APA Referencing Summary
APA (7th edition) Referencing Style说明书
APA (7th edition) Referencing StyleThis referencing style sheet is to be used in conjunction with the Library’s general Guide to Citing & Referencing. The information is based on the following publications from the American Psychological Association (APA):American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). American Psychological Association. (2020). Concise guide to APA style: The official APA style guide for students (7th ed.).For help with referencing items not covered in this guide:You should refer to either the Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.) or the more compact version, Concise guide to APA style: The official APA style guide for students (7th ed.). The Library has copies of both books which (when they are not on loan) can be found on Level 3, at shelf mark 808.06615 AME.Currently, the Library is also providing access to the e-version of each book, on the BibliU platform:/login?url=https:///users/saml/samlBath.BibliU provides a video playlist on YouTube that offers an overview of all the key aspects of using a BibliU e-book, including accessibility features, annotation options, and downloading the BiblIU app for offline reading of e-books:https:///watch?v=xdurhZuogXU&list=PLXTIiw7kQ0518yrXGOWUxMEz9jKXpUdUI. CitationThe APA uses an author-date style of referencing with details entered in round brackets, for example:The traditional approach to human cognition is over-simplified in assuming that processing is typically serial (Eysenck & Keane, 2010).If a publication date is not provided, insert n.d. in round brackets to signify ‘no date’, thus: (n.d.).Treatment of multiple authors: When a work has two authors, cite both authors’ surnames every time.When a work has three or more authors, cite the surname of the first author only, followed by et al., in every citation, including the first:Kisangua et al. (2007) found that … [first and subsequent citations]Reference listThe reference list must have the title word References, which should capitalised, in bold and centred. The reference list should contain full details of all the sources mentioned in your text, arranged alphabetically by surname of first author. List entries should be double-spaced (both within and between entries), and the first line of each reference is flush left with subsequent lines indented 0.5 inches (1.27 centimetres) from the left margin.Reference examplesBelow are some examples of the more common types of document you might want to reference. Each gives the APA 7th ed. format for the reference, followed by an example. Treatment of multiple authors within a reference list: when authors number twenty-one or more, include the first nineteen authors’ names then insert an ellipsis (…) and add the last author’s name. For example:Author, A. A., Author B. B., Author, C. C., Author, D. D., Author, E. E., Author, F. F., Author, G. G., Author, H. H., Author, I.I., Author, J. J., Author, K. K., Author, L. L., Author, M. M., Author, N. N., Author, O. O., Author, P. P., Author, Q.Q., Author, R. R., Author, S. S., . . . Author, W. W.Kalnay, E., Kanamitsu, M., Kistler, R., Collins, W., Deaven, D., Gandin, L., Iredell, M., Saha, S., White, G., Woollen, J., Zhu, Y., Chelliah, M., Ebisuzaki, W., Higgins, W., Janowiak, J., Mo, K. C., Ropelewski, C., Wang, J., Leetmaa,A., ... Joseph, D. (1999). The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project. Bulletin of the American MeteorologicalSociety,77(3), 437–471. https:///fg6rf9Khan, A., Huynh, T. M. T., Vandeplas, G., Joish, V. N., Mannent, L. P., Tomassen P., van Zele, T., Cardell, L.O., Arebro, J., Olze, H., Forster-Ruhrmann, U., Kowalski, M. L., Olszewska-Ziaber, A., Fokkens, W., van Drunen, C., Mullol, J., Alobid, I., Hellings, P.W., Hox, V., …Bachert, C. (2019). The GALEN rhinosinusitis cohort: Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps affects health-related quality of life. Rhinology, 57(5), 343-351.https:///10.4193/Rhin19.1581. Print version of a journal articleAuthor surname, Initials. (Year of publication). Title of article. Title of journal, Volume number(issue number), pages xx -xx.Nevin, A. (1990). The changing of teacher education special education. Teacher education and special education:The journal of the Teacher Education Division of the Council for Exceptional Children, 13(4), 147-148.In-text citationParenthetical:(Nevin, 1990)NarrativeNevin (1990) outlined...2. Electronic version of a journal article without a Digital Object Identifier (DOI)Author surname, Initials. (Year of publication). Title of article. Title of journal, Volume number(issue number), page numbers xx-xx. URLMarion, T., Reese, V., & Wagner, R. F. (2018). Dermatologic features in good film characters who turn evil: The transformation. Dermatology Online Journal, 24(9), Article 4. https:///uc/item/1666h4z5In-text citationParenthetical(Marion et al., 2018)NarrativeIn research by Marion et al. (2018)...3. Electronic version of a journal article with a DOIAuthor’s surname, Initials. (Year of publication). Title of article. Title of journal, Volume number(issue number), page numbers xx-xx. http///xxxxOncul, O. (2016). Crime and Delinquency. International Journal of Psychology, 51(S1), 295-303.https:///10.1002/ijop.123054. Print version of a bookAuthor’s surname, initials. (Year of publication). Title (xx ed. if not the first). Publisher.Tseris, E. (2019). Trauma, women's mental health, and social justice: Pitfalls and possibilities. Routledge.In-text citationIt is not required to provide a page or paragraph number in the citation for a paraphrase, but you may include one if it would help your reader to locate the relevant passage in a lengthy work, such as a book.Parenthetical(Tseris, 2018, p. 12)NarrativeAccording to Tseris (2018)…(p. 12).5. Electronic version of a print bookIdentifying the format, platform, or device (e.g., eBook, Kindle book, etc.) of an authored eBook is no longer needed. An authored eBook from an academic collection should be treated as an authored print book with the reference ending with the publisher.If you wish to quote or paraphrase from an e-book that has no page numbers, you must devise an alternative means of identifying the relevant passage. In the case of a Kindle book that has no page numbers, do not provide the location number. The recommended alternative is to include the heading or section name, the paragraph number (count the paragraphs yourself, if they are not already numbered), or a combination of the heading or section name and the paragraph number.Author surname, Initials. (Year of publication). Title. Publisher. URL [if available].Moore, A. (2012). Teaching and learning: Pedagogy, curriculum and culture (2nd ed.). Routledge. https:///permalink/f/1fg2g9q/44BAT_ALMA_DS5145800530002761In-text citationParenthetical(Moore, 2012)NarrativeMoore (2012) presented…6. Republished electronic version of a bookAuthor surname, Initials. (Year of release in electronic format). Title. Publisher. URL (Original year work published xxxx).Hooke, R. (2005). Micrographia: Or some physiological descriptions of minute bodies made by magnifying glasses with observations and inquiries thereupon. Project Gutenberg. /files/15491/15491-h/15491-h.htm (Original work published 1664).In-text citationParenthetical(Hooke, 1664/2005)NarrativeHooke (1664/2005) addressed…7. Book with two authors/editorsAuthors’ surnames, initials. (Year of publication). Title (xx ed. if not the first). Publisher.Rutter, L., & Brown, K. (2020). Critical thinking and professional judgement for social work (5th ed.). Learning Matters.In-text citationParenthetical(Rutter & Brown, 2020)NarrativeRutter and Brown (2020) posited…8. Book with three or more authors up to and including 20 authorsAuthors’ surnames, initials. (Year of publication). Title (xx ed. if not the first). Publisher.Haugtvedt, C., Herr, P., & Kardes, F. (2008). Handbook of consumer psychology. Psychology Press.Provide surnames and initials for up to and including 20 authors. The last author’s surname should be preceded by an ampersand (&).In-text citationParenthetical(Haugtvedt et al., 2008)NarrativeHaugtvedt et al. (2008) stated…According to the 7th edition, up to 20 authors should now be included in a reference list entry.For sources with 21 or more