文献综述翻译(下)
带有负电荷的粘土矿物可借由阳离子饱和浸润技术（同离子化）进行修饰调理，进而在细菌细胞壁负电位点与粘土矿物间增强架桥作用。
此外，粘土矿物中的主要元素或许对于细菌细胞官能团的成键作用有帮助。
例如C-O-Na-Si型键就有可能存在于细菌高岭土混合物中。
粘土矿物对于多环芳烃和有机挥发物的吸收作用与目标化合物的极性以及粘土矿物微孔关系密切。
例如一种严格非极性的多环芳烃——菲能够渗透入粘土矿物的疏水支配位点。
在水性介质中，由于不具备良好的热力学反应条件而导致多环芳烃在与各类电荷特性不同的粘土矿物作用时都难以取得较好的吸收效果（例如用蒙脱石吸收多环芳烃菲）。
尽管如此，在利用二价阳离子对于粘土进行强化调理的过程中，我们发现二价阳离子能够有效减小分子双电层的斥力并由此提高有机污染物与粘土矿物的亲和度。
由于这些阳离子的作用，多环芳烃分子能够在毛细收缩作用下被粘土微孔更有效的捕集，其作用机理是通过强烈的交联键作用形成多环芳烃半晶体。
研究表明，相较于没有价层电子的硬阳离子而言，拥有大量自由价电子的软阳离子能够实现更为强力的吸收作用。
由此，当阳离子置于膨胀粘土中时，多环芳烃芳环上的π电子就能与阳离子成键。
尽管如此，这种成键方式依然受制于碳氢化合物中芳环的提供π电子的能力以及被镶嵌于粘土矿物表面的阳离子类型。
此外，芳环结构上的取代基同样对于烃类的粘土吸附有影响，例如，六氟苯及与其近似的非极性化合物（取代基除电子定位基团外由吸电子作用决定）。
另一方面，不论是在天然的抑或人工调理的粘土中，许多极性有机挥发性化合物的反应都受电荷的支配，例如阳离子饱和浸润粘土中发生的阳离子偶极反应。
尽管如此，在具体反应及机理作用程度上的实验证据还很匮乏，这些作用也使得降解多环芳烃及有机挥发物的微生物的存在及作用特性变得更加扑朔迷离。
粘土矿物、烃类及微生物间的相互作用受到固相、生物相及液相的联合影响，因此，除了传统的DLVO理论（阐释范德华力与层间偶极作用的综合影响）外，进一步发展的DLVO 理论及非DLVO理论均可以解释粘土微生物反应的作用机理。
进一步发展的DLVO理论包含路易斯酸碱作用（熵的贡献，氢键乃至后来的水合作用压力以及疏水作用），而非DLVO理论则涉及细胞表面外的构象变化。
抛开作用机理不谈，污染物降解的程度与效率决定于它们的难降解程度（由其在粘土矿物中的吸附、解吸及扩散作用控制）。
换句话说，污染物微生物降解途径的可利用性在粘土矿物对烃类化合物的表面全降解作用机理尚待摸索的当下仍是一个颇具争议性的话题。
在粘土矿物、微生物及污染物三者作用的过程中可能发生下列三种吸附现象：一是粘土矿物吸附污染物；二是粘土矿物吸收微生物；三是微生物吸附污染物。
所有上述吸附相构成了由微生物组成的生物膜，进而促成瓦解污染物的微观环境的形成。
研究表明，微生物能轻松降解吸附于高岭土表层的敌草快，尽管如此，深陷于蒙脱石内部的同种化合物却并未得到有效降解。
大分子量的尤其是年代久远的土壤中的多环芳烃及有机挥发物难以被降解，除非借助溶解与扩散作用的发生实现这类物质的解吸。
故有机污染物的两相构型有望出现在它们的降解过程中。
这种两相现象自始至终，由快到慢地发生于有机污染物从土壤中解吸的全过程中。
从急速反应相中很容易获得能轻易被生物利用的有机碎片，而这种碎片在生物降解过程中的反应级数主要取决于解吸速率。
微生物自身有时能影响这种解析过程，例如恶臭假单胞菌属相较于产碱杆菌属而言能在提高有机粘土效度及促进有机萘分子从吸附剂表面解吸的过程中发挥更大作用。
尽管如此，对于土壤这类往往含有有机粘土混合物的物质，可以配合另一种具有显著热力学亲和力的微粒溶胶共作用于有机污染物，尤其是疏水化合物，以达到降解目的。
因此，有机碳容量成为了粘土矿物降解污染物过程中又一个关键的决定因素。
污染物有可能被消解或被封锁于粘土矿物微孔中，除非阳离子π键或n-π电子供受相互作用在微生物作用路径上（如粘土表面）居于支配地位。
由于体型较为庞大，细菌不能进入粘土矿物内部极细微的孔洞中，致使部分被封锁的物质不能参与微生物反应。
为实现将污染物解吸为可利用形态的目的，一种可利用的方式正是借由表面活性剂或是生物表面活性剂实现的。
这类物质可以降低各相表面张力，使各种化合物被生物降解过程充分利用，并如上文第四部分所述生物胞外酶能在被捕集的污染物的异化降解过程中发挥关键作用。
表面活性剂的应用及其生物毒性表面活性剂是自然状态下的两亲分子，可能同时对微生物产生促进与抑制双重作用，季铵类表面活性剂，当以游离态形式存在时，将对土壤微生物产生更为严重的毒害作用。
尽管如此，亦有研究表明土壤与粘土矿物能有效固结毒性物质，大幅降低其毒性，在粘土辅助环境修复过程中，这些表面活性剂常被用作粘土矿物调制剂，尤其是用于将亲水粘土矿物转化为疏水性产品制有机粘土时。
某些有机粘土会因其采用的人工合成表面活性剂而对自然微生物群落产生毒害，如由十六（八）烷基三甲基溴化铵改性的膨润土会削弱脱氢酶作用，抑制硝化，并对土壤微生物及其他生物相构成损害。
表面活性剂类型、应用率以及土壤自身理化性质（如pH、含水量、粘土质含量等）均对微生物群落的受毒害作用有重要影响，例如：Arquad2HT-75改性膨润土相较于HDTMA/ODTMA 改性的膨润土具有显著的低毒性。
借助分子探测技术有研究表明某些有机化粘土（如烷基季铵或2-羟乙基甲铵改性膨润土）对于原始土壤生物相不会产生任何抑制作用。
毒性作用生成与否的巨大差异还发生在不同的泥土类型及不同的功能性生物基因中，其作用机理尚待研究。
由于由某些特定有机分子制备的有机粘土正作为潜在的抑菌介质广泛应用于科学研究中，此话题引发的讨论正变的更为激烈。
因此，尽管表面活性剂能提高有机污染物的可生化性至适合改性粘土矿物降解的范围，但其分子自身也存在潜在的微生物毒性。
这种微生物毒性很大程度上取决于其分子结构、投加量、投加方式（游离基或复合粘土基）以及应用媒介（水性悬液或土壤介质）等因素。
因此，对于表面活性剂的利用仍需进行更为细致与缜密的研究，以确定能使改性粘土辅助微生物降解作用达到最佳效果的生物质条件。
从这个层面上来说，生物表面活性剂表征了一种更为绿色化的途径，削减了由人工合成表面活性剂使用所衍生的毒性作用。
生物表面活性剂的应用近几年来，生物表面活性剂促进污染物微生物降解的应用日益增多，其作用机理主要还是通过增加可生化利用的基质来实现的，其相较于人工合成表面活性剂而言高效低毒（甚至无毒）的特点使其倍受青睐。
在碳氢化合物生物降解的过程中，多数能产生表面活性剂的细菌可形成鼠李糖脂、糖脂类、脂质、emulsan（RAG-1代谢产生的一种胞外脂多糖）等天然表面活性剂。
通过生成鼠李糖脂能实现微生物对广谱多环芳烃（如萘、芴、菲、芘）及多种挥发性有机污染物的有效降解。
微生物分泌的生物表面活性成分能通过减小固液相表面张力与增加稠环芳烃水中溶解度的方式从土壤表层中解吸稠环芳烃及其它碳氢化合物，尤其是当此类污染物浓度较高，甚至超过临界胶束浓度时，这种作用表现得尤为明显。
为进一步实现粘土基质PAHs/VOCs的生物降解，一种兼容性的组合——降解细菌与表面活性剂生成细菌协同作用，或许能克服粘土矿物内部微孔中滞留的污染物无法消解的阻碍，构成一种近乎完美的耦合双微生物体系。
正如表3中所呈现的，（生物）表面活性剂不论是否形成胶束都能够发挥功效。
通过从粘土中解吸污染物、增大污染物溶解度，最终促成污染物向生物反应区的转移。
尽管如此，胶束形态下，尤其是合成表面活性剂或将形成一道屏障限制稠环芳烃的降解。
大为不同的是，生物表面活性剂常以非胶束形态存在并能显著提高生物可利用性，依靠微生物直接摄食污染物的机制实现生物降解。
尽管如此，从土壤中解析的生物表面活性剂很可能在降解过程中构成自体限制。
粘土含量及其中铁的氧化物的含量会显著影响鼠李糖脂的解吸过程，相较于蒙脱土型粘土，高岭土型粘土的吸收的生物表面活性剂要相对少量，且会促使大量金属物质从土壤中解吸。
不过，粘土、烃类污染物、微生物三相系统在生物表面活性剂存在状况下的作用机制还不甚明朗。
在水性悬液及土壤系统中实现含生物表面活性剂的粘土吸附剂的就地生产还是一个未曾涉足的领域，亟待严谨探究。
这在当下人们迫切希望生物表面活性剂能在现实世界环境生态治理中取代化学表面活性剂来实现对碳氢化合物降解的大环境下显得尤为重要。
粘土微生物的相互作用对于有机污染物的去除兼具正反两方面的影响。
在微生物降解污染的过程中，由外部引入的细菌往往难以高效生长，其原因大致有以下三个方面：一是在高污染地区污染物本身具有生物毒性；二是本土微生物的竞争抑制；三是其它恶劣的环境因素。
在这种状态下，采用粘土吸附剂可以固结部分污染物，削弱其对引入微生物的即时毒性进而营造良好的生存环境供微生物增殖。
此外，工程粘土吸附剂能降低混合污染物环境下重金属及合金对微生物的毒性，促使微生物发挥降解有机污染物的功效。
诸多报道印证了粘土基质对生物膜提高污染物生物降解具有支撑作用。
有假设认为降解过程中产生的代谢产物能通过吸附作用在粘土矿物表面及微生物细胞表面间实现迁移，这使得降解过程得以持续进行。
涉及这种作用的细菌能够通过该过程所形成一种叫做“粘土”的特殊结构实现自我防卫，以应对来自掠食性变形虫、线虫以及鞭毛虫的威胁。
亦有报道粘土矿物会阻碍有机污染物的可生化性。
但这种阻碍只需要通过将生物表面活性剂生成细菌或胞外酶生成细菌引入系统这种极为绿色的方式就可以克服。
胞外酶这种能参与到某些化合物降解过程中的物质同样能被土壤原子所吸附，但这个过程受到降解效率的限制。
尽管如此，此过程在具有单峰孔径分布的介孔矾土或硅土材料中较易发生。
相比较而言，具有多峰孔径分布的矿物则不易发生此类酶掩蔽现象。
取而代之的是酶物质能侵入粘土微孔结构，促进烃类的降解。
研究指出由菌生成的胞外酶能够有效渗透入CTMA改性蒙脱土内层空间并降解内含其中的有机磷杀虫剂（苯线磷）。
然而，尽管人们对于改性粘土生物降解技术的优势与缺陷都进行了论述，其最终取得成功的潜在作用条件仍不能一概而论，而是有赖于因地制宜，统筹兼顾各联系量，乃至系统中某单一组分的影响综合确定得出的。
粘土介质生物降解技术的经济性分析与应用展望通过微生物进行生物降解是环境生态治理中经济可行且环境友好的可选途径。
