3000字英文翻译
Bolt Supporting of Large-Span Soft Rockway inShaqu CollieryAbstract The instability of trapezoidal I-steel support is analysed for the compound roof of main coal seam in Shaqu Colliery, and the mechanism of bolt supporting is studied. A scheme of bolt supporting has been given and put into practice,remarkable technical and economic benefits have been got.Key words :large-span,compound roof, bolt supporting, mechanism 1.IntroductionIn shaqu colliery a large coal mine mining rare coking coal in China, most roadways are laid out in main coal seam .The soft compound roof of coal seam is composed of mudstone and coal seam ,which contains aboundant beddings and joints. The strength of the roof is so low that its uniaxial-saturated compressive strength is only 10.7 Mpa.RQD value of coal seam and is zero ,and that of mudstone is lower than 10%. There is clay minerals in mudstone, main compositions are interbedded strata of illite and montmorillonite which will swell when soaked by water, The span of preperation roadways and gateways is wider than 4m, and that of some main roadways is over 5m. In shaqu colliery , preperation roadways and gateways were supported by trapezoidal I-steel support, the beams of which were bent and damaged, and the roadways were destroyed seriously within a short period just after excavated. Roofcontrolling of Large-Span Soft Rockways in the coal seam became the key to the production and construction of shaqu colliery.2.supporting status and instability analysis of trapezoidal I-steel supportstrapezoidal I-steel supports were used in drawing roadways,which roof span is 4.0m, floor span is 4.9m, and hight 2.95m and spacing 0.5m. Initial resistance of the supports was almost zero because it was difficult to the support beams contact the roof, even if with high quality of installation. The trapezoidal I-steel supports would not carry load until the displacement of surrounding rock excceded 80-100 mm because the supports increased very slowly. Therefore, right after excavation, the roof would bend and subside severly. Eight hours after excavation, the roof strata would break completely, and then form rock cavity. The weight of caving rock would act on the beams of supports, which forms loose rock pressure.By calculating, the ultimate load-bearing capacity is smaller than roof pressure whether it is uniformal or concentrated, Based on the in-situ observation, inflection value of most roof reached 200-300mm. When paired supports were used, paired beams were still bent and damaged; then midprops were added, they were also destroyed. Many roof beams were stabilized only if 2-3 props had been added. The supports were damaged completely, and most of them could not be reused. The partsection of roadways had become inverted trapezoid, and the available section was far smaller than the designed section. Part of roadways was out of use because it was in the danger of serious caving.3.Mechanism of bolt supportingIts mechanism is to make full use of the self-load-bearing capacity of surrounding rock by bolting, and then make the surrounding rock stabilize by itself. The stability of surrounding rock depends on the equilibrium status of ground pressure, self-load-bearing capacity of surrounding rock and anchoring force of bolts. Ground pressure is to make surrounding rock deform and break; self-load-bearing capacity is the main factor to stablize surrounding rock. Anchoring force of bolts can not change the equilibrium status of the three because it is very small, compared with ground pressure and self-load-bearing capacity. And its function is to change the decreasing regularity of self-load-bearing capacity versus the deformation of surrounding rock, and balance self-load-bearing capacity against ground pressure early.Roof pressure is the pressure acting on the roof beams when I-steel supports are used to control the roof. When roof is supported by bolts, the roof pressure change to be the pressure acting on the rock within the bolting range because this part of rock is change into self-bearing body. According to the characteristics of the roof of coal seams , bolts strata can be divided into six substrata.When the value of roof subsidence is zero, roof pressure is in-situ stress; then roof pressure decreases with the increase of roof subsidence. The variation of roof pressure is analyzed by FLAC, The results are shown as curve 1 in Fig.1. Whenroof subsidence reaches 19 mm, the first roof substratum begins to bearing tensile stress, then losts self-load-bearing capacity, and roof pressure decreases to 0.67Mpa. When roof subsidence reaches 40 mm, the second substratum loses self-load-bearing capacity, and roof pressure decreases to 0.16Mpa. When roof subsidence reaches 100 mm, the fourth substratum loses self-load-bearing capacity, and roof pressure decreases to0.08Mpa. In the initial stage of roof subsidence, roof pressure decreases rapidly, and in the later stage of roof subsidence, roof pressure decreases slowly and then has an increasing trend.The self-load-bearing capacity of the roof without bolting is calculated upon the theory of laminated beam, the result are shown as curve 2 in Fig.1. When roof subsidence is zero, the self-load-bearing capacity is at its utmost value 0.0625Mpa; when roof subsidence is 100mm,roof strata have broken, most of self-load-bearing capacity has lost, and the residual self-load-bearing capacity is only 0.0375Mpa.The self-load-bearing capacity of the roof with bolting is calculated upon the theory of combined beam, the result are shown as curve 3 in Fig.1. When roof subsidence is zero, the self-load-bearing capacity is at its utmostvalue 0.4Mpa; when the roof subsidence reaches 40mm the self-load-bearing capacity decreases to 0.225Mpa,and when roof subsidence reaches 100mm, the self-load-bearing capacity decreases to 0.1Mpa .As shown in Fin. 1, the self-load-bearing capacity of roof strata without bolting is lower than roof pressure during the whole course of roof subsiding, so roof strata cave inevitably. When bolted, roof strata is changed from laminated beam into combined beam ,and the selr-load-bearing capacity increases markedly. When roof subsidence reaches 44mm, the self-load-bearing capacity exceeds roof pressure, then roof strata stabilized by itself.4 Anchoring technologyBased on the above study of bolting mechanism, large setting resistance, high speed of resistance and high final resistance are the key technology to the large-spon soft rock roadway before roof strata detaching, which includes: (1)to improve the setting resistance increasing and achieve high speed of resistance increasing, to make the real working properties of bolts coordinate self-load-bearing properties of roof strata , which enables to make full use of the self-load-bearing capacity of roof strata; (2)to raise bolting reliability, and solve the difficult problems that anchoring force between bolts and soft rock is small and easy to lose. 4.1Bloting schemeThe drawing roadway is taken as an example, the bolting scheme is shown in Fin. 2. The high quality compound bolts installed in ribs are made of bamboo , other bolts are made of steel. The bolts installed in both shoulders of roadway is 2.4m long, other steel bolts are 2.2m long, the diameter of steel is 20mm and the spacing of bolts is 0.7m. Boreholes for steel bolts are 27mm in diameter, and 2.1m in depth expect for the boreholes in shoulders which are 2.3m deep. All steel bolts are anchored with four resin cartridges. The tension brace is went through by all roof bolts, and pressed tightly on the roof by bearing plates. Concave steel plates are used for steel bolts and bamboo plates are used for rib bolts. C150 crete is shot on the roof and the upper 500mm high part of both ribs, the shotcrete is 50mm thick. The mesh is made of wire 10#, and laid on both roof and ribs.4.2Effect of pretension boltsBolts are tension when they are installed, which enables bolts to have anchoring force before the relative displacement between bolts and surrounding is really achieved. If fully-anchored bolts are tension to add the pretensioned stress, the effect will not be good because only the collar part of bolts can carry pretension stress. In order to add pretension stress to the whole length of bolts, two kinds of resin cartridges are used: quick resin cartridge is used in the other part of boreholes, mid-speed resin cartridge is used in the other part of boreholes as shown in Fin. 3. After abolt is inserted into a borehole, the quick resin will solidify within 1.5min, and the mid speed resin will not solidify until 3-4min later. The difference between solidifying times of two kinds of resin make the bolt pretensioned, which enables pretensioned bolting and fully-anchored bolting to be achieved at the same time.4.3Effect of fully-anchored boltingThe fully-anchored bolting can improve the shear strength of rock joints, then improve the mechanicd properties of surrounding rock. High increasing speed of their resistance enables themselves to offer high resistance against the deformation of surrounding rock. Campared with the point anchored bolts, the fully-anchored bolts have a better relationship of interaction with surrounding rock.Large setting resistance, high speed of resistance increasing and high resistance are achieved by the use of the pretensioned and fully-anchored bolts.4.4Effect of braceThe brace has following effects. (1)The brace connects the roof bolts into a whole, which improves the reliability of the whole supporting system. (2)It offers safe assurance to the roof bolting of large-span soft rock roadway. Even if in the most difficult situation that the self-load-bearing capacity of bolting roof strata has lost, and the bed seperation has occurred between the strata within and beyond boltingrange, the roof