中级微观经济学习题及部分答案
中级微观经济学45道题（含答案）
中级微观经济学45道题（含答案）中级微观经济学期末考试复习题（版权归13企业管理班所有，翻版必究，哈哈！）1.实现委托代理最优合约设计的两个约束条件是什么、答：⼀种是代理⼈的个⼈理性约束，即委托⼈得保证让代理⼈不跳槽，安于经理岗位。
另⼀种是对代理⼈的激励相容约束，即让代理⼈⾃⼰去选择⾏动值a，使其期望的边际效⽤值达到最⼤。
2、为何需求的价格弹性⼤于1时，降价能增加收益，⽽需求的价格弹性⼩于1时，涨价能增加收益，请给出数学证明。
答：需求的价格弹性公式为：由公式可知，当|e|>1，即富于弹性时，MR<0，边际收益为负，即提⾼价格，收益降低，相反，降低价格则收益升⾼。
当|e|<1，即缺乏弹性时，MR>0，边际收益为正，即提⾼价格，收益升⾼，相反，降低价格，收益变少。
3.简述公共产品与私⼈产品的差异。
（微观经济学⼗⼋讲P352）答：公共品是指由公共部门提供⽤来满⾜社会公共需要的商品和服务。
公共品具有不可分割性、⾮竞争性和⾮排他性。
但是必须明确并不是全部的公共品都应由公共部门提供。
私⼈品是指那些具有效⽤上的可分割性，消费上的竞争性和受益上的排他性的产品。
公共品和私⼈品的区别在于，公共品是可以让⼀群⼈同时消费的物品，⽽私⼈品在任何时候只能为⼀个使⽤者提供效⽤。
%4、毕加索油画的供给价格弹性是多少，为什么答：弹性0，因为供给的价格弹性反映价格变动对供给数量变动的影响。
毕加索的油画是唯⼀的，因此，不管价格如何变动，供给为1，即供给不随价格变动⽽变动，弹性为0。
5、完全竞争市场条件下，为什么⾏业中所有⼚商的经济利润在长期均衡时都会为零这是否意味着⼚商的⽣产变得没有意义西⽅经济学中所谓长期均衡时利润为零，是指经济利润为零，并不是会计利润为零。
所谓经济利润，通常也叫超额利润，就是⼀个⼚商赚取了较之⼀般利润⽔平更⾼的利润。
之所以如此，这是因为，在西⽅经济学理论上，会计利润被计⼊⼚商投⼊⾃有要素所应获得的报酬，是产品的隐含成本。
中级微观经济学48题及答案【考研考博专用,必备48题!!】
第一部分 消费者选择理论1。
有两种商品，x1和x2,价格分别为p1和p2,收入为m 。
当11x x ≥时，政府加数量税t ，画出预算集并写出预算线2。
消费者消费两种商品（x1,x2），如果花同样多的钱可以买（4,6）或(12,2),写出预算线的表达式。
3．重新描述中国粮价改革（1）假设没有任何市场干预，中国的粮价为每斤0.4元,每人收入为100元。
把粮食消费量计为x ，在其它商品上的开支为y,写出预算线，并画图。
（2）假设每人得到30斤粮票，可以凭票以0.2元的价格买粮食，再写预算约束，画图。
（3）假设取消粮票，补贴每人6元钱，写预算约束并画图。
4． 证两条无差异曲线不能相交5． 一元纸币（x1）和五元纸币（x2)的边际替代率是多少？ 6． 若商品1为中性商品,则它对商品2的边际替代率？7。
写出下列情形的效用函数，画出无差异曲线,并在给定价格（p 1，p 2）和收入（m ）的情形下求最优解。
（1）x 1=一元纸币，x 2=五元纸币。
（2）x 1=一杯咖啡,x 2=一勺糖, 消费者喜欢在每杯咖啡加两勺糖。
8. 解最优选择 （1）21212(,)u x x x x =⋅(2）2u x =+9. 对下列效用函数推导对商品1的需求函数,反需求函数，恩格尔曲线；在图上大致画出价格提供曲线，收入提供曲线；说明商品一是否正常品、劣质品、一般商品、吉芬商品，商品二与商品一是替代还是互补关系。
(1）212x x u += （2)()212,m in x x u =(3)ba x x u 21⋅=（4) 12ln u x x =+，10. 当偏好为完全替代时，计算当价格变化时的收入效用和替代效用（注意分情况讨论）.11. 给定效用函数 (,)x y xy =，p x =3，p y =4，m=60，求当p y 降为3时价格变化引起的替代效应和收入效应。
12. 用显示偏好的弱公理说明为什么Slutsky 替代效应为负。
中级微观经济学习题及答案
中级微观经济学习题及答案ANSWERS1 The Market1. Suppose that there were 25 people who had a reservation price of $500, and the 26th person had a reservation price of $200. What would the demand curve look like?1.1. It would be constant at $500 for 25 apartments and then drop to $200.2. In the above example, what would the equilibrium price be if there were 24 apartments to rent? What if there were 26 apartments to rent?What if there were 25 apartments to rent?1.2. In the ?rst case, $500, and in the second case, $200. In the third case, the equilibrium price would be any price between $200 and $500.3. If people have di?erent reservation prices, why does the market demand curve slope down?1.3. Because if we want to rent one more apartment, we have to o?er a lower price. The number of people who have reservation prices greater than p must always increase as p decreases.4. In the text we assumed that the condominium purchasers came from the inner-ring people—people who were already rentingapartments. What would happen to the price of inner-ring apartments if all of the condominium purchasers were outer-ring people—the people who were not currently renting apartments in the inner ring? 1.4. The price of apartments in the inner ring would go up since demand for apartments would not change but supply would decrease.5. Suppose now that the condominium purchasers were all inner-ring people, but that each condominium was constructed from two apartments. What would happen to the price of apartments?1.5. The price of apartments in the inner ring would rise.6. What do you suppose the e?ect of a tax would be on the number of apartments that would be built in the long run?1.6. A tax would undoubtedly reduce the number of apartments supplied in the long run.7. Suppose the demand curve is D(p) = 100?2p. What price would the monopolist set if he