专业英语考试知识点整理
英语专业必备知识点总结
英语专业必备知识点总结English is one of the most widely spoken languages in the world and it is the lingua franca of international communication. As a result, the study of English as a major is a popular choice for many students in universities and colleges. The English major encompasses a wide range of knowledge and skills, including literature, linguistics, writing, and language teaching. In this article, we will summarize some of the essential knowledge points that are necessary for students majoring in English.1. LiteratureLiterature is one of the core components of an English major. It covers a wide range of genres, including poetry, drama, and fiction. Students majoring in English should have a good understanding of the major literary periods, such as the Renaissance, Romanticism, Realism, and Modernism. They should also be familiar with the major literary movements and the works of influential writers. In addition, students should have a good grasp of literary analysis techniques, such as close reading, critical theory, and historical and cultural contexts. A solid foundation in literature is essential for students majoring in English, as it provides the groundwork for understanding the cultural and historical significance of the English language.2. LinguisticsLinguistics is another important component of an English major. It is the scientific study of language and its structure, including phonetics, phonology, morphology, syntax, semantics, and pragmatics. Students majoring in English should have a good understanding of the major areas of linguistics, as well as the basic concepts and theories in each area. They should also be familiar with the major developments and debates in linguistics, as well as the application of linguistic theories to the analysis of English language usage. In addition, students should have a good grasp of the relationship between language and society, as well as the role of language in communication and identity. A solid foundation in linguistics is essential for students majoring in English, as it provides the groundwork for understanding the structure and use of the English language.3. WritingWriting is a fundamental skill for students majoring in English. It encompasses a wide range of genres, styles, and formats, including academic essays, creative writing, professional writing, and technical writing. Students majoring in English should have a good understanding of the principles of effective writing, including organization, coherence, clarity, and style. They should also be familiar with the major types of writing, as well as the conventions and standards for each type. In addition, students should have a good grasp of the writing process, including brainstorming, drafting, revising, and editing. A solid foundation in writing is essential for students majoring in English, as it provides the groundwork for effective communication and expression in the English language.4. Language TeachingLanguage teaching is another important component of an English major. It encompasses a wide range of knowledge and skills, including language acquisition, pedagogy, assessment, and curriculum design. Students majoring in English should have a good understanding of the major theories and approaches to language teaching, as well as the principles and techniques for teaching English as a second or foreign language. They should also be familiar with the major factors that affect language learning, such as individual differences, motivation, and learning strategies. In addition, students should have a good grasp of the practical aspects of language teaching, including lesson planning, materials development, and classroom management. A solid foundation in language teaching is essential for students majoring in English, as it provides the groundwork for effective and successful language instruction.ConclusionThe English major encompasses a wide range of knowledge and skills, including literature, linguistics, writing, and language teaching. Students majoring in English should have a good understanding of each of these areas, as well as the connections and intersections between them. With a solid foundation in these essential knowledge points, students majoring in English will be well-prepared for a wide range of careers and further study in the field of English language and literature.。
专业英语专升本知识点总结