strata will not caves because the shoulder bolts anchors reliably to 1.3m deep in ribs, which can offer enough resistance to control the roof by the effects of brace.5 Observed Results of BoltsMeasuring sites of surface displacement, bolt load and rock inner displacement were set up in drawing roadway(4.3m wide), track roadway(3.4m wide)and air-intake roadway(3.0m wide).As shown in Fin. 4, whether for roof or ribs, the speed of surface displacement can decrease to zero quite rapidly. The measuring sites was about 15-20m away from the driving face when the speed reached zero.As shown in Fin. 5, pretensioned and fully-anchored bolts show their following properties: large setting resistance, high speed of resistance increasing and high resistance. Setting resistance reaches 20kN; the speed of resistance increasing 2kN/mm; and the utmost resistance 100kN. The development of bolt load shows obvious characteristics, i.e, it can be divided into three stages: rapid increasing stage of load, regulating stage of load and stabilizing stage of load.As shown in Fin. 6, after the surrounding rock stabilized, compared with the 3.4m deep site in rock, the rock surface displaced 14.4mm; compared with the 1.7m deep site, the surface displaced 8.6mm, i.e, the deformation of the rock beyond 1.7m range reached 40% of the total deformation. This shows that the rock within the bolting range is changedfrom load body into load bearing body, and then stablizes itself.6Conclusion1)Interaction between bolts and surrounding rock: In the earlier stage of rock deformation, deformation occurs in the rock within the bolting range. Anchoring force occurs and increase rapidly with the development of rock deformation, which confines firmly the rock within the bolting range. In the later stage of rock deformation, the deformation of the rock within the bolting comes from the rock beyond the bolting range, and the road of bolts will not increase any more. The function of bolts are to joint broken rock into a whole structure, and the whole structure can maitain its stability during the course of displacement.2)Observed results show that large setting resistance, high speed of resistance increasing and high resistance can be achieved by the use of pretensioned and fully-anchored resin bolts, and stablize surrounding rock. From May to November in 1997, 800m long roadway had been supported by bolts, which decreased supporting cost by 40%, and now this technology has been spreaded in all roadway in Shaqu Colliery.在沙区煤矿大跨度软岩巷道的锚杆支护摘要:在沙区煤矿主煤层复合顶中,不稳定多边形工字钢支护的分析和锚杆支护机理的研究。
商业银行信贷风险管理外文文献翻译中文3000多字
商业银行信贷风险管理外文文献翻译中文3000多字Credit risk management is a XXX business。
financing ns。
payment and settlement。
and other XXX。
credit XXX risk factor for commercial banks。
XXX such as life risk and uncertainty.Effective credit risk management is essential for commercial banks to minimize the impact of credit losses。
This involves identifying and assessing potential risks。
XXX strategies。
XXX。
By doing so。
commercial banks XXX the potential for credit losses.One of the key components of credit risk management iscredit analysis。
This involves evaluating the orthiness of borrowers to determine the likelihood of default。
Credit analysis XXX's financial history。
credit score。
collateral。
XXX credit analysis。
commercial banks can make informed lending ns and minimize the risk of default.Another important aspect of credit risk management is credit XXX can also help commercial banks XXX.In n。
电子商务对国际贸易与就业3000多字外文翻译
文献信息：文献标题：The impact of e-commerce on international trade and employment（电子商务对国际贸易与就业的影响）国外作者：Nuray Terzi文献出处：Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2011, 24:745-753字数统计：英文1947单词，11072字符；中文3154汉字外文文献：The impact of e-commerce on international trade andemploymentAbstract The purpose of the present study is to investigate the impact ofe-commerce on international trade and employment.Electronic commerce offers economy-wide benefits to all countries. The gains are likely to be concentrated in developed countries in the short run but, developing countries will have more to benefit in the long run. The volume of international trade will increase viae-commerce. The countries open to imports from high-income economies will benefit from knowledge spillovers. In addition, electronic commerce is expected to create and destroy jobs.Keywords: e-commerce ; international trade ; employment1. Benefits of e-commerce on economyThe benefits of e-commerce on economy are classified into three groups: firms, prices, productivity. A combination of technological and market forces have compelled companies to examine and reinvent their supply chain strategies. To staycompetitive, firms have searched for greater coordination and collaboration among supply chain partners to wring out the inefficiencies that might exist within firm transactions. Many of the transactions can be done externally, via electronic markets. The Internet and itsapplications have thus served to enhance the process to increase efficiencies in supply chain management. Moreover, ICTs allows firms to identify the market for the inputs they need in production and substantially reduces the cost of gathering and processing information about the prices and input characteristics of different goods and services. In addition, information and communication technologies make it easier to integrate and control remote operations without incurring prohibitive costs. Better ICTs enable optimized operations to be established in low cost domestic locations and countries where comparative advantage is present for the outsourced task. E-commerce thus facilitates the efforts of companies to separate and spin out every conceivable activity in the production process to entities outside the firm .The available empirical evidence on price is mixed. Some of the first studies found that prices of goods sold through the Internet were on average higher than their equivalent purchased through traditional retailers. A more recent study, however, found prices for books and CDs on average to be about 10 percent lower on the Internet compared with traditional retailers in the United States .Moreover, several studies conclude that information and communication technologies were an important factor in improving the overall efficiency of labor and capital, in the United States.Most importantly, productivity increased not only in the information and communication producing ectors but in sectors of the economy that do not produce information and communications technology. In other words, users of these technologies also benefited from increased productivity. In addition, the data seems to reveal that workers in the US may have also benefited from increased productivity induced by e-commerce and ICTs.2. Effects of e-commerce on international trade and employmentElectronic commerce offers important opportunities to both developing and developed countries. The evelopment of e-commerce is likely to have both direct and indirect impacts on international trade as well as the labor markets.The use of electronic means and the internet can make the process of initiating and doing trade a loteasier, faster, and less expensive. Collecting information is a costly activity when it involves acquiring information across national borders. In fact, these costs can be so high that they can be considered a substantial barrier to trade. Finding the right supplier, specifying the product’s requirements and quality,negotiating the price, arranging deliveries and marketing products is also very costly. With the internet and e-commerce applications, a whole range of these activities can occur without having buyer and seller in close physical proximity. In this respect, the internet will likely promote trade much in the same way as lifting other trade barriers would. Thus, it is the volume of international trade will likely increase .Especially, the internet when organized via electronic markets through e-commerce applications, reduces information costs and allows consumers and sellers to be matched and interact electronically,reducing the significance of geographic proximity and traditional business networks. A study found ample evidence that, development of global markets via the Internet makes historical linkages less important and suggest that countries with the fewest past trade links have the most to gain from the Internet, especially for developing countries. An evident from a 1998 survey of enterprises in 15 low and middle-income countries suggests that firms in these countries use search engines to research market opportunities.However, whether e-commerce promote international trade will depend on the nature of the good. On the one hand, a number of products that traditionally have required physical delivery can be delivered to a customer via a network in digital form. Examples of these include media products, such as text, film and computer software. On the other hand, most of the goods traded internationally are not deliverable in digital form and therefore transportation costs will continue to play a significant role . In this regard, world trade in digital media products amounted to about US$44 billionin 1996, less than 1 per cent of total world trade. For most countries, trade in digital media products was less than 2% of total trade. The rate of growth of trade in digital media products is high and above the average rate growth of total trade: the growth in trade for digital media products on average was about 10% between 1990 and 1996, 1.5 times faster than total world merchandise trade.E-commerce will also have a significant impact on trade in services. The most relevant change in trade in services is e-commerce’s and information technology’s ability to make non-tradable services into tradable. Activities that were previously