中国行政法若干关键词的英文翻译

合集下载

与法律有关的单词

与法律有关的单词

Thank you !


to contravene a law, to infringe a law, to break a law 违法
outlaw, outside the law 超出法律范围的

offender 罪犯 to abolish 废止,取消 rescission, annulment 废除,取消 repeal, revocation, annulment 废除(法律) cancellation, annulment, invalidation 废除(合同) cancellation (支票)作废 annulment 撤消(遗嘱) repeal rescission 撤消(判决) revocation 撤消 immunity 豁免,豁免权
Military Law 军法 Conscript Law 兵役法 Copyright Law 著作权法 penal code 刑法典 code of mercantile law 商法典 civil rights 民事权利,公民权利 right of asylum 避难权 human rights, rights of man 人权 (customs) duties 关税 death duty, death tax 遗产税 royalties 版税
legalincapacity无资格nonretrativecharacter不溯既往性represcription剥夺公权attainder公民权利的剥夺和财产的没收constitutionallaw宪法canonlaw教会法规commonlaw习惯法criminallaw刑法administrativelaw行政法civillaw民法commerciallaw

行政法专业英语

行政法专业英语

Enforce 强制执行Administration 行政Administration remedy 行政救济Administration law corporate 行政法人Administration law judge 行政法官Administration court 行政法院Administration rules 行政法规Enforce authority 强制执行判决Administrative lawsuit 行政诉讼Administrative law 行政法Administrative litigation 行政诉讼法Obligation 责任Evidence 证据Civil servant 公务员Administrative detention 行政拘留General principles 基本原则The will of the state 国家意志Administrative law relation 行政法联系Administrative subject 行政主体Management 管理Supervise 监督Regulation 规章Specific regulations 单行条例Executive participation 行政参与性Administrative legitimacy 行政合法性Government accountability 政府责任Legal relationship 法律关系Enforceability 执行性Mandatory 强制性Regulate 调控Organize 组织Feature 特征Function 功能Domination 支配Treaty 条约Main 主体Implementation 实施Counter part 相对人Origin 渊源Program 程序Sector act 部门法Security 保障Self-government bill 自治条例Post 职务Constitution 宪法Policing 治安管理Procedure 程序法Substantive 实体法Parties in action 当事人The administration of justice 司法行政Local law 地方法律Separate regulation 单行条例Procedural 程序性Substantive 实体性Administrative entity 行政实体法Administrative procedural 行政程序法The judicial interpretation 司法解释Local explanation 地方解释State department 国务院State organs 国家机关Law enforcement 执法Sanction punish 制裁Super ordinate law 上位法Impartiality 公正Qualifications of Administrative subject 行政主体资格Administrative competence 行政权限System of Administrative law 行政法体系Administrative responsibilities 行政职责Administrative powers 行政职权Dispute 纠纷priority 优先Administrative relation 行政关系Administrative authority 行政职权Administrative supervision 行政监管Legitimacy 合法性Legal liability 法律责任Legal system 法律体系Political principles 政治原则Legitimate right and interests 合法权益Administrative counterpart 行政相对人ordinance 条例amendment 修正案reviewing court 复审法院legal person 法人jurisdiction 司法管辖权state of limitations 诉讼时效imprisonment 监禁administrative reconsideration 行政复议prosecution 起诉prorogation 特权amendment 修正案established rules 成文规则spell out 详细规定legislative power 立法权judicial power 司法权executive power 行政权checks and balance 制约与平衡prosecute 提起公诉self-incrimination 自证其罪standard of proof 证明标准。

法律英语词汇刑法和行政法专词汇

法律英语词汇刑法和行政法专词汇

法律英语词汇:刑法和行政法专业词汇Criminal Laws and Administrative Laws帮助当事人毁灭、伪造证据罪crime of aiding a client to destroy or forge evidence绑架妇女儿童罪crime of kidnapping women and children包庇、纵容黑社会性质组织罪crime of harboring a mafia-style syndicate包庇毒品犯罪分子罪crime of harboring drug criminals报复陷害罪case of retaliation and frame-ups必要共同犯罪indispensable joint crime并科原则doctrine of cumulating punishments剥夺权利deprival of rights不能犯impossibility; unrealized offense参加恐怖活动组织罪crime of taking part in an organization engaged in terrorist activities超越管辖权excess of jurisdiction超越职权范围overstep one s authority惩办和宽大相结合combine punishment with leniency惩办少数、改造多数的原则principle of punishing the few and reforming the many惩罚措施punitive measure惩罚性制裁punitive sanction惩罚与教育相结合combination of punishment and education处以刑罚inflict punishment处以有期徒刑sentence to fixed-term imprisonment触犯break the law; violate the law抽逃出资罪crime of flight of capital contribution抽象行政行为abstract administrative act出口骗税犯罪活动criminal activities of cheating out of tax rebates inexport出售伪造发票罪crime of selling counterfeit currency出于对法律的无知from ignorance of law出于恶意from malevolence从轻处罚gie a lesser punishment从重处罚give a severer punishment单位受贿罪crime of bribe taken by a unit单一犯罪构成single constitution of crime盗伐林木罪crime of illegally chopping down trees; crime of illegally felling trees盗窃、抢夺枪支、弹药、爆炸物罪crime of stealing or seizing guns, ammunition or explosives盗窃犯theft act; larcenist渎职犯罪案件case of dereliction of duty对象不能犯object impossibility多次作案repeatedly commit crimes罚不当罪punishment does not fit the crime犯意criminal intent; mens real犯罪低龄化lowering ages of criminal offenders犯罪动机criminal motive犯罪构成constitution of a crime; constitutive elements of a crime 犯罪构成要件special constitutive elements of crime犯罪故意criminal intent; guilty intent; meas rea犯罪集团criminal gang; criminal group犯罪客观要件objective circumstances of a crime犯罪客体criminal object; object of a crime犯罪实行终了completion of a criminal act犯罪学criminology犯罪预防crime prevention犯罪中止discontinuance of crime; desistance of crime犯罪主观方面要素subjective elements of crime犯罪主体subject of crime犯罪着手initiate a crime犯罪组织criminal organization贩卖毒品罪drug offense; crime of drug trafficking防卫过当unjustifiable self-defense防卫挑拨instigation of defense; provocation of defense防卫限度limit of defense防止类似事件重演prevent the recurrence of similar incidents 妨碍公务罪crime of disrupting public service妨害公共安全罪crime of impairing public security放弃权利withdraw a claim; waive a right非法持、私藏枪支、弹药罪crime of illegally holding or hiding a firearm or ammunition非法持有毒品罪crime of illegally holding drugs非法干涉illegal intervention非法干预unlawful interference非法出售增值税专用发票罪crime of illegal selling invoice for exclusive use of VAT非法活动unlawful activities非法利益unlawful interests非法手段illegal means非强制性行政行为non-coercive form of administrative action非正式的informal; irregular非政府机关non-governmental organization非主要条件non-essential stipulation非专业的non-professional诽谤罪crime of defamation隔地犯offense of segregation by location隔时犯offense of segregation by time工具不能犯impossibility of instruments故意犯罪calculated crime; intentional crime故意杀人罪crime of intentional homicide故意伤害罪crime of willful and malicious injury 管辖:jurisdiction惯犯habitual criminal惯例custom and usage过失犯罪criminal negligence; involuntary crime; negligent crime国家赔偿案件case of state compensation国家赔偿的归责原则principle of culpability for state compensation国家赔偿的双重过错原则principle of dual faults for state compensationstate compensation law国家赔偿主体subject of state compensation国家权力机关state authority国际审判机关state judicial organs国家行政机关state administrative organs国家意志state s will国家职能function of the state国民待遇national treatment黑社会性质的犯罪集团gangland criminal syndicate; mafia-style criminal gang缓期二年执行with a two-year reprieve缓刑probate cessat executio集合犯aggregate offense; collective offense既遂犯accomplished crime继承法inheritance law继续犯continuous crime加重处罚give an aggravated punishment beyond the maximum prescribed假冒他人注册商标罪crime of counterfeiting the registered trademark of another假释parole假想防卫imaginative defense假想数罪imaginatively several crimes简单共同犯罪simple joint crime间接故意indirect intent; indirect iintentino教唆未遂attempt of solicitation劫持船只、汽车罪crime of hijacking a ship or an automobile劫持航空器罪crime of skyjacking结果犯consequential offen结果加重犯aggregated consequential offense结合犯combinative crime; integrated offense se拒不执行人院判决、裁定罪crime of refusing o execute judgments or orders of the People s Court具结悔过make a statement of repentence具体行政行为specific administrative act具体罪名concrete accusation绝对不确定法定刑absolutely indeterminate statutory punishment军人违反职责罪crimes of soldiers violating military dutie 抗税罪offense of resisting taxes客体不能犯object impossibility空白罪状blank facts about a crime滥伐林木罪crime of illegal denudation累犯recidivist; repeat offender; cumulative offense连续犯罪continuing crime量刑criterion for sentencing; sentencing criterion量刑不当criterion for sentence量刑幅度extent for discretionary action of sentencing虐待罪crime of abusing member of one s family挪用公款案case of misappropriation of public funds偶犯casual offender; casual offense情节加重犯aggravated offense by circumstances情节特别严重when the circumstances are particularly wicked情节严重、构成犯罪的when the circumstances are so serious as to constitute a crime取保候审post a bail and await trial with restricted liberty of moving扰乱公共场所秩序罪crime of disturbing order at public placescriminal law刑罚penalty; punishment刑事责任能力criminal capacityadministrative law; executive law行政administrative laws and regulations行政法学administrative jurisprudence行政解释administrative interpretation行政救济administrative remedy预防犯罪anti-crime治安管理security administration 治安条例security regulations from:。