专业英语专升本知识点总结1. English grammarGrammar is one of the most important aspects of learning English. It is the foundation of the language and without a good understanding of grammar, it is difficult to build a coherent and understandable sentence. Some key grammar points include verb tenses, prepositions, pronouns, articles, and the order of adjectives. Understanding these grammar rules and how to use them correctly is essential for effective communication in English.2. VocabularyVocabulary is another crucial aspect of learning English. Without a good grasp of vocabulary, it is impossible to express yourself effectively. You need to be able to understand, recognize, and use a wide range of words and phrases in order to communicate fluently. This includes both general vocabulary and specialized vocabulary related to specific fields such as business, finance, technology, and medicine.3. Reading comprehensionBeing able to understand written English is an essential skill for adult learners. This includes understanding the main idea, identifying supporting details, and understanding the writer's purpose and tone. Being able to comprehend written material is critical for academic success and is also important for everyday life, as it allows you to read and understand important information such as news articles, emails, and technical documents.4. Writing skillsBeing able to write effectively is another important skill for adult learners. This includes writing clear and coherent essays, reports, emails, and other types of documents. To do this, you need to be able to organize your thoughts, use correct grammar and vocabulary, and structure your writing in a logical and coherent manner. Writing is a key skill for academic success, as well as for many professional and personal situations.5. Speaking and listeningBeing able to speak and understand spoken English is crucial for effective communication. This includes being able to hold a conversation, ask and answer questions, and express your thoughts and opinions. Listening skills are also important, as they allow you to understand what others are saying and respond appropriately. Being able to speak and listen effectively is essential for social, professional, and academic situations.6. PronunciationGood pronunciation is critical for effective communication in English. If your pronunciation is poor, it can be difficult for others to understand you. This includes being able to produce the correct sounds, stress, and intonation patterns, as well as understanding how differentwords are pronounced in different contexts. Improving your pronunciation is essential for effective communication in English.7. Cultural knowledgeUnderstanding the cultural aspects of English-speaking countries is important for effective communication. This includes understanding social customs, business practices, and everyday life. It also includes being aware of different accents, dialects, and regional variations in English, as well as understanding the cultural context of different expressions and idioms. Understanding the cultural aspects of English is important for social and professional interactions.8. Test preparationFinally, many adult learners are preparing for English proficiency tests such as the TOEFL, IELTS, or Cambridge exams. These tests measure a person's ability to read, write, speak, and understand English, and are often used for academic or professional purposes. Test preparation involves understanding the format of the test, practicing test-taking strategies, and improving your skills in reading, writing, speaking, and listening.In conclusion, adult learners of English need to focus on a range of key skills and knowledge points in order to communicate effectively in English. This includes grammar, vocabulary, reading comprehension, writing skills, speaking and listening, pronunciation, cultural knowledge, and test preparation. By mastering these skills and knowledge points, adult learners can improve their ability to communicate in English, both in everyday life and in academic and professional contexts.。
学科英语的重点知识点总结
学科英语的重点知识点总结学科英语是为了满足专业学科学习和专业实践需要的一门语言课程。
学科英语不同于一般的英语课程，它更加注重专业术语的学习和专业文献的阅读能力。
学科英语主要包括工程学科英语、医学学科英语、经济学科英语、法学科英语、文学学科英语、计算机学科英语等。
学科英语的重点知识点主要包括：专业词汇、学科文献阅读、专业写作和专业口语。
一、专业词汇1. 英语专业词汇的学习英语专业词汇是学科英语的基础，学生首先要掌握专业领域内最基本的词汇，并能够看懂专业文献中的术语。
学生需要通过不断的积累和记忆，提高自己的专业词汇量，同时也要了解专业词汇的使用场景和搭配。
2. 词组和惯用语的学习在学科英语中，很多专业领域都有自己独特的词组和惯用语，学生需要掌握这些词组和惯用语的用法，能够在实际的专业交流和写作中运用自如。
3. 词汇的应用学生要学会如何将所学的专业词汇应用到实际的写作、口语和阅读中，能够准确地理解和表达专业概念。
二、学科文献阅读1. 学科文献的特点不同学科的学术文献有着不同的特点，学生需要了解学科文献的结构特点、表达方式、逻辑关系等，才能够正确理解文献内容。
2. 阅读策略学生需要学会运用不同的阅读策略，比如预览、略读、精读等，更好地理解学科文献的内容。
3. 文献摘要和评论学生需要学会进行文献摘要和评论，能够准确地概括文献的主要内容，并对文献进行深入的思考和分析。
三、专业写作1. 专业写作的基本要求学科英语中的专业写作要求严谨、准确、清晰，学生需要遵循学术写作的规范和格式，如论文的结构、段落的组织、用词的准确性等。
2. 科技论文写作科技论文是学科英语中的重要写作形式，学生需要学会撰写学术论文的摘要、引言、正文、结论等部分，同时还要学会使用科技论文的标准格式和文献引用格式。
3. 专业报告和演讲在学科英语课程中，学生还需要学会进行专业报告和演讲，能够通过口头表达将自己的专业知识和观点传递给他人。
四、专业口语1. 专业会话在学科英语课程中，学生需要掌握一定的专业会话能力，比如能够进行专业交流和讨论，能够进行专业问答等。
学位英语必考知识点总结
学位英语必考知识点总结随着全球化的不断发展，学位英语已经成为人们研究生学业的一部分。
在考试过程中，对于学位英语必考知识点的掌握是至关重要的。
本文将对学位英语的必考知识点进行总结，包含词汇、语法、阅读、写作等方面的内容，帮助学生更好地备考学位英语考试。
一、词汇1. 常见词汇学位英语考试对于学生的词汇量要求较高，因此常见词汇的掌握至关重要。
常见词汇包括日常生活中常用的词汇，也包括学术领域的专业词汇。
2. 同义词和反义词在学位英语考试中，经常会涉及同义词和反义词的考察，因此学生需要对一些常见的同义词和反义词进行深入的学习和掌握。
3. 词汇拼写和用法学位英语考试中会对学生的词汇拼写和用法进行考查，因此学生需要注重词汇的拼写和用法细节。
4. 词汇记忆方法对于词汇的记忆，学生可以采用多种方法，如记忆卡片、词根词缀法、语境记忆法等。
二、语法1. 基础语法知识学位英语考试对学生的基础语法知识要求较高，包括动词时态、名词单复数、形容词副词等基本语法知识。
2. 长难句分析学位英语考试中常常会出现一些长难句，学生需要能够准确地分析和理解这些句子的结构和意义。
3. 语法填空考试中的语法填空题目要求学生对语法知识有较为深入的了解，能够根据上下文合理地填入适当的词语。
4. 语法练习对于语法知识的掌握，学生可以通过大量的练习来加强自己的掌握程度。
可以选择一些语法练习册或者网上的资源进行练习。
三、阅读1. 阅读理解学位英语考试中的阅读理解题目要求学生能够准确地理解文章中的主旨和细节，并能够准确回答相关问题。