had 60 apartments? How many would he rent? What price would he set if he had 40 apartments? How many would he rent?1.7. He would set a price of 25 and rent 50 apartments. In the second case he would rent all 40 apartments at the maximum price the marketwould bear. This would be given by the solution to D(p) = 100?2p = 40, which is p? = 30.8. If our model of rent control allowed for unrestricted subletting, who would end up getting apartments in the inner circle? Would the outcome be Pareto e?cient?1.8. Everyone who had a reservation price higher than the equilibrium price in the competitive market, so that the ?nal outcome would be Pareto e?cient.(Of course in the long run there would probably be fewer new apartments built, which would lead to another kind of ine?ciency.)2 Budget Constraint1. Originally the consumer faces the budget line p1x1 + p2x2 = m. Then the price of good 1 doubles, the price of good 2 becomes 8 times larger, and income becomes 4 times larger. Write down an equation for the new budget line in terms of the original prices and income.2.1. The new budget line is given by 2p1x1 +8p2x2 =4m.2. What happens to the budget line if the price of good 2 increases, but the price of good 1 and income remain constant? 2.2. The vertical intercept (axis) decreases and the horizontalx2intercept (axis) stays the same. Thus the budget line becomes ?atter.x13. If the price of good 1 doubles and the price of good 2 triples, does the budget line become ?atter or steeper?2.3. Flatter. The slope is ?2/3.p1p24. What is the de?nition of a numeraire good?2.4. A good whose price has been set to 1; all other goods’ prices are measured relative to the numeraire good’s price.5. Suppose that the government puts a tax of 15 cents a gallon on gasoline and then later decides to put a subsidy on gasoline at a rate of 7 cents a gallon. What net tax is this combination equivalent to?2.5. A tax of 8 cents a gallon.6. Suppose that a budget equation is given by += m. Thep1x1p2x2 government decides to impose a lump-sum tax of u, a quantity tax on good 1 of t, and a quantity subsidy on good 2 of s. What is the formula for the new budget line?2.6. (+ t)+(?s)= m?u.p1x1p2x27. If the income of the consumer increases and one of the prices decreases at the same time, will the consumer necessarily be at leastas well-o??2.7. Yes, since all of the bundles the consumer could a?ord before are a?ordable at the new prices and income.3 Preferences1. If we observe a consumer choosing (,) when (,) is availablex1x2y1y2one time, are we justi?ed in concluding that (,)>(,)?x1x2y1y23.1. No. It might be that the consumer was indi?erent between the two bundles. All we are justi?ed in concluding is that (,)> (,).x1x2y1y22. Consider a group of people A, B, C and the relation “at least as tall as,” as in “A is at least as tall as B.” Is this relation transitive? Is it complete?3.2. Yes to both.3. Take the same group of people and consider the relation “strictly taller than.” Is this relation transitive? Is it re?exive? Is it complete? 