目前的研究致力于提高生物降解过程的速率。
粘土介质微生物能提高环境污染物的生物降解速率并有望以最小的投入换取最大产出。
事实表明，粘土及改性粘土矿物对于众多环境污染物而言是极为廉价的超级吸附剂。
很多粘土沉积物在世界范围内广泛存在（包括美国、中国、印度、澳大利亚、巴西、捷克共和国、德国等均有报道），分布于沿海滩涂及海底沉积床层。
因此，这些地方就成了吸附剂及微生物载体经济且天然的来源地。
英语笔译文献综述
英语笔译文献综述Here is an essay on the topic of "A Literature Review on English-Chinese Translation" with over 1000 words, written in English without any additional punctuation marks in the body of the text.The field of English-Chinese translation has been a subject of extensive research and study for decades. As the world becomes increasingly interconnected, the demand for accurate and effective translation services has grown significantly. This literature review aims to provide an overview of the current state of research in this field, highlighting key themes, methodologies, and areas for further exploration.One of the primary focuses in English-Chinese translation research has been on the linguistic and cultural challenges inherent in the process. Scholars have examined the differences in grammatical structures, idioms, and cultural references between the two languages, and how these disparities can impact the quality and accuracy of translations. Studies have explored strategies for navigating these challenges, such as the use of machine translation, the role of human translators, and the importance of cultural awareness and adaptation.Another area of research has been the impact of technological advancements on the translation industry. The rise of machine translation, computer-assisted translation tools, and cloud-based platforms has transformed the way translation services are delivered. Researchers have investigated the strengths and limitations of these technologies, as well as the implications for the role of human translators in the future. Additionally, studies have examined the ethical considerations surrounding the use of artificial intelligence in translation, such as issues of data privacy, bias, and the potential displacement of human workers.The quality and evaluation of English-Chinese translations have also been the subject of extensive research. Scholars have developed frameworks and methodologies for assessing the accuracy, fluency, and overall effectiveness of translations, taking into account factors such as linguistic equivalence, cultural appropriateness, and the intended purpose of the translation. These evaluation methods have been applied to a wide range of translation contexts, including literary works, technical documents, and business communications.Another area of focus in the field of English-Chinese translation is the training and professional development of translators. Researchers have explored the skills, knowledge, and competencies required for effective translation, and have investigated the bestpractices for educating and training translators. This includes the use of translation-specific curricula, the integration of technology into the learning process, and the importance of ongoing professional development and certification.In addition to these core areas of research, scholars have also examined the role of English-Chinese translation in various domains, such as international business, education, and healthcare. These studies have explored the unique challenges and considerations that arise in these specialized contexts, and have provided insights into the strategies and approaches that can lead to successful translations.Despite the significant progress that has been made in the field of English-Chinese translation, there are still many areas that require further research and exploration. For example, the impact of globalization and the increasing use of English as a lingua franca on translation practices is an emerging area of interest. Additionally, the ethical implications of translation, such as the potential for misrepresentation or the perpetuation of cultural biases, warrant deeper examination.Furthermore, the field of English-Chinese translation would benefit from more interdisciplinary collaboration, drawing on insights from fields such as linguistics, cognitive science, and cultural studies. By fostering a more holistic and multifaceted approach to translationresearch, scholars can gain a deeper understanding of the complexities and nuances involved in the process.In conclusion, the field of English-Chinese translation has been the subject of extensive research and study, yielding valuable insights into the linguistic, cultural, and technological challenges involved in the translation process. As the demand for translation services continues to grow, it is crucial that researchers and practitioners work together to advance the field, develop innovative solutions, and ensure the highest quality of translation services. By doing so, they can contribute to greater cross-cultural understanding and effective communication in an increasingly globalized world.。
