TerminologyinFlight

• There are three stages to an IFR flight: departure, en route, and approach. For each stage there are standard, published procedures to allow IFR aircraft to move in a safe, orderly way, from the moment the wheels leave the runway to the moment they touch down again. These procedures also allow an IFR aircraft to complete a flight predictably in case of communication failure with ATC, with default altitudes and headings for every stage, and any modifications to the route.
• 目视飞行
在可见天地线、地标的天气条件下，能 够判明航空器飞行状态和目视判定方位 的飞行。目视飞行机长对航空器间隔、 距离及安全高度负责。
Airspace in flight
• Airspace is divided into two basic types: Controlled airspace exists where it is deemed

VFR
• Visual flight rules (VFR) are a set of aviation regulations under which a pilot may operate an aircraft in weather conditions sufficient to allow the pilot, by visual reference to the environment outside the cockpit, to control the aircraft's attitude, navigate, and maintain safe separation from obstacles such as terrain, buildings, and other aircraft. A VFR flight is a "flight conducted in accordance with the visual flight rules".
necessary that air traffic control has some form of positive executive control over aircraft flying in that airspace.
Uncontrolled airspace is airspace in which air traffic control does not exert any executive authority, although it may act in an advisory manner.
Terminology in Flight
Main terms:
• IFR • VFR • VOR • NDB • DME • ILS
IFR
• Instrument flight rules (IFR) are a set of regulations and procedures for flying aircraft whereby navigation and obstacle clearance is maintained with reference to aircraft instruments only, while separation from other aircraft is provided by Air Traffic Control.
• 仪表飞行
在看不清天地线和地标的情况下，飞行员完 全根据飞机上的各种仪表指示操纵飞机的飞行。 这种飞行，飞行员不能直观感觉飞行状态，每 个仪表又只能反映出飞行状态的某一参数，因 此飞行员必须熟悉各种仪表位置及其指示特点， 全面合理地分配注意力。飞行的操纵动作应柔 和、细致，修正偏差要及时、准确。仪表飞行 比目视飞行更容易疲劳。仪表飞行始于1929年， 之后随着仪表设备的改进和飞行范围的扩大， 仪表飞行成为飞行员必须掌握的基本飞行驾驶 技术。
VOR
• VOR, short for VHF Omni-directional Radio Range, is a type of radio navigation system for aircraft. VORs broadcast a VHF radio composite signal including the station's morse code identifier (and sometimes a voice identifier), and data that allows the airborne receiving equipment to derive a magnetic bearing from the station to the aircraft.
• IFR is an alternative to visual flight rules (VFR), where the pilot is ultimately responsible for navigation, obstacle clearance and traffic separation using the see-and-avoid concept. The vast majority of commercial traffic (any flight for hire) and all scheduled air carriers operate exclusively under IFR.