行政法专业英语[整理版]

行政法专业英语[整理版]

Enforce 强制执行Administration 行政Administration remedy 行政救济Administration law corporate 行政法人Administration law judge 行政法官Administration court 行政法院Administration rules 行政法规Enforce authority 强制执行判决Administrative lawsuit 行政诉讼Administrative law 行政法Administrative litigation 行政诉讼法Obligation 责任Evidence 证据Civil servant 公务员Administrative detention 行政拘留General principles 基本原则The will of the state 国家意志Administrative law relation 行政法联系Administrative subject 行政主体Management 管理Supervise 监督Regulation 规章Specific regulations 单行条例Executive participation 行政参与性Administrative legitimacy 行政合法性Government accountability 政府责任Legal relationship 法律关系Enforceability 执行性Mandatory 强制性Regulate 调控Organize 组织Feature 特征Function 功能Domination 支配Treaty 条约Main 主体Implementation 实施Counter part 相对人Origin 渊源Program 程序Sector act 部门法Security 保障Self-government bill 自治条例Post 职务Constitution 宪法Policing 治安管理Procedure 程序法Substantive 实体法Parties in action 当事人The administration of justice 司法行政Local law 地方法律Separate regulation 单行条例Procedural 程序性Substantive 实体性Administrative entity 行政实体法Administrative procedural 行政程序法The judicial interpretation 司法解释Local explanation 地方解释State department 国务院State organs 国家机关Law enforcement 执法Sanction punish 制裁Super ordinate law 上位法Impartiality 公正Qualifications of Administrative subject 行政主体资格Administrative competence 行政权限System of Administrative law 行政法体系Administrative responsibilities 行政职责Administrative powers 行政职权Dispute 纠纷priority 优先Administrative relation 行政关系Administrative authority 行政职权Administrative supervision 行政监管Legitimacy 合法性Legal liability 法律责任Legal system 法律体系Political principles 政治原则Legitimate right and interests 合法权益Administrative counterpart 行政相对人ordinance 条例amendment 修正案reviewing court 复审法院legal person 法人jurisdiction 司法管辖权state of limitations 诉讼时效imprisonment 监禁administrative reconsideration 行政复议prosecution 起诉prorogation 特权amendment 修正案established rules 成文规则spell out 详细规定legislative power 立法权judicial power 司法权executive power 行政权checks and balance 制约与平衡prosecute 提起公诉self-incrimination 自证其罪。

1国家部委行署、中国行政区划英文译法

1国家部委行署、中国行政区划英文译法

国家机构China's State Organs1. 全国人民代表大会[National People's Congress (NPC)]主席团Presidium常务委员会Standing Committee办公厅General Office秘书处Secretariat代表资格审查委员会Credentials Committee提案审查委员会Motions Examination Committee民族委员会Ethnic Affairs Committee法律委员会Law Committee财政经济委员会Finance and Economy Committee外事委员会Foreign Affairs Committee教育、科学、文化和卫生委员会Education, Science, Culture and Public Health Committee内务司法委员会Committee for Internal and Judicial Affairs华侨委员会Overseas Chinese Affairs Committee法制工作委员会Commission of Legislative Affairs特定问题调查委员会Commission of Inquiry into Specific Questions宪法修改委员会Committee for Revision of the Constitution2. 中华人民共和国主席[President of the People's Republic of China]3. 中央军事委员会[Central Military Commission]4. 最高人民法院[Supreme People's Court]5. 最高人民检察院[Supreme People's Procuratorate]6. 国务院[State Council](1)国务院部委Ministries and Commissions Directly under the State Council外交部Ministry of Foreign Affairs国防部Ministry of National Defence国家发展计划委员会State Development Planning Commission国家经济贸易委员会State Economic and Trade Commission教育部Ministry of Education科学技术部Ministry of Science and Technology国防科学技术工业委员会Commission of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defence国家民族事物委员会State Ethnic Affairs Commission公安部Ministry of Public Security国家安全部Ministry of State Security监察部Ministry of Supervision民政部Ministry of Civil Affairs司法部Ministry of Justice财政部Ministry of Finance人事部Ministry of Personnel劳动和社会保障部Ministry of Labour and Social Security国土资源部Ministry of Land and Resources建设部Ministry of Construction铁道部Ministry of Railways交通运输部Ministry of Transport商务部Ministry of Commerce信息产业部Ministry of Information Industry水利部Ministry of Water Resources农业部Ministry of Agriculture对外贸易经济合作部Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation文化部Ministry of Culture卫生部Ministry of Public Health国家计划生育委员会State Family Planning Commission中国人民银行People's Bank of China国家审计署National Audit Office国家铁路局State Railway Administration中国铁路总公司China Railway Corporation国家卫生和计划生育委员会National Health and Family Planning Commission住房和城乡建设部Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development人力资源和社会保障部Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security(2)国务院直属特设机构:国务院国有资产监督管理委员会State-owned Assets Supervision and Administration Commission (SASAC)(3)国务院办事机构Offices under that State Council国务院办公厅General Office of the State Council 简称“国办”侨务办公室Overseas Chinese Affairs Office港澳事务办公室Hong Kong and Macao Affairs Office台湾办公室Taiwan Affairs Office法制办公室Legislative Affairs Office国务院研究室(简称“国研室”)Research Office of the State Council新闻办公室State Council Information Office国家档案局The State Archives Administration国务院台湾事务办公室与中共中央台湾工作办公室、国务院新闻办公室与中共中央对外宣传办公室,一个机构两块牌子,列入中共中央直属机构序列。