non-tradable (i.e. research and development, computing, inventory management, quality control, accounting, personnel management, marketing, advertising and distribution) will be traded through the use of e-commerce. All that is required is that the quality, speed and cost of communication between buyer and seller be adequate. International cross-border trade in a wide range of services, financial, legal, telecommunications and customized software will increasingly be carried out by electronic means.Internet effectively opens markets that were previously closed; it is tempting to think of it as another form of trade liberalization. A technical improvement lowers costs of transactions and generates far larger benefits than the triangular efficiency gains from trade liberalization. Indeed, the decline in costs increases potential benefits from trade liberalization in many services sectors.As communications costs continue to fall, the potential for international outsourcing grows. As a result, outsourcing management and production activities will become more important. Obviously, some sectors and activities throughout the world are more prone than others to be affected by developments in e-commerce. In this respect, there have been attempts to identify industries or sectors that may be more predisposed to the effects of developments in e-commerce and technology. For example, a research,based on criteria that weighed the effect of cost savings, increases in productivity, industry readiness and product fitness to e-commerce, has elaborated an index of Internet intensiveness. The finding based on data from the United States and Europe suggests that the most internet intensive sectors are electronic components,food, pharmaceuticals and forest/paper products. It is likely to expect that in other regions, these same sectors and industries will be affected by e-commerce via outsourcing. At the same time, recent evidence suggests that transnational corporations are likely to be the most intensive users of electronic commerce.The potential benefits from international e-commerce to a developing country arise from a reduction in the cost of imports as much as from an increase in the price received for exports. Even if a country does not export any services, it can benefit from imports of services, paying for them in terms of goods.Cheaper availability of medical, engineering and architectural services, long-distance learning and reduced costs of transactions can confer benefits even if the country does not immediately export the services traded through Internet .Several recent studies have suggested that trade also stimulates internet use.. Countries with greater contact, either via trade, tourism, or geographical location, with the outside world, are more likely to be advanced in digital technology than other countries. Similarly, another study argues that countries open to imports from high-income OECD economies will benefit from knowledge spillovers and, hence, be more likely to adopt new technologies. Following figure and table shows world trade volume and the growth of world internet usage. According to figure 1, although world trade volume fluctuated between 2000 and 2010, it had a positive situation until 2008. After 2008, it declined because of the global financial crisis and then started to increase again. World internet usage increased all regions between 2000 and 2010.Table 1 The Growth of World Internet Usage, 2000-2010, percentageFig. 1 World Trade Volume, 2000-2010, annul percent change. (source: IMF, WEO,2006/2011).Empirical studies of internet adaption have found that internet use is correlated with openness to trade, even after controlling for other factors, that might correlated with both. For example, one of the studies found that internet users made up a greater share of the population in developing countries that were more open to trade. Other studies have also found that additional measures of ICT use and investment are correlated with various measures of openness. For example, a research, which looks at the determinants of IT used in 54 countries in Africa, found that IT use tended to be higher in countries that are more open. One research shows that enterprises that are more internationalized are more likely to engage in business to business e-commerce, but not in business-to-consumer e-commerce.Several recent studies have asked whether internet use affects trade. For example, using data from 20 low and middle income countries in Eastern Europe and Central Asia, a research shows that enterprises with internet connections export more, as a share of their total sales, than enterprises without connections. In addition, using a gravity model of trade, another research find that Internet use appears to be significantly correlated with trade after 1996, although it finds only a weak correlation in 1995 and 1996. The same research also found that internet has a greater effect on trade in developing countries than it does in developed countries.Developing countries with higher Internet penetration export more to high-income countries than do developing countries where penetration is lower. First, Internet access is so common among manufacturing enterprises in high-income countries that the differences in the number of internet users as a percent of the population probably reflects differences at the consumer, rather than the enterprise,level in developed countries. In developing countries, contrarily, many manufacturing enterprises remain unconnected. Second, because Internet access is less common in developing countries than in developed countries, being connected to the Internet would seem to be a greater advantage for enterprises in developing countries with respect to exporting to developed countries.Finally, because of strong regional differences in income, and taking into account the fact that most exports from developing countries to other developing countries will be within the same region, communication costs will presumably be greater for exports to distant developed countries than it would be for exports to neighboring developing countries.3. ConclusionThis article concludes following results. Internet will promote international trade much as lifting other trade barriers would. Thus, the volume of international trade will increase via e-commerce. The countries open to imports from high-income economies will benefit from knowledge spillovers. E-commerce can also have a significant impact on trade in services. In addition, electronic commerce is also expected to directly and indirectly create new jobs as well as cause job losses. New jobs will be generated in the information and communication technologies sector, while the indirect creation of jobs will occur via increased demand and productivity.中文译文：电子商务对国际贸易与就业的影响摘要本研究的目的是探讨电子商务对国际贸易的影响，以及电子商务为所有国家提供的就业优势。
英文每日阅读英语作文翻译
英文每日阅读英语作文翻译英文回答：Daily English Readings for Improved English Writing。
In the realm of language acquisition, reading serves as a transformative force, enriching vocabulary, enhancing comprehension, and refining writing skills. Incorporating daily English readings into one's routine can unlock a wealth of linguistic benefits, propelling language learners towards proficiency.1. Expanding Vocabulary:Immersion in English texts exposes readers to a diverse lexicon, allowing them to absorb new words and phrases effortlessly. By encountering unfamiliar vocabulary in context, learners can infer meanings, strengthen word recognition, and expand their mental lexicon.2. Enhanced Comprehension:Reading English materials fosters comprehension at various levels. It improves understanding of grammar, syntax, and language structure. By analyzing text organization, identifying key ideas, and drawing inferences, readers develop a deeper understanding of the written word.3. Refined Writing Style:Exposure to well-written English texts provides models for effective writing. Learners can observe sentence structure, vocabulary choice, and paragraph organization, internalizing these elements into their own writing. Reading diverse genres, from news articles to literary works, cultivates a comprehensive understanding of writing styles.4. Cultural Immersion:English readings offer insights into the culture and perspectives of English-speaking societies. By exploringdifferent topics, such as history, politics, and social issues, learners gain cultural awareness and develop empathy for different viewpoints.5. Sharpened Critical Thinking Skills:Reading English texts encourages critical thinking and analysis. By evaluating arguments, identifying biases, and examining evidence, learners hone their analytical skills and develop a more nuanced understanding of the world around them.6. Enhanced Fluency:Consistent English reading enhances fluency by improving reading speed and accuracy. Exposure to various text types and reading aloud helps learners develop a natural rhythm and intonation, facilitating smoother and more confident oral communication.中文回答：每日英文阅读提高英语写作。
英语翻译
没有付出就没有收获(No pain no gain!)I am sure everybody has specific attribute or quality distinguish me from anyone else. For me, I think perseverance is my specific attribute.我相信每个人都有独特的价值或品质。
对于我，毅力是我的品性。
Going through my past, I could see my perseverance was not inherited from my parents whom obviously different from me on this point, and I remember when I was young I never put my heart into one thing for a long time, today did this, tomorrow that, can’t have got one thing satisfied, so I was the useless one in the other’s eyes.从以往我的表现来看，我的毅力不是从我的父母继承那继承的。
因为他们在这一点上与我大相径庭。
记得当我年轻时，我从来没有长时间地专注于一件情，今天做这，明天做那，没有一件事是让人满意，因此我在别人眼中是一无是处的一个人。
