实用英语写作理论
英语写作大纲
《英语写作I》课程简介课程编号：课程名称：英语写作I英文名称：English writing I课程性质：学科基础课开课对象：非英语专业课程学分：前修课程：主要参考教材：1.丁往道等，《英语写作手册》，外语教学与研究出版社，19942.杨立民等，《现代大学英语（基础写作）》，外语教学与研究出版社，20053.吴文仲等，《实用英语写作》，外语教学与研究出版社，1997.课程简介：本课的目的在于培养学生初步的英语写作能力，包括提纲、文章摘要、短文以及简单的应用文。
写作课的开设时间在三年级第二学期。
内容的安排从如何用词和句子结构入手，要求学生根据提示作文，或模仿范文写作，或根据一定的情景进行串写，进而过渡到掌握段落写作技巧、篇章布局和短文写作。
理论教学大纲课程性质：中（英）文课程名称：英语写作I （English Writing I）学分：4学时：40一、讲授部分第一章文稿格式教学目的与要求学习写作，应明确什么是好的文稿格式。
在标题的写法、纸边留空、段落开端的缩进、大写、词的移行等方面，都应遵照通行的规则。
不管写什么，都要细致、认真，写得或打得整齐干净，还要尽可能避免错误。
写好后，还要仔细校阅一两次，因为可能要做最后的改正或改动。
经常这样练习写作，必然会取得进步。
重点与难点安排、标点课时数：2主要内容：(1)安排(2)移行(3)大写(4)标点（结合教材第十章标点符号）(5)书法第二章用词教学目的与要求从修辞学角度对词汇进行分类：一般／具体，正式／非正式，含蓄／非含蓄，文学／技术，修辞格，成语，典故，等等。
在认识各类语汇性质的基础上学习不同性质语汇的具体运用。
英语词汇极多：《牛津英语词典》收了四十多万个词。
当然并没有人认识或需要使用这么多词。
常人为了一般的目的只用其中很小的一部分。
学习用英语写作的学生应先学会使用最有用也最常用的词来表达自己的思想。
有时初学者会误用一些词，但他用的词往往并不全错，只是不恰当、不准确、不地道、或不生动有趣。
实用英语写作(四六级通用)
Task 2
its 745 on tuesday morning and 26 year old steve clerkson is going to work he puts on his jacket and picks up his cell phone paper and laptop as he leaves the house he turns on his mp3 player and put on his headphones he is ready to go
1. A comma is used to join clauses. It is put before the conjunction (and,but, or, for, so, nor, yet ) 2. A comma is used after an adverbial clause or phrase. 3. Commas are used to separate a series of words or phrases with the same function in the sentence.
II Manu Scripts • Arrangement • Capitalization
Arrangement
• • • •
1. two centimeters at the top 2. two centimeters at the bottom 3.one and a half centimeters on the left 4.one and a half centimeters on the right
III Diction-Using Proper Words
• I. Using words correctly • II. Using words accurately
23春[1256]《实用英语写作》在线作业辅导资料
![23春[1256]《实用英语写作》在线作业辅导资料](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/1a472d0dabea998fcc22bcd126fff705cc175c9b.png)
单项选择题1、What are the four basic elements that make up a memo?2、______ is a proper expression for making requests.…….……3、The following information may be contained in the discussion segment of a memo EXCEPT______.4、What is the Chinese term for “Barter Contract”?保管合同买卖合同寄售合同易货合同5、What are the four basic elements that make up a memo?6、______ is NOT a part of the main body in a report.7、The following are information included in a personal statement EXCEPT ______.8、The function of meeting minutes is to ______.9、A descriptive abstract usually does NOT include _____ of a study.10、The following are components of a contract EXCEPT______.11、What is the English term for 文艺晚会？12、What is the Chinese term for Keynote Speech?主要演讲会议发言基调演讲主旨发言13、What’s the first item on an agenda?14、What does “Re.” stands for in the subject line of a letter?15、What’s the first item on an agenda?16、______ is NOT included in the heading of meeting minutes.17、Generally, in-text citations can be classified into _____, summarizing and paraphrasing.18、For “个人陈述”， What is the correct term?19、How to make an abstract concise?20、______ is NOT a necessary part of a business letter.21、The correct way to write address 5栋2单元218室is _____.22、_____ is not a part of a resume.23、In an academic conference agenda, more specific information of presenters is given than general conference agenda, EXCEPT ______.24、The following information is in the heading segment of a memo EXCEPT______.25、______is NOT a component of a meeting notice.26、The word “move” used in minutes refers to ______.27、The formal English term for “会议记录” is ______28、______ and ______ are the two types of analytical reports.29、_____ is an optional part in the contact information section of a CV?30、The correct way to write the date is ______.31、What are the components of an abstract?32、______ is not a component of a CV.33、The following are parts of a report EXCEPT______.34、______ is not common expression for writing abstracts.…35、The following information is in the heading segment of a memo EXCEPT______.36、______ is NOT a part of the preamble in a contract.37、______ is NOT a notice title.38、What are the components of a citation in the reference list?39、Which part can be omitted in an informal letter ______.40、Which component is NOT a part in a memo?41、Which part can be omitted in an informal letter ______.42、The English term for“结业证书”is ______.43、The following are parts of a report EXCEPT______.判断题44、You should avoid spelling or grammatical errors in your personal statement.√45、The closing segment of a memo can be brief and short.√46、There are no strict guidelines on the layout of a notice.√47、APA and MLA are two common formats for citations.√48、Generally speaking, an abstract does NOT include Conclusion.√49、Personal letters are formal letters.√50、Provide the context and background of the research is a function of the conclusion in an abstract.√51、The opening segment is not a necessary part of a memo.