跨文化交际-黑龙江大学-崔常亮老师-chapter 2 Communication and International Communication

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跨文化交际-黑龙江大学-崔常亮老师-chapter 8 (2)

Biomedical Approach
• People are thought to be controlled by biochemical forces
Family and Gender Roles in the Health Care Context
The health care system in the United States typically focuses solely on the individual patient. In Latin America, competent treatment for patiens may require the involvement and agreement of other family members.
The Educational Context
The Health Care Context
Culture's Influence
Management
Business Etiquette Norms
Culture's Influence
Culture's Influence
Role Behaviors of Students and Teachers Classroom Participation Turn Taking
CONCLUSIONS:
• There is a big difference between teaching and learning. • The teacher needs to understand how the learner learns and what the learner learns. • Language learning requires raising cultural awareness. • Learning a target language requires a positive attitude towards the target culture.

黑龙江大学外语部第一教学中心跨文化交际教研室

黑龙江大学外语部第一教学中心跨文化交际教研室集体备课记录_2006-2007_学年__秋季__学期日期： 2006年 8 月 30 日时间：_13：30_至14：30___ 主讲教师: _艾军________________ 记录教师： _刘晓丹__________________ 参加教师：____跨文化交际教研室全体教师黑龙江大学外语部第一教学中心跨文化交际教研室集体备课记录_2006-2007学年__秋季__学期日期：2006年 8 月 30 日时间：_13：30_至14：30__主讲教师: _常开媛__________ 记录教师： ___张知博________________参加教师：____跨文化交际教研室全体教师黑龙江大学外语部第一教学中心跨文化交际教研室集体备课记录_2006-2007_学年__秋季__学期日期： 2006年 9 月 6 日时间：_13：30_至14：30___ 主讲教师: _艾军________________ 记录教师： _董璇 __________________ 参加教师：____跨文化交际教研室全体教师黑龙江大学外语部第一教学中心跨文化交际教研室集体备课记录_2006-2007_学年__秋季__学期日期： 2006年月日时间：_13：30_至14：30___ 主讲教师: _______金梅_______ 记录教师： __________________参加教师：____跨文化交际教研室全体教师黑龙江大学外语部第一教学中心跨文化交际教研室集体备课记录2006-2007学年秋季学期日期：2006年9 月 25日时间：14：00至15：00 主讲教师: 李晓光记录教师：参加教师：跨文化教研室全体教师黑龙江大学外语部第一教学中心跨文化交际教研室集体备课记录_2006-2007_学年__秋季__学期日期： 2006年 9 月 27 日时间：_13：30_至14：30___ 主讲教师: _宋冰________________ 记录教师： _刘晓丹__________________ 参加教师：____跨文化交际教研室全体教师黑龙江大学外语部第一教学中心跨文化交际教研室集体备课记录_2006-2007_学年__秋季__学期日期： 2006年 10月 18日时间：_13：30_至14：30___ 主讲教师: 国玮秋________________ 记录教师：刘洋参加教师：____跨文化交际教研室全体教师黑龙江大学外语部第一教学中心跨文化交际教研室集体备课记录__2006-2007____学年___秋学期日期：年月日时间：______至_______ 主讲教师: ___王凤____ 记录教师： ___王玉双________________参加教师：______跨文化交际教研室全体教师黑龙江大学外语部第一教学中心跨文化交际教研室集体备课记录_2006-2007_学年__秋季__学期日期： 2006年 10 月 25 日时间：_13：30_至14：00___ 主讲教师: _杨白________________ 记录教师： _杨白__________________参加教师：____跨文化交际教研室全体教师黑龙江大学外语部第一教学中心跨文化交际教研室集体备课记录_2006-2007_学年__秋季__学期日期： 2006年 10 月 25 日时间：_13：30_至14：00___ 主讲教师: _杨白________________ 记录教师： _杨白__________________参加教师：____跨文化交际教研室全体教师黑龙江大学外语部第一教学中心跨文化交际教研室集体备课记录_2006-2007_学年__秋季__学期日期： 2006年 11 月 29 日时间：_13：30_至14：30___主讲教师: _张丽娇________________ 记录教师： _艾军__________________参加教师：跨文化交际教研室全体教师黑龙江大学外语部第一教学中心跨文化交际教研室集体备课记录_2006-2007_学年__秋季__学期日期： 2006年 12 月 6 日时间：_13：30_至14：30___ 主讲教师: _郑春梅________________ 记录教师： ____________参加教师：____跨文化交际教研室全体教师黑龙江大学外语部第一教学中心跨文化交际教研室集体备课记录_2006-2007_学年__秋季__学期日期： 2006年 12 月 7 日时间：_13：30_至14：30___ 主讲教师: _严明______________ 记录教师： _艾军__________参加教师：____跨文化交际教研室全体教师亲贤臣，远小人，此先汉所以兴隆也；亲小人，远贤臣，此后汉所以倾颓也。