When I was in high school, I was appointed as the leader of sports in our class. In fact, I did not know why I would be a leader of sports since I did not have sports strength. At the first year our school held an annual sports meeting, I joined it, actually I did not want to, but no choice, because I was a leader, and I chose the 3000m racing. Unfortunately, I won the last one, oh, my god, my face lost up, so sorry I felt. After that I made a resolution to practice it, every morning at 5 o’clock, I got up to run, just like this did it every day, nomatter raining or snowing, I never gave it up.高中时期，我被任命为我们的体育委员。
暖通3000字英文翻译
附录A 英语原文Air-Conditioning Design for Data Centers—Accommodating Current Loads and Planning forthe FutureAbstractToday’s modern enterprise data center must be capable of efficiently operating at current average power densities of 30 to 50 W/ft2 (~320 to 540 W/m2) and, based upon industry trends, support growth in the foreseeable future toward 150 W/ft2 (~1,610 W/m2) and also incorporate provision to possibly support significantly higher power densities in local areas. This paper summarizes the industry trends toward greater power consumption and higher processing speed servers and gives an overview of current and expected techniques for cooling high power consuming cabinets and mainframes. The potential impact of these trends and new techniques on the design of the raised floor cooling system will also be discussed. Additionally, during the installation of new equipment and the migration of equipment from other data centers to the new center, the new data center at start-up is often required to operate with almost no computing equipment load. The start-up conditions can be an operational problem for equipment sized to operate at maximum load. In response to the potentially large range of power density operation and the highcosts of data centerconstruction, the majority of owner operators plan to accommodate this expected power density growth in phases. This paper summarizes the planning to accommodate the various load conditions of the mechanical systems for one recently designed data center, including raised floor cooling, central plants, and pipe distribution.1 INTRODUCTIONThe air-conditioning system in today's modern enterprise data center must be capable of continuously supporting on a 7cays/week, 24 hours/day, 365 days/year basis with current power densities averaging 30 to 50 W/ft2 (~320 to 540 W/m2)and, based on the industry trends of faster processing speed requirements and higher power consuming servers, incorporate provision for growth in the foreseeable future toward 150W/ft2 (~1,610 W/m2). In addition, currently available computing equipment can be configured to require significantly higher power densities in local areas. The modern data center must also be capable of supporting these local higher densities as well.For the purposes of this paper, power density capacity of a data center in W/ft2 is defined to be the total electric power capacity available to the computing equipment in watts divided by the total raised floor area in square feet of the data center’s computer room Power d ensity capacity (W/ft2) = total UPS power (W)/total raised floor area (ft2)The computer room floor of the data center would incorporate all of thecomputing equipment, required access for that equipment, egress paths, air-conditioning equipment, and power distribution units (PDUs). The actual power density is defined as the actual power used by the computing equipment divided by the floor area occupied by the equipment plus any supporting space as described above.Actual power density (W/ft2) = computer power consumption (W)/required computer area (ft2)Empty or “white” space should not be included in the calculation of the actual power density.Computing equipment in the data center is generally composed of legacy rack servers, modern rack servers, blade servers, mainframes, network devices, and storage devices. Within each of these different categories of equipment there are numerous types of computing devices, many having different sizes and different power and cooling requirements.Ultimately, the total power consumption on the raised floor (and therefore the majority of the raised floor cooling load) is the sum of the actual power consumption of the individual computers themselves. Ideally, the air-conditioning system designer would have access to a complete list identifying the make and model of all equipment used, the power and cooling requirements of the equipment, and the client’s preferred equipment arrangement. In many cases, this list and plan are unavailable during the design phase of a project as the information technology (IT) planning for the center isgenerally on a design path parallel to the design of the data center itself.Often during the design phase, the project designers are asked to plan for any of the computing equipment placed anywhere on the raised floor. Within defined guidelines, the design criterion is often that the supporting mechanical and electrical systems must be able to support dense groups of IT cabinets containing blade and rack servers consuming significantly more power and requiring significantly more cooling than the average specified cooling requirement. In the end, air-conditioning design success is often judged on the ability to cool these dense groups of high power consuming computers and the mainframe equipment.Complicating things further, storage equipment and mainframe computers have very specific requirements from a cooling standpoint (locations of intake and exhaust as well as airflow and temperature) that generally require a different cooling approach to the cooling of servers. Additionally, from the IT planner’s standpoint, future generations of computers could require substantial reprogramming of the raised floor and substantially different cooling distribution systems. The infrastructure system should accommodate at least five changes in technology, with technology changes occurring approximately every three years.2 DATA CENTER POWER REQUIREMENTSAs indicated previously, data center power consumption and cooling requirements are a function of the types and quantities of computing equipmentto be installed. In general, the new blade and rack servers consume the most power on a unit area footprint basis followed, respectively, by the tape storage devices and mainframes/large partitioned servers and tape storage devices. Data centers primarily supporting older legacy servers and tape storage/retrieval processes can operate at power densities as low as 30 W/ft2 (~320 W/m2). Data centers primarily performing processing operations using new servers typically operate in the 60 to 100 W/ft2 (~645 to 1,075 W/m2) range. Standard 2.2 meter (86 inch) IT cabinets are subdivided into 42U’s of available computing equipment installation, with the “U” being the incremental unit height of computing equipment.3 DATA CENTER PLANNING GENERALThe majority of new corporate data center projects begin with both the migration of existing equipment and the installation of new equipment. This generally puts the initial design loads in the 40 to 60 W/ft2 range (~430 - 645 w/m2), although the power requirements at start-up are often much less, due to the fact that installation of equipment can be relatively slow but the data center must become operational upon installation of the first piece of hardware. Multi-year IT plans are developed identifying phased-in equipment and projected loads. These IT loads can then be translated to a phased-in plan for growth of the power and cooling systems.The most significant factors affecting construction cost of the data center are the design power density and the level of reliability. At a 75 W/ft2 (810W/m2) design power density, the construction cost can range from $1000 to $1500/ft2 ($10,750 to $16,130/m2) of raised floor, depending upon the required level of reliability. Given the high costs of data center construction, there is little reason to construct mechanical and electrical infrastructure that might see little use for a number of years. Developing phased plans for the installation of mechanical and electrical equipment, matching cooling and electrical infrastructure to IT requirements, makes cost-effective sense, requiring infrastructure costs only to be expended when required.In large data centers the mechanical and electrical infra-structure space requirements to support the power and cooling needs are significant relative to the size of the raised floor. At 75 W/ft2 (~810 W/m2) over 100,000 ft2 (~9,300 m2), the infra-structure space requirement can equal the size of the raised floor. Ultimately though, the maximum power requirement will set the physical size of the infrastructure and the ultimate delivery capability of the cooling systems and incoming electrical systems. Once the maximum capabilities of the infra-structure and the required growth stages have been set, the sizes and numbers of chillers, pumps, air handlers, and other support equipment can be determined and then the corresponding sizes of the mechanical and electrical rooms set.Due to the nature of the constant electric load that occurs in the data center, the use of “green” or energy-saving mechanical systems has been limited. Research into the use of more energy-efficient air-conditioning solutions isongoing [2]. However, when outdoor air temperatures permit, “free cooling” can be utilized as long as relative humidity control can be maintained.Decisions to increase power and cooling capabilities beyond the initial design levels will likely require invasive infrastructure expansion or even building additions. We there-fore believe it is critical to project power and square footage requirements as far forward as possible and also to consider a contingency for unexpected growth.Generally, the schematic design of a data center includes general arrangements and one-line drawings showing the