authors, include the first 19 authors’ names, insert an ellipsis (…) and then add the final author’s name. Do not place an ampersand (&) before the final author's name.9. Book with editor(s) instead of author(s)Editor’s surnames, initials. (Year of publication). Title (xx ed. if not the first). Publisher.Palmer, S. (Ed.). (2011). Social work in mental health and substance abuse. CRC Press.In-text citationParenthetical(Palmer, 2011)NarrativePalmer (2011) believed that…10. Book with group authorGroup author. (Year of publication). Title (xx ed. if not the first). Publisher [If different from the group author].British Broadcasting Corporation. (2005). Review of the BBC's royal charter: BBC response to a strong BBC, independent of government.In-text citationParenthetical(British Broadcasting Corporation, 2005)NarrativeIn its review, the British Broadcasting Corporation (2015) noted…You need not abbreviate the name of a group author in a citation, but you can if the abbreviation is well-known or if you will cite the group author at least three times. You must provide the full name of the group author in the first mention, with the abbreviation.11. One chapter / paper from a collection in a bookAuthor of chapter’s surname, Initials. (Year of publication). Title of chapter. In: Initials of first editor, Surname of first editor & Initials of second editor, Surname of second editor (Eds.), Title of book (pp. xx-xx). Publisher.Martin, A. (2006). Literacies for the digital age. In A. Martin & D. Madigan (Eds.), Digital literacies for learning (pp. 3-25).Facet.In-text citationParenthetical(Martin, 2006).NarrativeMartin (2006) challenged…12. Newspaper articleAuthor’s surname, Initials. (Year of publication, Month of publication, Day of publication). Title of article. Title/Name of newspaper, pp. xx-xx.Bowcott, O. (2020, September 24). Investigation launched after black barrister is mistaken for the defendant three times in a day. The Guardian, pp. 20-21.In-text citationParenthetical(Bowcott, 2020)NarrativeBowcott (2020) said…13. Thesis/dissertationThe APA makes a distinction between theses/dissertations available in print form only (‘unpublished’) and those available online (‘published’), and it makes further distinctions according to the type of online publisher. The APA also uses American terminology to describe a thesis/dissertation: ‘doctoral dissertation’ and ‘master’s thesis’. Please refer to the Publication Manual for detailed guidance.Doctoral dissertation published online, but not in a databaseAuthor surname, Initials. (Year of award). Title of dissertation (Level of award, Awarding institution). Archive name. URLConfait, M. F. (2018). Maximising the contributions of PHD graduates to national development: The case of the Seychelles [Doctoral dissertation, Edith Cowan University]. Edith Cowan Online Repository.https://.au/theses/206014. Government publicationName of government department. (Date of publication). Title of report. Publisher [If different from the group author].Public Health England. (2020) Stay at home: Guidance for households with possible or confirmed coronavirus (COVID-19) infection.In-text citationParenthetical(Public Health England, 2020)NarrativePublic Health England (2020) outlined...15. Television broadcastWriter’s surname, Initials. (Writer), & Director’s surname, Initials. (Director). (Year, Month Day). Title of episode (Season x, Episode y) [TV series episode]. In Executive Producer’s Initial. Executive Producer’s surname (ExecutiveProducer), Title of TV series. Broadcasting company.Kripke, E. (Writer), & Trachtenberg, D. (Director). (2020, July 26). The Name of the Game (Season 1, Episode 1) [TV series episode]. In H. Gorenstein (Executive Producer), The Boys. Sony Pictures Television; Kripke Enterprises;Point Grey Pictures; Original Film; Kickstart Entertainment; Kickstart Entertainment; Amazon Studios.In-text citationParenthetical(Kripke & Trachtenberg, 2020)NarrativeKripke and Trachtenberg (2020) averred...16. Web pagesSome online sources are designed to change over time and will not have an archive of earlier versions, e.g. Google Maps, a web page, or a dictionary entry. If an online source includes a date when it was last updated, provide a retrieval date in the reference, as well as the date of update as the date of publication. In this way, you are informing your reader that they may retrieve a newer version of the source. The retrieval date should be inserted before the URL in the reference.If you wish to quote or paraphrase from a web page that has no page numbers, you must devise an alternative means of identifying the relevant passage. The recommended alternative is to include the heading or section name, the paragraph number (count the paragraphs yourself, if they are not already numbered), or a combination of the heading or section name and the paragraph number.Author's surname, Initials. (Year, Month Day site/document was published online: be as specific as is possible). Title.Retrieved Month Day, Year, from URL.Note: if there is no individual author, use the group author (organisation), e.g. British Broadcasting Corporation. If neither is available, move the title to the author position, before a full stop and the date of publication.National Health Service. (2020, November 25). Check if you or your child has coronavirus symptoms. Retrieved November 26, 2020, from https:///conditions/coronavirus-covid-19/symptoms/In-text citationParenthetical(National Health Service, 2020, Babies and children section, para. 3)NarrativeThe National Health Service (2020) advise d…(Babies and children section, para. 3).This guide offers a basic template for APA referencing. For help with referencing sources that are not included in this guide, please refer to the APA publications that we recommend on page 1.MH/JH November 2020; JH August 2021。
APA格式reference_写法【范本模板】
一.Reference的三种类型：从书上引用,从杂志里的文章中引用,从网站引用1, 从书上引用的ref，格式:作者名字.年代。
书名(斜体）。
出版社地址：出版社名Example：Davidson，M。
and Cooper, C。
(1992). Shattering The Glass Ceiling：The Woman Manger.London：Paul Chapman.2, 从杂志里的文章中引用的ref,格式：作者名字.年代。
文章名。
杂志名（斜体): 第几期，页数Example：Pringle，J。
（2004）. Women Senior Managers: Successful Individuals Or Markers Of Collective Change. Women’s Studies Journal，18, (2），79—963,从网站引用的ref, 格式作者名字.年代.书名（斜体）.Retrieved on年月日. from：网站Example：Adler，M. （2005）。
Women’s Employm ent Concentrated In Service Industries。
Retrieved on 20th September，2005 from：http://www。
t。
nz.(注意: 网站另起一行）二, reference 的注意事项:1, 如果reference有两行或两行以上，从第二行起，向内缩进五到七个字符Example:Rosener, J. （1995）。
America’s competitive secret: Utilizing women as a management strategy。
USA: Oxford University Press。
2, reference与reference中间要隔一行3文章名和杂志名：每个单词的首字母大写，虚词除外4，文章后面列出的所有reference必须与加进文章中的reference一一对应5, reference做完以后，以作者的首字为准，按字母顺序进行排列6,一般情况下,1000字，四个reference。
handout_1_-_Harvard_APA_referencing_guide
In-text citation: Researchers have warned that young people can easily spend too much time online (Stephens, 2004). Reference list entry: Stephens, C. (2004). Inside the internet. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press. Book with no author Title of book: subtitle of book. (year). Place: Publisher. (Title, year)
In-text citation: While the poorest Americans became poorer in the 1970s, the same group became richer the following decade (Laffer, Moore & Tanous, 2008). Reference list entry: Laffer, A.B., Moore, S. & Tanous, P. (2008). The end of prosperity: how higher taxes will doom the economy—if we let it happen. New York: Simon & Schuster. Later edition of a book Author, A. (year). Title of book: subtitle of book (nth ed.). Place: Publisher. (Author, year)
论文reference格式写作规范
英文assignment的写作细节（请各位愿意长期合作的朋友，尽量仔细阅读，在行文中注意这些要求）我们的assignment通常分为两种形式，一是essay, 一是report.二者在形式上有所差别，essay 偏向于理论论述，report则大都结合case进行理论应用。
一篇assignment上面会对写成essay 还是report格式作出明确要求。
在阅读题目时，请尽量仔细。
相同点：1、字体：Times New Roman或者Arial, 字号：小四，行距：1.5倍。
请在写作之前就把这些格式调好，以避免写好后再调会出现一些意相不到的情况。
2、段与段之间隔行。
每段不要求像中文写作那样空两格，而是直接顶格写。
区别：Essay:Essay的写作相对report要简单一些。
通常只包括三个部分，Introduction, Main Body, Conclusion. Introduction 包括topic的背景介绍和论文的结构。
一般占总字数的10%左右。
Main Body是主体部分，占总字数80%左右。
如果题目中作了具体要求，就根据题目提到的几个方面来逐一讨论就可以了。
有的题目没有作具体要求，就根据自己的构思来写。
但要求有逻辑性。
Conclusion也是占10%，在这一段里把文章中的主要观点用一到两句话概括出来。
Essay的body部分不提倡用太多的标题，有的作业要求甚至会直接写明不能用任何的标题，所以为了保证文章结构的清晰性，段落间要有承上启下的句子，使结构清晰明了，文章结构很重要，老师非常重视，直接影响分数的好坏。