黑龙江大学跨文化课后checklist

⿊龙江⼤学跨⽂化课后checklistCHECKLISTChapter 1Fill in BlanksCulture : is the deposit of knowledge, experience, belief, values, actions, attitudes, hierarchies, religions, not ions of time, roles, spatial relations, concepts of the universe, and artifacts acquired by a group of people in t he course of generations through individual and group striving.Subculture:refers to a culture that exists within dominant culture, and is often based on economic or social class, ethnicity, race, or geographic region.Subgroup: usually does not involve the same large number of people and is not necessarily thought of as acc umulating values and patterns of behavior over generations in the same way as cultures do.Culture Identity: refers to one’s sense of belonging to a particular culture or ethnic group.2 判断对错TRUE:1 The ice burger model of culture implies that it is very difficult to understand a culture thoroughly.2 People may sometimes get confused about his or her culture identity.3 A person could be a member of several different subgroups at the same time.Wrong:1 Culture is innate as soon as a person is born.2 Scholars prefer the term subcultuer to co-culture in describing a culture which exists within a dominate culture. Chapter 21 Fill in BlanksSender refers to the person who transmits a message.Channel (sometimes called the medium) is the method used to deliver a message.receiver is any person who notices and gives some meaning to a message.International communication is communication between people whose culture perception and symbol system are distinct enough to alter the communication event.2 判断对错TRUE:1 Communication and culture are inseparable and strongly connected.2 The process of communication has nine components: sender encoding message channel noise receiver decoding feedback and context.Wrong:1 Intracultural communication occurs when the sender and the receiver exchanging messages are from different races.2 The sender must choose certain words or nonverbal methods to send an intentional message. This activity is called decoding.Chapter 41 Fill in BlanksEthnocentrism:refers to negatively judging aspects of another culture by the standards of one’s own culture Prejudice: It refers to the irrational dislike, suspicion, or hatred of a particular group, race, religion, or sexual orientationRacism: It refers to any policy, practice, belief, or attitude that attributes characteristics or status to individua ls based on their raceStereotypes: They refer to negative or positive judgments made about individuals based on any observable or believed group membership2 判断对错TRUE:1 Ethnocentrism stereotypes prejudice and racism are learned.2 Although stereotypes are considered as being negative judgments,they can also be positive.3 When communicating with people other cultures,an individual sometimes is likely to treat them as“his people”and to assume there is only one way of doing things: that is “his way”Wrong:1 Assumption of superiority may lead to assuming similarity instead of difference.2 Economy is not the reason for the persistence of ethnocentrism, stereotyping, prejudice and racism.Chapter 51 Fill in BlanksVerbal intercultural communication happens when people from different cultural backgrounds communica te with each other by using language.Pidgin is a special language variety that mixes or lends languages for restricted purposes such as trading Dialect is a form of language peculiar to a group of people, as distinguished from the literary language of the whole people.Taboo refers to prohibition of a set of behaviors that should be avoided because they are offensive and impol ite2 判断对错TRUE:1 The elaborate,exacting,or succinct communication style deals with the quantity and/or volume of talk that is preferred across cultural groups.2 Dialect refers to geographic variation, while sociolect refers to variation in terms of social group.3 An elaborate style of communication can be seen in Arab cultures.Wrong:1 The exacting style of communication can be found in Japan,China,and some Native American cultures2 The self-effacement