√52、A job application is also known as a Cover letter.√53、You should research what skills and qualities the courses you are applying to demand and show how you already have them.√54、You should mention the limitations at the beginning of your abstract.√55、休会 is the Chinese term for “Adjournment”.√56、The opening segment is not a necessary part of a memo.√57、Recipient’s address is NOT included in the letter of transmittal in a report.√58、A memo is a type of document distributed in a company or organization to deliver certain messages.√59、Inside address is NOT the component of a contract.√60、Technology Transaction Contract is the English term for “技术转让合同”.√61、A meeting notice usually begins with the wish that the reader can attend.√62、延期 is the Chinese term for “Adjournment”.√63、Email is a formal type of writing.√64、The purpose and context of a memo are presented in the opening segment.√65、A serial number must be included in a certificate.√66、The notice of meeting and agenda are usually combined in one document.√67、We do not have to cite when we use others’ research data.√68、The first impression is not important for an abstract.√69、You are encouraged to use adjectives and adverbs in minutes writing.√70、Block style is one of the format types of letters.√71、All resumes share the same components.√72、A memo is a type of document distributed in a company or organization to deliver certain messages.√73、Technology Transfer Contract is the English term for “技术转让合同”.√74、An email should begin with the main idea immediately.√75、Minutes should be written in informal style.√76、You are suggested to use tables and graphs when necessary in a report.√77、Invitations cannot be presented in the form of an email.√78、The word “you” is used when giving negative message in a letter.√79、The English term for “出生证书” is Birth Certificate.√80、In contracts, ending words and signatures often begins with the phrases “as to” or “in witness whereof”.√81、A serial number must be included in a certificate.√82、Definitions of key terms should be avoided in an abstract.√83、If the certificate is overtly addressed to someone as a letter is, the salutation often adopts “To whom it may concern”.√主观题84、Task 1：Rearrange the following sentences into a correct order.What are the types of abstract?A. A descriptive abstract indicates the type of information found in the work. It makes no judgments about the work, nor does it provide results or conclusions of the research.B. The length varies based on journal requirements and other submissions guidelines; however, it is usually less than 10% of an article’s length (approximately 200-300 words).C. A good informative abstract acts as a surrogate for the work itself. The writer presents and explains all the main arguments, results, evidence and conclusions.D. It does incorporate key words found in the text and may include the purpose, methods, and scope of the research. Descriptive abstracts are usually very short—100 words or less.E. There are two types of abstracts: descriptive and informative. With different aims, they have different components and styles.参考答案：EADCBExecutive SummaryA. The findings indicate an overwhelming tendency for teachers to use recasts in spite of the latter’s ineffectiveness at eliciting student-generated repair.B. This article presents a study of corrective feedback and learner uptake (i.e., responses to feedback) in four immersion classrooms at the primary level.C. Results include the frequency and distribution of the six different feedback types used by the four teachers, in addition to the frequency and distribution of different types of learner uptake following each feedback type.D. Four other feedback types—elicitation, metalinguistic feedback, clarification requests, and repetition—lead to student-generated repair more successfully and are thus able to initiate what the authors characterize as the negotiation of form.E. Transcripts totaling 18.3 hours of classroom interaction taken from 14 subject-matter lessons and 13 French language arts lessons were analyzed using a model developed for the study and comprising the various moves in an error treatment sequence.