Reference的写作是essay和report都要涉及的，我放在最后来详细说。
Report:它的写法大体上和essay差不多，但要求要严格一些。
第一：标题页：顾名思义，将report的题目写在此页第二：Executive summary，是对文章的摘要，要把写这篇报告的目的(也就是为什么要写这篇报告)，报告得出的结果，最后的结论，以及报告给出的建议一一交代清楚，但不需要交代题目背景，摘要的目的是让busy reader能快速掌握报告的全部内容。
参考文献引用标注格式
参考文献引用标注格式Referencing is a crucial aspect of academic writing as it not only acknowledges the work of others but also adds credibility to one's own research. Properly citing sources is a sign of respect for the scholarly community and demonstrates intellectual honesty. However, citing sources can be a challenging task for many students, especially when different citation styles are required for different disciplines.在学术写作中，参考文献的引用是至关重要的，它不仅承认了他人的工作，还为自己的研究增加了可信度。
正确引用来源是对学术界的尊重的表现，同时也显示了学术诚信。
然而，对许多学生来说，引用来源可能是一项具有挑战性的任务，特别是当不同的引用样式需要用于不同的学科时。
One of the most common citation styles used in academic writing is the APA (American Psychological Association) style. This style is widely used in the social sciences and provides guidelines for formatting references in a consistent and clear manner. The APA style includes rules for citing a variety of sources, such as books,journal articles, and websites, as well as specific guidelines for in-text citations and reference lists.在学术写作中最常见的引用样式之一是APA（美国心理学协会）样式。
APA_Referencing_6th_ed
(Salter, 2007)
7. Film – (see Library APA referencing webpage for music and other media) Zhang, Y. (Producer/Director). (2000). Not one less [Motion picture]. China: Columbia Pictures.
volume number are italicised, followed by the issue number in brackets (not italicised).
9. Journal article – academic/scholarly (electronic version) with no DOI Harrison, B., & Papa, R. (2005). The development of an indigenous knowledge program in a New Zealand Maori-language immersion school. Anthropology and Education Quarterly, 36(1), 57-72. Retrieved from ProQuest Education Journals database.
6. Course handout/Lecture notes Salter, G. (2007). Lec. Hamilton, New Zealand: University of Waikato.
apa格式参考文献英文
apa格式参考文献英文When referencing sources in APA format, the following guidelines should be followed for English-language references:1. Books:AuthorLastName, AuthorInitials. (Year). Title of the book. Publisher.2. Journal Articles:AuthorLastName, AuthorInitials. (Year). Title of the article. Title of the Journal, Volume(Issue), Page numbers. DOI or URL if available.3. Websites:AuthorLastName, AuthorInitials. (Year). Title of the webpage/document. Website Name. URL.4. Newspaper Articles:AuthorLastName, AuthorInitials. (Year, Month Day).Title of the article. Title of the Newspaper, Page numbers. URL if available.5. Conference Papers:AuthorLastName, AuthorInitials. (Year, Month Day).Title of the paper. Paper presented at the Conference Name, Location. URL if available.6. Thesis or Dissertation:AuthorLastName, AuthorInitials. (Year). Title of the thesis/dissertation. (Doctoral dissertation or Master's thesis). University Name, Location. URL if available.7. Online Videos:AuthorLastName, AuthorInitials. (Year, Month Day).Title of the video [Video file]. Retrieved from URL.8. Online Images:CreatorLastName, CreatorInitials. (Year). Title of the image [Description of the image]. Retrieved from URL.9. Government Publications:Government Agency. (Year). Title of the document (Publication No. XXXX). Publisher. URL if available.10. Legal Cases:Case Name, Volume Source Page (Year).Remember to include all necessary information and follow the proper formatting for each type of source. Additionally, make sure to alphabetize the reference list by the last name of the first author.。
参考文献格式apa6
References/BibliographyAPABased on the “Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association” 6th edition.The “APA style” is an author-date style for citing and referencing information in assignments and publications. This guide is based on the American Psychological Association’s Publication Manual, 6th edition (2010). Note:Before you write your list of references, check with your lecturer or tutor for the bibliographic style preferred by the School. There may be differences in the style recommended by the School.What is referencing?Referencing is a standardised way of acknowledging the sources of information and ideas that you have used in your assignments. This allows the sources to be identified.Why reference?Referencing is important to avoid plagiarism, to verify quotations and to enable readers to identify and follow up works you have referred to.Steps in referencing• Record the full bibliographic details and relevant page numbers of the source from whichinformation is taken.• Note the DOI (digital object identifier), if present. When a DOI is used, do not provide theURL or date of retrieval.• Insert the citation at the appropriate place in the text of your document.• Include a reference list that includes all in-text citations at the end of your document.In-text citations• In an author-date style, in-text citations usually require the name of the author(s) and theyear of publication.• A page number is included if you have a direct quote. When you paraphrase a passage, orrefer to an idea contained in another work, providing a page number is not required, but is "encouraged", especially if you are referring to a long work and the page numbers might be useful to the reader.How to create a reference list/bibliography• A reference list includes just the books, articles, and web pages etc that are cited in the textof the document. A bibliography includes all sources consulted for background reading. •A reference list is arranged alphabetically by author. If an item has no author, it is cited bytitle, and included in the alphabetical list using the first significant word of the title.• If you have more than one item with the same author, list the items chronologically, startingwith the earliest publication.• Each reference appears on a new line.• Each item in the reference list is required to have a hanging indent. • References should not be numbered.Referencing SoftwareThe University of Queensland Library provides access to EndNote and RefWorks software, which assist in creating reference lists. An APA 6th style is provided in the Endnote X4 software.(22/11/2011)APA 6th EditionBookElements of the citationAuthor(s) of book – family name and initials, use & for multiple authors. (Year of publication). Title of book – italicised. Place of publication: Publisher.Reference type In-text examples Reference list example EndNote referencetypeOne author Sophisticated searching techniques areimportant in finding information (Berkman,1994)ORBerkman (1994) claimed that … Berkman, R. I. (1994). Find it fast: How to uncover expert information. New York, NY: Harper Perrenial.BookTwo authors It is futile to maintain that the sexes areinterchangeable (Moir & Jessel, 1991)ORMoir and Jessel (1991) found students…Always list the authors in the order in whichthey appear in the publication.Cite both authors for each use of reference. Moir, A., & Jessel, D. (1991). Brain sex: The real difference between men and women. London: Mandarin.BookThree to five authors (O’Keefe, Bell, & Wyne, 2009)(O’Keefe et al., 2009)O'Keefe, J. H., Bell, D. S. H., & Wyne, K.L. (2009). Diabetesessentials. Sudbury, MA: Jones and Bartlett Publishers.Book2O’Keefe, Bell, and Wyne argue that (2009)Cite all authors the first time the reference appears; for all subsequent uses, cite last name of first author followed by “et al.”Six or more authors Johnson et al. (2005) argue …ORIt was argued that…(Johnson et al., 2005)Cite just the last name of the first authorfollowed by “et al.” and year for the first andall other citationsJohnson, L., Lewis, K., Peters, M., Harris, Y., Moreton, G.,Morgan, B., . . . Smith, P. (2005). How far is far? London:McMillan.When a reference has up to seven authors, include allauthors’ names in the reference list. When a work haseight or more authors, cite the last names & initials ofthe first six authors then follow with a comma and threespaced ellipsis points (. . .), then the last author’s name.BookNo author Management is defined as (CCH MacquarieDictionary, 1993)ORCCH Macquarie Dictionary (1993) defines…Cite in the text the first few words of the titleand the year. The CCH Macquarie dictionary of business. (1993). North Ryde, NSW: CCH Australia.BookAuthor Identified As Anonymous (Anonymous, 1996)Use only if author is