verbal styles emphasizes the importance of boasting about one’s accomplishments and abilities. Chapter 61 Fill in Blanksnonverbal communication: It refers to the messages sent without using words.Oculesics: It is the study of communications sent by the eyes.Proxemics: is the way we use fixed space and personal space.Kinesics includes gestures, body movement and facial expressionsChronemics: It is the study of how people perceive and use time.2 判断对错TRUE:1 Saudi Arabs belong to touch cultures.2 The appropriateness of eye contact varies with different cultures.Wrong:1 Speaking is the only mode of effective communication.2 The Thais like to touch babies or small children,especially they like others to pat their children’s head.3 Paralanguage may imply the connotation of the actual words.Chapter 71 Fill in Blanks1 Members in the culture of high Uncertainty avoidance have a lower tolerance for uncertain and ambiguity.2 Individuals from high power distance accept power as part of society.As a result,superiors consider their subordinates to be different from themselves and vice versa.3 People from high masculine cultures tend to see same-sex relationships as more intimate than opposite-sex relationships.4 In collective societies such as those in Pakistan,Colombia,Venezuela,China and Peru people are born into extended families that support and protect them in exchange for their loyalty.2 判断对错TRUE:1 In industrialized societies like the United States,the mastery-over-nature view tends to predominate.2 A doing orientation involved in focus on those types of activities which have outcomes that can be measured by someone else.3 In Beijing cultures,social status and position are more important than what a person does.Wrong:1 The harmony-with-nature orientation draws clear distinctions among human life,nature,and the supernature2 Both Americans and British shoe respect for tradition.Chapter 81 Fill in Blanks1 In Japan ,business is not conducted in obon (in mid-August),because many people travel to the graves of their ancestors.2 In India ，“the traditional greeting is the namaste formed by pressing the palms together,fingers up,below the chin.A slight bow may be added to show respect.”3 In Israel,the Jewish holy night, the sabbath begins at sunset on Friday and ends at sunset onSaturday.Therefore, the business week runs from Saturday through Thursday.Conducting business on the holy day would be highly inappropriate.4 In Saudi Arabia. No business is conduced during the three-day festival of breaking fast at the end of the month of Ramadan.2 判断对错TRUE:1 In Finland, firm handshakes are the normal greeting for men and women.2 Americans might regard gift giving as a form of bribery.3 Mexican negotiators emphasize relational concerns prior to the real negotiation.Wrong:1 In Saudi Arabia,the greeting tend to be informal.Both men and women shake hands on meeting and leaving.2 In Japan,one should open the gift in front of the giver.Chapter 91 Fill in BlanksHoneymoon is the first stage of the interculture adaptation when everything is new and exciting. Segregation occurs because the more politically and economically powerful culture does not want the interc ultural contact with the immigrants Integration: is desire a high level of interaction with the host culture while maintaining identity wit h their native culture Assimilation is a process in which members of an ethnic group are absorbed into the dominant culture, losin g their culture in the process.Marginalization occurs when the individual chooses not to identify with his or her native culture or with the host culture.2 判断对错TRUE:1 Successful management of culture shock depends on an awareness of its symptoms and the degree of its severity.2 Financial matters can results in culture shock.Wrong:1 Similarity of culture does not affect acculturation.2 The second stage of interculture adaptation is called honeymoon stage or initial euphoria stage.3 All the activities of learning one’s culture are called acculturation.4 Insomnia can be one example of the physical symptoms of culture shock,。

