. Write an email to answer the inquiry from an international student volunteer, specifying the details of the project.You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEETDo not use your own name in the email , use “Li Ming”instead.(10 points)Part BDirections:Write an essay of 160-270 words based on the picture below. In your essay, you should: (1)describe the picture briefly(2)Interpret the implied meaning, and(3)Give your commentsWrite your answer on the ANSWER SHEET(20 points)途中。
2019年河南大学MTI汉语百科初试真题
2019年河南大学MTI汉语百科初试真题
一，名词解释（20•3分）
金砖四国
林纾
4S店
天宫一号
信达雅
春秋笔法
福布斯
法人
G8
循环经济
客家人
黑色幽默
女权主义
隐喻
表现主义
破窗效应
CBD
东盟
普遍语法
南水北调工程
二，应用文（30分）
鼓励全体师生保护环境的倡议书
字数300-500
三，议论文（60分）
古人把读书分为三个阶段。
5岁到15岁是第一个阶段，叫“诵读”——背下来就过关，不需要理解它。
第二个阶段是15岁到25岁。
这个时期读书非常重要，古人叫“学贯”。
要知道文理之间是有关联的，要知道怎么去关联所有的学科中有价值的东西，怎么在未来的生活中应用。
这个时期，相当于我们今天的高中到硕士毕业的阶段。
最后一个阶段是25岁到35岁，要做到两个字“涉猎”。
一定要读不是你专业的书，什么书都要读。
请根据材料撰写一篇议论文，题目自拟，论据充足，不少于800字。
2019年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语真题答案及详解共15页
2019年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语真题答案及详解Section I Use of English1-5 CDBBA 6-10 BADCA 11-15 BCDCB 16-20 DADAC1．C解析：语义逻辑题。
第一句含义是“古希腊哲学家亚里士多德把笑看作是“有益于身体健康的宝贵锻炼”，第二句意思是“但是一些人提出相反的意见，轻笑可能对身体健康影响极小”，两句之间是转折关系，A、B、C、D四个选项中只有C选项表转折“尽管”，故是正确选项。
2．D解析：语义辨析题。
上下文语境是“笑确实能短期的改变”。
A. reflect“反映”，B. demand“要求”，C. indicate“表明，暗示”，D. produce“产生”，只有D 选项符合语境，所以是正确答案。
3．B解析：语义搭配题。
文中提到“笑能够心律呼吸速率。
” A. stabilizing 意思是“安定，稳定”，B. boosting“促进，推进”，C. impairing“损害，削弱”，D. determining“决定”，根据语境应该是“笑能够促进心律呼吸速率”，B为正确答案。
4．B解析：语义辨析题。
这句话意思是“但是因为大笑很难，一次狂笑不可能……”，四个选项的含义分别是 A. transmit “传播”，B. sustain“维持”，C. evaluate “评估”，D. observe“观察”，根据语境，只有B. sustain符合语境。
5．A解析：语义辨析题。
这句话意思是“一次狂笑不可能像比如走路或者慢跑那样对心血管功能产生益处。
” A. measurable“重大的，重要的”，B. manageable“易控制的”，C. affordable“负担得起的”，D. renewable“可再生的”，四个选项中能和“益处”搭配的只有A. measurable，故是正确答案。
6．B解析：逻辑分析题。
第二段第一句是说“其他的锻炼可以拉紧增强肌肉，很显然笑确是起到了……作用”，对上文有承接还有转折的关系，A. In turn 意思是“轮流”，C. In addition是“另外”，D. In brief 意思是“简而言之”，都不符合语境，只有B. In fact“事实上”符合上下文语境，是正确选项。
2019年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语翻译基础B卷试题及参考答案
姓名：报考专业： 准考证号码：密封线内不要写题2019年全国硕士研究生招生考试初试自命题试题科目名称：英语翻译基础（□A 卷■B 卷）科目代码：357考试时间：3小时 满分150分可使用的常用工具：√无 □计算器 □直尺 □圆规（请在使用工具前打√）注意：所有答题内容必须写在答题纸上，写在试题或草稿纸上的一律无效；考完后试题随答题纸交回。
Part One Phrase Translation(30 points)Directions: This part consists of two sections. In the following two sections you are supposed to translate 30 expressions, abbreviations or proper names, either from English to Chinese or from Chinese to English.Section A English to Chinese (15 points)1) ASEAN 2) hitch ride3) (UK) Chancellor of the Exchequer 4) e-sports tournament 5) digital strip searches6) Office of the US Trade Representative 7) lunar exploration program 8) tax declaration9) International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) 10) White House Correspondents Association 11) pseudo base station 12) applets 13) wearable devices 14) zombie policy 15) seagoing airbaseSection B Chinese to English (15 points)1) 家庭收支 2) 收视率造假 3) 刷脸2019年攻读硕士学位研究生入学考试答案科目名称：英语翻译基础（□A卷■B卷）科目代码：357考试时间：3小时满分 150 分可使用的常用工具：√□无□计算器□直尺□圆规（请在使用工具前打√）注意：所有答题内容必须写在答题纸上，写在试题或草稿纸上的一律无效；考完后试题随答题纸交回。