specifically named as“Anonymous”Anonymous. (1996). Primary colors : A novel of politics.New York, NY: Random House.BookAuthors With Same Last Name (J. P. Lewis, 2007)J. P. Lewis argues that (2007)(R. Lewis, 2007)R. Lewis stated that (2007)Include first author’s initials in all citations.Lewis, J.P. (2007). Fundamentals of project management.New York, NY: American Management Association.Lewis, R. (2007). Human genetics : concepts andapplications. Boston, MA: McGraw-Hill HigherEducation.Book3Multiple works by the same author …geology of Queensland’s national parks(Willmott, 2004, 2006).Willmott, W.F . (2004). Rocks and landscapes of thenational parks of Southern Queensland. Brisbane:Geological Society of Australia, Queensland Division.Willmott, W.F. (2006). Rocks and landscapes of the nationalparks of Central Queensland. Brisbane: GeologicalSociety of Australia, Queensland Division.Order chronologically from earliest in the reference listBookMultiple works by the same author, published in the same year (Dawkins, 1996a, 1996b) Dawkins, R. (1996a). Climbing Mount Improbable. London:Viking.Dawkins, R. (1996b). River out of Eden. London: Phoenix.Order alphabetically by title in the Reference list.BookBook by an organisation or institution (corporate author) (Queensland Health, 2002)Queensland Health (2002) recommends that….Queensland Health. (2002). Best practice guidelines for themanagement of type 1 diabetes in children andadolescents. Brisbane, Australia: Author.BookDifferent Editions (DeHart, Sroufe, & Cooper, 1995)DeHart, Sroufe, & Cooper (1995) state the ideathat…DeHart, G. B., Sroufe, L.A., & Cooper, R. G. (1995). Childdevelopment: Its nature and course (4th ed.). Boston,MA: McGraw-Hill.The edition statement is placed after the title of the work.This is not necessary for a first edition.BookEdited book (Friedman & Wachs, 1999)(Everson, 1991) Friedman, S. L., & Wachs, T. D. (Eds.). (1999). Measuringenvironment across the life span: Emerging methodsand concepts. Washington, DC: American PsychologicalAssociation.Everson, S. (Ed.). (1991). Psychology. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press.Edited book4Electronicversion of printbook(De Lara & Doyen, 2008)(Ardia, 2008) De Lara, M., & Doyen, L. (2008). Sustainable managementof natural resources: Mathematical models andmethods. [SpringerLink version]. Retrieved from/openurl.asp?genre=book&isbn=978-3-540-79073-0Ardia, D. (2008). Financial risk management with Bayesianestimation of GARCH models: Theory and applications[SpringerLink version]. doi: 10.1007/978-3-540-78657-3Add the name of the provider of the electronic version insquare brackets.Electronic bookEnter the DigitalObject Identifier of thebook in the DOI field.If the book has no DOI,use the URL field andenter the full URL ofthe e-book if it wasonly publishedelectronically. If thebook was originallypublished in print,enter the URL of thehomepage of thewebsite on which it isavailable.Electronic-only book (Stevens, n.d.) Stevens, K. (n.d.) The dreamer and the beast. Retrievedfrom/showitem.asp?itemID=332Electronic bookTranslation of a book (Ylinen, 2008) Ylinen, J. (2008). Stretching therapy: For sport and manualtherapies (J. Nurmenniemi, Trans.). 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(2010). Maternalobesity and pregnancy: A retrospective study.Midwifery, 26, 138-146. doi:10.1016/j.midw.2008.12.005Journal articleJournal article with DOI–three to five authors (Skenderian, Siegel, Crano, Alvaro, & Lac,2008)For works with 3-5 authors, in the in-textcitation, cite all authors the first time thereference appears; for all subsequentuses, cite last name of first authorfollowed by “et al.”Skenderian, J. J., Siegel, J. T., Crano, W. D., Lac, A., &Alvaro, E. E. (2008). Expectancy change andadolescents' intentions to use marijuana.Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 22, 563-569.doi:10.1037/a0013020Note: In the reference list, include all authors up toseven.Journal articleJournal articlewith DOI – sixauthors or more(Wolchik et al., 2008)Note: For the in-text citation, for workswith six or more authors, use only thefirst author’s last name followed by “etal.”, for every use of the citation. Wolchik, S. A., West, S. G., Sandler, I. N., Tein, J.,Coatsworth, D., Lengua, L., . . . 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Nurse EducationToday, Advance online publication. doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2010.01.002Electronic article9advance in an online publication (before it is assigned a volume, issue or page numbers)Cochrane Review with DOI (Shaw, O’Rourke, Del Mar, & Kenardy,2005)Shaw, K., O'Rourke, P., Del Mar, C., & Kenardy, J.(2005). Psychological interventions for overweightor obesity. The Cochrane database of systematicreviews (2).doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003818.pub2Journal articleJournal article accessed electronically, without DOI (Fallon & Engel, 2008) Fallon, A., & Engel, C. (2008). Hypertensive disordersof pregnancy. The Practising Midwife, 11(9), 1-27.Retrieved fromElectronic articleNote: In the URLfield, enter either theURL of the journal'swebsite (forsubscription-basedjournals), or the fullURL of the article (forarticles available freeon the web)Journal article – in press (Williams & Beattie, in press) Williams, S., & Beattie, H. J. (in press). Problem basedlearning in the clinical setting – a systematicreview. Nurse Education Today.Journal articlePut “in press” in yearfieldArticle from UQ eReserve (Shaw, 2003) Shaw, J. (2003). Epidemiology and prevention of type2 diabetes and the metabolic syndrome. MedicalJournal of Australia, 179, 379-383. Retrieved fromUniversity of Queensland Library E-Reserve.Electronic articlePut “University ofQueensland Library E-Reserve” in URL field10Conference papers and proceedingsElements of the citationAuthor(s) of paper – family name and initials, use & for multiple authors. (Year of publication). Title of paper. Title of published proceeding – italicised. Place of Publication: Publisher.Reference type In-text examples Reference list example EndNote referencetypePublished conference paper (Scheinin, 2009) Scheinin, P. (2009). Using student assessment to improveteaching and educational policy. In M. O'Keefe, E.Webb, & K. 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Proceedings of theNational Academy of Sciences, 105, 12593-12598.doi:10.1073/pnas.0805417105Electronic article11Newspaper and magazine articlesElements of the citationAuthor(s) of article – family name and initials, use & for multiple authors. (Year of publication, month day). Title of article. Title of newspaper – italicised, p. page number(s).Reference type In-text examples Reference list example EndNotereference typeNewspaper article with author (Cook, 2002) Cook, D. (2002, January 28). All in the mind. The Age, p.8.Note: Precede page numbers with p. or pp.Newspaper articleNewspaper article, no author (Meeting the needs, 2001) Meeting the needs of counsellors. (2001, May 5). TheCourier Mail, p. 22. Newspaper articleMagazine article (Marano, 2008) Marano, H.E. (2008, March-April). Making of aperfectionist. Psychology Today, 41, 80-86.Magazine articleElectronic newspaper or magazine article (Sandy, 2009)Sandy, A. (2009, January 22). Cheaper to fly than hire abike in Brisbane. The Courier Mail. Retrieved from.au/couriermail/Newspaper articleEnter the URL ofthe newspaper’shomepage in theURL field.Newspaper article from fulltext database (Lampathakis, 1997) Lampathakis, P. (1997, August 11). Tantrums seen assuicide warning. The West Australian, p. 26.Retrieved from Factiva database.Newspaper articleEnter “August 11”in the Issue field.Enter “Factivadatabase” in theURL field.12Government PublicationsElements of the citationAuthor(s) of report – (person or organisation), use & for multiple authors. (Year of Publication). Title of report – italicised. Place of publication: Publisher.Reference type In-text examples Reference list example EndNote referencetypeGovernment report (Queensland Health, 2005) Queensland Health. (2005). Health systems review.Final report. Brisbane, Australia: QueenslandGovernment.ReportOnline report (Australian Institute of Health and Welfare[AIHW], 2010) Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2010). Childprotection Australia 2008-09 (Report No.CWS 35).Retrieved from.au/publications/cws/35/10859.pdf ReportEnter “Report No. CWS 35” in the Report Number field.13ThesisElements of the citation for a thesisAuthor of thesis – family name and initials. (Year of preparation of thesis). Title of thesis – italicised. (Award, Institution, Year).Reference type In-text examples Reference list example EndNote referencetypeThesis- retrieved from institutional or personal website (Axford, 2007) Axford, J.C. (2007). What constitutes success in Pacificisland community conserved areas? (Doctoraldissertation, University of Queensland, 2007).Retrieved from.au/view/UQ:158747ThesisThesis – retrieved from database (Sheehan, 2007) Sheehan, L. R. (2007). Destination managementorganizations: A stakeholder perspective. Retrievedfrom Proquest Digital Dissertations. (AAT NR25719)Thesis14WebpagesElements of the citationAuthor(s) of page – person or organisation, use & for multiple authors. 