跨文化交际（胡超版）期末试题

Test Pa pe rⅠ. Filling the bla nks:1.Generally speak in g, in terms o f co ntextuality, theco mmun icatio n in the West is low-contextual while that in the East is high-contextual2.Generally sp eak ing,in terms o f wo rld views,the West ad op ts Dualistic view, whilethe East ado pt s holistic view3.Generally sp eak ing, in terms o f tho ught p atterns, the West fo llo ws Analytic andabstract thinking, wh ile the East fo llo ws synthetic and concrete thinking4.Generally speak in g, in terms o f d isco urse patterns, the West uses Deductive pattern,while the East uses inductive pattern5In the Axial Age,the great think ers in C hina are Confucius, Lao Tze, Mo Tze, and the great think er in Ind ia is Siddhartha Gautama,the great figure in P alestine are Hebrew prophets, and the great think ers in the West are Pla to, Ho me r and ArchimedesⅡ. Choose the best a ns we r:1.No n-verbal messages are classified into two co mp rehensive categories: tho se thatare p rimarily prod uced b y the bo d y, such as_________,________,_______; and tho se tha t the ind ivid ual co mb ines with the settin g, such as _______, _______, _______.DA.p hysical co ntact, eye co ntact, paralanguage; space, time, manB.facial exp ressio n, to uch, taste; sp ace, time, silenceC.app earance, mo vement, gesture; surro und in g, occasio n,manD.mo vement, smell, p aralanguage; sp ace, time, silence2.In C hinese writing,there are usually mo re ad jectives,p ro verbs and allus io ns thanin Eng lish writing.S o me Western scho lars name th is style “flo wery”,stating that its aim is to give a mo re fancifu l imp ressio n than in fo rmatio n, and the in fo rmatio n is usually o f beauty, fragrance, hap p iness, and any other “go od ness”aspects so as to attract p eop le. We may term this style as_______-o riented. Western writin g is mo re d irect with ob jective in fo rmatio n.To them, much-rep eated words may mean less after a while. We may term the Western writing as ________-oriented.CA. ad jective, o bjectiveB. C hinese, WesternC. imp ressio n, in fo rmatio n C. ind irect, d irect3. As to the hu man nature o rientat io n,the trad itio nal Western belief ho lds that_______, while the Asian p eop le b elieve that_______.BA. b asically goo d; basically b adB. ev il b ut perfectib le, basically go odC. the mixture o f go od and evil; the mixture o f good and evil;D. unk no wn4. As to the Man-N ature o rientatio n, the trad it io nal Western b elief ho ld s that _______,while the Asian p eop le b elieve that_______.DA. sub jugatio n to nature; harmo ny with natureB. harmo ny with nature; mastery o ver natureC. harmo ny with nature; sub jugatio n to natureD. mastery o ver nature; harmo ny with nature5. As to time o rientatio n, generally speak in g, the US A is______, the P hilip p in es,Mexico, and Latin America are _____, and Asia,Britain,Greece, F rance are______.CA. o n-time oriented; in-time o riented; late-time o rientedB. yo uth-o riented; ad ult-oriented; eld erly-o rientedC. future-o riented; present-oriented; past-orientedD. p resent-o riented; fut ure-oriented; past-oriented6. In terms o f activ ity or ientatio n, the US A is______, the P hilip p ines, Mexico,andLatin A merica are _____, and Asia is ______.DA. d o ing-o riented; p lay ing-o riented, b eing-o rientedB. p lay ing-o riented; bein g-oriented; do in g-orientedC. b eing-o riented; do ing-o riented; being-in-b eco min g o rientedD. d o ing-o riented; b eing-o riented; b eing-in-b eco min g o riented7. The d iv id ing world v iew is also referred to as mechanist ic view. It goes b y thefo llo wing d ifferent names: DA. reaso n versus result; religio n versus ar t; ob jectiv ity versus imaginatio nB.instinct versus intuit io n; science versus techno lo gy; imaginatio n versussub jectiv ityC. tuit io n versus intu itio n; regio n versus religio n; sub jugatio n versus sub jectiv it yD. reaso n versus int uit io n; science ve rsus religio n; ob jectiv ity versus sub jectiv ity8. The Greek think s in o rder to _______.It is speculatio n. The Hind u think s in o rd er to_______. It is med itatio n.The C hinese think s in o rd er to_______.It is co ntemp latio n.CA. d o; d ie; liveB. spectacle; medd le; co ntemp tC. understand; think; self-cult ivateD. think; self-cult ivate; understand9. “Yo ur bod y d oesn’t k no w how to lie”ind icates_____BA. so methin g is wro ng with yo ur bo d y and yo u can o nly stand.B. b od y language is impo