参考答案：BECADComplaint.A. I feel that Mandy completely disrespected us as customers and needs to be retrained in her customer service attitudes. I would also appreciate a certificate to try this establishment again as I hardly want to spend my hard-earned dollars here and risk another experience like this one.B. We gave her our drink orders and she did bring those promptly and took our order. Thirty minutes later, our food arrived, but it was cold and looked like it had been sitting out for a while. My husband motioned for Mandy to come over to our table and informed her that our food was cold. Her response was to say that it was not cold when she brought it to the table.C. I have been a loyal customer of Eat Here Restaurants since 1996 and have always been pleased with the food and service. Last Wednesday, February 18th, at around 5 p.m., we visited the Eat Here location on West Main Street in Small Town. We were very disappointed in the service we received on this day from a waitress named Mandy.D. The restaurant was not busy when we arrived. There was one other table in Mandy’s section and they were almost done eating. After being seated, we sat for about fifteen minutes before Mandy came to take our drink orders. When we told her how long we’d been waiting, she didn’t apologize but just said, “What can I get ya?”E. At this point, we asked to speak to a manager. We explained the issues we’d had already and the manager did apologize and offered to replace our food, but at this point we just wanted to leave. He told us the drinks were on him and he hoped we’d try their restaurant again. As we were leaving, we overheard Mandy telling a co-worker very loudly that we just wanted free drinks and were cheap and probably hadn’t even left her a tip. We had, in fact, left her a tip, even though the service was not stellar.Yours sincerely,Terry Royce参考答案：CDBEA87、Task 1：Rearrange the following sentences into a correct Letter of Inquiry .Dear Customer Relations,A. We have read your promotional material and are very interested in using your product. We need, however, the answere to the following questions before we can decide whether or not to use Omega Database Plus:B. I would be happy to talk with you further about your product. You can call me at (415)666666 or e-mail me.C. My team is considering using your new release of Omega Database Plus1.0 as a key part of the system. If we incorporate your product into our design, our clients will need to purchase at least a total of 140 copies of your software.D. 1. I am sure you still planning to release the Omega Dataset Plus Version 1.0 on February 12, 1988?2. Will you product support PGP encryption?E. I am a systems engineer at Arlington Programming Associates developing a new client-server net worked database system for two nonprofit corporations.Yours sincerely,Terry Royce参考答案：ECADB88、Task 1：Rearrange the following sentences into a correct Letter of Complaint.Dear Mr./Ms. Green,I am interested in the author's assistant position at ABC Company, as advertised in XXX.A. I have also gained extensive experience in legal and policy research –fields that you state the author’s assistant must be familiar with. My experience in the NYS Assembly has afforded me the opportunity to become familiar with the consolidated and unconsolidated laws of the State of New York. In particular, through my work with Assemblywoman XXXX, I have become heavily involved in the current welfare and Medicaid reform movement. I am always eager to learn more about state legislation, reading up on these topics on my own time to become more knowledgeable. I would love to bring this passion for policy and law to your company.B. I am currently employed as legislative director for Assemblywoman XXXX, Chairperson of the NYS Assembly. I believe that the skills and experiences I have gained at this position make me an ideal candidate for the job of author’s assistant.C. As legislative director, I have developed strong writing and editing skills. For example, one of my main duties is to prepare Assemblywoman XXXX’s personal legislation, which deals with issues related to her position asSenior Member of the NYS Assembly Standing Committee.D. I am confident that my experience in the Legislature and my research and writing skills qualify me for consideration. If you would like, I can provide you with current samples of my work. I have also enclosed my resume. I look forward to meeting with you and discussing my qualifications in more detail.E. This duty requires meticulous writing and editing skills, and an ability to convey complex legal ideas clearly. I have prepared dozens of pieces of legislation and received praise for the clarity of my writing.Yours sincerely,Terry Royce参考答案：BCEAD89、董事会理会 （board of directors）2020年5月8日（周五），4:00-5:30pm图书馆10楼会议室董事长主持会议内容：通过上次会议（即4月8日例会）讨论事项。
大学实用英语写作教学模式研究
写作 能力进 度是 否一致 ？如 果不 一致 ， 是传统 成 果法
指 导下 的学 生进 步快 ． 还是成 果法 与过 程法相 结合 的 综 合 教学法 指导 下学 生进步 快 ？ 如果综 合教 学法 比成 果教 学法更 有效 ． 学生 写作 能力 的提高 是否表 现 在能 提高优 秀率 和及格 率方 面 呢？
大学实用英语 写作教学模式研究
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作者简介 ： 文瑞 英 （ ９ ６ ， ， 南 益 阳人 ， 士 ， 南 中 医 药 高等 专 科 学校 （ 南株 洲 ４ ２ １ ） 共课 部 讲 师 ， 究 方 １ ７ 一） 女 湖 硕 湖 湖 １０ ２ 公 研 向 为 英 语语 言 学 、 英语 教 学 法 收 稿 日期 ： ０ １ ０ — ７ ２ １— ９ ２
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实用英语写作第五章教案 Composing Essays