中国行政法若干关键词的英文翻译

中国行政法若干关键词的英文翻译

中国行政法若干关键词的英文翻译何海波*中国法律术语外文翻译的精确和统一,是中外法律交流新形势的要求。

文章探讨了20余个行政法学关键词的英文翻译,其中包括:行政诉讼、行政复议、信访,法律、法规、规章,行政行为、行政处罚、行政许可、行政强制、行政裁决,行政主体、行政相对人、行政机关、行政执法人员,行政责任、行政处分,依法治国、依法行政、法治政府。

本着求同存异、约定俗成的原则,作者分析比较中西相关法律制度的异同,并着力考察了国际英文文献对相关概念的使用。

关键词:行政法学法律术语英文翻译对中国的法律人来说,英语现在不止是学习外国法的工具,也是"输出"中国法的工具。

为适应加入 WTO所作的承诺,中国政府正在大规模地开展法律、法规英文翻译的工作。

一些学校开设了面向国外留学生的中国法课程。

大多数学者即使不写作英语论文,他们的中文论文也常常要求附有英文的标题和摘要。

如何把中国的法律和法学翻译成英文,就像翻译外国法一样令人困扰。

[1] 现有翻译中最大问题之一是术语混乱。

中国行政法的规范庞杂、法典化程度很低,不同法系混搭,再加上自身的改造,更增添了译法的混乱。

对同一个词的各种译法,在法学词典往往不加辨析地罗列,在法律汇编中前后不一地杂陈。

例如,在法律出版社1998年出版的《新汉英法学词典》里,"行政诉讼"的译法多达4种(administrative action/litigation/procedure/proceedings),其中多数译法是明显有问题的。

中国法制出版社2005年出版的中英文对照的行政法规汇编《行政法》,更是混乱译法的集大成者。

为了促进翻译的精确和统一,有必要专门探讨行政法学上一些关键概念的翻译,以便利交流、减少误解。

本文辨析中国行政法学关键词译法的方法有二:一是求同存异,即把握概念在中国语境中的涵义,找寻西方国家(主要是英语国家)的相应制度,以之对应中国概念。

英语-法律

Commission
对外
经济
贸易
仲裁
委员

Garrison Law of the Hong Kong Special
Administrative Region of the People's Republic
of China
中华
人民
共和
国香
港特
别行
政区
驻军

行政
法院
Administrative organ
行政
机关
Advocate Presiding Judge
代理
庭长
Amount in controversy
争议
数额
(强
调数
额)
Appeal Committee
上诉
委员

Appealing division
申诉
经济
审判
庭副
庭长
Economic Division Chief Judge
经济
审判
庭庭

Economic Division
经济
审判

Enterprise Registration Bureau
企业
注册

Exchange Company
交易
所公

Execution division
Gazette of the Supreme People's Court
最高
人民
法院
公报
Geneva Convention

2014年行政法中英文对照版

Administrative Litigation Law of the People's Republic of China (2014Amendment)[Effective]中华人民共和国行政诉讼法(2014修正) [现行有效]Issuing authority:National People's Congress Document Number:Order No. 15 of the President Date issued:11-01-2014 Level of Authority:LawsArea of law:Administrative LitigationAdministrative Litigation Law of the People's Republic of China 中华人民共和国行政诉讼法(Adopted at the 2nd session of the Seventh National People's Congress on April 4, 1989; and amended according to the Decision of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress on Amending the Administrative Litigation Law of the People's Republic of China adopted at the 11th session of the Standing Committee of the Twelfth National People's Congress on November 1, 2014) (1989年4月4日第七届全国人民代表大会第二次会议通过根据2014年11月1日第十二届全国人民代表大会常务委员会第十一次会议《关于修改<中华人民共和国行政诉讼法>的决定》修正)Table of Contents 目录Chapter I General Provisions 第一章总则Chapter II Scope of Cases Accepted 第二章受案范围Chapter III Jurisdiction 第三章管辖Chapter IV Primary Litigation Participants 第四章诉讼参加人Chapter V Evidence 第五章证据Chapter VI Filing a Complaint and Accepting a Case 第六章起诉和受理Chapter VII Trial and Judgment 第七章审理和判决Section 1 General Rules 第一节一般规定Section 2 Formal Procedure at First Instance 第二节第一审普通程序Section 3 Summary Procedure 第三节简易程序Section 4 Procedures at Second Instance 第四节第二审程序Section 5 Trial Supervision Procedure 第五节审判监督程序Chapter VIII Enforcement 第八章执行Chapter IX Foreign-Related Administrative Litigation 第九章涉外行政诉讼Chapter X Supplementary Provisions 第十章附则Chapter I General Provisions 第一章总则Article 1 To ensure the impartial and timely trial of administrative cases by the people's courts, settle administrative disputes, protect the lawful rights and interests of citizens, legal persons, and other organizations, and oversee administrative agencies' exercise of power according to the law, this Law is developed in accordance with the Constitution.第一条为保证人民法院公正、及时审理行政案件,解决行政争议,保护公民、法人和其他组织的合法权益,监督行政机关依法行使职权,根据宪法,制定本法。

我国行政法规名称英译的现状

我国行政法规名称英译的现状泛瑞翻译行政法规由国务院制定,其名称的结尾一般以“条例”为主,“办法”、“规定”为辅。

目前,行政法规中的“条例”一般译为Regulations如《中华人民共和国电信条例》译为Regulations of the People’s Republic of China on Telecommunications“办法”一般译为Measures如《互联网信息服务管理办法》为Measures for Administration of Internet Content Provision Service“规定”一般译为Provisions如《个人存款账户实名制规定》为Provisions on the Real Name System for Personal Deposit AccountsRegulation在法律词典中的定义,主要是指政府部门所制定的各种从属性的法律文件,在英、加、澳等国的行政机关制定的法律文件名称中被大量使用。

如,在英国2007年联邦委任立法中的前32个法定文件(Statutory Instruments)名称中,用Regulations作为体例词的有15个。

在2007年澳大利亚联邦委任立法中的前100个法规(Regulations )中,用Regulations 的有98 个。

在加拿大,以Consolidated Customs Statutes and Regulations 2007一书中所列联邦委任立法为例,在46件委任立法的名称中,使用Regulations作为体例词的有45个,用Order的1个(Thomas Carswell,2006:v-vi )。

至于能否在法律名称的英译中使用regulation一词的单数形式,陈忠诚教授曾对此提出批评(2007:78-80)。

美国有著名的Regulation A.、RegulationD.等,但其并不是某一法律文件的名称,而是指由美国证券交易委员会制定的由一系列规范(Rules )组成的规则。