2. 阅读速度在考试中，学生需要具备较快的阅读速度，能够在有限的时间内阅读完考试文章。
3. 题型分析学位英语考试中的阅读题型主要有多选题、判断题、填空题等，学生需要对各种题型进行深入的了解。
4. 阅读训练对于阅读理解的训练，学生可以选择一些精选的阅读材料进行练习，提高自己的阅读能力。
四、写作1. 写作结构在学位英语考试中，写作的结构和逻辑性很重要，学生需要掌握好文章的开头、中间和结尾部分。
专业英语知识点小结
一、汉译英：串联：connect in series并联：connect in parallel测量仪器：instruments for measurement模拟万用表：analogue multimeters半周期：half cycle有源原件：active elements分立元件：discrete components耗能小：low power consumption逻辑门：logic gates晶体管-晶体管逻辑原件：transistor-transistor logic共用电源：utility mains脉动直流电：pulsating direct current网络拓扑结构：network topology长途电话系统：long-haul system调制格式：modulation format客户层系统：client-layer systems国际漫游：international roaming紧急服务：emergency service码分多址：code division multiple access伪随机调制：pseudo-random modulation时分双工模式：time division duplex局域网：local area network白噪声：white noise二、英译汉：components used in building electronic circuits 用于构成电子电路的元器件liquid crystal display 液晶显示屏electronics engineers 电子工程师electronic components 电子元件passive elements 无源元件metal oxides 金属氧化物operational complifiers 运算放大器complementary metal oxides semiconductor logic 补偿金属氧化物半导体逻辑元件exclusive or gate 异或门maintain a nearly constant voltage 保持一个近于稳定的电压power supply 电源synchronous digital hierarchy 同步数字序列synchronous optical network 同步光网络optical signal 光信号pluggable module 可插拔模块cellular network 蜂窝式网络duplex spacing 双工间隔the core principle of spread spectrum 扩频通信技术的基本原理network architecture 网络体系twisted pair telephone lines 双绞线电话线路三、翻译句子：1.把电池单元串联可以提高电压，但不会影响电池单元的使用寿命。
英语单招考试必背知识点
英语单招考试必背知识点1.时态与语态：英语中常用的时态有一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在进行时、过去进行时等。
掌握时态的用法，能够正确地描述事物的状态和动作。
此外，还要了解主动语态和被动语态的区别及用法。
2.词汇与固定搭配：掌握常用词汇和常用短语的意思和用法，能够准确表达自己的意思。
还要掌握一些常见的固定搭配和短语动词，并且要能够在句子中正确使用它们。
3.语法：英语语法是英语学习的基础，需要重点掌握主谓一致、定冠词与不定冠词的用法、代词与数量词的用法、介词的用法等。
4.句子结构：英语句子的基本结构是主语+谓语+宾语（SVO）的形式，了解并熟练掌握句子的基本结构，能够正确使用各种句型，如简单句、并列句、复合句等。
5.阅读理解：阅读理解是英语单招考试中的重点，要能够迅速理解文章的主题、目的、态度和观点，抓住关键词和句子，从而准确回答相关问题。
6.写作能力：写作是英语单招考试的一大考察内容，要能够熟练使用正确的语法、词汇和句子结构，能够清晰、连贯、准确地表达自己的观点。
7.听力理解：听力理解是考察听力技能的一项重要内容，要能够听懂不同语速和语调的英语对话和短文，抓住关键词和信息，正确回答问题。
8.音标与发音：学会正确的拼读和发音规则，能够准确地读出英文单词和句子，提高口语表达和听力理解能力。
9.语境理解与灵活运用：了解英语语境的用法和习惯，能够根据不同的语境，正确运用语法知识和词汇，准确表达自己的意思。
10.文化知识：了解一些英语国家的文化背景、传统习俗、名人事迹等，能够更好地理解英语文章和对话中的文化内涵。
以上是英语单招考试中必备的知识点，要通过不断地练习和总结，才能够真正掌握和应用这些知识点，提高自己的英语水平。
英语专业大一语法知识点
英语专业大一语法知识点1. 什么是语法知识点英语语法知识点是指英语中的语法规则、语法结构和语法用法等方面的内容。
在学习英语专业的过程中，掌握语法知识点对于提高英语水平和语言表达能力是至关重要的。
2. 时态时态是英语语法中的常见知识点之一，用来表达事件发生的时间或状态的持续性。
常见的时态包括：- 一般现在时：表示经常性或习惯性的动作（例：I eat breakfast every day.）- 过去时：表示过去发生的动作或状态（例：She went to the park yesterday.）- 将来时：表示将来要发生的动作（例：They will go for a trip next week.）- 现在进行时：表示现在正在进行的动作（例：I am studying for the exam now.）- 过去进行时：表示过去某个时间点正在进行的动作（例：He was watching TV when I called him.）3. 语态语态是指句子中的动作主体和受动者的关系。
常用的语态有： - 主动语态：动作的执行者是主语（例：She writes a letter.）- 被动语态：动作的接受者是主语（例：The letter was written by her.）4. 句型结构英语句子的结构和排列是语法知识中的重要部分，常见的句型结构有：- 主谓结构：由主语和谓语构成的简单句（例：She sings beautifully.）- 主谓宾结构：由主语、谓语和宾语构成的句子（例：He bought a new car.）- 主系表结构：由主语、系动词和表语构成的句子（例：Sheis a doctor.）5. 语法规则学习语法知识点还包括掌握一些语法规则，例如：- 主谓一致：主语单数时动词要用单数形式，主语复数时动词要用复数形式（例：She likes ice cream. They like ice cream.） - 比较级和最高级：用来表示两个或多个事物之间的比较（例：She is taller than her sister. He is the tallest person in the class.）6. 语法用法在学习语法知识点的过程中，还需要了解一些常见的语法用法，例如：- 直接引语和间接引语：表示他人的原话时要使用引号（例：He said, "I am going home."）- 条件句：用来表示条件或假设，有三种类型（例：If it rains, we will stay at home.）7. 总结英语专业大一的语法知识点对于学习和提高英语水平至关重要。
英语专业跨文化交际期末知识点整理summary
U1:1.views on intercultural communicationTwo different views on intercultural communication: “people are people”VS. “contact is not equal to communication”2. 3 major socio-cultural elements influencing perception and communicationCultural value, world view , social organizations.3.What is globalization?Globalization is a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies, and gover nments of different nations。
a process driven by international trade and investment and aided b y information technology. This process has effects on the environment, on culture, on political sys tems, on economic development and prosperity, and on human physical well-being in societies around the world.4.What are the stumbling blocks in intercultural communication?(1)assumption of similiarities: people expect that simply being human and having commonrequirements of food,shelter,security and so on makes everyone alike.(2)Language differences.: “yes”and “no” cause trouble.(3)Nonverbal misinterpretatons: misinterpretation of observable sians andsymbols—gesture ,postures, body movenment.(4)Preconceptions and stereotypes: Arabs are “inflammable”may cause U.S.students to keeptheir distance .(5)Tendence to evaluate: to approve or disapprove ,to statements and actions of other personor group.(6)High anxiety/ tension.U2:1.What is culture?Culture is a very extensive concept, it is very difficult to define it strictly and accurately, because culture involves too much. Culture is a complex system of behavior, values, beliefs, traditions and artifacts, which is transmitted through generations.What are the five basic needs for human beings?