1.Planning a CompositionA. When a topic is assigned, the student should first try to think of as manyrelevant facts as he can and write down them on a piece of paper.B.At the same time, he should try to find a proper thesis or theme. Thethesis of a composition is its main point or its central idea. It is the conclusion that should be drawn from the facts to be presented in the composition.C.After that, he should look at the list of facts again, eliminate thoseunnecessary or unimportant ones, rearrange them in a logical order, and write an outline.2.Types of OutlinesAn outline subdivides the controlling idea or thesis of the essay into smaller parts, which are then developed into separate paragraphs. Roman and Arabic numerals and letters of the alphabet are generally used to number and order ideas. There are two commonly used types of outline: the topic outline and the sentence outline.A.Topic OutlineAll entries in a topic outline consist of nouns and their modifiers, or their equivalents, that is, gerund phrases or infinitive phrases. A topic outline is brief and clear, and it gives an instant overview of the entire paper.B.Sentence OutlineThe entries in a sentence outline are complete sentences. A sentenceoutline provides a more detailed plan of the paper.3.Writing the First DraftIt is necessary to write a first draft, in which there should be enough space between lines for future corrections and improvements. While writing the draft, the writer need not be afraid of the departing form theout line at one place or another. But he had better stop to revise his outline or work out a new one if he finds his original outline entirely impracticable.4.Revising the First DraftIf possible, a student should write the first draft one to two days before the time when he has to hand in the composition to the teacher. He will then have enough time for revising the draft, and be able to examine it more objectively.While revising a composition, the student should keep in mind that revision does not mean a simple correction of mistake in grammar, spelling, punctuation, and other mechanics.5.Making the Final CopyThe very last step in writing a composition, a step that should never be forgotten, is to check the final copy. In doing so the writer is likely to find that he has made careless mistakes in grammar and spelling, and he may also want to change a word here and there.II Organization1.Some PrinciplesA.Like a paragraph, a composition must have unity. A speaker may beallowed to digress from his main subject for a little while, but a writer is not given such freedom.B. A composition consists of several paragraphs, each of which has onecentral thought. They must be arranged in some kind of order, so that one paragraph leads naturally to another to form an organic whole.C.Proportion is as important to an essay as it is to a painting. Main facts orideas deserve full treatment; minor ones should be given less space. The essential part of an essay is the body or the middle part. To give this part about seven-or eight-tenths of the total space will be just right. The beginning and the end, though important, have to be short.2.The BeginningA.The beginning rouses the reader’s interest in and secures his attention tothe subject matter of the essay or provides necessary background information.B.The middle gives a clear and logical presentation of the facts and ideasthe writer intends to put forth.C.The end winds up the essay often with an emphatic and forcefulstatement to influence the reader’s final impression of the essay and shows the implication or consequences of the argument.Concluding paragraphs should be short, forceful, substantial, and thought-provoking, made up mainly of restatements or summaries of the points that have been discussed. No new ideas should be introduced in a concluding paragraph.Sometimes it is good to link the concluding paragraph to the introductory. If. For instance, a question is raised in the introductoryparagraph, an answer should be given in the concluding paragraph.III Types of Writing1.DescriptionA description essay is generally developed through sensory details, or theimpressions of one’s senses—sight, hearing, taste, smell, and touch. Not all details are useful. The writer should choose those that help to bring out the dominant characteristic or outstanding quality of the person or thing described, and leave out those irrelevant ones.A. Description of a personWhile describing a person, the writer should try to reveal the person’s character, thoughts, and feelings, which may be shown in what theperson does and says, or in how he behaves to others. And it is important to grasp the characteristic features that distinguish him from all other people.B. Description of a placePlaces may be described