3.3. It is transitive, but it is not complete—two people might be the same height. It is not re?exive since it is false that a person is strictly taller than himself.4. A college football coach says that given any two linemen A and B, he always prefers the one who is bigger and faster. Is this preferencerelation transitive? Is it complete?3.4. It is transitive, but not complete. What if A were bigger but slower than B? Which one would he prefer?5. Can an indi?erence curve cross itself? For example, could Figure 3.2 depict a single indi?erence curve?3.5. Yes. An indi?erence curve can cross itself, it just can’t cross another distinct indi?erence curve.6. Could Figure 3.2 be a single indi?erence curve if preferences are monotonic?3.6. No, because there are bundles on the indi?erence curve that have strictly more of both goods than other bundles on the (alleged) indi?erence curve.7. If both pepperoni and anchovies are bads, will the indi?erence curve have a positive or a negative slope?3.7. A negative slope. If you give the consumer more anchovies, you’ve made him worse o?, so you have to take away some pepperoni to get him back on his indi?erence curve. In this case the direction of increasing utility is toward the origin.8. Explain why convex preferences means that “averages are preferred to extremes.”3.8. Because the consumer weakly prefers the weighted average of two bundles to either bundle.9. What is your marginal rate of substitution of $1 bills for $5 bills?3.9. If you give up one $5 bill, how many $1 bills do you need to compensate you? Five $1 bills will do nicely. Hence the answer is ?5 or?1/5, depending on which good you put on the horizontal axis.10. If good 1 is a “neutral,” what is its marginal rate of substitution for good 2?3.10. Zero—if you take away some of good 1, the consumer needs zero units of good 2 to compensate him for his loss. ANSWERS A1311. Think of some other goods for which your preferences might be concave.3.11. Anchovies and peanut butter, scotch and Kool Aid, and other similar repulsive combinations.4 Utility1. The text said that raising a number to an odd power was amonotonic transformation. What about raising a number to an even power? Is this a monotonic transformation? (Hint: consider the case f(u)=u^2.)4.1. The function f(u)=u^2 is a monotonic transformation for positive u, but not for negative u.2. Which of the following are monotonic transformations?(1) u =2 v?13;(2) u = ?1/v^2;(3)u =1/v^2; (4)u = ln v; (5)u = ?e^?v; (6)u = v^2; (7) u = v^2 for v>0; (8) u = v^2 for v<0.4.2. (1) Yes. (2) No (works for v positive). (3) No (works for v negative).(4) Yes (only de?ned for v positive). (5) Yes. (6) No. (7) Yes. (8) No.3. We claimed in the text that if preferences were monotonic, then a diagonal line through the origin would intersect each indi?erence curve exactly once. Can you prove this rigorously? (Hint: what would happen if it intersected some indi?erence curve twice?)4.3. Suppose that the diagonal intersected a given indi?erence curve at two points, say (x,x) and (y,y). Then either x>y or y>x, which means that one of the bundles has more of both goods. But if preferences are monotonic, then one of the bundles would have to be preferred to the other.4. What kind of preferences are represented by a utility function of thex1+x2form u(x1,x2)=? What about the utility function v(x1,x2)= 13x1 + 13x2?4.4. Both represent perfect substitutes.5. What kind of preferences are represented by a utility function of thex2x2 form u(x1,x2)=x1 +? Is the utility function v(x1,x2)=x2 1 +2x1+x2 a monotonic transformation of u(x1,x2)?4.5. Quasilinear preferences. Yes.x1x26. Consider the utility function u(x1,x2)=. What kind of pref- erences does it represent? Is the function v(,)= ax1x2x12x22 monotonic transformation of u(,)? Is the function w(,) =x1x2x1x2x12a monotonic transformation of u(,)?x22x1x24.6. The utility function represents Cobb-Douglas preferences. No. Yes.7. Can you explain why taking a monotonic transformation of a utility function doesn’t change the marginal rate of substitution?4.7. Because the MRS is measured along an indi?erence curve, and utility remains constant along an indi?erence curve.5 Choice1. If two goods are perfect substitutes, what is the demand function forgood 2?5.1.