initial and phased growth of all supporting infrastructure. Mechanical and electrical infrastructure should be in alignment from a power and cooling capability standpoint. Excess capability of either plant generally cannot be taken advantage of and is usually a poor investment. Once the specific infra-structure systems and the initial build density have been deter-mined, future increments of growth should be planned for using modules of the initially selected equipment and installed without interruption of any of the operating infrastructure.4 HUMIDIFICATION AND PRESSURIZATIONControl of humidity within the data center is essential to ensuring proper operation of the IT equipment. Humidity levels that are too low can cause a static electric discharge. Humidity levels that are too high can cause media failures in tape devices and other types of equipment failures. CRAH units, which perform relative humidity control using built-in reheat and humidificationequipment, can work against each other (some units in heating and others in cooling) when control set points are not identical and control tolerances are too small. This scenario can also occur even with all units operating with similar set points and dead-bands when control sensors are out of calibration or different areas of the data center operate under significantly different electrical power demands.To eliminate the possibility of this potentially energy-wasting scenario, the subject data center eliminated the electric reheat coils and humidification from the CRAH units and incorporated central station air handlers (AHUs) that served to provide humidification to the data center and a minimum reheat capability. The AHUs also served to introduce outdoor air as necessary to ventilate and pressurize the data center. Positive pressurization of the data center minimizes air infiltration along with potential pollutants that could negatively affect the computing equipment. To further minimize effects of the outdoor environment, the subject data center was constructed completely internal to the building (no common exterior wall), with vapor barriers provided on the data center walls as well as the entire building perimeter. Air locks were also provided at all entrances to the corridors that surrounded the data center.At 319.8 MBH (93.7 kW) of capacity, the cooling coils of the CRAH units operate with virtually no latent cooling. Based on this, the data center will operate with minimal requirement for humidification until a high-density requirement causes a number of the units to operate at full load. An analysis ofthe IT plan showed that a significant portion of the load (1875 kW) could be high-density cabinets, ultimately requiring a minimum of 17 units operating at full load (397 MBH (116.5 kW) sensible cooling and 24 MBH (7.0 kW) latent cooling. This corresponds to a total latent load of 408 MBH (119.6 kW) (17 units × 24 MBH [~7.0 kW] each), whichrequired a maximum of 384 #/h (2.9 kg/s) of steam. To meet this maximum requirement, each of the AHUs was furnished with ultrasonic humidifiers, each capable of meeting this load. To control humidity within the data center, the return air relative humidity and temperature in the return air to the AHUs was measured and converted to an absolute humidity, in grains of moisture per pound of dry air. Humidification is then enabled as necessary to ensure that the data center remains within an acceptable range of absolute humidity.5 SUPPORTING MECHANICAL INFRASTRUCTUREThe subject data center was initially planned for three phases of overall growth: phase 1 – 50,000 ft2 (4,650 m2) at 50 W/ft2 (~540 W/m2), phase 2 –100,000 ft2 (9,300 m2) at 50 W/ft2 (~540 W/m2), and phase 3 –100,000 ft2 (9,300 m2) at 75 W/ft2 (~810 W/m2). Although the largest component of the air-conditioning load is the electrical power that powers the IT equipment, there are numerous other components to the load that significantly increase the load over that required to directly support the IT equipment. An accurate summary of all components of the load through all phases of growth isnecessary to ensure that all air-conditioning requirements can be met both at start-up and throughout all phases of the growth. Additionally, the infrastructure is normally planned such that mechanical and electrical equipment is added as the load grows. As well as design loads, the air-conditioning system needs to be able to operate at start-up with minimal IT equipment in the data center. This requires an accurate analysis of the loads at start-up to ensure that the equipment selected can also operate properly at the minimum load.Many of the individual loads that compose the total air- conditioning load of a data center are typical of those found in office or institutional buildings, but there are also a number of other loads that are either unique to the data center or significantly larger. Typical to the conventional building are skin, lighting, and personal ventilation loads. These loads are generally less than those found in other buildings, as data center functions require no windows, overall lower lighting, and minimal personal ventilation due to the minimum staffing requirements to operate a center. Loads unique or significantly larger than those found in a commercial building include uninterruptible power supplies (UPS), battery room ventilation, and transformers. The modern data center contains numerousseparate electrical transformers that serve to step down voltage from the utility to the emergency power generation level, the UPS equipment, the mechanical, and the computing equipment itself. Load bank transformers are normally data center requirements as well to permit testing of the UPSequipment.To provide a Tier 4 (system plus system, dual path) mechanical and electrical infrastructure system that can provide 75 W/ft2 (~810 W/m2) of power over 100,000 ft2 (9,300 m2), the subject data center required about 100,000 ft2 (9,300 m2) of supporting infrastructure space. This space included UPS and battery rooms, numerous electrical rooms, and indoor centrifugal chiller and emergency generator power plants. Typically, the total square footage of the facility is built at day one and the building lit and air-conditioned. The combined lighting and skin loads in the subject data center vary from 4 to 6 W/ft2 (~43 to 65 W/m2) over the 200,000 ft2 (18,600 m2) facility (depending upon location in the facility) and are minimal when compared to the full growth load of 75 W/ft2 (~810 W/m2) over the 100,000 ft2 (9,300 m2). These loads are only slightly more significant when compared to the stage 1 load of 50 W/ft2 (~540 W/m2) over 50,000 ft2 (4,650 m2). If minimal IT load is available at start-up, the skin and lighting loads will compose the majority of the air-conditioning load. Air-conditioning equipment sized for operation at the maximum design loads is significantly oversized for cool-ing without an IT load and possibly not capable of operation at all without some IT load. Generally, data centers are constructed with an office component that adds to the initial required air-conditioning load.A thorough analysis of both the maximum and minimum loads is therefore required during design to ensure that the selected equipment is suitable for operation over its total expected operating range.When the operating loads meet the design loads, the majority of the air-conditioning requirement is to support the electrical loads. In addition to providing the design air-conditioning requirement on the raised floor, the air-conditioning system must also cool a number of electrical devices, the most significant of these being the UPS. The UPS converts the incoming AC power to DC and back to AC for the purposes of power cleaning and in the process rejects up to 8% of the incoming electrical power as a heat load. Additionally, numerous transformers step down power from the incoming voltage to the 208 or 120 volts used by the IT equipment. Transformers stepping down the voltage to the voltage used by the UPS (normally 480 volt) are often located in the UPS rooms them-selves. The transformers stepping down from the UPS voltage to the voltage used by the IT equipment (208 or 120 volts) are often located on the raised floor itself. Transformers generally reject up to 2% of the stepped down energy as heat.Additional electrical transformers also step down the voltage to that used by the mechanical equipment and other non-IT loads. For the subject data center, these transformers were located in separate mechanical substations, sized at 1.2 times the UPS power requirement. Additional transformers (in this case located outside) were also provided to step down the voltage from the utility supply voltage to that used by the emergency generators.Additionally, 480 volt load banks were provided for test-ing of the UPS system. These load banks are provided with dedicated transformers and arenormally sized to support the capacity of one UPS plant. This load is a relatively small percentage of the total load in a large center, since it occurs only during testing, but if this transformer is installed indoors, it is important to provide adequate cooling to prevent local overheating of the room during UPS testing.Aside from the ventilation to support the data center operating personnel, there are a number of ventilation requirements that can add to the requirements of a central cooling plant. These include the ventilation required to maintain the data center, UPS, and other electrical rooms at pressures slightly positive to the adjacent spaces. Also, the majority of building codes require battery room ventilation at the rate of 1 cfm/ft2 (5 L/s per m2) of battery room floor area. The subject data center incorporated six battery rooms at a minimum continuous ventilation rate of 2,250 cfm (~1060 