for their own sake, as in essays on visits to famous scenic places, but also for the purpose of revealing the personality and character of a person, or creating a feeling or mood. As in describinga person, in describing a place one should mainly write about the thingsthat make it different from other places.C. Description of an objectTo describe an object we have to depend on our senses, because we need to mention its size, shape, color, texture, taste, and smell. It is also necessary to tell how it is used if it is useful, and what part it plays in a person’s life if it is in some way related to him. But emphasis should be placed on only one aspect of the object, probably its most important characteristic.D. Description of a sceneA scene usually consists of three basic factors: the setting, the people,and the actions. It is also possible to describe the scene of some natural phenomenon.The writer should try to create a dominant impression when describing a scene. Before he begins to write, he must make up his mind as to what effect he wants the description to achieve. This will help him to decide which details to delete and which to include.2.NarrationTo narrate is to give an account of an event or a series of events. In itsbroadest sense, narrative writing includes stories, real or imaginary,biographies, histories, news items, and narrative poems.Narration often goes hand in hand with description. When planning anarrative, the writer should consider these five aspects: context, selectionof details, organization, point of view, and purpose.3.ExpositionExposition means expounding or explaining. Exposition mainly dealswith processes and relationships. We are writing a descriptive essaywhen we describe the appearance of an object; but we are writing an expository essay when we explain how it is made, how it is used, and how it may change. Things can be explained by illustration, process, classification and division, comparison and contrast, and analysis of their causes and effects or definition.The most important quality of exposition is clarity. To achieve this the writer should:A.Limit his subject or the scope of discussion, or it is impossible to explainmany things clearly in a short essay:B.Prepare enough material to help his explanation; the ordinary reader oftenfinds abstract discussions hard to follow if they are not illustrated by concrete examples;C.Present his facts and views in proper order.D.Pay attention to the accuracy and clarity of words and sentences; avoidornamental as well as ambiguous expressions.4.ArgumentationThe purpose of exposition is to inform; the purpose of argumentation, on the other hand, is to convince. While an expository paper makes know something and explains it to make the reader understand, an argumentative essay tries to make the reader agree with its point of view and support it. Argumentation is actually exposition with the additional purpose of convincing or persuading.If you wish to write a good argumentative essay, you should do your best to meet the following requirements:A.A debatable pointB.Sufficient evidenceC.Good logicD.Clear logicE.Good use of the other three types of writingF.An honest and friendly attitude。
英语议论文写作理论
4. summary (概述,总结) • In a word, (all) in all, to sum up, in short, in conclusion 5. apposition (同位， 解释) • namely, i.e. (that is to say), for example, for instance, in other words 6. result: • therefore, and, as a result, and thus, and so
Useful expessions on time sequece:
• 1.first / second / third/ fourth… • 2.first of all • 3.firstly / secondly / thirdly/ fourthly… • 4.for one thing / for another • 5.in the first / second / third place • st / last of all • st but not least • stly • 9.next • 10.on the one hand/ on the other hand • 11.then • 12.to conclude • 13.to end with • 14.to start with / to begin with
You may use these words or phrases when you make a conclusion: • • • • • • 1. all in all 2. as a result 3. consequently 4. eventually 5. finally 6. to end with 7. in brief 8. generally 9. in general 10. in conclusion 11. to sum up 12. in summary
新世纪实用英语写作Chapter_3
《新世纪实用英语写作》
everything, even the number of paper clips. An essential is hiring smart people. You can learn a great deal
Argumentation 论证 · Induction · Deduction
Figures & Statistics 图表数据 · Statistics · Times
Quotation 引证 ·Direct & Indirect · Proverbs
Combination of Methods 综合法
《新世纪实用英语写作》
3.1 Description
（1） Description of an Object or Event 用于描写人物、事物、地点，这种描述告诉读者客观 事物的状态，有时用来辅助解说、议论或叙述。
（2）Description of a Process or Procedure 根据事情发生的先后顺序、应该遵循的程序或步骤逐 步描述。这种段落扩展方法也称为 “how to paragraph” 或“process paragraph”，常为科技文章所采用，主要 描述实验、生产、操作和制造等具体清晰的过程。
A deficiency causes pernicious anemia, and if the deficiency is prolonged, a degeneration of the spinal cord occurs.