文献综述及外文文献翻译
⽂献综述及外⽂⽂献翻译华中科技⼤学⽂华学院毕业设计（论⽂）外⽂⽂献翻译（本科学⽣⽤）题⽬：Plc based control system for the music fountain 学⽣姓名：_周训⽅___学号：060108011117 学部（系）: 信息学部专业年级: _06⾃动化（1）班_指导教师：张晓丹___职称或学位：助教__20 年⽉⽇外⽂⽂献翻译（译成中⽂1000字左右）：【主要阅读⽂献不少于5篇，译⽂后附注⽂献信息，包括：作者、书名（或论⽂题⽬）、出版社（或刊物名称）、出版时间（或刊号）、页码。
提供所译外⽂资料附件（印刷类含封⾯、封底、⽬录、翻译部分的复印件等，⽹站类的请附⽹址及原⽂】英⽂节选原⽂：Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the brain of a PLC controller. CPU itself is usually one of the microcontrollers. Aforetime these were 8-bit microcontrollers such as 8051, and now these are 16-and 32-bit microcontrollers. Unspoken rule is that you’ll find mostly Hitachi and Fujicu microcontrollers in PLC controllers by Japanese makers, Siemens in European controllers, and Motorola microcontrollers in American ones. CPU also takes care of communication, interconnectedness among other parts of PLC controllers, program execution, memory operation, overseeing input and setting up of an output. PLC controllers have complex routines for memory checkup in order to ensure that PLC memory was not damaged (memory checkup is done for safety reasons).Generally speaking, CPU unit makes a great number of check-ups of the PLC controller itself so eventual errors would be discovered early. You can simply look at any PLC controller and see that there are several indicators in the form. of light diodes for error signalization.System memory (today mostly implemented in FLASH technology) is used by a PLC for a process control system. Aside form. this operating system it also contains a user program translated forma ladder diagram to a binary form. FLASH memory contents can be changed only in case where user program is being changed. PLC controllers were used earlier instead of PLASH memory and have had EPROM memory instead of FLASH memory which had to be erased with UV lamp and programmed on programmers. With the use of FLASH technology this process was greatly shortened. Reprogramming a program memory is done through a serial cable in a program for application development.User memory is divided into blocks having special functions. Some parts of a memory are used for storing input and output status. The real status of an input is stored either as “1”or as “0”in a specific memory bit/ each input or output has one corresponding b it in memory. Other parts of memory are used to store variable contents for variables used in used program. For example, time value, or counter value would be stored in this part of the memory.PLC controller can be reprogrammed through a computer (usual way), but also through manual programmers (consoles). This practically means that each PLC controller can programmed through a computer if you have the software needed for programming. Today’s transmission computers are ideal for reprogramming a PLC cont roller in factory itself. This is of great importance to industry. Once the system is corrected, it is also important to read the right program into a PLC again. It is also good to check from time to time whether program in a PLC has not changed. This helps to avoid hazardous situations in factory rooms (some automakers have established communication networks which regularly check programs in PLC controllers to ensure execution only of good programs). Almost every program for programming a PLC controller possesses various useful options such as: forced switching on and off of the system input/outputs (I/O lines),program follow up in real time as well as documenting a diagram. This documenting is necessary to understand and define failures and malfunctions. Programmer can add remarks, names of input or output devices, and comments that can be useful when finding errors, or with system maintenance. Adding comments and