L/s) each.Table 2 summarizes the maximum air-conditioning requirements for the subject facility. The data center loads include CRAH latent and fan heat added to the chilled water plant and therefore cause these loads to be slightly higher than the direct UPS power to the raised floor. As well as trans-former losses, the electrical losses also include motor inefficiencies in the chiller rooms, which were air-conditioned. The subject project incorporated open-drive motors on the chillers and therefore created a significant heat load in the chiller room itself. Skin and lighting loads are identified for the entire facility, and the ventilation load is tabulated separately.With chilled water from two central plants in a 2N configuration (to meet afault-tolerant design criteria), 1200 tons (4,219.2 kW) was determined to be the initial maximum load for phase 1, as well as the preferred chiller size for future installations. The initial maximum summertime load without IT equipment was determined to be no more than 270 tons (949.3 kW).Interfacing the chilled water central plant to the raised-floor cooling system is the piping system. To be able to quickly support the addition of air-conditioners as the data center load grows, it is standard practice to initially install the piping systems fully capable of meeting the maximum design load. Two approaches are available to provide a fault-tolerant piping system. The first is to provide dual chilled water supply and return to all air-conditioners and the second is to install chilled water supply and return piping loops around all of the air-conditioners. The first approach makes available completely redundant supply and return piping systems to all equipment in the event of failure or a planned maintenance outage of one of the two paths. The second approach utilizes isolation valves within the piping loop to permit all equipment to be fed from either direction of the loop in the event that one portion of the loop fails or has to undergo a planned outage.The subject data center, utilizing the looped approach, also had to accommodate any portions of the data center at operation of approximately 130 W/ft2 (~1,400 W/m2). Unfortunately, during the design the location of the high-density equipment was unknown; consequently, the majority of the data center’s piping loop was designed and then installed in phase 1 to be able toaccommodate a 130 W/ft2 (~1,400 W/m2) load.Ideally, the areas of high density would be known during design, allowing the pipe system to be designed and then balanced to accommodate the varying power densities. In the case of the subject data center, the initial water balance will evenly distribute water among all the units. Ultimately, rebalancing will be required to accommodate the high-density environment. As flow to the air-conditioning units during normal operation is from two directions, care must be taken when sizing the system to ensure that the ASHRAE-recommended minimum pipe velocities can be maintained during normal operation. Pipe sizes in both the looped and four-pipe systemsare generally smaller than those found in conventional two-pipe systems.6 SUMMARYPlanning and design of the air-conditioning system for a data center requires a thorough understanding of the types of computing equipment to be cooled, the initial and expected power densities, and any requirements to support locally higher power densities. These criteria are then used to design the raised floor cooling system, central plant, and piping systems. The raised floor cooling system itself should take into account that distribution cabinets of servers, mainframe computers, and storage application devices each have different cooling requirements that need to be separately addressed. Additionally, areas of high-density equipment could require significantly more air than other areas of the data center or possibly alternative cooling technologies just nowcoming to market or not as yet developed. The design must be flexible enough to accommodate several technology changes during the life of the facility. In some cases the initial start-up and first year of operation of the data center could require the mechanical systems to operate with little or no computing equipment load. Successful central or cooling plant design must be able to accommodate this low partial-load operation if required.7 REFERENCES[1].The Uptime Institute. 2000. Heat Density Trends in Data Processing Computer Systems and Telecommunications Equipment[2].Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.[3].ITileFlow version 1.7. Innovative Research, Plymouth[4].Flovent version 4.1. Flometrics.[5].Thermal Guidelines for Data Processing Environments. Atlanta: American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers, Inc. [6].Sullivan, R. 2002. Alternating Cold and Hot Aisles Pro-vide More Reliable Cooling for Server Farms.附录B 中文翻译数据中心空调系统设计,适应当前的负载和对未来的规划摘要：今天的现代企业数据中心必须能够有效地操作目前的平均功率密度30到50 W / ft2(~ 320 - 540 W / m2),根据行业趋势,支持经济增长在可预见的未来对150 W / ft2(~ 1610 W / m2),也将提供在当地地区可能支持更高的功率密度。
云仓储模式智能仓储管理系统外文文献翻译3000多字
文献信息标题：Intelligent Warehouse Management System under the Concept of Cloud Model作者:Moussa R.期刊名：International Journal of Recent Technology and Engineering，第8卷，第3期，页码：21-31.原文Intelligent Warehouse Management System under the Concept of Cloud ModelMoussa RAbstractIn the modern society, the role of logistics is more and more important, is known as the third profit source, enterprise want to gain a foothold in the change, standing, be sure to will improve the operation efficiency of each link in the top priority. Logistics operation is one that cannot be ignored, and warehouse management level is the key factor for improving the efficiency of enterprise logistics. The application of information technology, make warehouse management gradually developed to the direction of automation, integration, intelligence, the concept of cloud storage system is brought new opportunity for development of warehouse management system. In this paper, the business enterprise inside scattered in different parts of the multiple storage for the object, to build a cloud storage mode of architecture. The System using RFID (Radio Frequency Identification), intelligent technology such as GPS (Global Positioning System), use of network interconnection, distributed storage resources integration focused to a unified information repository, and according to user requirements for packaging services, provides a unified interface to the user the access to warehouse management services within the scope of permission. In this paper, the distributed storage and management of building cloud model, using a variety of automatic, intelligent, information technology for concentration of reasonable and effective integration of resources, resource scheduling optimization problems in the research system, an effective scheduling method is proposed, and preliminary realize intelligent warehouse management system based on cloud model, to provide users with good management service. Keywords: Cloud storage; Intelligent; Warehouse management1 IntroductionAny industry company, with more or less involve products in and out, is the product ofcirculation. Today, the enterprise to the environment can be in an impregnable position under great development, the logistics operation must be incorporated into the work of management, it is particularly important for large chain enterprises. Logistics operation is an important material in become the finished product to be put into use from the middle of the transit, since be transit, will inevitably exist in the middle of a stored procedure, it involves the material in the warehouse storage management, warehouse management problems.The emergence of science and technology, almost brought all the industry the development of innovative, it is no exception to the warehouse management problem. Under the guidance of science and technology, the development is experiencing a variety of storage management technology, but on the whole, is to reduce human input, increase the degree of mechanization, integration, introducing more automation, intelligent, the direction of network information technology, the development to improve the efficiency of the warehouse management has brought great possibility.In terms of the present situation, warehouse management is still in a transition period of development, according to the result of field research, although many storage have been adopted by some systematic and information management, such as the barcode on material management, establish the corresponding network information management system, but still continue to use previous manual enrollment data. This kind of management method to enhance the data format to the standardization of management, set up between the data and the name of the data dictionary, for the management of network information. Manual entry way, however, still need a great deal of effort, it will not only result in the interference of subjective factor, and often requires a second entry, namely the statistics from the material, and the data entry information system. This problem can pass to the original warehouse management mechanism, the application of RFID technology to solve, namely will replace for RFID electronic label, bar code and cooperate with the use of RFID reader. When making data entry, the direct use of reader scan electronic tags get prior written data, through process control data according to the predetermined format through the network to the information management system. This way of data acquisition, the device is completely objective to accomplish, the process follows a fixed procedure and specification, a recorded message data management system, reduce the error probability, simplify the work, greatly improves the data