英语写作论[详细论述英语写作理论和实际，提高写作能力]
英语写作论第一章绪论学习和研究英语写作，不能仅仅着眼于静态的写作知识，而应从写作基本原理入手，理论联系实际，对英语写作的有关问题进行动态考察。
其次，应该把写作主体，即写作者（学生）置于研究的中心地位，提高他们对英语写作重要性的认识。
最后，要探讨英语写作研究的现状，要研究当前学生英语写作存在的主要问题。
本章将对上述问题作出简要阐述。
第一节英语写作和写作课一英语写作的涵义英语写作（English writing）的涵义很广，因此要给writing下一个科学的定义，并非易事。
到底“写作”是什么呢？在这个似乎不成问题的问题中，的确隐藏着许多至今仍未被人们认识的东西。
说来很奇怪，我国现时的辞书巨著《辞海》里竟没有“写作”这一条目。
《现代汉语词典》对“写作”的解释是“写文章（有时专指文学创作）”。
这样的解释，显然是不能令人满意的。
那么，英语的词书或写作教材里又是怎样定义的呢？有的认为它是一种“艺术”（art）；有的认为它是一种“能力”（ability）；有的认为它是一个“过程”（process）；有的认为它是一种“工具”（means）；有的认为它是一种“行为”（act）；还有的认为它是一门“课程”（course）……客观地说，虽然这些解释揭示了部分真理，但离写作的本质内涵似乎还有一定的距离。
我们要研究写作，要提高写作水平，必须从认识写作的本质开始。
只有这样，才能进而理解“写作”的内涵。
1．写作是目的性很强的社会行为（social act）写作，是人类的一种社会实践活动，其目的性很强。
不管是叙事写景、论理状物，还是表情达意，无不寄寓着写作者的思想感情、观点和主张。
譬如，学生用英语写日记，是为了纪录自己的心迹，提高英语的写作水平；写个会议通知，是希望与会者按时出席；给笔友写信，是希望朋友了解自己的情况和要求。
凡此种种，都充分说明写作者都有其鲜明的目的，都希望自己的写作成品产生一定的社会作用。
完全无目的的写作活动，不讲功利的文章，是从来没有的。
常考的英语作文类型
常考的英语作文类型1. 议论文 (Argumentative Essay)- 议论文通常要求学生就某一话题表达自己的观点，并提供支持性的理由和例证。
例如，讨论社交媒体对青少年的正面和负面影响。
2. 叙事文 (Narrative Essay)- 叙事文要求学生讲述一个故事或经历，通常包含时间、地点、人物、事件和结果等元素。
例如，叙述一次难忘的旅行经历。
3. 说明文 (Expository Essay)- 说明文的目的是解释或阐述一个概念、过程或事物。
例如，解释全球变暖的原因和影响。
4. 描述文 (Descriptive Essay)- 描述文侧重于通过生动的语言和细节来描绘一个场景、人物或物体。
例如，描述一个美丽的海滩。
5. 比较与对比文 (Comparative and Contrastive Essay)- 这类作文要求学生比较和对比两个或更多的对象、概念或观点。
例如，比较和对比城市生活与乡村生活。
6. 定义文 (Definition Essay)- 定义文要求学生定义一个术语或概念，并解释其重要性或意义。
例如，定义什么是幸福。
7. 反思文 (Reflective Essay)- 反思文要求学生思考并写下个人的经历、感受和学习。
例如，反思大学生活带来的变化。
8. 分析文 (Analytical Essay)- 分析文要求学生深入分析一个文本、事件或现象，并提出自己的见解。
例如，分析一部文学作品的主题和象征。
9. 应用文 (Applied Essay)- 应用文通常要求学生将理论知识应用到实际情境中。
例如，提出解决某一社会问题的方案。
10. 评价文 (Evaluation Essay)- 评价文要求学生对某个对象、事件或政策进行评价，并提供评价的标准和理由。
例如，评价一个教育政策的效果。
11. 问题解决文 (Problem-Solution Essay)- 问题解决文要求学生识别一个问题，并提出解决方案。
介绍理论英文作文模板范文
介绍理论英文作文模板范文英文回答：Introduction to Theory Essay Template。
I. Introduction。
Begin with a hook to capture the reader's attention.Provide a brief overview of the theory and its significance.State the thesis statement, which should articulate the main argument of the essay.II. Background and Context。
Discuss the historical background and development of the theory.Describe the key concepts and assumptions underlying the theory.Explore the broader context in which the theory emerged.III. Analysis of the Theory。
Examine the strengths and limitations of the theory.Evaluate its validity and reliability.Discuss the empirical evidence that supports or refutes the theory.IV. Application of the Theory。
Illustrate how the theory has been applied in various fields.Discuss the practical implications and benefits of using the theory.Analyze case studies or examples that demonstrate the application of the theory.V. Comparison to Other Theories。
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Chapter one—Principles of Business Communication4C原则：Conciseness(简洁), Clarity（明晰）, Correctness（准确），Courtesy(礼貌)Effective written workplace communication needs to show:● A style which is clear and concise（conciseness, clarity）● A tone which is polite but not overly modest (courtesy)● A presentation which contains no errors of format and language (correctness) Workplace writing types:●Informative writing: inform the reader about a product or serviceThe aim is to improve understanding.●Persuasive writing: persuade the reader that this product or service is a good oneand worth buyingThe aim is to stimulate emotions and develop enthusiasm.Levels of formality in business communication:●Bottom-up communication:To a superior=more formal●Top-down communication:From a superior=more formal●Sideways communication:To and from people of same rank=less formalChapter two—Writing MemosMemos writing guidelines:A memo (memorandum) is an administrative document. It●Is used only for communication within a company. It is an intra-companydocument and is not used for inter-company communication●May be distributed top-down ( from superiors to subordinates) or bottom-up( from subordinates to superiors)●Deal with a single topic●Names its sender(s) and recipient(s) clearly●Has short, easily readable paragraphs●May have sub-headings and numbered sub-sections●May be distributed electronically or in hard copyUsing the right language is not only a question of selecting correct vocabulary and grammar. Speakers and writing also need to take into account:●who they are addressing( the audience)●why they are speaking or writing( the purpose)●how they are communicating( the method)Using formal language increase the ‘social distance’between a sender and a recipient. Informal language reduces this