办公常用词汇

政府工作报告词汇,中央国家机关名称英译对照表(中英对照)一般术语1.和谐社会A harmonious society2.民主法治,公平正义,诚心友爱,充满活力,安定有序,人与自然和谐相处Democratic and law-based, fair and just, trustworthy and friendly, full of vigor and vitality, secure and orderly, man and nature are in harmony3.基层民主建设Democracy at lower levels of governments4.村务公开Make village affairs more transparent5.村民自治制度The system of self-governance for villagers6.城市社区居民自治和基层管理体制The system of self-governance of communities and management at the primary level in urban areas7.公务员法Civil Service Law8.执法监督Oversight of law enforcement9.审计监察部门Auditing and supervision authorities10.国家突发公共事件总体应急预案A national master plan for responding to public emergencies11.廉政建设和反腐败斗争Build a clean government and combat corruption12.改进信访工作Improve the work of handling letters and visits from the people13.顽强拼搏Tenaciously strive to succeed14.解放军指战员、武警部队官兵和公安民警Members of the PLA, the armed police and the public security police15.全面建设小康社会Build a moderately prosperous society in all aspects16.法治政府A law-based government17.加强社会治安综合治理推进治安防控体系建设Strengthen all facets of public security and improve the system for crime prevention and control18.民族、宗教、侨务工作Work relating to ethnic, religious and overseas Chinese affairs19.社会主义劳动者和社会主义事业建设者All those who work for the cause of socialism20.行政法规Administrative regulations21.国家中长期科学和技术发展规划A national medium-and long-term program for scientific and technological development22.教育振兴行动计划Action Plan for Invigorating Education23. “两基”(基本普及九年义务教育,基本扫除青壮年文盲)To implement the plan to make nine-year compulsory education basically universal and to basically eliminate illiteracy among young and middle-aged adults24.农村中小学危房改造Renovate dangerous primary and secondary school buildings in rural areas25.高校贫困家庭学生资助体系The financial aid system for college students from poor families26.高致病性禽流感疫情蔓延The spread of highly pathogenic avian flu27.农村合作医疗制度The system of rural cooperative medical and health care services28.文化馆Community center29.自然历史文化遗产地Natural, historical and cultural heritage sites30. “两个确保”(确保国有企业下岗职工基本生活和确保退休人员退休金的及时足额发放)“two guarantees”: guarantee of a basic living allowance for workers laid off from state-owned enterprises and guarantee that the pensions of retirees are paid on time and in full31.最低生活保障Subsistence allowances32.全面推进依法行政实施纲要The Program for Comprehensively Implementing Government Administration in Accordance with the Law33.行政审批项目Items requiring administrative approval科研、教育、卫生、广播电视1.国家中长期科学和技术发展规划纲要a national program for medium- to long-term scientific and technological development2.战略高技术研究和重要公益性技术研究research in strategic high-tech fields and important technologies for non-profit application3.一批重大科技专项a set of major science and technology projects4.关键技术攻关tackle problems in key technologies5.重大科技基础设施major science and technology infrastructure projects6.国家重点科研基地key national bases for scientific research7.现代院所制度a modern system of research institutes8.加强产学研结合to strengthen cooperation among industries, universities and research institutes9.促进…产业化To promote application of…in production10.实施“两基”攻坚计划To implement the plan to make nine-year compulsory education basically universal and basically eliminate illiteracy among young and middle-aged adults11.国家扶贫开发工作重点县Key counties included in the national plan for poverty alleviation through development12.免除(学生)杂费Be exempted from paying miscellaneous fees13.(学生的)生活费Living allowances14.德育工作Moral education15.素质教育Competence-oriented education16.教学内容和方法The course content and methods of instruction17.减轻学生负担To reduce the study burden on students18.现代远程教育Modern distance education19.促进民办教育健康发展To promote the sound development of privately run schools20.招生和收费制度The enrollment and fee systems21.加强财务管理和监督To tighten financial management and oversight22.新型农村合作医疗制度试点The pilot project for a new system of cooperative medical and health care services in rural areas23.地方病Endemic diseases24.开展城市医疗服务体制改革试点To carry out experimental reforms of the urban medical service system25.药品购销秩序Prices for medicines26.解决看病难,看病贵的问题Solve the problem of inadequate and overly expensive medical services27.稳定低生育水平Keep the birthrate low28. “少生快富”扶贫工程的试点The “have fewer children and prosper quicker” project for alleviating poverty on a trial basis29.加快农村基层文化建设accelerate primary-level cultural development in rural areas30.提高广播电视“村村通”水平Expand radio and TV coverage with the goal of reaching all villages31. 坚持不懈地进行“扫黄”“打非”斗争Fight unremittingly against pornographic and illegal publications32.广泛开展全民健身运动Widely initiate fitness programs for the general public就业、社会保障1.各类型,多层次人才队伍A skilled, diversified and multilevel workforce2.积极的就业政策A proactive employment policy3.复员转业军人Demobilized servicemen4.加强劳动保障监察Strengthen oversight over job security work5.企业职工基本养老保险制度The system of basic old-age insurance for enterprise employees6. 社会统筹Contributions from various sources in society7.做实个人账户Personal retirement accounts are fully funded8.城市“低保”Urban subsistence allowance program9.工伤Work-related injury10.养老保障制度The retirement pension system11.最低生活保障制度system of subsistence allowances12.做好优待抚恤工作Take good care of those injured and the families of those killed in the service of their country13.慈善事业Charities14.进城务工农民Migrant workers in cities15.工资正常支付Get paid on time and in full16.做好清欠工作G et one’s back wages paid to him17.最低工资制度Minimum wage system18.在提高效益的基础上As performance improves19.收入分配制度The system of income distribution20.分配秩序The way income is distributed21.个人所得税制度Personal income tax system22.理顺分配关系Achieve a more balanced income distribution23.城乡困难群众Urban and rural residents with financial difficulties24.社会救助体系Community-based relief system25. “五保户”供养制度The system for providing food, clothing, medial care, housing and burial expenses for childless and infirm rural residents 民族、法制、安全生产1.司法公正Judicial impartiality2.审判和检察机关Judicial and procuratorial organs3.普法宣传教育Publicity and education concerning the law4.未成年人Minors5.民族区域自治制度The system of regional autonomy for ethnic minorities6.平等、团结、互助的社会主义民族关系Socialist relations among ethnic groups based on equality, solidarity and mutual assistance7.《宗教事务条例》The Regulations on Religious Affairs8.人民内部矛盾Conflicts among the people9.《信访条例》The Regulations on People’s Letters and Visits10.社会矛盾纠纷调处机制Mechanism for mediating and settling social conflicts and disputes11.群体性事件Mass disturbances12.多发性侵财犯罪Frequently occurring crimes against property13.加强社会治安综合治理Improve all facets of public security14.危害国家安全犯罪Crimes threatening state security15.严重暴力犯罪Violent crimes16.毒品犯罪Drug-related crimes17.增强国家安全意识Raise people’s awareness of state security18.社会治安防控体系Crime prevention and control system19.黑社会性质组织犯罪Crimes committed by Mafia-like gang20.重大特大安全事故Catastrophic accident21.强化安全管理Strengthen safety supervision22.消除各种隐患Remove all kinds of hazards23.安全生产责任制System of responsibility for production safety24.煤矿安全设施Coalmining safety facility25.提高安全生产技术水平Improve coalmining safety technology26.安全技术改造Upgrade safety technologies行政能力建设和政风建设1.行政能力Administrative capacity2.政风建设Improve style of work3.行政许可法Administrative Permission Law4.坚持科学民主决策Make policy decisions more scientific and democratic5.推进依法行政Promote law-based administration6.政府自身建设还有不少差距There is much to be desired in the government’s self-improvement efforts7.按照决策、执行、监督相协调的要求To meet the requirements for better coordination in making and implementing policies and doing oversight work8.完善机构设置Improve the structure of government bodies9.按照精简、统一、效能的原则Make government bodies more streamlined, unified and efficient10.理顺职能分工Clarify functions11.严格控制编制Bing the staff sizes under strict control12.实现政府职责、机构和编制的科学化、规范化和法定化Put the responsibilities, organizational structure and size of the government on a scientific, standard and legal basis 13.巩固政府机构改革成果Solidify the achievements that have been made in government restructuring14.加快乡镇机构改革Speed up restructuring of town and township government15.合理界定乡镇机构职能Rationally defining the functions16.减少财政供养人员reduce the number of employees17.积极稳妥地分类推进事业单位改革Energetically yet prudently press ahead with the reform of institutions on a type-by-type basis18.规范授权行为Standardize the way they are granted power19.政企分开、政资分开、政事分开separate the functions of government from those of enterprises, state assets management authorities and institutions20.社会团体、行业协会、商会和中介服务机构civic organizations, industrial associations, chambers of commerce and intermediary agencies21.更加注重社会管理和公共服务,把财力物力等公共资源更多地向社会管理和公共服务倾斜pay closer attention to social management and public services by shifting more financial, material and other public resources to these areas22.行政许可法the Administrative Permission Law23.