(1)physiological needs (things that make us alive,food water air)(2)safety needs (physical safe and psychologicallly secure)(3)belongingness needs (needs tobe accepted by others and to belong to a group )(4)esteem needs ( recognition, reputation,self respect )(5)self-actualization needs (actualize onself and to reach one’s full potential)2.What are values, attitudes, beliefs and behaviors? How are they linked?(1)Values are what people go to war over or conduct bussiness by. Values tell us how to weighthe worth of something, they can indicate a relative hierarchy.(2)Attitudes are feelings about things .it is a tendency to respond the same way to the sameobject or situation or idea. Attitudes is learned and can change.(3)Beliefs are convictions or certainties based on subjective and often personal ideas ratherthan on proof or fact.(4)Links: values underlie attitudes and also shape beliefs. Attitudes are based on beliefs as wellas values.values enable us to evaluate what matters to us or apply standars to our attitudes and beliefs.value→belief →attitude. For example , you have an attitude toward eating rawfish,which is positive and is based on the belief that expert prepararion of sushi and sashimi by Japanese chefs results in culinary delicacies ,or you have an attitude that is negative,based on the belief that raw fish can contain parasites that cause unpleasant consequences in the human digestive system. You can even have both attitudes at the same time.if you do ,then probably you value both fine eating experiences and physical health.3.What are the elements of communication?①context: physical setting, psychological ,historical,culture ,the communication norms②participants: senders who form messages and communicate with symbols, receiverswhoprocess and react the massages.③Massages: meanings, symbols ,encodings and decodings④Channels :a variety of sensory channels⑤Noise ;internal external and semantic noise.⑥Feedback : the verbal and nonverbal responses4.What are norms?Norms are the guildelines that we establish for conducting transactions. Norms tell us what kinds of messages and behavior are proper in a given context or with a particular person or group of people. People acquire communication norms from their experiences in life.5.What is the difference between encoding and decoding?Encoding is the process of transforming ideas and feelings into symbols and organizing them. Decoding is the process of tansforminf meeages backe into ideas and feelings.Transforming and organizing Transforming and intepretingideas and feelings--------------------→symbols/massages------------→ideas and feelings↓↓Encoding decoding6.What is the difference between external noise, internal noise and semantic noise? external noise : Sights and sounds and other stimuli in the environment that draw people’s attention away from intended meaning.internal noise : Thoughts and feelings that interfere with the communication process. Feelings of anger or anxiety ,stereotypeor prejudice in your mind.semantic noise: the meanings we assign to words depend on our own experience, other people may at times decode a word or phases differently from the way we intend.7.What is communication?Communication is a process involving the exchange of messages and the creation of meaning.U3:1.What are the five basic questions at the root of any culture’s value system?(1)what is the character of innate human nature?-----human nature(2)what is the relation of man to nature?------t he relationship of man to nature.(3)What is the temporal focus of human life?----sense of time /time orientation.(4)What is the mode of human activity?-------activity orientation.(5)What is the mode of human relationships?----social relationships2.What are the key principles of Confucianism?(1)social order and stability are based on uneqal relationships between peopleincluding leaders and followers ,father and son ,husband and wife , older brother and younger brother,and friends .(2)family :follow rules for ordering(3)proper social behavior consists of not treating others as you would not like to be treatedyouself.,learn to be sensitive to other’s feels(子所不欲勿施于人)(4)people should be skilled ,educated hardworking,thrifty ,modest, patient and persevering. 3.How do living situations account for value differences between different cultures?For example,Japanese live in a little of arable land ,even mainly valcanoes.thus,they built their homes together very closely in order to make use of every available land and they can work together in planting and harvesting of rice effectively . In this situation, japanenes’central social valuebecause of living close proximity that gave very little privacy was that an idividual does not matter. However, in the U.S. it is common to see a pattern of a single farmhouse surrounded by firelds.the nearnest neighbor was perhaphs two miles distant.inevitably, the central social values were self-reliance and independence.4.What are cultural values?The commonly held standards of what is acceptable or unacceptable, important or unimportant, right or wrong, good or bad, true or false, workable or unworkable, etc., in a community or society.Values represent a learned organization of rules for making choices and for resolving the conflicts.5.What are the five dimensions to consider when doing studies of cultural differences(culturevalue)?