rtant.C. b od y co ntact is dangero us.D. we can’t separate mind fro m b od y.10.Generally speak ing,in the US,p eo p le mak e friend s b y sharing ______,while inChina, peop le mak e friend s b y sharin g _______.BA. p erso na l relatio nship; activit iesB. activ ities; perso nal relatio nshipC. lo ve; b lo odD. b lo od; lo ve11.In terms o f p hysical co ntact, the high co ntact co untries are__________________________________, while the lo w co ntact co untries are ________________________________.CA. the US, Britain,most Northern Europ ean co untries; Arab world, Med iterraneanco untries, Indo nesiaB. the US,Britain, Japan; East Europ ean co untries, Russia, Mid d le EastC. Arab wo rld, Med iterranean co untries,Ind o nesia; the US, Britain,mo st No rthernEuro pean co untriesD. Arab wo rld, Med iterranean co untries, C hina; the US, Britain, mo st N orthernEuro pean co untries12.Generally sp eak in g,in terms o f co ntextualit y o f co mmu n icatio n,thehig h-co ntextual pe op le are __________________________________, wh ile the lo w-co ntextual co untries are ________________________________AA. Latin A mericans, C hinese, Japanese; the Americans, German, SwissB. the Americans, German, Swiss; Latin Americans, C h inese, J ap aneseC. Native Americans, C hinese, Ko reans; the Americans, Japanese,Brit ishD. the Americans, Jap anese, British; N ative Americans, C hinese, Ko reans13.Each perso n has a “b ub b le”o f sp ace (territo ry).S tud ies sho w that peo p le fro m________, ________,________have a smaller p erso nal territory than d o p eop le fro m ________, ________,_________.AA. So uth America,Arab co untries, and many Asian co untries; North America,Britain, GermanyB. No rth America,Britain, Germany; So uth America, Arab co untries,and manyAsian co untriesC. S o uth America,Britain, Germany; No rth America, Arab co untries,and manyAsian co untries.D. N orth America, Arab co untries, and many Asian co untries; So uth America,Britain, Germany14.In ___________cu lture,the nuclear family is much mo re imp o rtant to theind ivid ual than the extended family,while in ____________, ________, _______, ________ cu lture, the extended family is very impo rtant. CA. Hispanic; American, Asia n, Arab ian, AfricanB. Arab ian; American, Asian, African, Hisp anicC. American; Asian, African, Arab ian, Hisp anicD. African; American, Asian, Arab ian, Hispan ic15. In nuclear-family culture, p eo p le rely main ly o n ______, ______, ________for help,while in extended-family culture, peop le rely mainly o n ________for help.CA. families,friend s, pro fessio nals; familiesB. families, friend s, pro fessio nals; inst itutio nsC. friend s, pro fessio nals, institut io ns; familiesD. friend s, famil ies, inst itutio ns; p ro fessio nals16. In nuclear-family culture, ______ usually co mes first, while in extended-familyculture, _______ usually co mes first. BA. family; ind iv id ualB. ind ivid ual; familyC. husband; wifeD. wife; husb and17.W hen it c o mes to friend ship, an American friend wo uld feel that they had _______if the friend gave up a real need to stud y to go sho pp ing.O ne’s d uties and ob ligatio ns to ward friend s,even b est friend s are understo od to ______; o ne does not exp ect friend s to assume b urdenso me, ______ resp o nsib ilit ies toward o neself.A close friend in the US is a p erso n that o ne feels free to ask fo r help, reco gn izin g, ho wever, that the friend may _____, if they give yo u a reaso n. This is mayb e that in the West,p eop le p refer to be ______,so they do no t feel co mfo rtab le in a relatio nship in which o ne p erso n is ______ mo re and the o ther is dependent o n what is being given.Fo r Westerners friendship is mostly a matter o f p ro vid ing ______sup po rt and ______. BA. d ep end ed too much; limitless; small; say “OK”; dep endent; receiv ing; material;get sep arateB. imp osed too much; have limits; lo ng-term; say “No”; ind ep end ent; giv ing;emotio nal; spend time to gether.C. imp osed too little; have limits; sho rt-term; say “Yes”; free; earning; financial; getinvo lvedD. depended a little; limitless; b ig; say “S orry”; independent; giv ing; sp iritua l; getto gether.18. In C hina, the d uties and o b ligatio ns o f friend ship s seem v irtually ________for allpractical p urpo ses.C hinese friend s give each other much ________ ________help and assistance than Western fr iends do. F or examp le, they give each o ther _______ and