distance.Chapter three—Writing Letters of RequestLetters of request are written to seek information or to obtain a response to a specific enquiry.Letters responding to requests give information but also attempt to build goodwill.These letters are all written in block format, which is now the most common format for such letters. As you can see, the main feature of this format is that everything (with the possible exception of the company’s letterhead and logo) is blocked or justified to the left side of the page. With this style, it is not necessary to use commas or full stops in the date, address, salutation, or close.Guidelines for writing request and response letters:●Subject line: write a suitable subject line to identify previous correspondence●Salutation: if you know the name of your recipient, begin Dear Mr. or Ms. X andclose Yours sincerely; if you do not know the recipient or their gender, begin Dear Sir/Madam and close Yours faithfully.●Body of letter: order information logically, explain and clarify it, provideadditional information if appropriate.●Close: end in a polite and friendly way to maintain goodwill.Chapter four—writing letters of complaint and adjustment Letters of complaint normally include the following information in the given order: ●An explanation of the problem●The consequence of the problem for both parties● A request to solve the problemLetters of adjustment normally include the following information in the given order:●An offer of apologies● A summary of action taken to rectify the problems●An assurance of goodwill including the offer of compensation, if appropriateChapter eight—applying for jobsApplication letters highlight important information which may be ‘lost’in a resume. Job application letters have a logical structure in which the information is selected and positioned to emphasize your suitability for the post. Remember to check the following:●state clearly what job you are applying for●state what your educational qualifications are and where they were obtained●sell yourself by linking your qualifications, experience and qualities with thoserequired for the position●state your contact details and availability for interviewThe functions of a resume:●It gives information about your personal status, your education/qualifications,your work record(including part-time or voluntary/charity work), any special awards, special interests, computer and language proficiency levels, and the names and addresses of referees;●It supports your claim to be worth interviewing for the advertised post and withthis in mind you may need to elaborate or emphasize certain sections of your resume in response to the demands of a particular job.A resume always contain particular information in sequence and under certain headings:●Personal Data●Education and Qualifications●Employment Record●Extracurricular Activities and Awards( for fresh graduate job-seekers)●Special Skills( languages and computer skills)●Hobbies and Sports●Referees( normally two respected people who know you well as a student and/oremployee)Language features of resumes:The main feature appears under the heading Part-time Employment Record, that is, the use of action verbs in the simple past tense. These verbs placed at the beginning of a phrase help your writing to be dynamic and engaging for your readers.Chapter ten—writing the minutes of meetings Minutes of a meeting are written for two main purposes:●To create a record of what took place in the meeting●To remind those at the meeting of the actions they need to take after the meeting Minutes always include the following facts:●The time and date of the meeting, where it was held, and who chaired it●The names of all those attending the meeting and of those who sent theirapologies for absence●The agenda items discussed and all decisions reached●The time at which the meeting ended●The time, data and venue of the next meeting●The actions which need to be taken, by whom by what date●The name of the minute-taker, his/her role and the date on which the minuteswere writtenChapter twelve—writing persuasivelyWe persuade others in three main ways:●Appeal to reason●Appeal to emotions●Appeal to trust by emphasizing the status of the company and/or individualswithin the companyAppeal to reason relates to the information in an advertisement, while the other appeals relate more closely to persuasion.Chapter thirteen—writing sales reportTo indicate upward movement(按程度由轻到重排列):● a gradual/steady rise to rise gradually/steadily● a rapid