(1)Idividualism versus collectivism (involves people’s relationship sto the largersocial groups;social relationship)Idividualism;key words include independence,privacy,self,and all important ICollectivism believe in obligations to the group, we consciouceness and an emphasis on belonging.(2)uncertainty avoidance(how to adapt to changes and cope with uncertainties,) Greece(plan everything0 versus Singapore (like uncertainty)(3)power distance(all people in a culture do not have equals levels of status or socialpower.) Malaysia versus New Zealand(4)masculinity versus femininity(work harder to get achievement ,wealth versuscaring for the others and the quatity of life) Japan versus Thailand(5)orientation to time (a long-term orientation schedule for work and life versus ashort-term orientation toward changing events)6.What are the differences between a high-context culture and a low-context one?Low-context interaction emphasizes direct talk, person-oriented focus, self-enhancement mode, and the importance of “talk”: high- context interaction, in contrast stresses indirect talk, status-oriented focus , self- esffacement mode, and the importance of nonverbal signals and even silence.U4:1.What is the relationship between language and culture?Culture and language are interwined and shaped each other. Each time we select words ,form sentence, and send a message ,either oral or written,we also make cultural choices. Cultural literacy(特定领域的能力或知识) is necessary to understand the language being used.(1)all languages have social questions and information questions.For exemple: in Ameirca English ,the question “How are you” is a social question,the Americans register the phrase as “hello”. But in Germany and Russia ,the phase is an imformation qustion .the speaker atually wants to get an answer to it.(2) language reflects the environment in which we live .For exemple, in the Amazon area snow is not part of the environment. Therefore , people in that region do not have a word for snow . however , most Americans ,who live an environment where Iit snows most months of the year, use terms such as snow , sleet , slush, blizzard and ice. (3)language reflects cultural values. a way of thinking .when we translate concepts from a foreign language and cultural with words ,we have to choose the priority words in oder to communicate effectively. Cultural kowledge is impotant as linguistic knowledge.For example ,Amerians are frustrated with the manana mentality(西班牙语的明天心态) of Spanish-speaking countries : for American tomorrow means midnight to midnight ,a very precise time period , To Mexicans ,manana means in the future,soon.（4,）Different cutures use identical words that have rather different meanings.For example, for Amercans ,adminisration in the university context means department chair or dean,for Frenches adminisration means upper level clerical staff . What Americans consider to be an adminstrator, Frenches consider faulty.（5）language changes overtime.words and prases that are used commonly at one time may be discontinued or their meaning my change overtime.For example, the word gay means happy lightened. In recent decades ,however the word has taken on the meaning” homosexual”.English speaking countries do n’ t use the original meaning anymore..Communication across cultures and language is difficult and full of hurdles and pitfalls. Even if two people from different countries spesk a common language ,they may misinteptet the cutural signal. If that happens ,in all likelihood , there will be a cutural problem rhather than a language problem.2.What is the relationship between environment and language?(2) language reflects the environment in which we live .For exemple, in the Amazon area snow is not part of the environment. Therefore , people in that region do not have a word for snow . however , most Americans ,who live an environment where Iit snows most months of the year, use terms such as snow , sleet , slush, blizzard and ice.3.How does language change over time?language changes overtime.words and prases that are used commonly at one time may be discontinued or their meaning my change overtime.For example, the word gay means happy lightened. In recent decades ,however the word has taken on the meaning” homosexual”.English speaking countries do n’ t use the original meaninganymore..4.Denotations and connotationsDenotations: denotations of a word or phrase are the meanings that relate it to the objects or concepts referred to the actual or fictional “things”that are symbolized.For example, the denotation of the English word “bird”is a tow –legged,winged,egg-laying creature.Connnotations: connnotations refer to the additional meanings that a word or phrase has beyond its central meaning .These meanings show people’s attitudes or feelings toward what the word or phase refers to.For example: consider the word “dog” in English and 狗in Chinese. They can be said to have the same denotative meaning；however,people from different cutures may have different connotative reactions to these words ,compare “a homeless dog” (流浪狗) with 丧家之犬5.What are the ways of expressing “no”? Why do people in countries like Japan and Chinaoften refuse to say “no” directly?