行政审批制度改革the reform of the system of administrative approval24.清理、减少和规范行政审批事项reduce the number of items requiring administrative approval and standardize approval procedures25.(政府)主要是为市场主体服务和创造良好发展环境,不能包办企业投资决策,不能代替企业招商引资,不能直接干预企业生产经营活动(governments)concentrate on serving market players and creating an environment favorable to their development. They must not make decisions or work to attract business and investment on behalf of enterprises, or directly intervene in their production and business operations26.增强按市场经济规律领导经济工作的意识和能力,增强按国际通行规则办事的意识和能力,增强主要运用经济、法律手段调节经济运行的意识和能力enhance the awareness of the importance of guiding and their ability to guide economic work in accordance with the principles of the market economy, to act in accordance with international practices and to regulate economic activities mainly through economic and legal means27.建设服务型政府build a service-oriented government28.寓管理于服务之中focus management on providing services29.健全社会公示、社会听证等制度improve the systems of public notifications and public hearings30.推进政务公开,加强电子政务建设,增强政府工作透明度,提高政府公信力make government affairs more open and strengthen efforts to develop e-government. We will increase the transparency of government work and boost popular confidence in government31.提高依法行政能力improving our ability to perform our duties in accordance with the law32.依法治国governing the country by law33.国务院颁布的依法行政纲要the Program on Performing Official Duties in Accordance with the Law promulgated by the State Council34.法治政府a law-based government35.依照法定权限和程序行使权力,履行职责,接受监督exercise their powers and perform their duties within their stipulated scope of authority and on the basis of the procedures defined by laws, and accept oversight36.行政执法责任制a responsibility system for enforcement of administrative laws37.克服多头执法、执法不公的现象put a stop to overlapping jurisdiction38.强化行政问责制,对行政过错要依法追究strengthen the administrative accountability system and investigate and prosecute administrative improprieties in accordance with the law39.以人为本,执政为民the principle of “people first and government for the people”40.牢固树立科学发展观和正确政绩观,大兴求真务实之风maintain a scientific outlook on development and a correct attitude toward our performance, and be realistic and pragmatic in our work41.建立科学的政府绩效评估体系和经济社会发展综合评价体系establish a scientific system for evaluating government performance and a system for comprehensively evaluating economic and social development42.反对形式主义和虚报浮夸,不搞劳民伤财的“形象工程”、“政绩工程”oppose formalism and the practices of falsifying reports. We cannot build any more “image projects” or “vanity projects” that waste both money and manpower43.保持党员先进性教育活动the Education Campaign to Preserve the Advanced Nature of Party Members港澳台、外交1. 施政能力governance capability2. 《反分裂国家法》Anti-Secession Law3.分裂势力secessionist forces4.以任何名义、任何方式把台湾从中国分割出去to separate Taiwan from China under any name or by any means.5.聚精会神搞建设,一心一意谋发展concentrate on development6.舆论环境the public opinion environment7.坚持与邻为善、以邻为伴的方针adhere to our policy of friendship and partnership with neighboring countries8.积极维护我国公民在海外的生命安全和合法权益We will vigorously protect the lives and legitimate rights and interests of Chinese nationals living abroad.一、全国人民代表大会National People's Congress (NPC)主席团Presidium常务委员会Standing Committee办公厅General Office秘书处Secretariat代表资格审查委员会Credentials Committee提案审查委员会Motions Examination Committee民族委员会Ethnic Affairs Committee法律委员会Law Committee财务经济委员会Finance Affairs Committee外事委员会Foreign and Economy Committee教育、科学、文化委员会Education, Science, Culture and Public Health Committee内务司法委员会Committee for Internal and Judicial Affairs华侨委员会Overseas Chinese Affairs Committee法制委员会Commission of Legislative Affairs特定问题委员会Committee of Inquiry into Special Questions宪法修改委员会Committee for Revision of the Constitution中华人民共和国主席President of the People's Republic of China中央军事委员会Central Military Commission最高人民法院Supreme People's Court最高人民检察院Supreme People's Procuratorate国务院State Council二、国务院部委Ministries and Commissions Directly under the State Council外交部Ministry of Foreign Affairs国防部Ministry of National Deference国家发展计划委员State Development Planning Commission国家经济贸易委员会State Economic and Trade Commission教育部Ministry of Education科学技术部Ministry of Science and Technology国家科学技术工业委员会Commission of Science, Technology and Industry for National Deference 国家民族事务委员会State Ethnic Affairs Commission公安部Ministry of Public Security国家安全部Ministry of State Security监察部Ministry of Supervision民政部Ministry of Civil Affairs司法部Ministry of Justice财政部Ministry of Finance人事部Ministry of Personnel劳动和社会保障部Ministry of Labor and Social Security国土资源部Ministry of Land and Resources建设部Ministry of Construction铁路部Ministry of Railways交通部Ministry of Communications信息产业部Ministry of Information Industry水利部Ministry of Water Resources农业部Ministry of Agriculture对外贸易经济合作部Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation文化部Ministry of Culture卫生部Ministry of Public Health国家计划生育委员会State Family Planning Commission中国人民银行People's Bank of China国家审计署State Auditing Administration三、国务院办事机构Offices under that State Council国务院办公厅General Office of the State Council侨务办公厅Office of Overseas Chinese Affairs港澳办公厅Hong Kong and Macao Affairs Office台湾办公厅Taiwan Affairs Office法制办公厅Office of Legislative Affairs经济体制办公厅Office for Economic Restructuring国务院研究室Research Office of the State Council新闻办公室Information Office四、国务院直属机构Departments Directly under the State Council海关总署General Administration of Customs国家税务总局State Taxation Administration国家环境保护总局State Environmental Protection Administration中国民用航空总局Civil Aviation Administration of China (CAAC)国家广播电影电视总局State Administration of Radio, Film and Television国家体育总局State Physical Cultural Administration国家统计局State Statistics Bureau国家工商行政管理局State Administration of Industry and Commerce新闻出版署Press and Publication Administration国家版权局State Copyright Bureau国家林业局State Forestry Bureau国家质量技术监督局State Bureau of Quality and Technical Supervision国家药品监督管理局State Drug Administration (SDA)国家知识产权局State Intellectual Property Office (SIPO)国家旅游局National Tourism Administration国家宗教事务局State Bureau of Religious Affairs国务院参事室Counsellors' Office of the State Council国务院机关事务管理局Government Offices Administration of the State Council五、国务院直属事业单位Institutions Directly under the State Council新华通讯社Xinhua News Agency中国科学院Chinese Academy of Sciences中国社会科学院Chinese Academy of Social Sciences中国工程院Chinese Academy of Engineering国务院发展研究中心Development Research Centre of the State Council国家行政学院National School of Administration中国地震局China Seismological Bureau中国气象局China Meteorological Bureau中国证券监督管理委员会China Securities Regulatory Commission (CSRS)六、部委管理的国家局State Bureau Administration by Ministration or Commission)国家粮食储备局(国家发展计划委员会)State Bureau of Grain Reserve (Under the State Development Planning Commission)国家国内贸易局State Bureau of Internal Trade国家煤炭工业局State Bureau of Coal Industry国家机械工业局State Bureau of Machine Building Industry国家冶金工业局State Bureau of Metallurgical Industry国家石油和化学工业局State Bureau of Petroleum and Chemical Industry国家轻工业局State Bureau of Light Industry国家纺织工业局State Bureau of Textile Industry国家建筑材料工业局State Bureau of Building Materials Industry国家烟草专卖局State Tobacco Monopoly Bureau国家有色金属工业局State Bureau of Nonferrous Metal Industry(以上由国家经贸委管理above are all under the State Economic and Trade Commission)国家外国专家局(人事部)State Bureau of Foreign Experts Affairs (under the Ministry of Personnel)国家海洋局(国土资源部)State Bureau of Oceanic Administration (under the Ministry of Land and Resources)国家测绘局(国土资源部)State Bureau of Surveying and Mapping (ditto)国家邮政局(信息产业部)State Post Bureau (under the Ministry of Information Industry)国家文物局(文化部)State Cultural Relics Bureau (under the Ministry of Culture)国家中医药管理局(卫生部)State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine (under the Ministry of Public Health) 国家外汇管理局(中国人民银行总行)State Administration of Foreign Exchange (under the People's Bank of China)国家出入境检验检疫局(海关总署)State Administration for EntryExit Inspection and Quarantine (under the General Administration of Customs)七、中共、其他政党及政协相关名称中共中央委员会Central Committee of the Communist Party of China中央政治局Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the CPC中央政治局常务委员会Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the CPC中央书记处Secretariat of the Central Committee of the CPC中央军事委员会Central Military Commission of the CPC中央纪律检查委员会Central Commission for Discipline Inspection of the CPC中央办公厅General Office, CCCPC中央组织部Organization Department, CCCPC中央宣传部Publicity Department, CCCPC中央统一战线部United Front Work Department, CCCPC中央对外联络部International Liaison Department, CCCPC中央政法委员会Committee of Political and Legislative Affairs, CCCPC中央政策研究室Policy Research Office, CCCPC中央直属机关工作委员会Work Committee for Offices Directly under