might help each o ther _______fo r a _______period o f time. A friend in C hina is so meo ne who,sensing that yo u are in need in so me way,o ffers to assist yo u _________.CA. imp o ssib le; mo re sp irit ual; things; p ractically; short; when being askedB. eno rmo us; less sp iritual; mo ney; financia lly; lo ng; unwilling lyC. unlimited; more co ncrete; mo ney; financially; lo ng; witho ut wait in g to be askedD. limited; mo re co ncrete; things; materially; certain; if req uired19. In times o f tro ub le, bo th American and C h inese fr iends g ive each other emo tio nalsup po rt, b ut they do it d ifferently. A C hinese friend is mo re lik ely to be ________ to give _______ ad vice to a friend, while an American fr iend will be ________ to give ________ad vice,instead she may raise q uestio ns to enco urage her friend to co nsider carefu lly what may hap pen if she does o ne th ing instead o f ano ther. CA. cautio us; d etailed; read y; specificB. read y; amb iguo us; cautio us; guid elineC. read y; sp ecific; cautio us; d irectD. unwilling; d irect; read y; sp ecific20.When it co mes to the relatio nsh ip b etween parents and married so ns, in C hina, aman’s relatio nship with h is p a rents is _______ than that with h is wife. Thus in the event o f any q uarrel b etween his wife and his mo ther, a man sho uld ____________.At mo st he might hop e to__________, and this was regard ed as ________.In America, a man’s relatio nsh ip with his parents is _______ than that with his wife.He wo uld be expected to______________. He might even b e co unseled to _______________ the vic in ity o f his parents’ho me to ease the co nflict. DA.more imp o rtant; sid e with h is mo ther; sid e with h is father; ho norab l e; mo reimpo rtant; side with no o ne; mo ve intoB. less imp ortant; sid e with no o ne; say so mething; ho no rab le; less imp o rtant; sidewith his father; get away fro mC. less imp o rtant; sid e with h is wife; remain silent; d isho no rab le; mo re imp o rtant;side with h is wife; mo ve intoD. mo re imp o rtant; sid e with h is mo ther; remain neutral; d isho norab le; less imp o rtant;side with h is wife; mo ve awayⅢ. True o r fa lse:1.Generally sp eak ing, C hina is an eq ual so ciety, America is a hierarchy society. ( F )2.Generally speak in g, in C hinese so ciety, the po wer d istance is small, while inAmerica, the p o wer d istance is large. ( F )3.Bo th the Asian and Western co untries have the co ncep t o f “face”, and“face” has thesame so cial sig n ificance fo r these co untries in that o ne’s face is also the face o f o ne’s gro up.( F )4.The d ivid ing world v iew relies stro ngly o n “facts” as opp osed to“op in io ns”. ( T )5. A very ro ugh generalizatio n is that think in g for the Greek is to loo k up ward, fo r theHind u is to lo ok inward, fo r the C o nfucians is to loo k o utward. (F )6.Values are exp lic itly sto red in o ur mind. We are always aware o f them, and we makejud g ments accord ing to them. (F)7.Values are sep arate fro m each o ther. Each o ne work alo ne. ( F )8.Values can be co mp ared o n a co ntinu um rather than o ne o f o nly two p ossib lecho ices. Peop le everywhere p ossess the same values to d ifferent d egrees, and the impo rtance o f that co mmo n value, how it gets acted o ut, is a matter o f d egree.( T)9.“Lo ver”and“爱人”have the same meaning.( F)10.I n bo th C hina and We stern co untries,it is very co mmo n and usual fo r ad ults tofo nd le other peo p le’s b ab ies and very small child ren to sho w their affectio n and friend liness. ( F )Ⅳ.Tra nslatio n:1.Tra nslate the follo wing Englis h into Chinese:1)Nature and Man are b lend ed into o ne harmo nio us identity. 天人合一2)Nature affects hu man affairs and hu man behavio r find s resp o nse in Nature.天人感应3)Nature accords with hu man wishes. 天从人愿4)Yo ur character will b e tinted“red”(go od) if yo u are in the co mpany o f “red ness”,b ut “b lack”(bad) if yo u are in close co ntact with ink. 近朱者赤，近墨者黑5)Go d helps tho se who help themselves. 天助自助者6)Lo ok befo re yo u leap. 三思而后行7) A sing le arro w is easily b rok en, b ut no t a b unch.轻霜冻死单根草，狂风难毁万木林He who stirs ano ther’s p orrid ge o ften b urns his o wn. 狗拿耗子，多管闲事8)2.Tra nslate the follo wing Chinese into Eng lish:1)容忍tolerance of others2)中庸之道moderation, following the middle way3)修养self-cultivation4)不重竞争non-competitiveness5)信用trust-worthiness6)贞节chastity in women7)寡欲having few desires8)服从、孝敬、尊崇、赡养父母filial piety。