increase to increase/go upquickly/rapidly● a steep climb to climb steeply● a dramatic jump to jump dramaticallyTo indicate downward movement(按程度由轻到重排列)：● a gradual/steady fall to fall gradually/steadily● a sharp drop to drop sharply/steeply● a rapid decline to decline quickly/rapidly● a dramatic decrease to decrease dramaticallyTo indicate stability or fluctuation, the peak and the bottom:●to reach the bottom/lowest point●to go through a trough●to reach a peak/the highest point●to level out●to fluctuateChapter fourteen—writing business proposals Business proposals are written to suggest new ideas for organizing a company to make it more efficient or for promoting its products and services in a more effective way. Business proposals may also be called feasibility studies, because they attempt to show that an idea will work in practice. To be practical, there are five areas in which an idea needs to work:●the technical●the resource-related●the financial●the social●the environmentalWriters of business proposals need to consider the following key questions:●Is the proposal within the possibilities of available technology?(the technical)●Does the company have qualified personnel to implement the proposal?(theresource-related)●Is the proposal cost-effective and what is the likely profit margin?(the financial) ●Will the proposal affect the lives of people in the company and/or localcommunity, including their jobs?(the social)●Will the proposal create a negative impact on the environment?(theenvironmental)A feasibility study can be developed by the use of:●Numbered and centered major headings●Clear sub-headings●Double-spaced paragraphs●An informative diagramChapter fifteen—Promoting Products and ServicesPromotional materials can be subdivided into a number of different types:●Sales letters●Promotional e-mails●Brochures●Press(or news) releases●Print and TV advertisementsTargeting the audience:●The Product or service●The prospective customers●The competitionContent:The content of any promotional material must:●Arouse interestMake the readers curious. The information you give must persuade the readers that you have something valuable to offer. You then need to motivate them to buy.●Stress benefitsMake all the benefits mentioned customer-centered, not supplier-centered. Convince the readers that your product or service will make them healthier, wealthier and wiser.●Be truthfulMake sure that all your claims are accurate. Don’t overstate the benefits of your product or service. Avoid any criticism or false advertising—it could get you into legal trouble!●Be specificCreate vivid images by using simple, observable details. Avoid phrase such as:‘lasts longer’ (then what?)‘prints more quickly’(then what?)Tips for language in promotional materials:●Write short sentences●Use simple words that are familiar to the reader●Make each word count●Use the present tense as much as possible●Avoid the passive voice●Use personal pronouns such as ‘we’ and ‘you’to reduce the distance betweenyour company and the client●Use short forms whenever possible to further reduce the distance●Use bullet points to put across ideas in a concise manner●Adapt your style to suit the product or service●Revise and edit your promotional material. Ask your colleagues to comment onwhat you have written. Leave your draft overnight and review it the next day.You’ll be surprised at the number of improvements you can make.Chapter sixteen—developing company profilesA company profile provides prospective clients and customers with what thecompany considers to be key information about the organization. This will normally include:●Facts and figures about its major products and services●The history and development of the company●Its mission and philosophy● A statement of identify● A projection of its preferred image(including a logo)While it aims to provide the reader with an overview of the company, its primary purpose is to persuade the reader to support the company in some way. So,a company profile has both informational and promotional purposes.Mission statementsOne of the most important parts of a company profile is the mission statement. This is a declaration of a corporation or organization’s philosophical ideals and values. A mission statement stresses values, positive behaviors, and guiding principles. Mission statements tend to be formally expressed and widely communicated to both internal and external audience. They set a standard by which an organization is supposed to measure itself.。