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Retrieved from.au/hid/SkinHealth/SunSafety/sunSafetyAndPhysicalActivity_ap.asp.Web PageImage on a webpage The image of the rash(Scarlet Fever RashPicture, n.d.)Scarlet fever rash picture [Image] (n.d.). Retrieved from/hardin/md/dermatlas/scarletfever.htmlAudiovisual materialAdd “Image” to Typefield15Other Internet Sources:Elements of the citationAuthor. (Year, month day). Title, [Type of media]. Retrieved from Web addressReference type In-text examples Reference list example EndNote reference typePodcasts (Al Zaabi & Bjarnesen, 2006) Al Zaabi, M. (Producer), & Bjarnesen, T. (Presenter).(2006, November 7). Diabetes in the elderly[Audio podcast]. Retrieved from.au/hn/talks/Audiovisual materialAdd “Producer” and “Presenter” in manually Add “Audio podcast” to the Type field.Email or personal communication es (personalcommunication, August 6, 2008)Or(L.J. Henderson, personalcommunication, February 5,2007)Not included in reference list, only cited in text. 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APA 范文格式以及文献格式
Sample APA Research PaperSample Title PageRunning on Empty 1Running on Empty:The Effects of Food Deprivation on Concentration and Perseverance Thomas Delancy and Adam SolbergDordt CollegePlace manuscript page headersone-half inch from the top. Put five spaces between the page header and the pagenumber.Full title, authors, and school name are centered on the page,typed in uppercase andlowercase.The abstract summarizes the problem, participants, hypotheses, methods used, results, and conclusions.Sample AbstractRunning on Empty 2AbstractThis study examined the effects of short-term food deprivation on twocognitive abilities—concentration and perseverance. Undergraduate students (N-51) were tested on both a concentration task and a perseverance task after one of three levels of food deprivation: none, 12 hours, or 24 hours. We predicted that food deprivation would impair both concentration scores and perseverance time. Food deprivation had no significant effect on concentration scores, which is consistent with recent research on the effects of food deprivation (Green et al., 1995; Green et al., 1997). However, participants in the 12-hour deprivation group spent significantly less time on the perseverance task than those in both the control and 24-hour deprivation groups, suggesting that short-term deprivation may affect some aspects of cognition and not others.An APA Research Paper ModelThomas Delancy and Adam Solberg wrote the following research paper for a psychology class. As you review their paper, read the side notes and examine the following:●The use and documentation of their numerous sources.●The background they provide before getting into their own study results.●The scientific language used when reporting their results.The introductionstates thetopic andthe main questions to be explored.The researcherssupply background information by discussing past research on the topic.Extensive referencing establishessupportfor the discussion.Running on Empty 3Running on Empty: The Effects of Food Deprivationon Concentration and PerseveranceMany things interrupt people’s ability to focus on a task: distractions, headaches, noisy environments, and even psychological disorders. To some extent, people can control the environmental factors that make it difficult to focus. However, what about internal factors, such as an empty stomach? Can people increase their ability to focus simply by eating regularly?One theory that prompted research on how food intake affects the average person was the glucostatic theory. Several researchers in the1940s and 1950s suggested that the brain regulates food intake in orderto maintain a blood-glucose set point. The idea was that people become hungry when their blood-glucose levels drop significantly below their set point and that they become satisfied after eating, when their blood-glucose levels return to that set point. This theory seemed logical because glucoseis the brain’s primary fuel (Pinel, 2000). The earliest investigation of the general effects of food deprivation found that long-term food deprivation (36 hours and longer) was associated with sluggishness, depression, irritability, reduced heart rate, and inability to concentrate (Keys, Brozek, Henschel, Mickelsen, & Taylor, 1950). Another study found that fastingfor several days produced muscular weakness, irritability, and apathy or depression (Kollar, Slater, Palmer, Docter, & Mandell, 1964). Since that time, research has focused mainly on how nutrition affects cognition. However, as Green, Elliman, and Rogers (1995) point out, the effects of food deprivation on cognition have received comparatively less attention in recent years.Center the title one inch from the top. Double-space throughout.Running on Empty 4The relatively sparse research on food deprivation has left room forfurther research. First, much of the research has focused either on chronic starvation at one end of the continuum or on missing a single meal at the other end (Green et al., 1995). Second, some of the findings have been contradictory. One study found that skipping breakfast impairs certain aspects of cognition, such as problem-solving abilities (Pollitt, Lewis, Garza, & Shulman, 1983). However, other research by M. W. Green, N. A. Elliman, and P. J. Rogers (1995, 1997) has found that food deprivation ranging from missing a single meal to 24 hours without eating does not significantly impair cognition. Third, not all groups of people have been sufficiently studied. Studies have been done on 9–11 year-olds (Pollitt etal., 1983), obese subjects (Crumpton, Wine, & Drenick, 1966), college-age men and women (Green et al., 1995, 1996, 1997), and middle-age males (Kollar et al., 1964). Fourth, not all cognitive aspects have been studied. In 1995 Green, Elliman, and Rogers studied sustained attention, simple reaction time, and immediate memory; in 1996 they studied attentional bias; and in 1997 they studied simple reaction time, two-finger tapping, recognition memory, and free recall. In 1983, another study focused on reaction time and accuracy, intelligence quotient, and problem solving (Pollitt et al.).According to some researchers, most of the results so far indicate that cognitive function is not affected significantly by short-term fasting (Green et al., 1995, p. 246). However, this conclusion seems premature due to the relative lack of research on cognitive functions such as concentration andperseverance. To date, no study has tested perseverance, despite itsimportance in cognitive functioning. In fact, perseverance may be a betterindicator than achievement tests in assessing growth in learning and thinking abilities, as perseverance helps in solving complex problems (Costa, 1984). Another study also recognized that perseverance, betterlearning techniques, and effort are cognitions worth studying (D’Agostino, 1996). Testing as many aspects of cognition as possible is key because the nature of the task is important when interpreting the link between food deprivation and cognitive performance (Smith & Kendrick, 1992).Clear transitions guide readers through the researchers’ reasoning.Theresearchers explain how their study will add to past research on the topic.Theresearchers support their decision to focus on concentrationandperseverance.Running on Empty 5Therefore, the current study helps us