跨文化交际第四章 Intercultural Communication Barriers

Text C
Translation Problems
Stereotyping
Idiomatic Equivalence
Assuming Similarity Instead of Difference
Prejudice
Grammatical-Syntactical Equivalence
Racism Experiential Equivalence Reasons for the Persistence of Ethnocentrism, Stereotyping, Prejudice and Racism Conceptual Equivalence
2. Stereotyping
Stereotyping Definition Dimensions Categories
Direction
Intensity
Specificity
Consensus
Accuracy
3. Prejudice
Activity: Expressing Opinions What do you think of women in power?
4. Racism
Activity: Reflection Have you ever avoided physical contact with people from other races? If yes, why do you do so?
What do you think of the following pictures?
A Danish Woman in New York
What can the following two pictures tell us?

黑大跨文化第十周教学主要内容

Chapter 4 Intercultural Communication Barriers1. Keywords(1) Anxiety: It occurs because of not knowing what one is expected to do, and focusing on that feeling and not be totally present in the communication transaction.（焦虑：当人们不知道如何迎合他人对自己的期待，过多的关注自己情绪以至不能全心投入到交际事物中去时，就会产生焦虑。

）(2) Uncertainty:It refers to our cognitive inability to explain our own or other’s feelings and behaviors in interactions because of an ambiguous situation that evokes anxiety. (不确定：不确定是指人们无法从认知的角度去解释交际活动中自己或他人的感觉及行为，这种认知角度解释能力的欠缺是某种引起焦虑的含糊情境导致的。

)(3) Assuming similarity instead of difference: It refers to the idea that people coming from another culture are more similar to you than they actually are or that another person’s situation is more similar to yours than it in fact is. （假定一致性：假定一致性是指认为来自另一文化的他人和自己相似或他人的处境与自己的处境相似，而事实上却并非如此。

2005-2006学年秋季学期跨文化交际导论期末试题(A卷)

装
or native language.
elevator may stand right next to another person and be touching even though no one else is in the elevator.
8. In an ______ culture, the interest of the individual prevails over the interests of the group. 订
3. Human perception is usually thought of as a three-step process of ________, organization, and

restaurant while she was inside. Other diners at the restaurant became concerned and called New
l. Ramadan m. Intercultural communication n. Individualist
o. Pidgin
p. Chicano
q. Ethnocentrism
r. Adaptation potential s. Back translation
t. Nonverbal communication
院系年级专业姓名学号考试课程
黑龙江大学 2005-2006 学年秋季学期跨文化交际导论期末试题
装
2005-2006 学年秋季学期跨文化交际导论期末试题（A 卷）
10. A _____ resembles a culture in that it usually encompasses a relatively large number of people

跨文化交际课123[1]

----Intercultural Communication: A Reader
文化的内容“是文学、美术、音乐、哲学、科学这一类的事。” －－陈独秀
“文化是生活的样法。” “文化，就是吾人生活所依靠的一切。” －－梁漱溟
“人类在社会历史发展过程中所创造的物质和精神财富的总和，特指精神财富，如文学、艺术、教育、科学等。” －－《现代汉语词典》
Make a list of images from your home culture and try to explain what they express about who the people of your culture are and what their relationship is to people from other cultures.
- New economic arena (multinational corporations) - Ever-increasing world population (finite natural
resources, pollution, international conflicts)
Warming up
ADAPTIVE
CULTURE IS…
Subject to change
symbolic
INTEGRATED
unconscious
1) Culture is learned consciously or unconsciously: (enculturation)
**through Proverbs, Folktales, Myths, and legends
Let’s follow Abraham Maslow!