the CCCPC中央国家机关工作委员会State Organs Work Committee of the CPC中央台湾工作委员会Taiwan Affairs Office, CCCPC中央对外宣传办公室International Communication Office, CCCPC中央档案馆Archives Bureau, CCCPC八、中国人民政治协商会议及其机构The Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference (CPPCC) and Its Structure中国人民政治协商会议全国委员会National Committee of the CPPCC中国人民政治协商会议全国委员会常务委员会Standing Committee of the National Committee of the CPPCC中国人民政治协商会议全国委员会办公厅General Offices of the CPPCC National Committee专门委员会Special Committee提案委员会Committee for Handling Proposals经济委员会Committee for Economic Affairs人口资源环境委员会Committee of Population, Resources and Environment教科文卫体委员会Committee of Education, Science, Culture, Health and Sports社会和法制委员会Committee for Social and Legal Affairs民族和宗教委员会Committee for Ethnic and Religious Affairs文史资料委员会Committee of Cultural and Historical Data港澳台侨委员会Committee for Liaison with Hong Kong, Macao, Taiwan and Overseas Chinese外事委员会Committee of Foreign Affairs中国人民政治协商委员会地方委员会CPPCC Local Committees九、中国政党Chinese Parties中共中共)Communist Party of China (CPC)中国国民党革命委员会(民革)Revolutionary Committee of the Chinese Kuomintang中国民主同盟(民盟)Chinese Democratic League中国民主建国会(民建)China Democratic National Construction Association中国民主促进会(民进)China Association for Promoting Democracy中国农工民主党Chinese Peasants and Workers Democratic Party中国致公党China Zhi Gong Dang九三学社Jiu San Society台湾民主自治同盟(台盟)Taiwan Democratic Self Government League十、中国人民团体,协会名称英译测绘学会Society of Geodesy, Photo grammetry and Cartography地震学会Seismological Society国际金融学会International Finance Society国际战略问题学会Institute for International Strategic Studies海洋学会Society of Oceanography科普学会Popular Science Society全国少年儿童文化艺术委员会Nat'l Council on Cultural and Art Work for Children全国少年儿童工作协调委员会Nat'l Children's Work Coordination Committee全国史学会China Society of History宋庆龄基金会Song Qing Ling Foundation中国标准化协会China Association for Standardization中国法律质询中心Chinese Legal Consultancy Centre中国法律会China Law Society中国福利会China Welfare Institute中国共产主义青年团Communist Youth League of China中国国际法学会Chinese Society of International Law中国国际交流协会Association for Int'l Understanding of China中国红十字会总会Red Cross Society of China中国会计学会China Accounting Society中国计量测试学会Chinese Society for Measurement中国金融学会Chinese Monetary Society中国考古协会Archaeological Society of China中国科学技术史学会Chinese Society of Science and Technology History中国科学技术协会China Society and Technology Association中国联合国教科文组织全国委员会Nat'l Commission of The People's Republic of China for UNESCO 中国联合国协会United Nations Association of the People's Republic of China中国企业管理协会China Enterprise Management Association中国人民保卫儿童基金会Chinese People’s National Committee for Deference of Children中国人民对外友好协会Chinese People's Association for Friendship with Foreign Countries中国伊斯兰教协会Chinese Islamic Association中国政法学会China Society of Political Science and Law中华全国工商联合会All China Federation of Industry and Commerce中华全国归国华侨联合会All China Federation of Returned Overseas Chinese中华全国台湾同胞联谊会All China Federation of Taiwan Compatriots中华全国新闻工作者协会All China Journalists'' Association中华全国总工会All China Federation of Trade Unions中华医学会Chinese Medical Association十一、中国各级党政机关干部名称英译名中共中央总书记General Secretary, the CPC Central Committee政治局常委Member, Standing Committee of Political Bureau, the CPC Central Committee政治局委员Member, Political Bureau of the CPC Central Committee书记处书记Member, secretariat of the CPC Central Committee中央委员Member, Central Committee候补委员Alternate Member省委/市委书记Secretary,…Provincial/Municipal Committee of the CPC党组书记secretary, Party Leadership Group中华人民共和国主席/副主席President/Vice President, the People's Republic of China 全国人大委员长/副委员长Chairman/Vice Chairman, National People's Congress秘书长Secretary-General主任委员Chairman委员Member(地方人大)主任Chairman, Local People's Congress人大代表Deputy to the People's Congress国务院总理Premier, State Council国务委员State Councilor秘书长Secretary-General(国务院各委员会)主任Minister in Charge of Commission for(国务院各部)部长Minister部长助理Assistant Minister司长Director局长Director省长Governor常务副省长Executive Vice Governor自治区人民政府主席Chairman, Autonomous Regional People's Government地区专员Commissioner, prefecture香港特别行政区行政长官Chief Executive, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region 市长/副市长Mayor/Vice Mayor区长Chief Executive, District Government县长Chief Executive, County Government乡镇长Chief Executive, Township Government秘书长Secretary-General办公厅主任Director, General Office(部委办)主任Director处长/副处长Division Chief/Deputy Division Chief科长/股长Section Chief科员Clerk/Officer发言人Spokesman顾问Adviser参事Counselor巡视员Inspector/Monitor特派员Commissioner人民法院院长President, People's Courts人民法庭庭长Chief Judge, People's Tribunals审判长Chief Judge审判员Judge书记Clerk of the Court法医Legal Medical Expert法警Judicial Policeman人民检察院检察长chief procurator of the people's procuratorate ['prɔkjuəreitərit]监狱长Warden律师Lawyer公证员Notary Public总警监Commissioner General警监Commissioner警督Supervisor警司Superintendent警员Constable省政府组成部门吉林省人民政府办公厅general office of people's government of Jilin province吉林省发展和改革委员会development and reform commission of Jilin province吉林省工业和信息化厅industry and information bureau of Jilin province吉林省教育厅(省高等学校工作委员会) education bureau of Jilin province吉林省科学技术厅science and technology bureau of Jilin province吉林省民族事务委员会(省宗教事务局) ethnic affairs commission of Jilin province吉林省民政厅civil affairs department of Jilin province吉林省司法厅justice hall of Jilin province吉林省人力资源和社会保障厅human resource and social security department of Jilin province吉林省国土资源厅land resources department of Jilin province吉林省财政厅financial bureau of Jilin province吉林省环境保护厅environment protection bureau of Jilin province吉林省住房和城乡建设厅construction department of Jilin province吉林省交通运输厅transportation department of Jilin province吉林省水利厅water resources department of Jilin province吉林省农业委员会agriculture commission of Jilin province吉林省林业厅forestry department OF Jilin province吉林省商务厅business bureau of Jilin province吉林省文化厅culture department of Jilin province吉林省卫生厅office of public health in Jilin province吉林省人口和计划生育委员会population and family planning commission of Jilin province吉林省审计厅department of audit of Jilin province吉林省人民政府外事办公室foreign affairs office of Jilin province省政府直属特设机构吉林省人民政府国有资产监督管理委员会state-owned assets supervision and administration commission of people’s government in Jilin province省政府直属机构吉林省地方税务局local taxation bureau of Jilin province吉林省工商行政管理局administration bureau for industry and commerce of Jilin province吉林省质量技术监督局bureau of quality and technical supervision of Jilin province吉林省安全生产监督管理局administration of work safety supervision of Jilin province吉林省新闻出版局(吉林省版权局) the press and publication bureau of Jilin province吉林省统计局statistical bureau of Jilin province吉林省粮食局grain bureau of Jilin province吉林省旅游局travel bureau of Jilin province吉林省经济技术合作局bureau of economic and technical corporation of Jilin province吉林省省直机关事务管理局government office administration of Jilin province吉林省人民政府法制办公室legislative affairs office of Jilin province省政府部门管理机构吉林省能源局energy bureau of Jilin province吉林省物价局price bureau of Jilin province吉林省食品药品监督管理局food and medicine supervision bureau吉林省中医药管理局administration of traditional Chinese medicine of Jilin province省政府直属事业单位省农科院agricultural sciences institute of Jilin province省有色金属地质勘查局nonferrous metal and geological survey bureau of Jilin province省地质矿产勘查开发局bureau of geology and mineral exploration and development of Jilin province省测绘局bureau of surveying and mapping in Jilin province省政府发展研究中心study center for development of Jilin province goverment省属其他单位省新闻办information office of Jilin province省台办Taiwan affairs office of Jilin province省贸促会Council for the Promotion of Trade in Jilin province省公安厅交通管理局traffic administration of Jilin public security department省高速公路管理局bureau for highway administration in Jilin province省社会保险事业管理局bureau for social insurance administration in Jilin province省水库移民管理局bureau for reservoir resettlement administration in Jilin province省红十字会the red cross of Jilin province省金融办financial office of Jilin province省经济管理干部学院Jilin institute of economic management省森林防火指挥部headquarters for forestry fire deference of Jilin province省储备物资管理局Jilin reserves administration bureau农业相关词汇to lie fallow 休闲fallow 休闲地stubble, stubble field 亩茬地straw, hay 稿杆 rural population 农村人口 rural exodus 农村迁徙land reform, agrarian reform 土地改革 mechanization of farming 农业机械化 mechanized farming 机械化耕作farm 农场 cattle farm 奶牛场 ranch 大农场,牧场 hacienda 庄园 holding 田产plot, parcel, lot 地块 cooperative farm 合作农场 collective farm 集体农场 country, countryside 农村 countryman 农民,农夫 countrywoman 农民,农妇 agronomist 农学家 latifundium, large landed estate 大农场主farmer 农户 producer 农业工人 settle 佃户 landowner 地主,土地拥有者absentee landlord 外居地主smallholder, small farmer 小农 rancher 牧场主tenant farmer, leaseholder 土地租用人 sharecropper 佃农 ploughman 农夫,犁田者 farm labourers 农场工人。