understand how short-term food deprivation affects concentration on and perseverance with a difficult task. Specifically, participants deprived of food for 24 hours were expected to perform worse on a concentration test and a perseverance task than those deprived for 12 hours, who in turn were predicted to perform worse than those who were not deprived of food.MethodParticipantsParticipants included 51 undergraduate-student volunteers (32 females, 19 males), some of whom received a small amount of extra credit in a college course. The mean college grade point average (GPA) was 3.19. Potential participants were excluded if they were dieting, menstruating, or taking special medication. Those who were struggling with or hadstruggled with an eating disorder were excluded, as were potential participants addicted to nicotine or caffeine. MaterialsConcentration speed and accuracy were measured using an online numbers-matching test (/tests/iq/concentration.html) that consisted of 26 lines of 25 numbers each. In 6 minutes, participants were required to find pairs of numbers in each line that added up to 10. Scores were calculated as the percentage of correctly identified pairs out ofa possible 120. Perseverance was measured with a puzzle that contained five octagons—each of which included a stencil of a specific object (such as an animal or a flower). The octagons were to be placed on top of each other in a specific way to make the silhouette of a rabbit. However, three of the shapes were slightly altered so that the task was impossible. Perseverance scores were calculated as the number of minutes that a participant spent on the puzzle task before giving up. ProcedureAt an initial meeting, participants gave informed consent. Each consent form contained an assigned identification number and requested the participant’s GPA. Students were then informed that they would be notified by e-mail and telephone about their assignment to one of theTheresearchers state theirinitial hypotheses.Headings and subheadings show the paper’s organization.Theexperiment’s method is described, using the terms and acronyms of the discipline.Passive voiceis used to emphasizetheexperiment,not the researchers; otherwise, active voiceis used.Running on Empty 6three experimental groups. Next, students were given an instruction sheet. These written instructions, which we also read aloud, explained the experimental conditions, clarified guidelines for the food deprivation period, and specified the time and location of testing.Participants were randomly assigned to one of these conditions using a matched-triplets design based on the GPAs collected at the initial meeting. This design was used to control individual differences in cognitive ability. Two days after the initial meeting, participants were informed of their group assignment and its condition and reminded that, if they were in a food-deprived group, they should not eat anything after 10 a.m. the next day. Participants from the control group were tested at 7:30 p.m. in a designated computer lab on the day the deprivation started. Those in the 12-hour group were tested at 10 p.m. on that same day. Those in the 24-hour group were tested at 10:40 a.m. on the following day.At their assigned time, participants arrived at a computer lab for testing. Each participant was given written testing instructions, which were also read aloud. The online concentration test had alreadybeen loaded on the computers for participants before they arrived for testing, so shortly after they arrived they proceeded to complete the test. Immediately after all participants had completed the test and their scores were recorded, participants were each given the silhouette puzzle and instructed how to proceed. In addition, they were told that (1) they would have an unlimited amount of time to complete the task, and (2) they were not to tell any other participant whether they had completed the puzzle or simply given up. This procedure was followed to prevent the group influence of some participants seeing others give up. Any participant still working on the puzzle after 40 minutes was stopped to keep the time of the study manageable. Immediately after each participant stopped working on the puzzle, he/she gave demographic information and completed a few manipulation-check items. We then debriefed and dismissed each participant outside of the lab.Attention isshown tothe control features.Theexperiment is laid out stepby step, with time transitions like “then” and “next.”Running on Empty 7ResultsPerseverance data from one control-group participant wereeliminated because she had to leave the session early. Concentration data from another control-group participant were dropped because he did not complete the test correctly. Three manipulation-check questions indicated that each participant correctly perceived his or her deprivation condition and had followed the rules for it. The average concentration score was 77.78 (SD = 14.21), which was very good considering that anything over 50 percent is labeled “good” or “above average.” The average time spent on the puzzle was 24.00 minutes (SD = 10.16), with a maximum of 40 minutes allowed.We predicted that participants in the 24-hour deprivation group would perform worse on the concentration test and the perseverance task than those in the 12-hour group, who in turn would perform worse than those in the control group. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) showed no significant effect of deprivation condition on concentration, F(2,46) = 1.06, p = .36 (see Figure 1). Another one-way ANOVA indicatedFigure 1.No deprivation 12-hour deprivation24-hour deprivationDeprivation Condition1009080706050M e a n s c o r e o n c o n c e n t r a t i o n t e s tThe writers summarize their findings,including problems encountered.“See Figure 1” sends readers to a figure (graph, photograph,chart, or drawing) contained in the paper.All figuresandillustrations (other than tables) are numbered in the order that they are first mentioned inthe text.Running on Empty 8a significant effect of deprivation condition on perseverance time, F(2,47) = 7.41, p < .05. Post-hoc Tukey tests indicated that the 12-hour deprivation group (M = 17.79, SD = 7.84) spent significantly less time on the perseverance task than either the control group (M = 26.80, SD = 6.20) or the 24-hour group (M = 28.75, SD = 12.11), with no significant difference between the latter two groups (see Figure 2). No significant effect was found for gender either generally or with specific deprivation conditions, Fs < 1.00. Unexpectedly, food deprivation had no significant effect on concentration scores. Overall, we found support for our hypothesis that 12 hours of food deprivation would significantly impair perseverance when compared to no deprivation. Unexpectedly, 24 hours of food deprivation did not significantly affect perseverance relative to the control group. Also unexpectedly, food deprivation did not significantly affect concentration scores. DiscussionThe purpose of this study was to test how different levels of food deprivation affect concentration on and perseverance with difficult tasks.302826242220181614121086420M e a n s c o r e o n p e r s e v e r a n c e t e s tFigure 2.No deprivation 12-hour deprivation 24-hour deprivationDeprivation ConditionTheresearchers restate their hypothesesand the results, and go on to interpret those results.Running on Empty 9We predicted that the longer people had been deprived of food, the lower they would score on the concentration task, and the less time they would spend on the perseverance task. In this study, those deprived of food did give up more quickly on the puzzle, but only in the 12-hour group. Thus, the hypothesis was partially supported for the perseverance task. However, concentration was found to be unaffected by food deprivation, and thus the hypothesis was not supported for that task.The findings of this study are consistent with those of Green et al.