(1)be vague(2)be silent or ask a question(3)change the topic or leave(4)tell a white lie or refuse to answer the question. Say one cannot answer(5)put the reaponsibility to the trird party or offering an alternative.The reason: In Japan and China’s culture ,to refuse an invitation or request with “no”, or a similar phrase, is felt to be impolite. It is thought to be selfish and unfriendly.6.How does language affect people’s perception and experiences?The language we use may to some exten determine the way we perceive and experience the world.(!)in japan language varies substantially in different social situatons like sddressing superior peers and inferiors.(2) the Thailand language（3）splanish language reveals male dominance through use of gendered nouns and pronouce. A group of man referred to as ello, agroup of wemen referred to as ellas7.What are the five intended types of equivalence when doing translation?(1)lexical equivalence 例子;there is no equivlent to the English color word blue in Russian.Russia only have the according words of light blue and dark blue that an be translated into English.(2)Idiomatic equivalence : “raining cats and dogs”(3)Grammatical equivalence ；’in Filipino language ,there is no equivalent of the english verb“to be”.(4)Experience equivalence(5)Conceptual equivalence8.Why do people say language is always ambiguous?(1)we can never fully control the meanings of the things we say and write in the way ofpaticipants interpret(2)language can never fully express our meanings whether in writing or speaking(3)whether the participants share the same assumptions and knowledge about the world ornot.U5:1.What is a rich point?Conversation is a rich point ,a rich point is something in one culture that makes it difficult to be connected with another culture.2.What basic differences can we still find between the English-speaking people and theChinese people concerning compliment and response?In English countrries, the “best way “to respond to a compliment is to accept it. Rejection of compliments is often regarded as a symptom of problem, such as low self-esteem. In contrast to english ,the best way rasponse to compliments in Chinese is traditionally thought to be a rejection or denial. A denial is the routinized response to a compliment.3.What are the differences between “high involvement”style and “high considerateness”style?High involvement styles tend to : (1) talk more ；（2）interrupt more ; (30 expect to to be interrupted (4) talk more loudly at times and (5) talk more quickly than those from cultures favoring “high considerateness styles.High considerateness styles；(1) speak one at times (2)use polite listening sounds;(3) refrain from interrupting; and (4) give plenty of positive and respectful responses to their conversation partners ;4.Directness & indirectness‘get to the point! Don’t beat around the bush” & have many ways to say “no” directly5.Different communication patternsPeople’s communication patterns differ the way people converse.Americans hold a conversation, it seems like they are having a PingPong game.one person has the ball and then hits it to the other side of the table. The other player hits the ball back the game continutesJapanes conversationstyle is like a bowling game,answer to questions are carefully thought out rather than blurted out ,enven long silences are tolerated. Give a answer to a question must be given enough time .6.Cross-cultural verbal communication stylesOur verbal communication styles reflects our cultural and personal values and sentiments.(1)diect and indirect verbal interaction styles,in the direct verbal styles, statements clearlyreveal the speaker’s intention. Say what you mean “don no beat around the bush(2)person-oriented(treat other people with casualness and informality )and status-orientedverbal styles(uphold formality in the human relationship)(3)self-enhancement (boast one’s accomplishments and ablilities) and self-oriented verbal styles(signal modesty or humanity)7.What cultural implications are there underlying the difference betweenspeaker-responsibility and listener-responsibility in organizational structure?187In Speaker-responsible language, the speaker provides the structure and therefore much of the specific meaning of the statement. Because the speaker want to tell the listener exactly what is goning to be talked about,and what the speaker wants the listener to know. Prior knowledge of the speaker’s intent is necessary.In listener-responsible language, speakers need to indicate only indirectly what they are discussing. The listener is forced to construct the