=0 when>, = m/when <, and anything betweenx2 p2p1x2p2p2p10 and m/p2 when = .p1p22. Suppose that indi?erence curves are described by straight lines witha slope of ?b. Given arbitrary prices and money income p1, p2, and m, what will the consumer’s optimal choices look like?5.2. The optimal choices will be x1 = m/p1 and x2 = 0 ifp1/p2 b, and any amount on the budget line if p1/p2 = b.3. Suppose that a consumer always consumes 2 spoons of sugar with each cup of co?ee. If the price of sugar is p1 per spoonful and the price of co?ee is p2 per cup and the consumer has m dollars to spend on co?ee and sugar, how much will he or she want to purchase?5.3. Let z be the number of cups of co?ee the consumer buys. Then we know that 2z is the number of teaspoons of sugar he or she buys. We must satisfy the budget constraint2z + z = m.p1p2Solving for z we havez =m2p1+ p2.4. Suppose that you have highly nonconvex preferences for ice cream and olives, like those given in the text, and that you face prices p1, p2 and have m dollars to spend. List the choices for the optimal consumption bundles.5.4. We know that you’ll either consume all ice cream or all olives. Thus the two choices for the optimal consumption bundles will be x1 = m/,p1 x2 = 0, or x1 = 0, x2 = m/.p25. If a consumer has a utility function u(x1,x2)=x1x4 2, what fraction of her income will she spend on good 2?5.5. This is a Cobb-Douglas utility function, so she will spend 4/(1 + 4) = 4/5 of her income on good 2.6. For what kind of preferences will the consumer be just as well-o?facing a quantity tax as an income tax?5.6. For kinked preferences, such as perfect complements, where the change in price doesn’t induce any change in demand.6 Demand1. If the consumer is consuming exactly two goods, and she is always spending all of her money, can both of them be inferior goods?6.1. No. If her income increases, and she spends it all, she must be purchasing more of at least one good.2. Show that perfect substitutes are an example of homotheticpreferences.6.2. The utility function for perfect substitutes is u(,)=+ .x1 x2 x1 x2Thus if u(,) >u (,), we have + >+ . It follows x1 x2 y1 y2 x1 x2 y1y2that t+ t> t+ t, so that u(t,t) >u (t, t).x1 x2 y1y2 x1 x2 y1y23. Show that Cobb-Douglas preferences are homothetic preferences.6.3. The Cobb-Douglas utility function has the property that u(t,t)=x1 x2= 2 = t 2 = t*u(x1,). ( t x1)a( t x2)1?a t a t1?a x1a x21?a x1a x21?a x2Thus if u(,) >u (,), we know that u(t,t) >u (t,), so x1 x2 y1 y2 x1 x2 y1t y2that Cobb-Douglas preferences are indeed homothetic.4. The income o?er curve is to the Engel curve as the price o?er curveis to ...?6.4. The demand curve.5. If the preferences are concave will the consumer ever consume bothof the goods together?6.5. No. Concave preferences can only give rise to optimal consumptionbundles that involve zero consumption of one of the goods.。
《中级微观经济学》试题与答案
《中级微观经济学》试题与答案一、名词解释（5道题）1. 消费者剩余-解释：消费者愿意支付的最高价格与实际支付价格之间的差额，是消费者获得的净收益。
2. 边际替代率-解释：消费者在维持同一效用水平的情况下，愿意用一种商品替代另一种商品的比率。
3. 规模经济-解释：当企业的生产规模扩大时，平均成本随着产量的增加而下降的现象。
4. 纳什均衡-解释：在博弈论中，每个参与者在给定其他参与者策略的情况下，所选择的最佳策略组合。
5. 帕累托最优-解释：资源配置的一种状态，无法在不使任何人变得更差的情况下，使某些人变得更好。
二、填空题（5道题）1. 在短期生产函数中，边际产量递减规律是指（在其他投入固定时，增加一个单位可变投入，产量的增加量递减）。
2. 供给弹性大于1表示（供给是弹性的）。
3. 无差异曲线上的点表示（消费者获得相同效用的不同商品组合）。
4. 在完全竞争市场中，长期均衡时，企业的经济利润是（零）。
5. 价格上限政策可能导致的直接结果是（商品短缺）。
三、单项选择题（5道题）1. 下列哪一项不是完全竞争市场的特征？（）。