2019年考研郑州大学外国语言学与应用语言学专业真题回忆
日语第一题汉字写假名病院亲切登简单伝第二题假名写汉字借りますえききらい世话热第三四题单选就是简单的语法背熟上下册就可以了挺简单的三篇阅读也不太难可以看懂日译汉是关于早餐的大致就是日本不吃早饭的人变多了什么的很简单完全可以看懂的汉译日你知道小王什么时候来吗小李你会做中国菜吗开着窗户就睡着了请不要吧垃圾扔到窗外如果明天下雨就不出去了语言学单选十个有the boy smiled是exocentric什么语言是用的syllabic 什么的选择很简单名词解释adjacency pairfolk etymologyunmarked termlinguistic determinismnarrow transcription分析题the rules used in corpus data用例子分析用error and mistake分析三个句子good ladies,evening and gentlemen第二句是two teas tea is uncountable noun文学十个判断我也不太会选段五个第一个是TS Eliot the love song of j.alfred prufrock第二个是Ezra pound in a station of the metro第三个是jonathan swift gullivers travels后两个不知道名词解释美学主义和启蒙运动选段赏析听说是汤婷婷的女勇士翻译汉译英挺偏向政治方面的感觉郑大好像不怎么考散文类的大家还是多关注政治方面的翻译英译汉我没怎么看懂有点难翻译理论给了静夜思的两个翻译版本认为哪个好为什么我觉得是考直译和异译这个基础英语题型和原来一样单词一定要背我就是考前两个月没在背过原来背了几遍也给忘了有writ whimisical manger custody exult infamy 想不太起来了修辞其实不难了解一下修辞手法就可以了阅读不难两篇翻译汉译英偏政治方向英译汉关于书籍的作文是my view on parent-children relationship in china20的小可爱们加油啊有什么不懂的可以咨询我。
翻译硕士(MTI)汉语写作与百科知识(文学艺术)历年真题试卷汇编1.doc
翻译硕士（MTI）汉语写作与百科知识（文学艺术）历年真题试卷汇编1(总分：66.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、单项选择题(总题数：20，分数：40.00)1.下列句子中，没有语病的一句是( )。
（分数：2.00）A.“严打”取得了显著成果，路霸匪患已经肃清或被大部分剿灭B.他体型虽然细长，但体重却只有不足一百斤C.不难看出，他学习成绩不断下降，其根本原因是学习不够刻苦在作怪D.意思的表达要防止对方产生误解和歧义，这是语言的清晰性在消极方面的要求2.我国第一部文学理论评论专著是( )。
（分数：2.00）A.《文心雕龙》B.《汉书》C.《诗品》D.《史记》3.儒家思想在后世不断发展，下列主张哪个具有民主启蒙色彩?( )（分数：2.00）A.民为贵，社稷次之，君为轻B.制天命而用之C.天人感应，君权神授D.为天下之大害者，君而已矣4.“孟母三迁”的故事说明了( )因素对人发展的影响。
（分数：2.00）A.遗传B.环境C.教育D.社会活动5.《清明上河图》，中国十大传世名画之一，是北宋画家( )的杰作。
（分数：2.00）A.米芾B.张择端C.郭熙D.吴道子6.在“精卫填海”的故事里，“精卫”是( )。
（分数：2.00）A.一个巨人B.一只鸟C.一条大鱼D.一条龙7.古代六艺，“礼、乐、射、御、书、数”中的“御”是指( )。
（分数：2.00）A.舞蹈B.下棋C.武术D.驾车8.先秦的春秋战国时期是我国学术和思想蓬勃发展的“百家争鸣”时期，有“九流十家”之说。
一般认为，韩非子是( )的代表人物。
（分数：2.00）A.道家B.法家C.墨家D.兵家9.“初唐四杰”指唐代初年的四位著名诗人，他们是王勃、杨炯、( )和骆宾王。
（分数：2.00）A.陈子昂B.杜审言C.卢照邻D.宋之问10.中国五大剧种包括京剧、越剧、黄梅戏、豫剧和( )。
（分数：2.00）A.秦腔B.河北梆子C.评剧11.被誉为“音乐界奥斯卡”的“格莱美奖”是哪个国家举行的大型音乐评奖活动?( )（分数：2.00）A.法国B.美国C.英国12.英国湖畔派诗人是哪一个文学流派的代表?( )（分数：2.00）A.浪漫主义B.现实主义C.现代主义13.下列有关书画知识的说明中，不正确的是( )。
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2019年郑州大学MTI真题448汉语写作与百科知识
一、单选（15*2）
1、《诗经》经传由谁编订？
2、原子论的创始人？
3、‘知否知否，应是绿肥红瘦’中，红指的哪种花？
4、巨石阵位于英国哪里？
5、‘会当凌绝顶，一览众山小’是要登哪座山？
6、美国民族文学之父是谁？
7、“骈文”的骈的拼音是什么？
8、意大利米兰大教堂属于（）式建筑？
9、“非淡泊无以明志，非宁静无以致远”出自哪里？
10、“生发未燥,以拜列侯；身未离襁褓,业披冠带”的现象源于我国哪一项选官制度？
A征辟制B察举制C九品中正制D科举制
11、欧洲交响乐之父是谁？
12、哪一部作品与气候、物种无关？
A《夏小正》B《诗经》C《山海经》D《周髀算经》
13、笛卡尔的唯理论以什么为模型？
A B C D 生物学
14、下列哪两部作品出自同一个作者？
《到灯塔去》《红与黑》….总共8个
15、古希腊哲学家在看待万物起源时提出了“四根说”，其顺序是怎
样的？
A 水、气、火、土
B 气、火、水、土
C 火、气、土、水
D 土、气、水、火
参考答案：
1、孔子；
2、德谟克利特；
3、海棠；
4、英格兰；
5、泰山；
6、华盛顿·欧文；
7、骈pián；
8、哥特式；
9、诸葛亮《诫子书》；10、九品中正制；11、海顿；12、《周髀算经》；13、几何学；14、略；15、A水、气、火、土四种物质是万物的本原，即所谓的“四根说”，水元素：西方第一位哲学家泰勒斯（约公元前625-547）认为宇宙万物都是由水这种基本元素构成的.