meaning and usually does so ,based on shared kownledge between the speaker and the listener.U6:1.Values shown in nonverbal communication: intonation, body language (hand movement,eye contact, smile, touch)2.Baptics (touch)There are many kinds of touch to commonly used in the western world. The study of how we use touch in communication is called baptic.3.Gender and nonverbal communicationWhat we know as gender is a set of “acts”or social performences that people are repearedly compelled to enact.Touch, in the us,wemen friends and relatives may walk arm-in-arm, dance together and hug one another .touch between heterosexual males is generally more restricted.Height ,height equels power and wemen are not supposed to be more powerful than man, taller women may attempt to diminsh themselves,so as to retreat as little space as possible.Gaze, looking directly into person’s eyes can connote an aggressive threat, a sexual invitation,or a desire for honest and open communication. in some culture, children are taught that to look adults in the eyes is a sign of disrespect. In mixed-sex paries,women are more likely than men to avert their eyes.Gesture and demeanor ,or “act like a lady”.Artifactual (objects)message , when worn ,they have beed used to signify a wear’s gender, culture, and socioeconomic class. From the moment at which families or hospital assign infants pink or blue blankets,artifacts annouce and contribute to the shaping of children’s experience of gender.. maant of us have our notions of masculine and femininity resting on the nonverbal message we display.4.Functions of nonverbal communicationOur nonverbal communication haves many uses and functions in communication. Repeating: a nonverbal message can repeat a verbal one. Eg; place fingers to his lips to mean “stop”Complementing : using of the voice and facial expression to express appology. Subsituting, regulating ,contradictiing5.ParalanguageParalanguage (辅助性语言) lies between verbal and nonverbal communication. It involves sounds but not words. (语音和语调，感叹词的使用，美国中的插入语：you know ,okay, well ,the wors simply build a bridge to what the speaker says next.U7:1.Private space & public space2.Conversational distance3.The layout of a city reflects its social structure and cultural values.美国NewYork is arrranged in a grid pattern of right-angled street,any corner can becomen a center ,reflect more equality and independence.French is star pattern everthing should be surrounded the center of highly centrealized government.4. 3 perspectives on a culture’s conception of time(1)Informal time :,conception of late and attitutude to the conversation time.(2)Past ,present ,and future: behavior and time are linked.Chinese proverb ；consider the past and you will know the present.Americans are constanly planning for the future.(3)monochronic and polychronicM-time people: do one thing at atime ,concentrate on the job,take the deadline,schedules seriously , adhere to plans,show great respect for privacy.P-time people；do many things at once ,change the plans ofen easily and often,5.German use of space美国与德国的比较，germans sense their own space as an extension of the egoU8:1.perceptions/images related to the term “gaijin” in Japaneseblond hair and blue eyes outgoning.2.ethnocentrism & ethnorelativismethnocentrism (民族中心主义)is nagetively judging aspects of another culture by the standars of one’s own culture. It is the technical name for the view of things in whivh one’s own group is the center of everything,and all others are scaled and rated with reference to it.Ethnorelativism involves the view that all cultures areof equal value and the values and behaviors of a culture can only be judged using that culture as a frame of reference..no one cultural trait is right or wrong ,it is merely diferent from alternative cultural traits.3.stereotype : a tereotype is over simplified idea about a person ,group,.cultural stereotypeabout americans “we and they “.many american view jew and arab as a menace and demon and they may avoid to talk to them and escape them when they meet them on the way.4.What is perception? The three-step process of perceptionPerception is the means by which you make sense of your physical and social world.(1)selection,(2) organazation (3)interpretation5.What are cultural patterns?6.Racial prejudice7.the 3 ways in which stereotypes are formed(1)we may categorize people or things by the most obvious characteristics they possess.(2)We may apply a set of characteristics to a whole group of people..(3)We may give the same treatment to each member of the group.8.the 4 dimensions of stereotypesA rereotype is an overgeneralized and oversimplified belief we use to categorize a group of people.（1）direction (positive or negative statements, american honest, ambitious)（2）intensity ：the strenth of a belief about agroup of people（3）accuracy(4)content9.What is prejudice? The five common forms of prejudiceAn attitude based on erroneous beliefs or preconceptions is called prejudice.Vebal abuse,. Physical avoidance, discrimination, physical attack and massacre.U9:1.What is cultural shock? What are the symptoms?cultural shock refers to the transition period and the accompanying feelings of stress and anxietya person experiences during the early period unpon entering a new culture.