(1995), where short-term food deprivation did not affect some aspects of cognition, including attentional focus. Taken together, these findings suggest that concentration is not significantly impaired by short-term food deprivation. The findings on perseverance, however, are not as easily explained. We surmise that the participants in the 12-hour group gave up more quickly on the perseverance task because of their hunger produced by the food deprivation. But why, then, did those in the 24-hour group fail to yield the same effect? We postulate that this result can be explained by the concept of “learned industriousness,” wherein participants who perform one difficult task do better on a subsequent task than the participants who never took the initial task (Eisenberger & Leonard, 1980; Hickman, Stromme, & Lippman, 1998). Because participants had successfully completed 24 hours of fasting already, their tendency to persevere had already been increased, if only temporarily. Another possible explanation is that the motivational state of a participant may be a significant determinant of behavior under testing (Saugstad, 1967). This idea may also explain the short perseverance times in the 12-hour group: because these participants took the tests at 10 p.m., a prime time of the night for conducting business and socializing on a college campus, they may have been less motivated to take the time to work on the puzzle.Research on food deprivation and cognition could continue in several directions. First, other aspects of cognition may be affected by short-term food deprivation, such as reading comprehension or motivation. With respect to this latter topic, some students in this study reported decreased motivation to complete the tasks because of a desire to eat immediatelyThe writers speculate on possible explanationsfor the unexpectedresults.Running on Empty 10after the testing. In addition, the time of day when the respective groups took the tests may have influenced the results: those in the 24-hour group took the tests in the morning and may have been fresher and more relaxed than those in the 12-hour group, who took the tests at night. Perhaps, then, the motivation level of food-deprived participants could be effectively tested. Second, longer-term food deprivation periods, such as those experienced by people fasting for religious reasons, could be explored. It is possible that cognitive function fluctuates over the duration of deprivation. Studies could ask how long a person can remain focused despite a lack of nutrition. Third, and perhaps most fascinating, studies could explore how food deprivation affects learned industriousness. As stated above, one possible explanation for the better perseverance times in the 24-hour group could be that they spontaneously improved their perseverance faculties by simply forcing themselves not to eat for 24 hours. Therefore, research could study how food deprivation affects the acquisition of perseverance.In conclusion, the results of this study provide some fascinatinginsights into the cognitive and physiological effects of skipping meals. Contrary to what we predicted, a person may indeed be very capable of concentrating after not eating for many hours. On the other hand, if one is taking a long test or working long hours at a tedious task that requires perseverance, one may be hindered by not eating for a short time, as shown by the 12-hour group’s performance on the perseverance task. Many people—students, working mothers, and those interested in fasting, to mention a few—have to deal with short-term food deprivation, intentional or unintentional. This research and other research to follow will contribute to knowledge of the disadvantages—and possible advantages—of skipping meals. The mixed results of this study suggest that we have much more to learn about short-term food deprivation.Theconclusion summarizestheoutcomes, stresses the experiment’s value, and anticipatesfurther advances on the topic.Running on Empty 11ReferencesCosta, A. L. (1984). Thinking: How do we know students are getting better at it? Roeper Review, 6, 197–199.Crumpton, E., Wine, D. B., & Drenick, E. J. (1966). Starvation: Stress or satisfaction? Journal of the American Medical Association, 196, 394–396. D’Agostino, C. A. F. (1996). Testing a social-cognitive model ofachievement motivation.-Dissertation Abstracts International Section A: Humanities & Social Sciences, 57, 1985.Eisenberger, R., & Leonard, J. M. (1980). Effects of conceptual taskdifficulty on generalized persistence. American Journal of Psychology, 93, 285–298.Green, M. W., Elliman, N. A., & Rogers, P. J. (1995). Lack of effect of short-term fasting on cognitive function. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 29, 245–253. Green, M. W., Elliman, N. A., & Rogers, P. J. (1996). Hunger, caloricpreloading, and the selective processing of food and body shape words. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 35, 143–151.Green, M. W., Elliman, N. A., & Rogers, P. J. (1997). The study effects offood deprivation and incentive motivation on blood glucose levels and cognitive function. Psychopharmacology, 134, 88–94.Hickman, K. L., Stromme, C., & Lippman, L. G. (1998). Learnedindustriousness: Replication in principle. Journal of General Psychology, 125, 213–217.Keys, A., Brozek, J., Henschel, A., Mickelsen, O., & Taylor, H. L. (1950). The biology of human starvation (Vol. 2). Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.Kollar, E. J., Slater, G. R., Palmer, J. O., Docter, R. F., & Mandell, A. J.(1964). Measurement of stress in fasting man. Archives of General Psychology, 11, 113–125.Pinel, J. P. (2000). Biopsychology (4th ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.All worksreferred toin the paperappear onthe referencepage, listedalphabeticallyby author(or title).Each entryfollows APAguidelinesfor listingauthors,dates,titles, andpublishinginformation.Capitalization,punctuation,and hangingindentationare consistentwith APAformat.Running on Empty 12 Pollitt, E., Lewis, N. L., Garza, C., & Shulman, R. J. (1982–1983). Fasting and cognitive function. Journal of Psychiatric Research, 17, 169–174. Saugstad, P. (1967). Effect of food deprivation on perception-cognition:A comment [Comment on the article by David L. Wolitzky].Psychological Bulletin, 68, 345–346.Smith, A. P., & Kendrick, A. M. (1992). Meals and performance. In A. P.Smith & D. M. Jones (Eds.), Handbook of human performance: Vol. 2, Health and performance (pp. 1–23). San Diego: Academic Press. Smith, A. P., Kendrick, A. M., & Maben, A. L. (1992). Effects of breakfast and caffeine on performance and mood in the late morning andafter lunch. Neuropsychobiology, 26, 198–204.。
apa guide 简明apa参考文献格式
APA Referencing2007 Note: this page is only an introduction to the APA (American Psychological Association) referencing system.For a comprehensive guide please refer to:American Psychological Association. (2001). Publication manual of the American PsychologicalAssociation (5th ed.). Washington DC: APA.It is very important that you check the assignment guide for your Department or School as some details,e.g. punctuation, may vary from the guidelines on this page. You may be penalised for not conformingto your school's requirements.What is Referencing?Referencing is a standardised method of acknowledging sources of information and ideas that you haveused in your assignment in a way that uniquely identifies their source. Direct quotations, facts and figures, as well as ideas and theories, from both published and unpublished works, must be referenced.There are many acceptable forms of referencing. This information sheet provides a brief guide to the APA referencing style for in-text citations and for creating the Reference List (examples are below). Within the text of the assignment the author’s name is given first, followed by the publication date. Include pagenumbers for direct quotations and also where it is useful to provide a page number. A reference list at the end of the assignment contains the full details of all the in-text citations.Why Reference?Referencing is necessary to avoid plagiarism, to verify quotations, and to enable readers to follow-up andread more fully the cited author’s arguments.Steps Involved in Referencing1. Note down the full bibliographic details of the source from which the information is taken. Include therelevant page number(s).In the case of a book, ‘bibliographical details’ refers to: author/editor, year of publication, title,edition, volume number, place of publication and publisher as found on the front and back of thetitle page. (Not all of these