remarks enables any technician (and not just a person who developed the system) to understand a ladder diagram right away. Comments and remarks can even quote precisely part numbers if replacements would be needed. This would speed up a repair of any problems that come up due to bad parts. The old way was such that a person who developed a system had protection on the program, so nobody aside from this person could understand how it was done. Correctly documented ladder diagram allows any technician to understand thoroughly how system functions.Electrical supply is used in bringing electrical energy to central processing unit. Most PLC controllers work either at 24 VDC or 220 VAC. On some PLC controllers you’ll find electrical supply as a separate module. Those are usually bigger PLC controllers, while small and medium series already contain the supply module. User has to determine how much current to take from I/O module to ensure that electrical supply provides appropriate amount of current. Different types of modules use different amounts of electrical current. This electrical supply is usually not used to start external input or output. User has to provide separate supplies in starting PLC controller inputs because then you can ensure so called “pure” supply for the PLC controller. With pure supply we mean supply where industrial environment can not affect it damagingly. Some of the smaller PLC controllers supply their inputs with voltage from a small supply source already incorporated into a PLC.中⽂翻译：从结构上分，PLC分为固定式和组合式（模块式）两种。
文献综述英文格式
文献综述英文格式The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Healthcare。
Introduction。
Artificial intelligence (AI) has revolutionized various industries, and healthcare is no exception. With its ability to analyze vast amounts of data, AI has the potential to transform healthcare delivery, improve patient outcomes, and enhance the efficiency of healthcare systems. This article aims to provide a comprehensive review of the impact of AI on healthcare, covering various aspects such as diagnosis, treatment, patient monitoring, and healthcare management.1. AI in Diagnosis。
AI has shown great promise in improving the accuracy and efficiency of medical diagnosis. Machine learning algorithms can analyze medical images, such as X-rays, CT scans, and MRIs, to detect abnormalities and assist radiologists in making accurate diagnoses. For example, a deep learning algorithm developed by researchers at Stanford University achieved a level of accuracy comparable to human dermatologists in identifying skin cancer from images. AI-powered diagnostic tools can help reduce diagnostic errors, speed up the diagnosis process, and enable early detection of diseases.2. AI in Treatment。
花生脱壳机文献综述及外文翻译
郑州科技学院毕业论文(设计)文献综述题目名称花生去壳机的设计题目类别毕业设计系别机械工程系专业班级10机制本x班学生姓名xxx指导教师xxx完成日期 2014年3月10日花生脱壳机的设计摘要：我国加入WTO以来，国内外关于花生脱壳机机械的开发与推广应用日益增多，针对现有花生脱壳机机械存在的优点与不足，在未来的发展的过程中，对花生脱壳机机械在生产应用中的经验进行总结，不断完善其功能，使其呈现良好的发展势头。
关键词：箱体；机架；工艺；一，花生脱壳机的发展现状我国花生脱壳机的研制自1963年原八机部下达花生脱壳机的研制课题以来已有几十种花生脱壳机问世。
只进行单一脱壳功能的花生脱壳机结构简单、价格便宜、以小型家用为主的花生脱壳机在我国一些地区广泛应用，能够完成脱壳、分离、清选和分级功能的较大型花生脱壳机在一些大批量花生加工的企业中应用较为普遍。
国内现有的花生脱壳机种类很多，如6HB-6型花生剥壳机，6HB-20型花生剥壳机，6HB-2型花生脱壳机等,技术参数见附表,其作业效率为人工作业效率的20-60倍以上。
6HB-180型花生脱壳机械采用了三轧辊混合脱壳结构,能够进行二次脱壳。
而随着我国花生产业的进一步调整,花生产量逐年增加,花生的机械化脱壳程度将大幅提高,花生脱壳机械将拥有广阔的发展前景。
花生剥壳的原理很多,因此产生了很多种不同的花生剥壳机械。
花生剥壳部件是花生剥壳机的关键工作部件.剥壳部件的技术水平决定了机具作业刚花生仁破碎率、花生果一次剥净率及生产效率等重要的经济指标。
在目前的生产销售中,花生仁破碎率是社会最为关心的主要指标。
八十年代以前的花生剥壳机械,破碎率一般都大于8%有时高达15%以上。
加工出的花生仁,只能用来榨油,不能作种用.也达到出口标准。
为了降低破碎率而探讨新的剥壳原理,研制新式剥壳部件,便成为花生剥壳机械的重要研究课题。
从六十年代初,开始在我国出现了封闭式纹杆滚筒,栅条凹板式花生剥壳机。
文献综述翻译[最新]
![文献综述翻译[最新]](https://360docs-1393072327.cos.ap-beijing.myqcloud.com/3dd7923bec630b1c59eef8c75fbfc77da2699702.webp)
曼德尔布鲁特的大测试概念,,,,,欢迎这项伟大的测试概念，现在美国乃至世界各地的教师和学生产生了良好的数学资源。
我们相信，解决问题是探索数学世界的最有效手段之一，比赛为我们要做的事情提供了一个令人振奋和激励的环境。
,,,,,大测试概念在高中阶段提供了两场比赛。
首先是曼德尔布鲁特比赛，比赛遵守一个简短的回答方式，并采取在一个学年内进行五轮的比赛。
比赛问题和主题的设计要求是国家中那些具有一般背景的学生在解决时能像最好的学生那样全力以赴。
第二的曼德尔布鲁特团队赛，强调数学的写作技巧和有效的团队合作。
本次比赛在冬季举行，共进行3轮比赛，是为了帮助先进的学生准备像是usamo这样的大事。
想进一步了解比赛描述和网站概况，请访问简介页面。
今年时间的信息在信息页面会有显示，可以在“常见问题解答”页面中找到您的所有问题的答案。
在资源页面提供比赛范例和其他准备材料。
本学年注册已经结束，但在明年2012年7月初将重新开始。
最后，当你浏览网站，不要犹豫，给我们意见或问题的对话页。
,,,,,公告,,,,,..,,,,,11年11月17日该网站目前正在学校接受来自学校已注册过mandebort比赛的学生在2012年团队比赛的注册。
学校协调员可以通过竞赛的材料页注册后登录到他们的帐户。
,,,,,11年10月30日2011-12曼德尔布鲁特比赛的注册已结束。