acquisition speed, more promoted the intelligent warehousemanagement level and efficiency of management.2 Literature reviewWarehouse management plays an important role in the whole logistics links, in the supply chain system, storage is an important transit connect upstream downstream manufacturing and distribution, are an integral part of the whole system. The development course of natural focused on by many scholars. Under the push of the scholars, warehouse management, include a lot of advanced ideas and technology method, to make it by the original manual warehouse management, gradually developed into a set of mechanization, automation, integration, intelligence for the integration of modern warehouse management system. Gainova active perception of manufacturing in the field of information resources for the key research, awareness contents include the basic information of many sided, union sensing technology is used to analyze the information network transmission, concentration and processing, finally realizes the holographic monitor and intelligent management of the entire manufacturing process. The application of various technical means, the final purpose is to make warehouse management more standardized and more efficient. Although initial artificial warehouse management is according to certain rules and regulations, but its no matter from the device, or are the most primitive human use.All the materials in and out, interior is done by human transportation dispatching, materials information recorded manually paper records, its cost a lot of manpower, but the efficiency is not high, also easy to get wrong. In order to make the material information management more accurate and specification, bar code and RFID technology has been the introduction of warehouse management. Ballestin pointed out that RFID is a way to get all sorts of properties such as real-time information of emerging technologies, the static, and dynamic management strategy are discussed respectively; analysis of the RFID technology brings the convenience for warehouse management. Lim M K etc. The application of RFID in warehouse management is reviewed, from 1995 to 2010 about the RFID literature summarized, including the application of RFID technology, and points out its new ideas to improve the efficiency of enterprise operation, its challenges, as well as the development direction of the future. Harry K.H.C how design a kind of resource information management system based on RFID, it can help the user to select the most appropriate storage resource handling warehouse need operation orders, effectively improve the efficiency of resources efficiency and warehouse management. Intelligent devices, effectively improve the precision ofthe underlying data acquisition, real-time, to avoid the interference of subjective factor, fundamentally improve the efficiency of warehouse management, provides a solid foundation for the system construction. In order to better use of the underlying data, reform the warehouse management, a large number of information technology, including wireless sensor network technology, Internet technology into it, such as establishing networked information management system for it.The Kamil Durski describes a cloud computing structure of warehouse management system, it can be compatible with different operating systems, and supports a variety of terminal equipment of access, including independent desktop computers, and all the mobile device.Keller designs a distributed storage management system based on framework, system build object-oriented business logic layer, applicable environment can be a traditional local area network (LAN) can also be a wan, sufficient to meet the demand of the distributed application, at the same time, the technology can be deployed in a distributed environment remote automatic updates, the maintainability is strong.3 Intelligent warehouse management based on cloud model3.1 Summary of cloud storageLarge chain enterprises tend to be distributed in different parts of the warehouse, whether reasonable and efficient management to the storage system is closely related to enterprise can normal operation. Storage technology in the process of evolution, the effective combination of various advanced technologies, to make it efficient, intelligent, integrated direction. Network information technology will be distributed storage into a network system, it covers the warehousing information about them and warehousing related supplies reserve information, logistics, transport, etc., and by a unified platform for centralized management, the storage system called cloud storage.Cloud storage is the product of information development, changed the past a single storage non-isolating management pattern, effective distributed storage of enterprise internal resources, including the basic information of the warehousing and storage store supplies information, goods transport information for centralized integration, such as the information management system for unified management. With the highest authority of the managers can clear control of the various storage current stockpiles and operation situation, with some permissions management personnelcan also view the corresponding resources within the scope of information, on this basis, the real-time control warehouse operation status, to satisfy the demand of the order of the specific supply warehousing arrangement, reasonable optimization, to achieve the optimal allocation of resources.3.2 Cloud platform architectureIn cloud storage management system, a distributed storage information resources and effective integration, will include intelligent entity resource, relevant equipment, warehousing, logistics resources, information resources, network equipment, center server and so on, all the physical resources and virtual resources, focus on the same platform, and to directly or after processing the invocation of the resources, make the user's demand to be satisfied in the form of packaging good, eventually under different permissions for on-demand invocation, to form a cloud platform architecture. This architecture can be abstracted as three levels, the bottom layer for infrastructure, which include the basic software and hardware facilities; The middle layer of the platform layer, the main complete virtual information resources collection and processing; At the highest level for the application layer, that is, the final show part of the user, is encapsulated function module3.2.1 Infrastructure layerInfrastructure layer at the bottom of the platform, includes all the hardware and software resources of the platform equipment, provide basic guarantee and support for the entire cloud platform.It includes warehousing logistics equipment resources, the basis of intelligent identification equipment to improve the efficiency of management and join, will be distributed storage and logistics equipment for network interconnection network facilities, resource pooling, schedule a central server device.3.2.2 Platform layerThe platform layer at an intermediate level of the whole system structure, the main data collection, calculation, statistics, etc., this is related to the analysis of the data processing of a level, is a virtual level. Is data related to the platform layer level, which include an information repository, is used to store the infrastructure layer to collect and upload all kinds of information. Information repository contains huge information resources, the amount of information will increase with the increase of infrastructure layer, it not only include some of the inherent attributesof the information infrastructure layer, when the infrastructure layer contains the function of real-time monitoring, it contains information and real-time monitoring the related part of the real-time refresh.3.2.3 Application layerApplication layer is at the highest level of the whole system, it is intuitive to reflect a hierarchy of the functional sex of the whole platform, according to the needs of users, the service for packaging, finally presented to the user. Combined with the specific project requirements, the intelligent warehouse management platform of application layer eventually provides warehouse management and logistics management of the two most functions.译文云处理理念下的智能仓储管理系统研究作者：Moussa R.摘要在现代社会，物流的作用正越来越重要，被誉为第三方利润源，企业要想在变化中站稳脚跟，务必将提高各环节的运转效率放在重中之重。
企业薪酬体系设计外文文献翻译中文字数3000多字
企业薪酬体系设计外文文献翻译中文字数3000多字The success of any management strategy is dependent on the people who make up an XXX any enterprise。
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自驾游发展外文文献翻译字数3000多字
自驾游发展外文文献翻译字数3000多字This article discusses the rise。
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商业银行信贷风险管理外文文献翻译中文3000多字
商业银行信贷风险管理外文文献翻译中文3000多字This article discusses the importance of credit risk management for commercial banks。
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Banks face numerous challenges in managing credit risk。
人体工程学外文文献翻译2014年译文3000字
文献出处: Louis Freund. The application of Human body engineering in modern designs [J] Human Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing, 2014, 16(3): 61-83.（声明：本译文归百度文库所有，其他网站不得转载，完整译文请到百度文库。