  1. 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性,平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
  2. 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
  3. 3、如文档侵犯您的权益,请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间:9:00-18:30)。

中国行政法若干关键词的英文翻译何海波【学科分类】行政法学【出处】《行政法学研究》2011年第3期【摘要】中国法律术语外文翻译的精确和统一,是中外法律交流新形势的要求。

文章探讨了20余个行政法学关键词的英文翻译,其中包括:行政诉讼、行政复议、信访,法律、法规、规章,行政行为、行政处罚、行政许可、行政强制、行政裁决,行政主体、行政相对人、行政机关、行政执法人员,行政责任、行政处分,依法治国、依法行政、法治政府。

本着求同存异、约定俗成的原则,作者分析比较中西相关法律制度的异同,并着力考察了国际英文文献对相关概念的使用。

【关键词】行政法学;法律术语;英文翻译【写作年份】2011年【正文】对中国的法律人来说,英语现在不止是学习外国法的工具,也是“输出”中国法的工具。

为适应加入WTO 所作的承诺,中国政府正在大规模地开展法律、法规英文翻译的工作。

一些学校开设了面向国外留学生的中国法课程。

大多数学者即使不写作英语论文,他们的中文论文也常常要求附有英文的标题和摘要。

如何把中国的法律和法学翻译成英文,就像翻译外国法一样令人困扰。

现有翻译中最大问题之一是术语混乱。

中国行政法的规范庞杂、法典化程度很低,不同法系混搭,再加上自身的改造,更增添了译法的混乱。

对同一个词的各种译法,在法学词典往往不加辨析地罗列,在法律汇编中前后不一地杂陈。

例如,在法律出版社1998年出版的《新汉英法学词典》里,“行政诉讼”的译法多达4种(administrativeact io n/l itigation/procedure/proceedings),其中多数译法是明显有问题的。