祝所有的学生在即将开始的比赛中有好运气！,,,,,11年6月1日去年夏天，我们提出了一些显着变化，曼德尔布鲁特比赛需要的地方，包括转会至五个地理区域和一个新的电子交付选项的方式。
寻找关于这些变化在注册过程中的细节。
,,,,,介绍,,,,,作者简介。
•.曼德尔布鲁特的产生,,,,,这页作为Mandelbrot团队比赛的概述。
你可以熟悉他们的一般格式，知道比赛的作者或阅读更多的测试概念产生背后的故事。
,,,,,..概观,,,,,这一伟大的测试概念的目的是提供一个具有挑战性的，引人入胜的数学经验，这既是竞争力和教育。
毕业论文-文献综述-译文-模版
毕业设计（论文）译文题目名称：（写译文题目)院系名称：班级：学号：学生姓名：指导教师：200×年×月风险导向审计研究(译文题目)Pie Pierce，B。
, Sweeney, B。
近几年来，审计行业面临的风险正在日益增大，国内外相继出现了一些会计舞弊事件，如：美国的“安然”、“施乐”,国内的“原野”、“琼民源”、“红光”等，审计人员由此涉及的案件也成千上万，赔偿的金额更难以估计,甚至有人称审计职业界进入了“诉讼爆炸"时代,一些会计师事务所因诉讼而倒闭或陷入困境，这使审计人员清醒地认识到,在商业竞争十分激烈的市场经济中，审计职业界所面临的商业风险已越来越大，审计职业必须设法降低这种商业风险水平。
为此，以美国为首的西方国家从20世纪80年代开始大规模地修订审计准则,在实践中产生了一种以风险评价为中心的审计模式，并在实务中得到广泛应用.一、风险导向审计产生的社会基础（一）高风险的审计执业环境是风险导向审计产生的直接原因。
众多企业的倒闭,已审报表的使用者将经营失败等同于审计失败。
他们认为企业濒临破产,注册会计师进行财务报表审计时就应提前发出警告，这样审计人员与公众期望的差距越来越大。
期望差距的加大，表明社会公众对审计的需求日益增加，为弥补审计期望差距就得寻找途径，主动出击,迎合这种需求，须承担一定的法律责任——即承担更大的查错防弊责任。
随着企业规模的不断扩大，业务的复杂化和计算机的应用，会计、审计业务趋于复杂;险恶的企业经营环境必然意味着严峻的、高风险的审计执业环境，因此迫切需要一种新的审计技术——风险导向审计。
（二）严格的法律环境是风险导向审计产生的外部驱动力。
现代社会在某种程度上是一种契约经济，各种契约界定人与人之间的关系，法律保护契约双方，一切纠纷的处理需通过法律的手段解决。
证券法对保护投资人利益的责任意识越来越强，因而当投资人的利益受到伤害时，被投资企业破产倒闭，投资人无力投资，债务人收回债务无望时，极有可能诉讼注册会计师。
文献综述文化翻译观下《卧虎藏龙》字幕英译.doc
Literature Review for Film Subtitle Translation of Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon under Culture Translation TheoryZhang Fengyi Foreign Language DepartmentSubtitling can defined as the process of providing synchronized captions for film and television dialogue. Subtitles, sometimes referred to as captions, are transcriptions of film or TV dialogue, presented simultaneously on the screen. A subtitle is a printed statement or fragment of dialogue appearing on the screen between the scenes of a silent motion picture or appearing as a translation at the bottom of the screen during the scenes of a motion picture or television show in a foreign language.In recent years, film subtitle translation has received wide attention. This part provides a relatively comprehensive review in theories of the translation of Chinese film subtitling into English. Many scholars and experts have noticed the cultural factors that affect film subtitle translation, so they have attached much importance to cultural factors in the process of translating film subtitle.At the turn of the nineteenth century, the study of cultural anthropology suggested that the linguistic barrier were insuperable and language was entirely the product of culture. For the translation of cultural factors, “i f attempted to translate it at all, translation must be as literal as possible” (Newmark 45). Eugene. A Nida, a very famous American translation theorist, emphasizes “closest natural equivalence” and “naturalness of expression”. That requires “the translated versions should be idiomatic, natural, and easy to be accepted by readers, which tend to language is just a tool to communicate. The more readers understand the better. In this way the culture of the source language will surrender to the smooth” (Nida 118). For that, the cultural factors hidden in the original text will be ignored. However, he also says: “translation consists in reproducing the receptor language the closest natural equivalent of the source of language, first in terms of meaning and secon dly in terms of style” (Nida and Taber 12). The cultural meaning is one important part of Chinese film subtitling, which cannot be ignored and depreciated and needs to be translated out.In Quality Control of Subtitles: Review or Preview, Heulwen James illustrates the different expectations of different clients namely the scriptwriter, the [producer, the broadcaster and the viewer. Of all clients, viewers and their expectations are the most important. James claims that subtitles should be correct, clear, and credible. In order to achieve these aims, subtitles need to respect the guidelines provided by subtitling conventions and principles. The conventions include time-coding, duration of subtitles, shot cuts and formatting etc, and the principles ofsubtitling include reduction of original dialogue, simplification of language, character portrayal, cultural adaptation and so on(James,2001:152).Friedriched Schleiermacher, a translation theorist of German, puts forward the theoretical concept of domestication and foreignization at first. However, Lawrence Venuti first uses “domestication” and “foreignization” in his book The Translator’s Invisibility. He harbors that the translator would take a choice during his translating progress, concerning about the value, the belief and the representation preexisted in the target language. He defines the foreignization and domestication as follows: “Schleiermacher allowed the translator to choose between a domesticating method, an ethnocentric reduction of foreign text to target language cultural values, bring the author back home, and a foreigning method, an ethodeviant pressure on those values to register the linguistic and culture difference of the foreign text, sending the readers abroad” (Venuti 20). The prevalence of d omestication may cause the narcissism and ethnocentrism in the country of target language. If the Chinese film subtitling is translated like that, the Chinese culture hided in the Chinese film subtitling will not be delivered to the foreigners. Therefore, the foreignization in Chinese film subtitling translation seems more suitable and becomes the better principle to obey.Though subtitle translation is a new research field, it has been studied systematically at home.When it comes to film subtitling translation, there is no doubt that the cultural elements should be taken into consideration. “Translation is not only an activity of lingual exchange, information transfer, but also a kind of cultural communication between different countries and nations. In translation research and practice, source language and target language have cultural similarities and differences, so cultural factors are always the first thing to be considered” (Song 352). For that, when it comes to the Chinese film subtitling translation, the key representative of Chinese culture, the cultural element cannot be ignored in the progress of translation. The binding of film subtitle translationQian Shaochang said “film and television’s language were written literary language is different fr om the five features: listen, comprehensive, in an instant, popularity and no note.” A well-translated subtitle can not only attract more audiences, highlight and enhance the spirit and identity of Chinese culture.Li Yunxing (2001:30-32) in the first professor who discusses the strategies of subtitle translation in Chinese Translators Journal. He analyzes the features of subtitle in terms of time-space constraints, informative function and culture factors and then puts forward corresponding strategies for translation, with concrete examples for illustration.In Linguistic Dimensions of Subtitling-Perspectives from Taiwan, Sheng-jie Chen (2004) investigates the linguistic dimension of the subtitling of English films into Chinese. He indicatesthat several factors affect the quality of subtitling, including film pirating, uncontrollable outsourced projects, economic factors, and linguistic factors. The linguistic dimension of subtitling discussed consist of the followings sub-topics: Brevity and clarity, double-lined subtitling, omission, punctuation, structural discrepancy, and swearwords. In the Chinese subtitles, swearwords are toned down, some punctuation marks and inessential information are omitted, and despite the source-language register, literary Chinese in used for brevity.Chen Chapman (2004) in his On the Hong Kong Chinese subtitling of English swearwords, illustrates how American English swearwords are under-translated in Hong Kong; explains why English swearwords are inadequately translated in Hong Kong in terms of patronage, illocutionary strategies, and socio-linguistics. In order to help the audience become more involved in the film-watching experience, he suggests that English swearwords should be subtitled with their Cantonese dynamic equivalents, as Cantonese is the mother-tongue of most Hong Kong people. Furthermore, when it comes to subtitling English swearwords, attention must be paid to certain subtitle but important linguistic, psychosexual, and religious differences between Western and Chinese cultures.Long Qianhong (2006) analyzes the Chinese film in the mood of love, and thinks the English subtitle of this film is a success linguistically, culturally and technically. It is succinct and lucid, and conveys the most relevant information to the intended audience in the most effective way. The