）原文The application of Human body engineering in modern designsAuthor: Louis FreundAbstractThe wider application of ergonomics in the design for the improvement of the design creation play a supporting role. Correct understanding of the position and role of ergonomics in the design of art, in the design innovation, scientific and reasonable, moderate application of ergonomics, can let the modern design industry rapid development.Key words: Design art; Design innovation; The human body engineeringErgonomics is the study and things (the products) and interaction between work environments and to coordinate the relationship between each other, it is widely used in industry, agriculture, business, health, construction, transportation, service industry and military industry and other fields. Its purpose is through revealing human relationship between the three elements, content, environment and the law of construction with the optimization of human - machine - environment system as a whole. In terms of design, the human body engineering is a scientific, rational, logical, and certainty, the emotional characteristics and commonness, material thinking, for its research, for the formation of the design product provides the scientific basis of the corresponding physical and chemical.In general, the product design has five principles: practicality andsecurity, maintenance, appearance, price, sales force. With human body engineering to reduce potential safety hazard, ensure its security, has been the design of the consensus. Every field of human body engineering in product design, the appearance of many products is also improved according to it, such as a mouse. The elf appeared in 1984, is one of the best design of the 20th century, it extends the man's finger, make the person of computer operation more convenient and comfortable. When apple first mouse design task to hart, a spa Salinger and his frog studio, they present box model. In 1987, the design team for the design of "apple SE" there has been substantial change: the surface of the box adds a slope, to adapt to the curvature of the palm of your hand. Now take out the modelling of the mouse, we are familiar with the appearance of the ellipse with arc, it is easy to hold in one hand, and out of the index finger and middle finger to easily fall on its left and right key, this change makes the man-machine harmonious relations are important step. The small products from the mouse, we see the power of the human body engineering.Reasonable engineering student to design art of the human bodyStudy of art design is the core of human services, is to use artistic creation and modern advanced science and technology to meet the demand of modern society, people's physical and mental activity of creation., the subjects of study is a person, is the object of performance, through the people to use and changes in time and space, embodies a way of life in society. Therefore, the essence of design art is to create content to the developing and changing, a more reasonable way of life. Design art, on the study of "person" not only is to study the structure of the human body and appearance, more important is to explore people's thought, mental, emotional, and the differences of human nature and appeal, this is the person's social attributes of the complexity and deep-seated problems. Although human body engineering, the question of study, it studies focuson the efficiency of people and things with problems, focus on people's physical property research.Today's society, science and technology, culture development changes with each passing day, design trends also changed a lot, for rational demand more and more people to the perceptual demand. How to face to service the people demand change? How to use high-tech means to treat the high emotional problems? How to suit increasingly diversified and personalized, differentiated on mental attributes such as designing problems of design innovation and the relationship of human body engineering? These are all designers to ponder question. For this, I think from the following two aspects in this paper, the modern design of the reasonable use of human body engineering problems: first, can't simply copy form; second, adjust the design innovation and using the relationship between the human body engineering. If too much emphasis on the design of dependence on human body engineering, inevitably affect the design innovation, introduces design thinking of mechanical, rigid, lack of vitality of the guide. So, to face the design innovation and the relationship of human body engineering is to determine the design of the key factors.Design innovation and the relationship of human body engineering From a design perspective, the study of human body engineering in general can be divided into the following several aspects: the morphology of the human body data, the human body movement parameters, the characteristics, the response characteristics of human perception, etc. The purpose of the study of human body is designed in order to make things better cooperate in the characteristics of the people, and people's physiology and the psychological demand, so as to achieve safe, comfortable, healthy and efficient role, make the content is suitable for people to use.Research on human activity spacePeople at work have a certain scope of activity space, its design is reasonable is directly related to people's work efficiency. Therefore, studying the working space and people's activities in order to maximize meet people habits of directional movement and action, make the design content of space and more effectively with people's behavior way, play a good work efficiency. Design of today's enterprise, for example, the office is in the big open space Settings screen partition combined work within range of styles, so for staff to communicate with each other, can effectively solve the relationship between the individual and group work, the formation of efficient working environment.The services provided by the research productsOnce product is used by people, in the process of the service, the service of moderate or not closely associated with people demand. The level of service is not enough, can let the user feel to solve the problem is not in place or can't solve the problem, make the person feels things of value, inconvenience; And the service is excessive, but let us bewilder, cause waste. In today's cabinet design, for example: through the study found that when use of the traditional engineering design ambry main problems: (1) the average height of people generally increase than in the past, now past 800 mm high standard mesa have less. It will make you old is bent to do things, time is long, easy to cause the tiredness of the waist, back, is not conducive to health. (2) the depth of condole ark is deep, so the location of the feeling after installation writes a facial, blocking the line of sight so easily. (3) the condole high distance away from the table, let a person it is difficult to see condole ark layer board the items above. (4) of lampblack machine is too low, when you are cooking, need to be around his waist, bow to see whether the pot of delicious is ready, may accidentally run into his forehead.(5) the busy cooking,usually frequently open or close a door condole ark, so you may simply let it after opening has been open. But this will lead to more narrow in sight in the process of cooking, might even be turned in a flash meet his forehead.(6) cabinet installed in the ground ark of layer board if not reasonable, once you want to take on the items inside, have to bow down and down, and the insufficient light inside, is very difficult to see that you need items.(7) enter inside rural line installation space is not enough, that is to say when you stand in front of the chest, feet easily rural line; If it is filled with adjustable feet, without the foot line, there might be to foot and fall. In order to solve these problems, in the cabinet design and production, can adjust the mesa height and depth, increase special back slot, functional components, drawer, reasonable use of the space of corner position, and with the appropriate lighting effects.Too high or too low ambry mesa, body will feel uncomfortable. When cooking may even twist to the waist. Different people have different height, and most of today's mesa is used "standard size", and the current average height is higher than in the past, but the "dimension" but did not get the corresponding adjustment. A lot of brand ambry design still is total height is 800 mm or 850 mm to 110 mm tank configuration rural line. Depth of more than 350 mm condole ark, can give a person causes too close to the feeling of face, and condole ark installation at least 540 mm from the surface, to ensure that the cooking have a better view. But so after implementation, because the condole ark is too deep, will cause you to be very difficult to see and access objects in it. In cabinet design and production, therefore, can be used to reduce condole ark depth or increase the depth of the ground ark more humanized measures to solve this problem. Depth is greater than 600 mm to counter top for more activity space and you ready for a better sight, at the same time will reduce theheight of condole ark from mesa to 480 mm, convenient access to your items. In addition, the deeper ground ark can bring you more space and perfect line of sight, you can even to condole ark from mesa height down to 420 mm, and so even on condole roof space can be used to store items. Through the above analysis: ambry have quite relationship with human body engineering, so in the design and choice when buying ambry, also should follow such engineering, healthy, perfect and comfortable. ConclusionsErgonomics is through investigation, observation, measurement, calculation, statistics, analysis and other scientific methods, find out the related data, provide a relatively scientific basis for design of rationalization. N-depth study on the relationship between the human body engineering and design innovation, the correct understanding of the position and role of ergonomics in design art, diversified and personalized market demand for high-tech environment benefit greatly. In design innovation, scientific, reasonable, appropriate application of ergonomics, to help today's related work in the field of design.译文人体工程学在现代设计中的应用路易斯·弗洛因德摘要人体工程学在设计应用中较为广泛,对设计造物的完善起到一定的辅助作用。