- A. 大量的买者和卖者- B. 同质产品- C. 自由进入和退出市场- D. 厂商具有定价权-答案：D2. 在长期，完全竞争市场中的企业会选择生产在（）。
- A. 平均成本最低的产量- B. 边际成本最低的产量- C. 平均总成本等于价格的产量- D. 边际成本等于价格的产量-答案：D3. 如果一种商品的需求是价格无弹性的，那么价格上升10%将导致需求量（）。
- A. 增加10%- B. 减少10%- C. 减少少于10%- D. 减少多于10%-答案：C4. 在垄断市场中，垄断者的利润最大化产量是（）。
- A. 边际成本等于价格- B. 边际收益等于价格- C. 边际收益等于边际成本- D. 平均成本等于边际成本-答案：C5. 在短期内，完全竞争企业的供给曲线是（）。
- A. 平均总成本曲线- B. 平均可变成本曲线- C. 边际成本曲线- D. 边际成本曲线位于平均可变成本曲线之上的部分-答案：D四、多项选择题（5道题）1. 影响需求的主要因素有（）。
中级微观经济学复习题与答案
一、简述题1.如果我们看到在（1y ，2y ）可以同时得到的情况下，消费者却选择了（1x ，2x ），那么，（1x ，2x ）（1y ，2y ）的结论是否正确？(第二章，题1)答：不正确，因为也可能是消费者恰好在这两个消费束之间无差异。
也就是说，根据题目的已知条件我们只能断定（1x ，2x ）（1y ，2y ），这是弱偏好。
对本题加上什么样的假设前提，题目中的断定就是正确的？如果加上消费者的偏好是严格凸的这一限制条件，断定（1x ，2x ）（1y ，2y ）就是正确的。
因为严格凸性条件下，最优解若存在则只有一个。
2.若某个消费者的偏好可以由效用函数22121122(,)10(2)50u x x x x x x =++-来描述，那么对消费者而言，商品1和商品2是完全替代的吗？为什么？（第二章，题5）答：两种商品完全替代即它们的边际替代率为常数。
边际替代率是在消费者保证效用相等的条件下，用一种商品替代另一种商品的比率。
因此有：商品1的边际效用为MU 1=du /dx 1=10(2x 1 +2 x 2)商品2的边际 效用为MU 2= du /dx 2=10(2x 1 +2 x 2)商品1对商品2的边际替代率MRS 12= MU 1 / MU 2 =1。
满足完全替代品的效用函数特征，因此这个说法是正确的。
3.假定消费者购买x 和y 两种商品，起初，x x y yMU P MU P =，若x P 下降，y P 保持不变，再假定x 的需求价格弹性大于1，则y 的购买量会不会发生变化？（第三章，题3）答：原来消费处于均衡状态。
设消费者花在x 商品上的支出为1m ，则1x m p x =。
对该式求x p 的导数有，11x x x x x p dm dx dx p x x dp dp dp x ⎡⎤=+=+⎢⎥⎣⎦，因x 的需求价格弹性大于1（绝对值），所以有10xdm dp <，即随着价格下降，消费者花在x 商品上的支出会增加。
中级微观经济学习题答案
第一部分 消费者理论1. 当11x x ≥时，加数量税t,画出预算集并写出预算线 预算集：).....(..........112211x x m x p x p ≤≤+).........(..........)(1112211x x x t m x p x t p ≥+≤++ 2. 如果同样多的钱可以买（4，6）或（12，2），写出预算线。
m x p x p ≤+2211 则有 m p p =+2164，m p p =+21212不妨假设12=p ，则可解得：8,211==m p 。
预算线为82121=+x x3．(1)0.4100x y +=(2)0.2100.............300.4106.............30x y if x x y if x +=≤⎧⎨+=>⎩(3)0.4106x y +=4. 证明：设两条无差异曲线对应的效用分别为21,u u ，由曲线的单调性假设，若21u u =，则实为一条曲线。
若21u u ≠，假设两曲线相交，设交点为x ，则21)(,)(u x u u x u ==，可推出21u u =，存在矛盾，不可能相交。
5. -5(把一元纸币放在纵轴上)或者-1/5(把一元纸币放在横轴上),6. 中性商品是指消费者不关心它的多少有无的商品商品2 如果也是中性商品那么该题就无所谓无差异曲线,也无所谓边际替代率了. 商品2如果不是中性商品:边际替代率是0(把中性商品放在横轴上)或者∞(把中性商品放在纵轴上)7. (1)x1 is indefinitely the substitution of x2, and five units of x1 can bring the same utility as that one unit of x2 can do. With the most simple form of the utility function, ()125u x x x =+, and assume that the prices of those two goods are p1 and p2 respectively and the total wealth of the consumer is m, the problem can be written as()121112max ,..u x x s t p x p x m+≤③ Because 5p1=p2, any bundle ()12,x x which satisfies the budget constraint, is the solution of such problem.(2) A cup of coffee is absolutely the complement of two spoons of sugar. Let x1 and x2 represent these two kinds of goods, then we can write the utility function as()12121,min ,2u x x x x ⎧⎫=⎨⎬⎩⎭The problem of the consumer is()121112max ,..u x x s t p x p x m+≤Any solution should satisfies the rule that 1212x x =, and the budget constraint. So replace x1 with (1/2)(x2) in the budget constraint and we can get 1122mx p p =+,and 21222mx p p =+.8. (1) Because the preference is Cobb-Douglas utility, we can simplify thecomputation by the formula that the standardized parameter of one commodity means its share of total expenditure. So directly, the answer is 1123m x p =, 213mx p =.（详细方法见8(2)） . （2）库恩-塔克定理。
中级微观经济学习题与答案
8. If our model of rent control allowed for unrestricted subletting, who would end up getting apartments in the inner circle? Would the outcome be Pareto efficient? 1.8. Everyone who had a reservation price higher than the equilibrium price in the competitive market, so that the final outcome would be Pareto efficient. (Of course in the long run there would probably be fewer new apartments built, which would lead to another kind of inefficiency.)