中国法制出版社2005年出版的中英文对照的行政法规汇编《行政法》,更是混乱译法的集大成者。

为了促进翻译的精确和统一,有必要专门探讨行政法学上一些关键概念的翻译,以便利交流、减少误解。

本文辨析中国行政法学关键词译法的方法有二:一是求同存异,即把握概念在中国语境中的涵义,找寻西方国家(主要是英语国家)的相应制度,以之对应中国概念。

二是约定俗成,即着力考察现有英语文献中对相关概念的使用情况,尽量选取广泛使用和接受的译法。

由于英语国家几乎都是普通法国家,而对中国的关注以美国为最,所以,选取的文献以美国学者为主,兼顾香港、澳大利亚、英国等其他普通法国家和地区,以及中国内地学者的英文着述(主要参考文献简列于后)。

需要强调的是,在不同文献中,需考虑到区别不同文体(特别是法律条文和一般论述)和文风,选择相应的译法。

在很多时候,对相关概念作出解释是必不可少的,例如“具体行政行为”、“规范性文件”、“行政补偿”,没有相应的解释很难理解。

最后,尽管本文作者做了多方求教和引证,文章难免掺杂着作者的个人偏好,甚至是不那么确定的偏好。

1、行政诉讼、行政复议和信访中国的行政诉讼制度与英美的司法审查大体对应(尽管在审查范围和标准上明显有异),把中国的行政诉讼称为ju dicial review是广为接受的。

但翻译法律条文时,用administrative litigation对译“行政诉讼”无疑是最精确的,也是通行的。

有的着作用administrative pr ocedure译行政诉讼,这是不够专业的。

它虽然能与civil procedure(民事诉讼)、criminal procedure(刑事诉讼)相对应,但极易与“行政程序”混淆。

自从美国制定了Administrative Procedure Act,各国纷纷效仿,中国也在讨论制定《行政程序法》,adm in ist rative procedure已经留给“行政程序”专用了。

类似地,administrative proceeding多用于表述行政过程,用以表述行政诉讼也容易引起误解,建议尽量不用。

行政复议有administrative reconsideration和administrative review两种译法。

这两个词在美国法上都不常用:《布莱克法律辞典》没有administrative reconsideration相关词条;对administrative review的解释,既可以指司法机关对行政行为的审查,也可以指行政机关在行政内部的上诉程序中给予的审查。

在讨论中国行政复议制度时,administrative reconsideration的译法已有约定俗成之势,而administrative rev iew只有少数学者使用,建议用administrative reconsideration作为中国行政复议制度的正式译法。

但个人以为,administrative review的译法更好:首先,美国法中也有administrative reconsideration,但多指行政机关对自己先前所作行政决定的复查;而在中国法律中,行政复议几乎都由上级机关进行,带有行政监督色彩。

其次,administrative review能够与judicial review对应,也不难理解。

第三,review 音节简短、语义庄重,“复议机关”说reviewing body之类就行了。

信访是一个令英文学术界非常困惑的概念。

它的字面含义是letters and visits,在内涵上更接近于pet it ion s。

翻译法条时多取字面含义,媒体报道和学术讨论多用petition。

但两者都很难传达中国信访制度深厚的历史传统和在当代的独特含义。

有海外学者专门辨析了它的译法,最后干脆用汉语拼音“xinfang”0。

这对研究中国法的圈内人来说,反而更简单传神。

这一点就象“li(礼)”、“guan xi(关系)”和新近出现的“b u z he teng(不折腾)”。

也有学者用“lodge complaint”来翻译信访。

但complaint 含义太宽泛,不是一个理想的译法。

2、法律及其形式和名称翻译法律时,需要辨析实质意义的法、形式意义的法(法律、法规、规章及规范性文件),以及法律文本的名称。

这是法学的一般问题,在中国行政法学中尤其注重。

例如,在普通法国家,法规(regulation)和规章(rule)没有严格区分,但在中国,两者的制定机关和效力层级截然不同,区分非常要紧。

(1)法律、法规、规章这是出现频率极高的一组词汇,也是译法一度比较混乱的概念。

目前,“法律、法规、规章”分别用law、reg ul ati on和rule,已经趋向统一。

行政法规译administrative regulation,地方性法规local regulation,行政规章administrative rule。

有的把法律、法规分别称为statute、ordinance,并不算错。

但statute和ord in ance在不同国家也没有确定、专属的含义,而且没有law和regulation通俗,建议不用。

有的文本把行政法规译成administrative rules and regulations,就离谱了。

法律、法规、规章以外的规范性文件,这是一个中国色彩很重的概念,通常译为normative document。

也有的用re gulatory document,但不如前者直接,也不如前者概括性强,建议不用。

上位法,可以译为upper-level legislation或者superior legislation,下位法则lower-level legislation 或者in ferior legislation。

(2)法律文本的名称和条款翻译中国法律的名称,习惯用Law,而不是Act,虽然后者是英美国家的惯例。

所以,讲到拟议中的《行政程序法》,我们可以借用外国的概念说“APA(Administrative Procedure Act)”;但翻译法律文本,一般还是说“××× Law”。

作为法律文件的名称,law 和rule 习惯用单数,而regulation、measure习惯用复数,例如Regulations on Dis cl osu re of Government Information。

法律条文中自称的“本法”,一般译为“this Law”,law的首字母习惯用大写。

在词序上,翻译法规、规章的名称,通常把Regulations、Rule放在前面。

而翻译法律的名称,通常把Law 放在后面;全译的话,中华人民共和国放在最后。

例如,“中华人民共和国行政处罚法”译为Adminis trative Pen al ty Law 或者Administrative Penalty Law of the People's Republic of China。

有的译为Law of the Peo pl e's Republic of China on Administrative Penalty,起头过于沉重,不够明快。

遇到特别冗长的法规名称时,可以考虑把Law of the People's Republic of China放在前面。

法律文本的章、节,分别用chapter和section;条、款、项,分别用article、paragraph、item。

有的根据普通法国家的通常做法,用section来翻译“条”,明显不妥。

普通法国家法律文本的结构大异于中国的立法习惯,其中的section往往很长很繁复,多达数页纸。

例如,通常所称的《信息自由法》(FOIA)在美国法典中就编为1节(s. 552)。

(3)实质意义的法与形式意义的法在中文语境中,“法律”既可以指实质意义上的法,也可能指形式意义上的法。

一般意义上的“依法/违法”,译为ac cording to/ in violation of law;“依据/违反法律、法规或者规章”,则译为according to/ in vio la tio n of laws,regulations and/or rules。

在某些情况下,“法律”的含义非常微妙,更需要根据中文语境小心辨析。

例如,“当事人对行政处罚决定不服申请行政复议或者提起行政诉讼的,行政处罚不停止执行,法律另有规定的除外”,这里的法律是在实质意义上使用,因此,译为“except as otherwise prescribed by the law”。

而“行政处罚由违法行为发生地的县级以上地方人民政府具有行政处罚权的行政机关管辖,法律、行政法规另有规定的除外”,这里的法律就是形式意义上的,因此译为“except as otherwise prescribe d by laws or regulations”。

通常所说的违反法定程序、超越法定职权的“法”,也是在实质意义上使用的。

相关文档
最新文档