strategies for subtitle of this film are mainly domestication and foreignization according to the culture information and space and time constraints.Film subtitle translation not only means a conversion process of language, but also concerns the transferring of cultures. It is obvious that film subtitle translation is not a simple two-way street between two languages. And one of the main difficulties in film subtitle translation comes from the fact that some words in original language cannot always have their target language. During the process of translation the problem of how to deal with cultural differences is a meaningful task for the study.Bassnett, Susan&Lfvere, Andre. Constructing Culture-Essays on Literary Translation, Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001.Eugene A Nida Toward a Science of Translation Leiden E J Brill, 1964.James, Heulewen.2001.Quality Control of Subtitles: Review or Preview? In Gambier, Yves&Henrik Gottlieb(ed.). (Multi)Media Translation: Concepts, Practices and Research. Amsterdam\Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 151.Ma Huijuan.7 A Study on Nida’s Translation Theory. Beijing: Foreign LanguageTeaching and Research Press, 2003.Nida,Eugene A. and C.Taber. The Science and Practice of Translating. Leiden: Brill, 1969.Nida,Eugene nguage,Culture and Translating.Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press,1993.李运兴. 字幕翻译的策略[J].中国翻译（4）:30-32, 2001.龙千红. 《花样年华》的英文字幕翻译策略研究[J].西安外国语学院学报,2006.钱绍昌. 影视翻译-翻译园地中愈来愈重要的领域[J].中国翻译（1）61-65，2001.孙致礼. 中国文学翻译:从归化趋向异化.中国翻译,2002(1)40-44.王度庐. 《卧虎藏龙》北岳文艺出版社.2015.许渊冲. 翻译的艺术［M］.北京：中国对外翻译出版公司, 1984.。
综述文献及英文翻译
教学互动系统的设计与开发摘要：人类进入到二十一世纪，计算机网络技术和信息技术正在飞速发展，这种发展所带来的震撼迅速波及到教育界。
近年来，随着素质教育和教育信息化的发展，信息技术教育成为我国目前基础教育改革的重要课题，而在线教学因其图、文、声、像并茂的特点已经被广大教师认可，并广泛应用到课堂教学，而且产生了深远的影响[1],[2]。
在线教学是依靠着发达的互联网技术,提供基于Web Service的支持和管理教学过程,实行教学分离,以学生为主体的自主学习、交互式答疑和讨论环境,以扩大教育规模的一种新型教育方式。
在线教学以其独特的教育方式受到原来越多的关注，而相应的在线教育平台发展越来越多样化,然而如今众多的平台总有相应的不足，本文相信在取其精华去其糟粕，再经过技术方面改进后，会具有更加广阔的前景，受到用户的欢迎。
关键字：网络技术;在线教学；Web Service1.前言1.1主要目的在旧的教学方式中，难免会出现许多不尽人意的的地方，例如在教师授课过程中，学生对于有的知识点不能很好地把握，还有课堂对学生的吸引力减弱而导致分心等等问题。
而教学互动系统在一定程度上对这些存在于课堂上的问题有了解决的方法。
1.2相关概念综述范围从形式上看，互动的最基本形式，就是双方之间，一方向另一方发出信号或行动，另一方对此给出相应反馈的过程。
这个反馈可以是信号回应，也可以是行动回应。
这是最简单最基本的一次互动回合。
复杂的互动是一方发起后，双方对对方的信号和行动不断的给予反馈，产生多个回合的信息或行动的交流回合的过程。
[3]成为互动双方的资格在于：双方都要有对对方发出的信息或行动产生反馈的能力[4]综上所述，教学互动系统的概念是集视频、音频和数据通讯于一体，支持丰富的多媒体教学和课件制作管理，可实现互动、直播、点播等多种教学模式，是一套专门面向教育主管单位、学校、培训机构和企业推出的学习管理、知识管理的互动网络学习平台系统。
翻译报告英文文献综述
翻译报告英文文献综述Introduction:In recent years, there has been a growing interest in the study of [topic]. Several research articles have been published, investigating various aspects of this field. This literature review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current research in [topic], highlighting the key findings and methodologies employed.Methodology:To conduct this literature review, an extensive search was carried out across various academic databases, including PubMed, Google Scholar, and Web of Science. The search strategy involved using a combination of relevant keywords and search terms, such as [keywords]. The inclusion criteria for selecting articles included relevance to the topic, publication in peer-reviewed journals, and availability of full-text articles in English.Literature Review:1. Study 1: [Title]The first study by [Author] explored [specific aspect of topic]. The researchers conducted [brief description of research methodology], and their findings revealed [summary of key findings]. This study highlights the importance of [topic] in [relevant field] and suggests that [implications of findings].2. Study 2: [Title]In the second study by [Author], the focus was on [specific aspect of topic]. The researchers adopted [brief description of research methodology], and their results indicated [summary of key findings]. This study contributes to the understanding of [topic] by providing insights into [implications of findings].3. Study 3: [Title]Another study conducted by [Author] examined [specific aspect of topic]. The research design involved [brief description of research methodology]. The findings demonstrated [summary of key findings]. This study adds to the existing literature by [implications of findings].4. Study 4: [Title][Author] conducted a study investigating [specific aspect of