2. In the above example, what would the equilibrium price be if there were 24 apartments to rent? What if there were 26 apartments to rent? What if there were 25 apartments to rent? 1.2. In the first case, $500, and in the second case, $200. In the third case, the equilibrium price would be any price between $200 and $500.
中级微观经济学例题及答案
0. 5
3M
， 其中，
时的消费者剩余。
11
解： （1）
MU
U 1 0.5 U q , 3 Q 2 M
p
又 MU/P = 所以 1 q
2
0.5
3p
0.5
（2） p 1 q
6
（3） CS
4
0
1 0.5 q dq 6
1 1 4 q 12 3
2
=(180-160)/(100-80)×(80+100)/(160+180)=0.53
3、 假定下表是供给函数 Qs=-3+2P 在一定价格范围内 的供给表。 某商品的供给表 价格 （元） 供给量 性。 （2） 根据给出的供给函数，求 P=4 是的供给的价格 点弹性。 （3） 根据该供给函数或供给表作出相应的几何图 形，利用几何方法求出 P=4 时的供给的价格点 弹性。它与（2）的结果相同吗？ 解：(1) (2)
7
（3）若某工会愿意接纳张某为会员，会费为 100 元，但张某可以 50%的价格购买 X，则张某是否应该 加入该工会？ 解：（1）由效用函数 U=X2Y2 可得 MUX=2XY2，MUY =2YX2 消费者均衡条件为 MUX/MUY =2XY2/2YX2 =Y/X=Px/Py =2/5 500=2·X+5·Y 可得 X=125 者均衡。 （2）消费者可以原价格的 50%购买 X，意味着商品 X 的价格发生变动，预算约束线随之变动。消费者均 衡条件成为： Y/X=1/5 500=1·X+5·Y 可得 X=250 Y=50 张某将消费 250 单位 X，50 单位 Y。 （3）张某收入发生变动，预算约束线也发生变动。 消费者均衡条件成为：
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一、单项选择题（每题0.5分，共15分，将正确答案填入答题纸上）1.有下列因素除哪一种外都会使需求曲线移动？（B）a消费者收入变化；b商品价格变化；c消费者偏好变化；d其他相关商品价格变化。
2.假定某耐用消费品的需求函数Qd=400-5P时的均衡价格为50，当需求函数变为Qd=600-5P时，（供给不变）均衡价格将（B）a低于50b高于50c等于50d不变3.下列命题中哪个是规范经济学的命题?(A)a.征税对中等收入家庭是不公平的 c.1982年8月政府把贴现率降到10％b.1981年失业率超过9％ d.社会保险税的课税依据现已超过30000美元4.当供求力量自由作用时，一次谷物歉收通过什么显示在市场上？（B）a.政府规定的购买量限制b.谷物价格上涨c.劝说人们减少购买量的广告d.谷物贸易量的增加5.某月内，X商品的替代品的价格上升和互补品的价格上升，分别引起X商品的需求变动量为50单位和80单位，则在它们共同作用下该月X商品需求数量：（B）。
a.增加30单位b.减少30单位c.增加130单位d.减少130单位6.在完全竞争市场中，（C）。
a.消费者是价格接受者，而企业不是b.消费者和企业都不是价格接受者c.消费者和企业都是价格接受者d.企业是价格接受者，而消费者不是C曲线（A）。
a.当LMC＜LAC时下降，而当LMC＞LAC时上升b.随LMC曲线下降而下降c．随LMC曲线上升而上升 d.通过LMC曲线的最低点8．一个企业在以下哪种情况下应该关闭？（A）a.P＜A VCb.P＜SACc.发生亏损时d.SMC＞MR9.寡头垄断和垄断竞争之间的主要区别是（C）。