details will necessarily be applicable).In the case of a journal article the details required include: author of the article, year of publication,title of the article, title of the journal, volume and issue number of the journal, and page numbers.For all electronic information, in addition to the above you should note the date that you accessedthe information, and the database name or web address (URL).2. Insert the citation at the appropriate place within the text of the document (see examples below).3. Provide a reference list at the end of the document (see examples below).In-Text CitationsUse the name of the author, followed by the year of publication when citing references within the text ofan assignment. Where authors of different references have the same family name, include the author’sinitials in the in-text citation i.e. (Hamilton, C. L., 1994) or C. L. Hamilton (1994). If two or more authors arecited at the same point in the text then they are included in the same in-text citation, separated by a semicolone.g. (Brown 1991; Smith 2003). They are presented alphabetically by author.When directly quoting fromanother source, the relevant page number must be given and double quotation marks placed around the quote.When paraphrasing or referring to an idea from another source which is a book or lengthy text, include therelevant page number, as it is useful to provide a page number for the reader.How to Create a Reference ListA reference list only includes books, articles etc that are cited in the text. In contrast, a bibliography is a list ofrelevant sources for background or for further reading.The reference list is arranged alphabetically by author. Where an item has no author it is cited by its title, andordered in the reference list or bibliography alphabetically by the first significant word of the title.The APA style requires the second and subsequent lines of the reference to be indented, as shown in theexamples below, to highlight the alphabetical order.2。
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This summary gives examples of the APA referencing style for a number of information sources that you will commonly use. If you cannot find the relevant pattern here, then refer to the APA Publication Manual (6th ed.).Learning Skills highly recommends that you purchase a copy of Robert Perrin’s Pocket Guide to APA Style (3rd ed.) from the Co-op Bookshop. You should also explore using the EndNote software, which you can download for free from the library website. EndNote helps you to reference correctly, and to organize your research and notes. Go to: .au/division/library/research/endnote/index.htmlThis APA Referencing Summary is located at: .au/division/studserv/learning/referencing/index.htmSome Basic PrinciplesPrint Resources BooksPeriodicals: Articles in Print— journals, monthly and weekly magazines, and newspapers. For journal articles found electronically, see page 10 below.If a Digital Object Identifier (DOI) has been assigned to an article, include it in your reference—for both print and electronic sources (APA, 2010, p, 189, para 6.31). See the third example, below.CSU Subject Outlines and Readings (Not mentioned in APA, but the principles of the style are applied here.)Audiovisual Media (See APA, 2010, pp. 209–210; Perrin, 2009, pp. 101–106).Electronic MediaBasic Principles:Digital Object Identifier (DOI): Array Many scholarly publishers now assign a Digital Object Identifier (DOI) to journal articles and otherdocuments. The DOI is a unique string of numbers that identifies content and provides a lasting link to its location on the Internet.When a DOI is available, use it instead of the URL in the reference. No further retrieval information is needed.The DOI is usually located on the first page of an article. It may also be listed on the full record display of the database you used to find the article.The safest way to include the DOI in your reference is by copying and pasting whenever possible.To find an article for which a DOI is given, go to: /—and enter the DOI string into the DOI ResolverRetrieval dates:The retrieval date is NOT included when the content is in its final form, and is not likely to be changed. Publisher identity:If the publisher’s identity is not clear from the author name, database name, or other information,include it as part of the retrieval statement. This may be the case for large and complex websites. (For examples, see the first two examples on page 12, the first example on page 13 or the second example on page 14 of this guide.)Database name:In general, it is NOT necessary to include a database name in a reference. (The last example on page11 is a rare exception.)Online journal articles:Many journal articles (sometimes called periodicals) are available on the Web. Some have previously been published in print; others are only available electronically. Peer reviewed journals provide reliable information. In contrast, general websites are often unreliable, and can be difficult to reference. For these reasons, the following approach is highly recommended:1. use the library’s databases to find reliable, peer-reviewed (academic-quality) articles;2. select the pdf versions of articles that have already appeared in print;3. reference the articles in the following way.Note: If the electronic version of an article you are using is a draft version or not in its final form, then refer to the Publication Manual (6th ed.).Electronic BooksNote: “Retrieved from” and “Available from”.When using the CSU catalogue, most of the electronic books you use are immediately and freely available to you. In these cases use “Retrieved from” at the start of the retrieval statement.However, if a source is not immediately available to you for free, then use “Available from” instead.Curriculum and Course MaterialReference MaterialsTechnical and Research ReportsTechnical and research reports “usually cover original research, but may or may not be peer reviewed” (APA, 2010, p. 205, para. 7.03). Such reports are produced by a range of organizations including government departments, advocacy groups, trade groups, and corporations. It includes material that is sometimes known as “gray literature”.In the following examples a retrieval date is NOT necessary because the documents are dated and are not likely to be changed.General Interest Media and Alternative PressesWeb sites:University teachers advise against using websites that are not associated with identifiable and reliable journals, scholars, universities, research organizations (such as the CSIRO), or government bodies (including the ABS).All websites should be carefully evaluated. If you cannot find out who is responsible for a site, then you should avoid it.If page numbers are not given on a website, then include a section identifier and/or paragraph number: (Wilson, 2005, Introduction section, para. 3).Secondary SourcesOther SourcesNote on assignment layout:The APA Publication Manual, which offers guidance on many aspects of formatting and presentation, was written to provide guidance for authors preparing manuscripts to be submitted for publication in journals. Journal editors and typesetters receive copy manuscripts in their preferred style, but the final typeset product may differ from the original (APA, 2005, p. 321).However, student assignments are not usually intended for publication; they are a “final” product. Consequently, the requirements for the presentation of university essays, theses, and reports—particularly in relation to questions of layout and structure—may differ from APA style. In all cases, the rules should be balanced with good judgement. If in doubt, check your subject outline or ask your lecturer.If all else fails . . .It is possible that this APA Referencing Summary may not provide a specific model for a source you need to reference. In such cases follow the examples and guidelines given in chapters 6 and 7 of the Publication Manual or Perrin (2009), and apply these to your situation. If in doubt, err on the side of giving too much information, rather than too little (APA 2001, p. 232).ReferencesAmerican Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual (6th ed.). Washington DC: Author.Perrin, R. (2009). Pocket guide to APA style (3rd ed.). Boston: Wadsworth.Dr Peter ButlerManager, LearningCSU Wagga。