(1)physiological such as headache and sleeplessness(2)emotional such as anxiety,and feeling helpless and loneliness(3)communication such as frustration and excessive complainting,withdrawal from relationshipand conversation.2.model that explains the normal cycles or stages of early adaptation and culture shock predeparture stage :everything is beatiful ,awful, okadaption and reentry3.What is reverse culture shock?The shock suffered by expatriates returning home after lengthy overseas assignments. It is caused by the fact that the cultural norms of the ex-pat's overseas assignment become natural to them, over their home country's own traditions and customs.suggestions for culture shock adaptationcontrol emotion be patient meet people try new things give youself period of rest and thought, work on your self-concept observe bady language ,learn the verbal language4.5. 2 major views of culture shock: the disease view (hepless victim leave the cuture quickly)&self-awareness view (positive learning experience)6.7.positive cross-cultural learning experiences8.9.overcoming ethnocentrism in communication10.Who are “sojourners”? What is cross-cultural adaptation? What are challenges to sojourneradaptation?People who cross cultural boundaries are referred to as sojourners.including immigrants ,refugees ,studentsCross-cutural adaptation refers to how a sojourner chooses to cope with cutural changes. Challenges to sojourner adaptation include ethnocentrism, language barriers, disequilibrium(fit into the host culture0，length of stay, level of knowledge11.key qualities of a mindful state of being(`1) creation of new categories (2)openness to new information (3)awareness of more than one perspective.U101.2.betweenness of identity3.metaphors of US cultural diversity4.5.steps to improve intercultural communication6.7.attributes of a competent intercultural communicator 8.9. 3 cognitive processes of perceptiondescription, interpretation, evaluation。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
expansion card 扩展卡（汉译英）
CPU=central processing unit 中央处理器）（考三个英文单词）
serially 串行serial/parallel processing 串/并行处理
compatible 兼容的（汉译英）socket 插座（汉译英）
topology拓扑结构（汉译英）sequential access顺序存取（汉译英）
asynchronous 不同时、异步的heuristics 探试法；启发式方法
synchronous同时的
cylinder圆桶、柱面signal flow graph 信号流图（汉译英）
conjugate 共轭的（汉译英）programmable logic controller=PLC
open-loop开环automation自动化
eddy涡流pulse脉通；脉动
microsecond微妙gain增益
torque转矩（汉译英）guard period保护时段
closed loop voltage gain 闭环电压增益ionosphere电离层
pressed加压的kernel内核程序
optimal control最优控制（汉译英）relay继电器
difference frequency distortion 差频失真replicate复制
hacker黑客（英译汉）
1、In Fig1. The battery is absorbing 24w, as would the case when it is being charged.
在图1中，电池吸收24w，就认为它是在充电情况下的。
2、It should be noted that an ideal voltage source (dependent or independent )will produce any current required ,to ensure that the terminal voltage is as stated ,where as an ideal current source will produce the necessary voltage ensure the stated current flow.
应该指出的是，一个理想电压源（独立的或受控的）将产生任何电流必须确保终端机电压是规定的。
反之，一个理想电流源将产生所需的电压确保规定的电流流动。
3、There are phenomena that occur in computer-controlled systems that have no correspondence in analog system.
有一些现象发生在计算机控制系统中，而不发生在相应的模拟系统中。
4、A PLC（programmable logic controller）is a device that was invented to replace the necessary sequential relay circuits for machine control.（英译汉）
可编程序控制器的发明装置是为了代替机械控制中顺序继电器电路的设备。
5、In practice, the complexity of systems and our ignorance of all the factors necessitate the introduction of assumptions concerning the system operation.
在实践中，系统的复杂性和对我们所忽视的所有因素需要引入关于操作的系统假设。
6、Although most physical systems are controllable and observable, corresponding mathematical models may not possess the property of controllability and observability.
尽管大多数的物理模型是可控和可观测的，但在相应的数学模型中可能不具有可控性和可观测的属性。
7、A simple steady-state energy balance provides the steady-state heat flow needed to obtain a new steady-state temperature. 一个简单的稳态能量平衡提供了一个新的稳态温度所需要的稳态热流。
8、The protective relay is a sensing device, which senses the fault ,determines its location and then send command to the proper circuit breaker by closing its trip coil.（汉译英，分值最大）
保护继电器是一种用来感知错误的传感器装置，报出位置并传送指令到断路器来关断跳闸。
9、For example ,let’s assume that when a switch turns on we want to turn a solenoid on for 5 seconds and then turn it off regardless of how long the switch is on for.
10、The circuit parameter of capacitance relates the displacement current to the voltage , where the displacement currentis equal to the conduction current at the terminals the capacitor.
在电路中电容的参数与位移电流和电压有关，在这里，位移电流等同于在电容末端的传导电流。
11、Note that, because the open-loop complex-conjugate poles and cpmplex-conjugate zeros are always located symmetrically about the real axis , the root loci are always symmetrical with respect to this axis.
注意，因为开环复共轭极点和复共轭零点总是位于实轴的对称，所以跟轨迹总是关于这根轴对称。