气元素：泰勒斯的学生阿那克西曼德（约公元前610－546）认为基本元素不可能是水,而是某种不明确的无限物质.阿那克西曼德的学生阿那克西美尼（约公元前585－525）进一步解析到基本元素是气,气稀释成了火,浓缩则成了风,风浓缩成了云,云浓缩成了水,水浓缩成了石头,然后由这一切构成了万物.
火元素：赫拉克利特（约公元前535－475）认为万物由火而生,所以永远处于变化之中.
土元素及四元素说的形成：恩培多克勒（约公元前490-430）,综合了前人的看法,再添加“土”,遂有水、气、火、土四元素.
二、名词解释（5*6）
1、相声艺术
2、亚里士多德
3、专利制度
4、非物质文化遗产
5、全球化
参考答案：
1、相声艺术一般指相声，相声是一种民间说唱曲艺。
它以说、学、逗、唱为形式，突出其特点。
中国相声有三大发源地：北京天桥、天津劝业场和南京夫子庙，分为北派与南派。
相声艺术源于华北，流行于京津冀，普及于全国及海内外，始于明清，盛于当代。
主要采用口头方式表演，主要道具有折扇、手绢、醒木。
表演形式有单口相声、对口相声、群口相声等，是扎根于民间、源于生活、又深受群众欢迎的曲艺表演艺术形式。
2、亚里士多德古代先哲，古希腊人，世界古代史上伟大的哲学家、科学家和教育家之一，堪称希腊哲学的集大成者。
他是柏拉图的学生，亚历山大的老师。
公元前335年，他在雅典办了一所叫吕克昂的学校，被称为逍遥学派。
马克思曾称亚里士多德是古希腊哲学家中最博学的人物，恩格斯称他是“古代的黑格尔”。
作为一位百科全书式的科学家，他几乎对每个学科都做出了贡献。
他的写作涉及伦理学、形而上学、心理学、经济学、神学、政治学、修辞学、自然科学、教育学、诗歌、风俗，以及雅典法律。
亚里士多德的著作构建了西方哲学的第
一个广泛系统，包含道德、美学、逻辑和科学、政治和玄学。
3、专利制度是依据专利法对申请专利的发明，经过审査和批准授予专利权，同时把申请专利的发明内容公诸于世，以便进行发明创造、信息交流和有偿技术转让的法律制度。
国际上通行的一种利用法律和经济的手段推动技术进步的管理制度。
这一制度的建立在于确认和保护发明人的智力成果，公开和利用最新发明成果，从而鼓励发明创造，推广和及早运用技术成果，促进国际技术交流，推进技术进步和经济发展。
专利制度的内容主要表现在专利法中。
4、非物质文化遗产，是根据联合国教科文组织的《保护非物质文化遗产公约》定义，非物质文化遗产指被各群体、团体、有时为个人所视为其文化遗产的各种实践、表演、表现形式、知识体系和技能及其有关的工具、实物、工艺品和文化场所。
5、全球化一词，是一种概念，也是一种人类社会发展的现象过程。
通常意义上的全球化是指全球联系不断增强，人类生活在全球规模的基础上发展及全球意识的崛起。
国与国之间在政治、经济贸易上互相依存。
全球化亦可以解释为世界的压缩和视全球为一个整体。
三、应用文（40）
假设你叫李华，去某景区游玩发现标示语翻译表述有许多错误。
给景区领导写一封关于景区标示语翻译规范化的建议信，不少于450字。
四、议论文写作（60分）
以交流与互鉴为题，不少于800字。