a.厂商的广告开支不同b.非价格竞争的种类不同c.厂商之间相互影响的程度不同d.以上都不对10.短期内，完全竞争厂商只能通过对（D）调整来实现最大利润。
a.生产规模b.价格c.全部生产要素d.产量11.不完全竞争市场中出现低效率的资源配置是因为产品价格（A）边际成本a．大于b．小于c．等于d．大于或等于12．当市场处于长期均衡状态时，向右下方倾斜的需求曲线相切于长期平均成本的最低点的左边，产品的价格等于生产的平均成本，产品产量较高但存在多余的生产能力，则该市场属于下列哪一类(B)。
a．完全垄断b．垄断竞争c．完全竞争d．寡头垄断13.总效用达到最大时（B）。
a边际效用为最大；b边际效用为零；c边际效用为正；d边际效用为负。
14.劳动的边际产量曲线是（B）。
a.上升b.先上升达最大值后下降c.下降d.先下降达最小值后上升15.产量和价格的波动呈现“收敛性蛛网”的条件是(A)a．供给弹性小于需求弹性b．供给弹性等于需求弹性c．供给弹性等于需求弹性d．以上均正确16.土地的供给曲线是一条（D）a.向右上方倾斜的线b.向右下方倾斜的线c.与横轴平行的线d.与横轴垂直的线17.MC曲线达到最低时（A）a MP最大b A VC最小c TC最大d AC最小18.当某人面对一张彩票时，如果是2121)1()(])1([UWPWPUWPPWU，则意味着这个人是属于下列哪一类人(A)a．风险回避者b．风险喜爱者c．风险中立者d．都不是19.随着工资率的提高，如果具备下列条件（B），个人的劳动供给曲线就会向后弯曲.a.收入效应与替代效应同方向变动b.收入效应大于替代效应c.收入效应小于替代效应d.以上都不对20.在其他因素不变的情况下，某种正常商品的价格下降，将导致（A）a需求量增加；b需求量减少；c需求增加；d需求减少；21.下列哪个市场的垄断程度最强、竞争程度最弱，消费者的权益最易受到侵害？(A) a．完全垄断b．垄断竞争c．完全竞争d．寡头垄断22.均衡价格随着(C)a．需求和供给的增加而上升;b．需求减少和供给的增加而上升c．需求的增加和供给的减少而上升;d．需求和供给的减少而上升23.对低档物品来说，其需求曲线向右下方倾斜，意味着其(B)a.收入效应大于替代效用，总效应与价格成反方向变动b.收入效应小于替代效用，总效应与价格成反方向变动c.收入效应大于替代效用，总效应与价格成同方向变动d.收入效应小于替代效用，总效应与价格成同方向变动24.完全竞争企业在短期达到利润最大化的状态，实现了生产者均衡时，其盈利状况为( D)a．获得了最大的利润b．利润等于零c．最小的亏损d．都可能25.电力部门对一定用电量如1——100度实行低价，对增加的电力如101——200度实行高价，厂商在确定价格时实行的价格歧视是(B)a．一级价格歧视b．二级价格歧视c．三级价格歧视d．垄断价格26.政府对某类商品规定最高价格，如某些国家规定了房屋最高租金，其后果是(D)a.过分旺盛的需求得到遏制 B.供给不足的现象消失c.供过于求的现象加剧d.供不应求的现象加剧27.完全理性是指消费和厂商以利己为目的经济人，他们自觉按(A)原则行事。
a．个人利益最大化b．资源最优配置c．有利于经济发展d．正的外部性28.在囚犯的两难选择中，（C）。
a.双方独立依照自身利益行事，导致最好的结果b.双方进行合作，得到了最好的结果c.双方独立依照自身利益行事，导致最不利的局面d.以上说法均不正确29.如果人们对闲暇的需求增加，那么（D）a．工资率下降，劳动的供给量会增加b．工资率下降，劳动的供给量减少c．工资率上升，劳动的供给量会增加d．工资率上升，劳动的供给量减少30.当在其他条件不变的情况下，企业内部各种生产要素按相同比例变化时所带来的产量的变化。
这是指下列哪一种生产函数的规模(B)a．规模经济规律b．规模报酬规律c．适度规模d．可变技术系数的生产函数二、多选题（每题1分，共20分，将正确答案填入答题纸上）1.在（BD）的假设条件下，微观经济分析的单个经济活动主体的行为才是符合理性的、一贯的，从而是可预料和可分析的。