topic]. The researchers employed [brief description of research methodology], and the results indicated [summary of key findings]. This study offers valuable insights into [implications of findings] and suggests further avenues for research in [topic].Discussion:The reviewed studies collectively contribute to the understanding of [topic]. They provide evidence regarding [aspects of topic], highlighting [implications of findings]. However, it is important to note that there are still gaps in the current knowledge, suggesting the need for further research in [topic].Conclusion:In conclusion, this literature review provides an overview of the recent research conducted in the field of [topic]. The reviewed studies contribute to the existing literature by offering valuable insights into [aspects of topic]. Based on the findings, it is evident that [implications of findings]. Future research should focus on addressing the existing gaps and expanding the knowledge base in [topic].References:1. [List of references cited in the literature review]。
Literature Review (翻译实践型论文文献综述示例)
功能对等理论谈E.B.Whites散文汉译中的风格对等The Style Equivalence in the Translation of Essays by E.B.White Based on the Theoryof Functional EquivalenceNo one can deny the difficulties in the literary prose translation from English to Chinese. And essay, generally can be seen as literary prose, with its huge varieties in form, content, and style etc., is hard to single out the translation of it as a whole for evaluation. Discussions surround the translation of essay never die. Scholars, home and aboard, have done a great body of researches on it, some of them stand out for their original and comprehensive achievements. Now let’s have a check on some extraordinary theories in essay translation built by them.First comes Hilaire Belloc, he points out that the essence of translating is the resurrection of an alien thing in a native body, which has something of the opinion of “reaching the acme of perfection” by Mr. Qian Zhongshu in his work On the translation by Lin Shu, and laid down six general rules for prose translation, which give relative clear guidance for the translation of prose text.Then Burton Raffel, argues, in his book The Art of Translating Prose, that the strict translation of prose should reveal the inner structure of the original syntax. In his opinion, the syntactic structures of prose represent the style of the author, and “the style is the man”. And he further puts forward that only when the syntactic structures of the original message is kept or retained, can the style of the original be successfully reproduced or transposed. He takes translation as an art rather than a science, and views the prose translation more from the perspective of stylistics.As for domestic scholars on the studies of essay translation, Professor Gao Jin holds the idea that the tone and style are to a large extent translatable, and gives definitions for the translatableness of language in general and translability in particular cases. And if the essence of the thought and idea of the original are fully grasped, tone and style of author are likely to be retained.And Liu Shicong with its “artistic flavor” theory. According to Professor Liu, the “artistic flavor” contains textual atmosphere, sound and rhythm, individualized artistic recreation. He reaches to a deep level of prose translation with the recreation of the artistic flavor as the very core. While his theory is hard to operate, and stands the test of time.Among all the theories, Functional equivalence theory is of highest importance. The Functional equivalence, originally called dynamic equivalence, raised by Dr. Eugene A.Nida as “the closest natural equivalence” of the source language text, is taken as a better and relative operative way to evaluate and handle problems in translation, that the traditional translation theory cannot well manage. Before the theory came, there is no practical method of keeping balance between literary translation and free translation. Though it is not straightly stick to prose translation, it still guides a lot to the translation of essay.This paper tries to analyse the equivalence of style in the translation of essay based on the Functional equivalence theory, taking some essays by E.B.White for example.。