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“Oh, I didn‟t do that,” said the physiotherapist. “It was that doctor over there,” and he pointed to the Chinese woman. “How could she have done it since she‟s on the other side of the room?” the patient pointed out. “Ah, she has three hands.” the physiotherapist replied.
(1)External Noise Sounds that distract communicators: voices in the next room; annoying ring of someone’s cell phone in a meeting; etc. Other types of external noise that don’t involve sound: an overcrowded room or a smelly cigar (2) Physiological Noise illnesses and disabilities (3) Psychological Noise forces with the sender or receiver that interfere with understanding: egotism; hostility; preoccupation; fear; etc. (4) Semantic Noise caused by using different languages; the use of jargon; different understanding of the message delivered; etc.
.
Receiver （信息接收者） A receiver is any person who notices and gives some meaning to a message. Decoding （解码） Decoding is the activity during which the receiver attaches meaning to the words or symbols he/she has received. Feedback （反馈） The response of a receiver to a sender’s message is called feedback. Noise （干扰）
An idiom
Human beings draw close to one another by their common nature, but habits and customs keep them apart.
Confucius
Chapter 3 Communication
Learning objectives:
Teacher: Who can guess what it is —a small animal with four legs that people often keep as a pet and can catch mice easily?
Communication is dynamic（动态的）
Chapter 3 Communication
Eastern perspective of communication （东方人的观点）
Definitions of communication from many Asian countries stress harmony, which is most notable in cultures with a Confucian tradition. Eastern cultures’ understanding would define communication as a process where all parties are searching to develop and maintain a social relationship.
b. Communication is systematic
（系统性的）
Communication does not occur in isolation or in a vacuum, but rather is part of a larger system. We send and receive messages not in isolation, but in a specific setting. Setting and environment help determine the words and actions we generate. Dress, language, topic selection, and the like are all adapted to context.
c. Communication is symbolic （符号性的）
Symbols are central to the communication process because they represent the shared meanings that are communicated. A symbol is a word, action, or object that stands for or represents a unit of meaning. People's behaviors are frequently interpreted symbolically, as an external representation of feelings, emotions, and internal states.
Chapter 3 Communication
1. The definition of communication
Western Perspective of communication Eastern perspective of communication
Western Perspective of communication (西方人的观点）
Text B
Characteristics of Communication
DYNAMIC CONTEXTUAL IRREVERSIBLE
COMMUNICATION IS… SYSTEMATIC SYMBOLIC
TRANSACTIONAL
SELF-REFLECTIVE
Pre-reading Task:
Communication Defined Components of Communication
Dynamic Systemic Symbolic Irreversible Transactional
Self-reflective
Contextual
Part I
Background & Lead-in (10 mins)
Chapter 3 Communication
2. Components of communication
Sender/Source （信息源） A sender/source is the person who transmits a message. Message （信息） A message is any signal that triggers the response of a receiver. Encoding （编码） Encoding refers to the activity during which the sender must choose certain words or nonverbal methods to send an intentional message. Channel /Medium （渠道） Channel/Medium is the method used to deliver a message
angry
Part II
Body (40min-50min)
Chapter 3 Communication
Text A Communication
COMMUNICATION
Communication is derived from the Latin word „communicare’, meaning to share with or to make common, so when we communicate . we share our thoughts, hopes, and knowledge with others.
Noise is a term used for factors that interfere with the exchange of messages, including external noise ，physiological noise, psychological noise and semantic noise. Noise is inevitable.
Chapter 3 Communication
In western cultures, communication is studied as the means of transmitting ideas. Western cultures emphasize the instrumental function of communication; that is, effectiveness is evaluated in terms of success in the manipulation of others to achieve one’s personal goal.