a.机会成本b.理性的经济人c.边际效用递减d.完全信息假设2.市场均衡分为（AC）a.局部均衡b.特殊均衡c.一般均衡d.整体均衡3.钢笔和墨水两用品的关系是（ACD）a.互补商品 c.钢笔价格的上升与墨水的需求量成同方向的变动b.替代商品d.需求的交叉价格弹性为负值4.消费者实现效用最大化的均衡点（AD）a.是预算线与无差异曲线的切点b.该均衡点有MRS12=P2/P1c.是预算线与无差异曲线的斜率相交的点d.表示一定的预算约束下，为实现最大的效用消费者应该选择最优的商品组合5.长期平均成本（LAC）曲线（BD）。
a.是无数条短期边际（SMC）曲线的包络曲线b.是无数条短期平均（SAC）曲线的包络曲线c.表示厂商在长期内按产量平均计算的最大总成本d.表示厂商在长期内在每一产量水平上可以实现的最小的平均成本6.在MR=MC的均衡点上，厂商（BD）。
a.一定是盈利的b.如果是亏损的，一定是相对最小的亏损c.如果是亏损的，一定是相对最大的亏损d.如果是盈利的，一定是相对最大的利润7.在短期内，生产要素投入可分为（AD）a.不变投入b.劳动c.资本d.可变投入8.短期生产的第三阶段的产量曲线的特征为（ACD）a.劳动的边际产量是负值b.劳动的边际产量上升达到最大值c.劳动的边际产量始终小于劳动的平均产量d.劳动的总产量呈下降趋势量9.下列何种厂商的供给曲线不能给出定义，因为在这几种情况下，价格和厂商的产出之间不存在唯一的关系（ABD）a.垄断厂商b.垄断竞争厂商c.完全竞争厂商d.寡头垄断厂商10.寡头垄断厂商的产品是（AD）。
a.可以是同质的b.可以是有差异的c.必须是同质的d.必须是有差异的11.正常利润是（BC）。
a.经济利润的一部分b.经济成本的一部分c.隐含成本的一部分d.以上都是12.消费者剩余是（BD）。
a.消费过剩的产品b.主观感受c.支出的货币的总效用d.消费者买商品所得到的总效用大于货币的总效用13.完全竞争要素市场的基本性质是：（ABD）a.要素的供求双方人数很多b.要素可以充分自由地流动c.要素的区别比较小d.要素供求双方都具有完全的信息14.一个卡特尔要使利润极大，必须满足下列条件（BCD）a.厂商间平均分配产量b.厂商间有某种分配利润的制度c.给每个厂商分配定量定额d.使每一厂商的边际成本等于行业的边际收益15.完全竞争厂商在长期均衡状态时的条件包括(ABCD)a.短期边际收益等于短期边际成本b.边际收益等于长期边际成本c.边际收益等于平均收益等于价格d.平均收益等于长期和短期平均成本e.平均收益等于长期平均成本但小于短期平均成本16.以下正确的是（AC）a.劳动供给曲线具有一段向后弯曲的部分b.随着工资的上升，为较高的工资吸引，劳动供给量增加c.工资上涨对劳动供给的吸引力是有限的d.只要工资上涨，劳动供给量就会增加17.不同商品的需求价格弹性是不同的，下列哪些会决定某商品需求弹性的大小(ACDE)a.有无替代品b供给量的大小c.在消费支出中的比例d.生活的必需程度e.时间18.经济学家认为与完全竞争市场相比，垄断市场的经济效率最低，这个结论的依据是垄断市场(CE)a.产量高b.价格高c.社会福利的损失d.生产成本低e.寻租19．以下哪项是青年农民小周进城打工的机会成本(BCD)a继续上学获得人力资本提升的净收益b在家务农所获得的净收益c往返家里和城市所花的路费d学费20．从长期看，如果厂商的生产函数LKQ中，1，那么厂商(BCD)a．长期平均成本递增；b．长期平均成本递减；c．规模收益递增d．规模报酬递增。
三、名词解释（每题3分，共15分，将正确答案填入答题纸上）1、规模经济2、边际替代率3、市场均衡4、价格歧视5、恩格尔定律四、计算题（每题5分，共10分，将正确答案填入答题纸上）1、假定某消费者的效用函数为U=X10.5X20.5，两商品的价格分别为P1,P2，消费者的收入为M。
分别求该消费者关于商品1和商品2的需求函数。
2、已知某垄断厂商的成本函数是TC=0.６Q2-+3Q+2,反需求函数为P=8－0.4Q求：（1）该厂商实现利润最大化时的产量、价格、收益和利润。
（2）该厂商实现收益最大化时的产量、价格、收益和利润。
（3）比较（1）和（2）的结果。